Studies of sea otters in captivity began in 1932, producing important insights for conservation. Soviet (initiated in 1932) and United States (1951) studies provided information on captive otter husbandry, setting the stage for eventual large-scale translocations as tools for population restoration. Early studies also informed effective housing of animals in zoos and aquaria, with sea otters first publicly displayed in 1954. Surveys credited displayed otters in convincing the public of conservation values. After early studies, initial scientific data for captive sea otters in aquaria came from work initiated in 1956, and from dedicated research facilities beginning in 1968. Significant achievements have been made in studies of behavior, physiology, reproduction, and high-priority management issues. Larger-scale projects involving translocation and oil spill response provided extensive insights into stress reactions, water quality issues in captivity, and effects of oil spills.
","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00008-1","usgsCitation":"VanBlaricom, G.R., Belting, T.F., and Triggs, L.H., 2015, Sea otters in captivity: applications and implications of husbandry development, public display, scientific research and management, and rescue and rehabilitation for sea otter conservation, p. 197-234, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801402-8.00008-1.","productDescription":"238 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"234","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-058234","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324549,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57739fb6e4b07657d1a90d4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"VanBlaricom, Glenn R. glennvb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"Glenn","email":"glennvb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":640986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belting, Traci F.","contributorId":172525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belting","given":"Traci","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Triggs, Lisa H.","contributorId":172526,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Triggs","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70137896,"text":"ofr20151006 - 2015 - Development of a HEC-RAS temperature model for the North Santiam River, northwestern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T16:13:41","indexId":"ofr20151006","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T17:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2015-1006","title":"Development of a HEC-RAS temperature model for the North Santiam River, northwestern Oregon","docAbstract":"A one-dimensional, unsteady streamflow and temperature model (HEC-RAS) of the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey to be used in conjunction with previously developed two-dimensional hydrodynamic water-quality models (CE-QUAL-W2) of Detroit and Big Cliff Lakes upstream of the study area. In conjunction with the output from the previously developed models, the HEC-RAS model can simulate streamflows and temperatures within acceptable limits (mean error [bias] near zero; typical streamflow errors less than 5 percent; typical water temperature errors less than 1.0 °C) for the length of the North Santiam River downstream of Big Cliff Dam under a series of potential future conditions in which dam structures and/or dam operations are modified to improve temperature conditions for threatened and endangered fish. Although a two-dimensional (longitudinal, vertical) CE-QUAL-W2 model for the North Santiam and Santiam Rivers downstream of Big Cliff Dam exists, that model proved unstable under highly variable flow conditions. The one-dimensional HEC-RAS model documented in this report can better simulate cross-sectional-averaged stream temperatures under a wide range of flow conditions.
\nThe model was calibrated using 2011 streamflow and temperature data. Measured data were used as boundary conditions when possible, although several lateral inflows and their associated water temperatures, including the South Santiam River, were estimated using statistical models. Streamflow results showed high accuracy during low-flow periods, but predictions were biased low during large storm events when unmodeled ephemeral tributaries contributed to the actual streamflow. Temperature results showed low annual bias against measured data at two locations on the North Santiam River and one location on the Santiam River. Mean absolute errors using 2011 hourly data ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 °C. Model results were checked against 2012 data and showed a positive bias at the Santiam River station (+0.6 ˚C). Annual mean absolute errors using 2012 hourly data ranged from 0.4 to 0.8 °C.
\nMuch of the error in temperature predictions resulted from the model’s inability to accurately simulate the full range of diurnal fluctuations during the warmest months. Future iterations of the model could be improved by the collection and inclusion of additional streamflow and temperature data, especially near the mouth of the South Santiam River. Presently, the model is able to predict hourly and daily water temperatures under a wide variety of conditions with a typical error of 0.8 and 0.7 °C, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20151006","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Stonewall, A., and Buccola, N., 2015, Development of a HEC-RAS temperature model for the North Santiam River, northwestern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1006, v, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20151006.","productDescription":"v, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059231","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297360,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20151006.JPG"},{"id":297359,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1006/pdf/ofr2015-1006.pdf","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":297358,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2015/1006/"}],"projection":"Oregon State Lambert","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Santiam River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 45.48324350868221\n ],\n [\n -119.9871826171875,\n 45.48324350868221\n ],\n [\n -119.9871826171875,\n 43.88205730390537\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 43.88205730390537\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a68e4b08de9379b3041","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonewall, Adam J. 0000-0002-3277-8736 stonewal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-8736","contributorId":2699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonewall","given":"Adam J.","email":"stonewal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buccola, Norman L. nbuccola@usgs.gov","contributorId":4295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buccola","given":"Norman L.","email":"nbuccola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70115605,"text":"70115605 - 2015 - Mineral evolution and Earth history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T15:28:51","indexId":"70115605","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral evolution and Earth history","docAbstract":"The field of mineral evolution—a merger of mineralogy and Earth history—coalesced in 2008 with the first of several global syntheses by Robert Hazen and coworkers in the American Mineralogist. They showed that the cumulative abundance of mineral species has a stepwise trend with first appearances tied to various transitions in Earth history such as the end of planetary accretion at ca. 4.55 Ga and the onset of bio-mediated mineralogy at ca. >2.5 Ga. A global age distribution is best established for zircon. Observed abundance of zircon fluctuates through more than an order of magnitude during successive supercontinent cycles. The pulse of the Earth is also recorded, albeit imperfectly, by the 87Sr/86Sr composition of marine biogenic calcite; the Sr-isotopic ratio of this mineral reflects the balance of inputs of primitive strontium at mid-ocean ridges and evolved strontium that drains off the continents. A global mineral evolution database, currently in the works, will greatly facilitate the compilation and analysis of extant data and the expansion of research in mineralogy outside its traditional bounds and into more interdisciplinary realms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/am-2015-5101","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D., 2015, Mineral evolution and Earth history: American Mineralogist, v. 100, no. 1, p. 4-5, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5101.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057652","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"100","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a98e4b08de9379b3126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70138484,"text":"70138484 - 2015 - Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of terraces and alluvium along the lower Ohio River, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T13:34:59","indexId":"70138484","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of terraces and alluvium along the lower Ohio River, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky, USA","docAbstract":"The lower Ohio River valley is a terraced fluvial landscape that has been profoundly influenced by Quaternary climate change and glaciation. A modern Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework was developed for the lower Ohio River valley using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and allostratigraphic mapping to gain insights into the nature of fluvial responses to glacial–interglacial/stadial–interstadial transitions and Holocene climate change. River deposits, T0 (youngest) to T7 (oldest), were mapped along a 75 km reach of the lower Ohio River and were dated using 46 OSL and 5 radiocarbon samples. The examination of cores combined with OSL and radiocarbon dating shows that fluvial sediments older than marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 2 are present only in the subsurface. Aggradation during MIS 6 (Illinoian glaciation) filled the valley to within ∼7 m of the modern floodplain, and by ∼114 ka (MIS 5e/Sangamon interglacial) the Ohio River had scoured the MIS 6 sediments to ∼22 m below the modern floodplain surface. There were no fluvial sediments in the valley with ages between MIS 5e and the middle of MIS 3. The MIS 3 ages (∼39 ka) and stratigraphic position of T5 deposits suggest the Ohio River aggraded 8–14 m during MIS 4 or MIS 3. Near the end of MIS 3, the Ohio River incised the mid Last Glacial (mid-Wisconsinan) deposits ∼10 m and began aggrading again by ∼30 ka. Aggradation continued into MIS 2, with maximum MIS 2 aggradation occurring before ∼21 ka, which is coincident with the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). As the Ohio River adjusted to changing fluxes in sediment load and discharge following the LGM, it formed a sequence of fill-cut terraces in the MIS 2 outwash that get progressively younger with decreasing elevation, ranging in age from ∼21 ka to ∼13 ka. From ∼14 ka to ∼13 ka the Ohio River rapidly incised ∼3 m to form a new terrace, and by ∼12 ka at the onset of the Holocene, the Ohio River established a meandering channel pattern. The river formed a broad floodplain surface from ∼12 ka to ∼6 ka, and then incised ∼1 m and formed a fill-cut terrace from ∼6 ka to ∼5 ka. After ∼5 ka, likely in response to mid-Holocene drought in North America, the Ohio River incised ∼5 m, and by ∼4 ka the river began aggrading again. The Ohio River has aggraded ∼4 m since aggradation began at ∼4 ka. The chronostratigraphic framework and reconstructed history developed here suggest that the lower Ohio River is highly sensitive to glacial–interglacial transitions and abrupt Holocene climate change and responds rapidly to these allogenic forcings.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011","usgsCitation":"Counts, R.C., Murari, M.K., Owen, L., Mahan, S., and Greenan, M., 2015, Late Quaternary chronostratigraphic framework of terraces and alluvium along the lower Ohio River, southwestern Indiana and western Kentucky, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 110, p. 72-91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"72","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052649","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 39.257778150283336\n ],\n [\n -84.30908203125,\n 39.257778150283336\n ],\n [\n -84.30908203125,\n 37.43125050179356\n ],\n [\n -88.1982421875,\n 37.43125050179356\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a90e4b08de9379b30f6","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.11.011","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Counts Ronald C., Murari Madhav K., Owen Lewis A., Mahan Shannon A., Greenan Michele","journalName":"Quaternary Science Reviews","publicationDate":"2/2015","auditedOn":"2/19/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Counts, Ronald C. 0000-0002-8426-1990 rcounts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8426-1990","contributorId":5343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counts","given":"Ronald","email":"rcounts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murari, Madhav K.","contributorId":138783,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murari","given":"Madhav","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":12523,"text":"Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Owen, Lewis A.","contributorId":138784,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Owen","given":"Lewis A.","affiliations":[{"id":6694,"text":"Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahan, Shannon 0000-0001-5214-7774 smahan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-7774","contributorId":1215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"Shannon","email":"smahan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greenan, Michele","contributorId":138785,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Greenan","given":"Michele","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12524,"text":"Department of Anthropology, Indiana State Museum, Indianapolis, IN 46219, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048770,"text":"70048770 - 2015 - Roosting habitat use and selection by northern spotted owls during natal dispersal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-25T12:25:43","indexId":"70048770","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Roosting habitat use and selection by northern spotted owls during natal dispersal","docAbstract":"We studied habitat selection by northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during natal dispersal in Washington State, USA, at both the roost site and landscape scales. We used logistic regression to obtain parameters for an exponential resource selection function based on vegetation attributes in roost and random plots in 76 forest stands that were used for roosting. We used a similar analysis to evaluate selection of landscape habitat attributes based on 301 radio-telemetry relocations and random points within our study area. We found no evidence of within-stand selection for any of the variables examined, but 78% of roosts were in stands with at least some large (>50 cm dbh) trees. At the landscape scale, owls selected for stands with high canopy cover (>70%). Dispersing owls selected vegetation types that were more similar to habitat selected by adult owls than habitat that would result from following guidelines previously proposed to maintain dispersal habitat. Our analysis indicates that juvenile owls select stands for roosting that have greater canopy cover than is recommended in current agency guidelines.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.834","usgsCitation":"Sovern, S.G., Forsman, E.D., Dugger, C.M., and Taylor, M., 2015, Roosting habitat use and selection by northern spotted owls during natal dispersal: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 79, no. 2, p. 254-262, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.834.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"254","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044432","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 46.437856895024225\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 48.556614108721284\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 48.556614108721284\n ],\n [\n -119.9102783203125,\n 46.437856895024225\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 46.437856895024225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2aabe4b08de9379b3175","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sovern, Stan G.","contributorId":44084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovern","given":"Stan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forsman, Eric D.","contributorId":96792,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forsman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dugger, Catherine M.","contributorId":117764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":518231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Margaret","contributorId":138782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Margaret","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70141767,"text":"70141767 - 2015 - The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-25T16:05:47","indexId":"70141767","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations","docAbstract":"The physiological and biomechanical requirements of flight at high altitude have been the subject of much interest. Here, we uncover a steep relation between heart rate and wingbeat frequency (raised to the exponent 3.5) and estimated metabolic power and wingbeat frequency (exponent 7) of migratory bar-headed geese. Flight costs increase more rapidly than anticipated as air density declines, which overturns prevailing expectations that this species should maintain high-altitude flight when traversing the Himalayas. Instead, a \"roller coaster\" strategy, of tracking the underlying terrain and discarding large altitude gains only to recoup them later in the flight with occasional benefits from orographic lift, is shown to be energetically advantageous for flights over the Himalayas.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1126/science.1258732","usgsCitation":"Bishop, C., Spivey, R., Hawkes, L.A., Batbayar, N., Chua, B., Frappell, P., Milsom, W., Natsagdorj, T., Newman, S.H., Scott, G., Takekawa, J.Y., Wikelski, M., and Butler, P.J., 2015, The roller coaster flight strategy of bar-headed geese conserves energy during Himalayan migrations: Science, v. 347, no. 6219, p. 250-254, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1258732.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"250","endPage":"254","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060125","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472331,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-277440","text":"External Repository"},{"id":298094,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"347","issue":"6219","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54ec5d49e4b02d776a67dab7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bishop, C.M.","contributorId":31103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spivey, R.J.","contributorId":139400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spivey","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12767,"text":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Bangor, Gwynedd, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hawkes, L. A.","contributorId":139401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hawkes","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12768,"text":"Centre for Ecology and Conservation, U of Exeter, Cornwall, UK","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":541051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Batbayar, N.","contributorId":47074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batbayar","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chua, B.","contributorId":74312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chua","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frappell, P.B.","contributorId":68573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frappell","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Milsom, W.K.","contributorId":32383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milsom","given":"W.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Natsagdorj, T.","contributorId":108324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Natsagdorj","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Newman, S. H.","contributorId":21888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newman","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Scott, G. R.","contributorId":61398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"G. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wikelski, Martin","contributorId":76451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wikelski","given":"Martin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Butler, Patrick J.","contributorId":103782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":541123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}} ,{"id":70138461,"text":"70138461 - 2015 - The effects of sample scheduling and sample numbers on estimates of the annual fluxes of suspended sediment in fluvial systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-16T09:20:34","indexId":"70138461","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of sample scheduling and sample numbers on estimates of the annual fluxes of suspended sediment in fluvial systems","docAbstract":"Since the 1970s, there has been both continuing and growing interest in developing accurate estimates of the annual fluvial transport (fluxes and loads) of suspended sediment and sediment-associated chemical constituents. This study provides an evaluation of the effects of manual sample numbers (from 4 to 12 year−1) and sample scheduling (random-based, calendar-based and hydrology-based) on the precision, bias and accuracy of annual suspended sediment flux estimates. The evaluation is based on data from selected US Geological Survey daily suspended sediment stations in the USA and covers basins ranging in area from just over 900 km2 to nearly 2 million km2 and annual suspended sediment fluxes ranging from about 4 Kt year−1 to about 200 Mt year−1. The results appear to indicate that there is a scale effect for random-based and calendar-based sampling schemes, with larger sample numbers required as basin size decreases. All the sampling schemes evaluated display some level of positive (overestimates) or negative (underestimates) bias. The study further indicates that hydrology-based sampling schemes are likely to generate the most accurate annual suspended sediment flux estimates with the fewest number of samples, regardless of basin size. This type of scheme seems most appropriate when the determination of suspended sediment concentrations, sediment-associated chemical concentrations, annual suspended sediment and annual suspended sediment-associated chemical fluxes only represent a few of the parameters of interest in multidisciplinary, multiparameter monitoring programmes. The results are just as applicable to the calibration of autosamplers/suspended sediment surrogates currently used to measure/estimate suspended sediment concentrations and ultimately, annual suspended sediment fluxes, because manual samples are required to adjust the sample data/measurements generated by these techniques so that they provide depth-integrated and cross-sectionally representative data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.10172","usgsCitation":"Horowitz, A.J., Clarke, R.T., and Merten, G.H., 2015, The effects of sample scheduling and sample numbers on estimates of the annual fluxes of suspended sediment in fluvial systems: Hydrological Processes, v. 29, no. 4, p. 531-543, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10172.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"531","endPage":"543","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052797","costCenters":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297316,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2abfe4b08de9379b31ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Horowitz, Arthur J. 0000-0002-3296-730X horowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-730X","contributorId":1400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"Arthur","email":"horowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":316,"text":"Georgia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, Robin T.","contributorId":138769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12521,"text":"Department of Geosciences Georgia State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merten, Gustavo Henrique","contributorId":138770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Merten","given":"Gustavo","email":"","middleInitial":"Henrique","affiliations":[{"id":12522,"text":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Hydraulic Research Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70142204,"text":"70142204 - 2015 - Evaluation of selected static methods used to estimate element mobility, acid-generating and acid-neutralizing potentials associated with geologically diverse mining wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T10:08:43","indexId":"70142204","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of selected static methods used to estimate element mobility, acid-generating and acid-neutralizing potentials associated with geologically diverse mining wastes","docAbstract":"A comparison study of selected static leaching and acid–base accounting (ABA) methods using a mineralogically diverse set of 12 modern-style, metal mine waste samples was undertaken to understand the relative performance of the various tests. To complement this study, in-depth mineralogical studies were conducted in order to elucidate the relationships between sample mineralogy, weathering features, and leachate and ABA characteristics. In part one of the study, splits of the samples were leached using six commonly used leaching tests including paste pH, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Field Leach Test (FLT) (both 5-min and 18-h agitation), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Method 1312 SPLP (both leachate pH 4.2 and leachate pH 5.0), and the USEPA Method 1311 TCLP (leachate pH 4.9). Leachate geochemical trends were compared in order to assess differences, if any, produced by the various leaching procedures. Results showed that the FLT (5-min agitation) was just as effective as the 18-h leaching tests in revealing the leachate geochemical characteristics of the samples. Leaching results also showed that the TCLP leaching test produces inconsistent results when compared to results produced from the other leaching tests. In part two of the study, the ABA was determined on splits of the samples using both well-established traditional static testing methods and a relatively quick, simplified net acid–base accounting (NABA) procedure. Results showed that the traditional methods, while time consuming, provide the most in-depth data on both the acid generating, and acid neutralizing tendencies of the samples. However, the simplified NABA method provided a relatively fast, effective estimation of the net acid–base account of the samples. Overall, this study showed that while most of the well-established methods are useful and effective, the use of a simplified leaching test and the NABA acid–base accounting method provide investigators fast, quantitative tools that can be used to provide rapid, reliable information about the leachability of metals and other constituents of concern, and the acid-generating potential of metal mining waste.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007","usgsCitation":"Hageman, P.L., Seal, R.R., Diehl, S.F., Piatak, N., and Lowers, H., 2015, Evaluation of selected static methods used to estimate element mobility, acid-generating and acid-neutralizing potentials associated with geologically diverse mining wastes: Applied Geochemistry, v. 57, p. 125-139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057661","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298238,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54f6e943e4b02419550d309f","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.12.007","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Hageman Philip L., Seal Robert R., Diehl Sharon F., Piatak Nadine M., Lowers Heather A.","journalName":"Applied Geochemistry","publicationDate":"6/2015","auditedOn":"3/14/2015","publiclyAccessibleDate":"1/13/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hageman, Philip L. 0000-0002-3440-2150 phageman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3440-2150","contributorId":811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hageman","given":"Philip","email":"phageman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. rseal@usgs.gov","contributorId":127495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diehl, Sharon F. diehl@usgs.gov","contributorId":1089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"Sharon","email":"diehl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":541721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":127494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine M.","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lowers, Heather 0000-0001-5360-9264 hlowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5360-9264","contributorId":710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70138234,"text":"70138234 - 2015 - Mortality estimation from carcass searches using the R-package carcass: a tutorial","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T18:00:53","indexId":"70138234","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3766,"text":"Wildlife Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality estimation from carcass searches using the R-package carcass: a tutorial","docAbstract":"This article is a tutorial for the R-package carcass. It starts with a short overview of common methods used to estimate mortality based on carcass searches. Then, it guides step by step through a simple example. First, the proportion of animals that fall into the search area is estimated. Second, carcass persistence time is estimated based on experimental data. Third, searcher efficiency is estimated. Fourth, these three estimated parameters are combined to obtain the probability that an animal killed is found by an observer. Finally, this probability is used together with the observed number of carcasses found to obtain an estimate for the total number of killed animals together with a credible interval.
","language":"English","publisher":"Nordic Board for Wildlife Research","doi":"10.2981/wlb.00094","usgsCitation":"Korner-Nievergelt, F., Behr, O., Brinkmann, R., Etterson, M.A., Huso, M.M., Dalthorp, D., Korner-Nievergelt, P., Roth, T., and Niermann, I., 2015, Mortality estimation from carcass searches using the R-package carcass: a tutorial: Wildlife Biology, v. 21, no. 1, p. 30-43, https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00094.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"43","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060851","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472333,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2981/wlb.00094","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297311,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a9be4b08de9379b3133","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korner-Nievergelt, Franzi","contributorId":138759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Korner-Nievergelt","given":"Franzi","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6672,"text":"former: USGS Southwest Biological Science Center, Colorado Plateau Research Station, Flagstaff, AZ. 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We investigated the literature and documents stored at the Smithsonian Institution Archives involving the collector of those specimens in an effort to resolve that confusion. We conclude that the type series was collected on the Swan Islands of Honduras by Charles H. Townsend during 1887. We also provide a redescription of that nominal form and show that it is a valid species that should be called Ameiva fuliginosa. We also examined the type series of A. panchlora from Old Providence, Colombia and confirm that its 1950 placement as a junior synonym of A. fuliginosa is correct.
","language":"English","publisher":"Biological Society of Washington","doi":"10.2988/0006-324X-127.4.543","usgsCitation":"McCranie, J.R., and Gotte, S.W., 2015, An investigation into the Swan Island Honduras collecting event of Tiaporus fuliginosus Cope (Reptilia: Teiidae) and its systematic status: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 127, no. 4, p. 543-556, https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-127.4.543.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"543","endPage":"556","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059787","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297309,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a54e4b08de9379b2fe4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCranie, James R.","contributorId":138758,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCranie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12519,"text":"Smithsonian Institution Research Assoicate","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gotte, Steve W. 0000-0001-5509-4495 sgotte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5509-4495","contributorId":4481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gotte","given":"Steve","email":"sgotte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70137974,"text":"70137974 - 2015 - USGS National Wildlife Health Center quarterly mortality report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-13T14:19:58.81105","indexId":"70137974","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3769,"text":"Wildlife Disease Association Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS National Wildlife Health Center quarterly mortality report","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","usgsCitation":"Ballmann, A.E., White, C.L., Bodenstein, B.L., and Buckner, J.L., 2015, USGS National Wildlife Health Center quarterly mortality report: Wildlife Disease Association Newsletter, no. January 2015, p. 4-5.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061681","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297240,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wildlifedisease.org/PersonifyEbusiness/Resources/Publications/Newsletter/Archive"},{"id":297304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"January 2015","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ac5e4b08de9379b31f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ballmann, Anne E. 0000-0002-0380-056X aballmann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0380-056X","contributorId":1153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballmann","given":"Anne","email":"aballmann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, C. LeAnn 0000-0002-5004-5165 clwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5004-5165","contributorId":4315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"C.","email":"clwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LeAnn","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bodenstein, Barbara L. 0000-0001-7946-0103 bbodenstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7946-0103","contributorId":4389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodenstein","given":"Barbara","email":"bbodenstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buckner, Jennifer L. jbuckner@usgs.gov","contributorId":4887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckner","given":"Jennifer","email":"jbuckner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":538621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70138204,"text":"70138204 - 2015 - Patterns of floodplain sediment deposition along the regulated lower Roanoke River, North Carolina: annual, decadal, centennial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-15T13:12:41","indexId":"70138204","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of floodplain sediment deposition along the regulated lower Roanoke River, North Carolina: annual, decadal, centennial scales","docAbstract":"The lower Roanoke River on the Coastal Plain of North Carolina is not embayed and maintains a floodplain that is among the largest on the mid-Atlantic Coast. This floodplain has been impacted by substantial aggradation in response to upstream colonial and post-colonial agriculture between the mid-eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. Additionally, since the mid-twentieth century stream flow has been regulated by a series of high dams. We used artificial markers (clay pads), tree-ring (dendrogeomorphic) techniques, and pollen analyses to document sedimentation rates/amounts over short-, intermediate-, and long-term temporal scales, respectively. These analyses occurred along 58 transects at 378 stations throughout the lower river floodplain from near the Fall Line to the Albemarle Sound. Present sediment deposition rates ranged from 0.5 to 3.4 mm/y and 0.3 to 5.9 mm/y from clay pad and dendrogeomorphic analyses, respectively. Deposition rates systematically increased from upstream (high banks and floodplain) to downstream (low banks) reaches, except the lowest reaches. Conversely, legacy sediment deposition (A.D. 1725 to 1850) ranged from 5 to about 40 mm/y, downstream to upstream, respectively, and is apparently responsible for high banks upstream and large/wide levees along some of the middle stream reaches. Dam operations have selectively reduced levee deposition while facilitating continued backswamp deposition. A GIS-based model predicts 453,000 Mg of sediment is trapped annually on the floodplain and that little watershed-derived sediment reaches the Albemarle Sound. Nearly all sediment in transport and deposited is derived from the channel bed and banks. Legacy deposits (sources) and regulated discharges affect most aspects of present fluvial sedimentation dynamics. The lower river reflects complex relaxation conditions following both major human alterations, yet continues to provide the ecosystem service of sediment trapping.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.023","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C.R., Schenk, E.R., Kroes, D., Willard, D.A., Townsend, P.A., and Peet, R.K., 2015, Patterns of floodplain sediment deposition along the regulated lower Roanoke River, North Carolina: annual, decadal, centennial scales: Geomorphology, v. 228, p. 666-680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.023.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"666","endPage":"680","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057933","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albemarle Sound, Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.7337646484375,\n 35.610417892730524\n ],\n [\n -77.7337646484375,\n 36.54936246839778\n ],\n [\n -76.61041259765624,\n 36.54936246839778\n ],\n [\n -76.61041259765624,\n 35.610417892730524\n ],\n [\n -77.7337646484375,\n 35.610417892730524\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"228","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2aa0e4b08de9379b314c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, Cliff R. 0000-0003-1853-9197 crhupp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":2344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"Cliff","email":"crhupp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Edward R. 0000-0001-6886-5754 eschenk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6886-5754","contributorId":2183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Edward","email":"eschenk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kroes, Daniel 0000-0001-9104-9077 dkroes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9104-9077","contributorId":3830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroes","given":"Daniel","email":"dkroes@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Townsend, Phil A.","contributorId":91329,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Townsend","given":"Phil","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peet, Robert K.","contributorId":12711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peet","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70093447,"text":"70093447 - 2015 - Distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests of South Asia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-13T16:40:05.28636","indexId":"70093447","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T10:05:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2258,"text":"Journal of Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests of South Asia","docAbstract":"Mangrove forests in South Asia occur along the tidal sea edge of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. These forests provide important ecosystem goods and services to the region's dense coastal populations and support important functions of the biosphere. Mangroves are under threat from both natural and anthropogenic stressors; however the current status and dynamics of the region's mangroves are poorly understood. We mapped the current extent of mangrove forests in South Asia and identified mangrove forest cover change (gain and loss) from 2000 to 2012 using Landsat satellite data. We also conducted three case studies in Indus Delta (Pakistan), Goa (India), and Sundarbans (Bangladesh and India) to identify rates, patterns, and causes of change in greater spatial and thematic details compared to regional assessment of mangrove forests.
\n\n
Our findings revealed that the areal extent of mangrove forests in South Asia is approximately 1,187,476 ha representing ∼7% of the global total. Our results showed that from 2000 to 2012, 92,135 ha of mangroves were deforested and 80,461 ha were reforested with a net loss of 11,673 ha. In all three case studies, mangrove areas have remained the same or increased slightly, however, the turnover was greater than the net change. Both, natural and anthropogenic factors are responsible for the change and turnover. The major causes of forest cover change are similar throughout the region; however, specific factors may be dominant in specific areas. Major causes of deforestation in South Asia include (i) conversion to other land use (e.g. conversion to agriculture, shrimp farms, development, and human settlement), (ii) over-harvesting (e.g. grazing, browsing and lopping, and fishing), (iii) pollution, (iv) decline in freshwater availability, (v) floodings, (vi) reduction of silt deposition, (vii) coastal erosion, and (viii) disturbances from tropical cyclones and tsunamis. Our analysis in the region's diverse socio-economic and environmental conditions highlights complex patterns of mangrove distribution and change. Results from this study provide important insight to the conservation and management of the important and threatened South Asian mangrove ecosystem.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.020","usgsCitation":"Giri, C., Long, J., Abbas, S., Murali, R.M., Qamer, F.M., Pengra, B., and Thau, D., 2015, Distribution and dynamics of mangrove forests of South Asia: Journal of Environmental Management, v. 148, p. 10-111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.020.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053476","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 92.63975132917415,\n 21.34644755383752\n ],\n [\n 92.69636375423357,\n 23.093195331917457\n ],\n [\n 87.03406063425564,\n 22.227478454576186\n ],\n [\n 79.87319001569784,\n 16.25741892146837\n ],\n [\n 79.40076707254411,\n 11.408756432754643\n ],\n [\n 77.40592579978806,\n 8.46469922275864\n ],\n [\n 73.18695686131176,\n 20.790094297154695\n ],\n [\n 72.87074998253325,\n 23.046181487791515\n ],\n [\n 69.00936975468215,\n 25.351149951891756\n ],\n [\n 64.32547281330233,\n 26.060745107911004\n ],\n [\n 61.76183043871745,\n 25.261499790160414\n ],\n [\n 64.21367275692924,\n 24.50573492635114\n ],\n [\n 66.3733274284561,\n 24.544017863708063\n ],\n [\n 68.99849415883313,\n 22.58798715943358\n ],\n [\n 70.015738206263,\n 20.80686582819048\n ],\n [\n 71.72493350853802,\n 19.930230848875425\n ],\n [\n 72.76848440374161,\n 16.482368346929064\n ],\n [\n 75.30190954383363,\n 9.756672722882257\n ],\n [\n 77.5455349971038,\n 6.816882624722439\n ],\n [\n 80.79401300568276,\n 4.854563949254953\n ],\n [\n 82.92883335032462,\n 6.407766545075063\n ],\n [\n 80.88295396453611,\n 11.692367112504456\n ],\n [\n 81.05675184751397,\n 15.286942844019848\n ],\n [\n 86.20876185660052,\n 19.103228519336653\n ],\n [\n 87.5529994234904,\n 20.938076078708463\n ],\n [\n 92.63975132917415,\n 21.34644755383752\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"148","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7685e4b0abf75cf2bf89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Giri, Chandra cgiri@usgs.gov","contributorId":2403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giri","given":"Chandra","email":"cgiri@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, Jordan 0000-0002-4814-464X jlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-464X","contributorId":3609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"Jordan","email":"jlong@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Abbas, Sawaid","contributorId":29304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbas","given":"Sawaid","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murali, R. Mani","contributorId":85505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murali","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Mani","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Qamer, Faisal M.","contributorId":8766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qamer","given":"Faisal","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pengra, Bruce 0000-0003-2497-8284 bpengra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2497-8284","contributorId":5132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pengra","given":"Bruce","email":"bpengra@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Thau, David","contributorId":103581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thau","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70135682,"text":"ofr20141253 - 2015 - An analysis of three new infrasound arrays around Kīlauea Volcano","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-15T09:35:24","indexId":"ofr20141253","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T09:30:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1253","title":"An analysis of three new infrasound arrays around Kīlauea Volcano","docAbstract":"A network of three new infrasound station arrays was installed around Kīlauea Volcano between July 2012 and September 2012, and a preliminary analysis of open-vent monitoring has been completed by Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO). Infrasound is an emerging monitoring method in volcanology that detects perturbations in atmospheric pressure at frequencies below 20 Hz, which can result from volcanic events that are not always observed optically or thermally. Each array has the capability to detect various infrasound events as small as 0.05 Pa as measured at the array site. The infrasound monitoring network capabilities are demonstrated through case studies of rockfalls, pit collapses, and rise-fall cycles at Halema'uma'u Crater and Pu'u 'Ōʻō.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141253","usgsCitation":"Thelen, W.A., and Cooper, J., 2015, An analysis of three new infrasound arrays around Kīlauea Volcano: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1253, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141253.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059495","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297270,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141253.gif"},{"id":297269,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1253/downloads/OFR2014-1253.pdf","text":"Report","size":"10.4 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":297268,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1253/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.643310546875,\n 18.894593271963213\n ],\n [\n -155.643310546875,\n 19.45234893685903\n ],\n [\n -155.0555419921875,\n 19.45234893685903\n ],\n [\n -155.0555419921875,\n 18.894593271963213\n ],\n [\n -155.643310546875,\n 18.894593271963213\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a52e4b08de9379b2fe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thelen, Weston A. 0000-0003-2534-5577 wthelen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-5577","contributorId":4126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thelen","given":"Weston","email":"wthelen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Jennifer","contributorId":130985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7197,"text":"Unaffiliated","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70135797,"text":"ds907 - 2015 - Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008-12","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-29T13:36:41","indexId":"ds907","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"907","title":"Estimated annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States, 2008-12","docAbstract":"Annual county-level pesticide use was estimated for 423 herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides applied to agricultural crops grown in the conterminous United States during 2008–12. For all States except California, pesticide-use data were compiled from proprietary surveys of farm operations located within U.S. Department of Agriculture Crop Reporting Districts (CRDs). Surveyed pesticide-use data were used in conjunction with county annual harvested-crop acres reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture 2007 and 2012 Censuses of Agriculture and the 2008–11 County Agricultural Production Survey to calculate use rates per harvested-crop acre, or an “estimated pesticide use” (EPest) rate, for each crop by year. County-use estimates were then calculated by multiplying EPest rates by harvested-crop acres for each pesticide crop combination. Use estimates for California were obtained from annual Department of Pesticide Regulation-Pesticide Use Reports.
\nProprietary surveyed pesticide-use data were not available for all CRDs and years. When pesticide-survey data were unavailable for a CRD in a particular year, EPest extrapolated rates were calculated from adjoining or nearby CRDs to ensure that pesticide use was estimated for all counties where harvested-crop acres were reported. Two estimation methods were used—EPest-low and EPest high—and differed in how they treated situations when a CRD was surveyed and pesticide use was not reported for a particular pesticide-by-crop combination. California pesticide-use estimates were not extrapolated; therefore, EPest-low and EPest-high are the same for counties in California.
\nThis data series is a continuation of the 1992–2009 pesticide-use estimates reported by Stone (2013). It is an update of estimates for 2008–9 (Stone, 2013), as well as an update of the 2010–11 preliminary estimates reported by Baker and Stone (2013). EPest values from these compilations (1992–2012) are suitable for making national, regional, and watershed assessments of annual pesticide use. County-level estimates are provided to make it easier to compile watershed assessments; however, users should be aware there is a greater degree of uncertainty in individual county-level estimates when compared to CRD or State-level estimates. This report provides EPest-low and EPest-high annual agricultural pesticide use for counties of the conterminous United States for 423 compounds during 2008–12 in tab-delimited files organized by compound, year, State Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, county FIPS code, and amount in kilograms (kg).
\nEPest-high county pesticide-use estimates were divided into tables 1 through 7 by pesticide name:
\nTable 1: 2, 4-D through Chlorantraniliprole
Table 2: Chlorethoxyfos through Diflufenzopyr
Table 3: Dimethenamid through Gibberellic acid
Table 4: Glufosinate through Metiram
Table 5: Metolachlor through Propazine
Table 6: Propiconazole through Triasulfuron
Table 7: Tribenuron methyl through Zoxamide
EPest-low county pesticide-use estimates were divided into tables 8 through 14 by pesticide name:
\nTable 8: 2, 4-D through Chlorantraniliprole
Table 9: Chlorethoxyfos through Diflufenzopyr
Table 10: Dimethenamid through Gibberellic acid
Table 11: Glufosinate through Metiram
Table 12: Metolachlor through Propazine
Table 13: Propiconazole through Triasulfuron
Table 14: Tribenuron methyl through Zoxamide
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging pathogen from Africa that causes disease similar to smallpox. Two clades with different geographic distributions and virulence have been described. Here, we utilized bioinformatic tools to identify genomic regions in MPXV containing multiple virulence genes and explored their roles in pathogenicity; two selected regions were then deleted singularly or in combination. In vitro and in vivostudies indicated that these regions play a significant role in MPXV replication, tissue spread, and mortality in mice. Interestingly, while deletion of either region led to decreased virulence in mice, one region had no effect on in vitro replication. Deletion of both regions simultaneously also reduced cell culture replication and significantly increased the attenuation in vivo over either single deletion. Attenuated MPXV with genomic deletions present a safe and efficacious tool in the study of MPX pathogenesis and in the identification of genetic factors associated with virulence.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.009","usgsCitation":"Lopera, J.G., Falendysz, E.A., Rocke, T.E., and Osorio, J., 2015, Attenuation of monkeypox virus by deletion of genomic regions: Virology, v. 475, p. 129-138, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.009.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061063","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4720520","text":"Publisher Index 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report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-11T07:08:07","indexId":"70138290","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NCCN/NRR - 2015/904","title":"Elk monitoring in Mount Rainier and Olympic national parks: 2008-2011 synthesis report","docAbstract":"In 2008, the USGS collaborated with the NPS, the Muckleshoot and Puyallup Indian Tribes, and WDFW to develop a protocol tor monitor changes in abundance, population composition, and spatial distribution of elk on summer ranges in MORA and OLYM and winter ranges in OLYM. We developed double-observer sightability (DO-S) models that adjusted raw counts of elk as a function of factors influencing detection probabilities from the air, e.g. vegetation, elk group size, light, elk activity, and pilot experience. We plan to develop DO-S models for both MORA and OLYM summer ranges, but due to radiotelemetry collar failures in OLYM, we do not yet have enough data to model detection probabilities in OLYM.
Small-bodied songbirds replenish fat reserves during migration at stopover sites where they continually encounter novel and often unpredictable environmental conditions. The ability to select and utilize high quality habitats is critical to survival and fitness. Vegetation phenology is closely linked with emergence of insect prey and may provide valid cues of food availability for stopover habitat selection. Climate change is disrupting phenological synchrony across trophic levels with negative impacts on bird populations. However, whether synchrony or mismatch indicates historic or disrupted systems remains unclear. Many Neotropical migratory songbirds of western North America must cross arid regions where drought conditions related to climate change and human water use are expected to increase. We studied migrant abundance and the diversity (niche breadth) and proportional use of vegetation species as foraging substrates and their synchrony with vegetation flowering during spring migration along the lower Colorado River in the Sonoran Desert of the U.S. and Mexico.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology book series","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press Taylor Francis Group","usgsCitation":"Kellermann, J.L., and van Riper, C., 2015, Phenological synchrony of bird migration with tree flowering at desert riparian stopover sites, chap. of Studies in Avian Biology book series, p. 133-144.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"144","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033638","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298949,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9781482240306/"},{"id":310071,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56261480e4b0fb9a11dd764a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellermann, Jherime L.","contributorId":139843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kellermann","given":"Jherime","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13292,"text":"Ecology & Evolutionary Biology ,University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70124465,"text":"fs20143070 - 2015 - Social and Economic Analysis Branch: integrating policy, social, economic, and natural science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-15T08:41:02","indexId":"fs20143070","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-14T16:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3070","title":"Social and Economic Analysis Branch: integrating policy, social, economic, and natural science","docAbstract":"The Fort Collins Science Center's Social and Economic Analysis Branch provides unique capabilities in the U.S. Geological Survey by leading projects that integrate social, behavioral, economic, and natural science in the context of human–natural resource interactions. Our research provides scientific understanding and support for the management and conservation of our natural resources in support of multiple agency missions. We focus on meeting the scientific needs of the Department of the Interior natural resource management bureaus in addition to fostering partnerships with other Federal and State managers to protect, restore, and enhance our environment. The Social and Economic Analysis Branch has an interdisciplinary group of scientists whose primary functions are to conduct both theoretical and applied social science research, provide technical assistance, and offer training to support the development of skills in natural resource management activities. Management and research issues associated with human-resource interactions typically occur in a unique context and require knowledge of both natural and social sciences, along with the skill to integrate multiple science disciplines. In response to these challenging contexts, Social and Economic Analysis Branch researchers apply a wide variety of social science concepts and methods which complement our rangeland/agricultural, wildlife, ecology, and biology capabilities. The goal of the Social and Economic Analysis Branch's research is to enhance natural-resource management, agency functions, policies, and decisionmaking.
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The severity of these threats depends largely on landslide speed and travel distance, which are collectively described as landslide “mobility”. To investigate causes and effects of mobility, we focus on a disastrous landslide that occurred on 22 March 2014 near Oso, Washington, USA, following a long period of abnormally wet weather. The landslide's impacts were severe because its mobility exceeded that of prior historical landslides at the site, and also exceeded that of comparable landslides elsewhere. The ∼8×106 m3 landslide originated on a gently sloping (<20°) riverside bluff only 180 m high, yet it traveled across the entire ∼1 km breadth of the adjacent floodplain and spread laterally a similar distance. Seismological evidence indicates that high-speed, flowing motion of the landslide began after about 50 s of preliminary slope movement, and observational evidence supports the hypothesis that the high mobility of the landslide resulted from liquefaction of water-saturated sediment at its base. Numerical simulation of the event using a newly developed model indicates that liquefaction and high mobility can be attributed to compression- and/or shear-induced sediment contraction that was strongly dependent on initial conditions. An alternative numerical simulation indicates that the landslide would have been far less mobile if its initial porosity and water content had been only slightly lower. Sensitive dependence of landslide mobility on initial conditions has broad implications for assessment of landslide hazards.
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Brent","contributorId":138697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bower","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[{"id":12498,"text":"NOAA National Weather Service, Seattle, WA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70137978,"text":"70137978 - 2015 - Total- and methyl-mercury concentrations and methylation rates across the freshwater to hypersaline continuum of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:28:39","indexId":"70137978","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-14T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Total- and methyl-mercury concentrations and methylation rates across the freshwater to hypersaline continuum of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA","docAbstract":"We examined mercury (Hg) speciation in water and sediment of the Great Salt Lake and surrounding wetlands, a locale spanning fresh to hypersaline and oxic to anoxic conditions, in order to test the hypothesis that spatial and temporal variations in Hg concentration and methylation rates correspond to observed spatial and temporal trends in Hg burdens previously reported in biota. Water column, sediment, and pore water concentrations of methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (THg), as well as related aquatic chemical parameters were examined. Inorganic Hg(II)-methylation rates were determined in selected water column and sediment subsamples spiked with inorganic divalent mercury (204Hg(II)). Net production of Me204Hg was expressed as apparent first-order rate constants for methylation (kmeth), which were also expanded to MeHg production potential (MPP) rates via combination with tin reducible ‘reactive’ Hg(II) (Hg(II)R) as a proxy for bioavailable Hg(II). Notable findings include: 1) elevated Hg concentrations previously reported in birds and brine flies were spatially proximal to the measured highest MeHg concentrations, the latter occurring in the anoxic deep brine layer (DBL) of the Great Salt Lake; 2) timing of reduced Hg(II)-methylation rates in the DBL (according to both kmeth and MPP) coincides with reduced Hg burdens among aquatic invertebrates (brine shrimp and brine flies) that act as potential vectors of Hg propagation to the terrestrial ecosystem; 3) values ofkmeth were found to fall within the range reported by other studies; and 4) MPP rates were on the lower end of the range reported in methodologically comparable studies, suggesting the possibility that elevated MeHg in the anoxic deep brine layer results from its accumulation and persistence in this quasi-isolated environment, due to the absence of light (restricting abiotic photo demethylation) and/or minimal microbiological demethylation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.092","usgsCitation":"Johnson, W.P., Swanson, N., Black, B., Rudd, A., Carling, G., Fernandez, D.P., Luft, J., Van Leeuwen, J., and Marvin-DiPasquale, M.C., 2015, Total- and methyl-mercury concentrations and methylation rates across the freshwater to hypersaline continuum of the Great Salt Lake, Utah, USA: Science of the Total Environment, v. 511, p. 489-500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.092.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"500","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062111","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.77740478515624,\n 40.576412521044425\n ],\n [\n -112.77740478515624,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -111.75567626953124,\n 41.69752591075902\n ],\n [\n -111.75567626953124,\n 40.576412521044425\n ],\n [\n -112.77740478515624,\n 40.576412521044425\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"511","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2ac3e4b08de9379b31eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, William P.","contributorId":107288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":538430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swanson, Neil","contributorId":138698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swanson","given":"Neil","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12499,"text":"Univ. of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Black, Brooks","contributorId":138699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Black","given":"Brooks","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12499,"text":"Univ. of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rudd, Abigail","contributorId":138700,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rudd","given":"Abigail","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12500,"text":"Brooks-Rand LLC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Carling, Gregory 0000-0001-5820-125X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5820-125X","contributorId":69459,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carling","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6681,"text":"Brigham Young University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fernandez, Diego P.","contributorId":138701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Diego","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":12499,"text":"Univ. of Utah","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Luft, John","contributorId":138702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luft","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12501,"text":"State of Utah Division of Wildlife Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Van Leeuwen, Jim","contributorId":138703,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Leeuwen","given":"Jim","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12501,"text":"State of Utah Division of Wildlife Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark C. 0000-0002-8186-9167 mmarvin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8186-9167","contributorId":1485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","email":"mmarvin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70137971,"text":"70137971 - 2015 - Quantifying water requirements of riparian river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia: Implications for the management of environmental flows","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T11:40:40","indexId":"70137971","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-14T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying water requirements of riparian river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia: Implications for the management of environmental flows","docAbstract":"Water resource development and drought have altered river flow regimes, increasing average flood return intervals across floodplains in the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia, causing health declines in riparian river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) forests and woodlands. Environmental flow allocations helped to alleviate water stress during the recent Millennium Drought (1997–2010), however, quantification of the flood frequency required to support healthy E. camaldulensis communities is still needed. We quantified water requirements of E. camaldulensis for two years across a flood gradient (trees inundated at frequencies of 1:2, 1:5 and 1:10 years) at Yanga National Park, New South Wales to help inform management decision-making and design of environmental flows. Sap flow, evaporative losses and soil moisture measurements were used to determine transpiration, evapotranspiration and plant-available soil water before and after flooding. A formula was developed using plant-available soil water post-flooding and average annual rainfall, to estimate maintenance time of soil water reserves in each flood frequency zone. Results indicated that soil water reserves could sustain 1:2 and 1:5 trees for 15 months and six years, respectively. Trees regulated their transpiration rates, allowing them to persist within their flood frequency zone, and showed reduction in active sapwood area and transpiration rates when flood frequencies exceeded 1:2 years. A leaf area index of 0.5 was identified as a potential threshold indicator of severe drought stress. Our results suggest environmental water managers may have greater flexibility to adaptively manage floodplains in order to sustain E. camaldulensis forests and woodlands than has been appreciated hitherto.
The rural and unregulated Llano River watershed located in central Texas, USA, has a highly variable flow regime and a wide range of instantaneous peak flows. Abrupt transitions in surface lithology exist along the main-stem channel course. Both of these characteristics afford an opportunity to examine hydrologic, lithologic, and sedimentary controls on downstream changes in channel morphology. Field surveys of channel topography and boundary composition are coupled with sediment analyses, hydraulic computations, flood-frequency analyses, and geographic information system mapping to discern controls on channel geometry (profile, pattern, and shape) and dimensions along the mixed alluvial-bedrock Llano River and key tributaries. Four categories of channel classification in a downstream direction include: (i) uppermost ephemeral reaches, (ii) straight or sinuous gravel-bed channels in Cretaceous carbonate sedimentary zones, (iii) straight or sinuous gravel-bed or bedrock channels in Paleozoic sedimentary zones, and (iv) straight, braided, or multithread mixed alluvial–bedrock channels with sandy beds in Precambrian igneous and metamorphic zones. Principal findings include: (i) a nearly linear channel profile attributed to resistant bedrock incision checkpoints; (ii) statistically significant correlations of both alluvial sinuosity and valley confinement to relatively high f (mean depth) hydraulic geometry values; (iii) relatively high b (width) hydraulic geometry values in partly confined settings with sinuous channels upstream from a prominent incision checkpoint; (iv) different functional flow categories including frequently occurring events (< 1.5-year return periods) that mobilize channel-bed material and less frequent events that determine bankfull channel (1.5- to 3-year return periods) and macrochannel (10- to 40-year return periods) dimensions; (v) macrochannels with high f values (most ≤ 0.45) that develop at sites with unit stream power values in excess of 200 watts per square meter (W/m2); and (vi) downstream convergence of hydraulic geometry exponents for bankfull and macrochannels, explained by co-increases of flood magnitude and noncohesive sandy sediments that collectively minimize development of alluvial bankfull indicators. Collectively, these findings indicate that mixed alluvial–bedrock channels exhibit first-order lithologic controls (lithologic resistance and valley confinement) of channel geometry, second-order hydrologic (flow regime) control of channel dimensions, and third-order sedimentary controls that exert subsidiary influence on channel shape and bed configuration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.033","usgsCitation":"Heitmuller, F.T., Hudson, P.F., and Asquith, W.H., 2015, Lithologic and hydrologic controls of mixed alluvial-bedrock channels in flood-prone fluvial systems: bankfull and macrochannels in the Llano River watershed, central Texas, USA: Geomorphology, v. 232, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.033.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059853","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Llano River Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.56658935546875,\n 30.36102635890718\n ],\n [\n -98.56658935546875,\n 30.958768570779846\n ],\n [\n -97.83050537109375,\n 30.958768570779846\n ],\n [\n -97.83050537109375,\n 30.36102635890718\n ],\n [\n -98.56658935546875,\n 30.36102635890718\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"232","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a92e4b08de9379b3100","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.033","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.033","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Heitmuller Franklin T., Hudson Paul F., Asquith William H.","journalName":"Geomorphology","publicationDate":"3/2015","auditedOn":"2/13/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heitmuller, Frank T.","contributorId":138602,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heitmuller","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12460,"text":"The University of Southern Mississippi","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Paul F.","contributorId":138603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hudson","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":12461,"text":"Leiden University College The Hague","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}