The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in partnership with several international agencies and universities, has produced a global land cover characteristics database. The land cover data were created using multitemporal analysis of advanced very high resolution radiometer satellite images in conjunction with other existing geographic data. A translation table permits the conversion of the land cover classes into several conventional land cover schemes that are used by ecosystem modelers, climate modelers, land management agencies, and other user groups. The alternative classification schemes include Global Ecosystems, the Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer Scheme, the Simple Biosphere, the USGS Anderson Level 2, and the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme. The distribution system for these data is through the World Wide Web (the web site address is: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/landdaac/glcc/glcc.html) or by magnetic media upon special request The availability of the data over the World Wide Web, in conjunction with the flexible database structure, allows easy data access to a wide range of users. The web site contains a user registration form that allows analysis of the diverse applications of large-area land cover data. Currently, applications are divided among mapping (20 percent), conservation (30 percent), and modeling (35 percent).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., 1997, Applications of the U.S. Geological Survey's global land cover product: Acta Astronautica, v. 41, no. 4-10, p. 671-680, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00051-4.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"680","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"4-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eccbe4b0c8380cd494c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B.","contributorId":62352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019570,"text":"70019570 - 1997 - The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-01T11:07:14","indexId":"70019570","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis","docAbstract":"Mesocosms have been primarily used as research tools for the evaluation of the fate and effects of xenobiotic chemicals at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization. This paper provides suggestions for future applications of mesocosm research. Attention should be given to the configuration of mesocosm parameters to explicitly study regional questions of ecological interest. The initial physical, chemical, and biological conditions within mesocosms should be considered as factors shaping the final results of experiments. Certain fundamental questions such as the ecological inertia and resilience of systems with different initial ecological properties should be addressed. Researchers should develop closer working relationships with mathematical modelers in linking computer models to the outcomes of mesocosm studies. Mesocosm tests, linked with models, could enable managers and regulators to forecast the regional consequences of chemicals released into the environment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1099:TROMSI]2.0.CO;2","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Boyle, T., and Fairchild, J., 1997, The role of mesocosm studies in ecological risk analysis: Ecological Applications, v. 7, no. 4, p. 1099-1102, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1099:TROMSI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1099","endPage":"1102","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baf82e4b08c986b324851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, Terence P.","contributorId":85214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terence P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, James F.","contributorId":178203,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019557,"text":"70019557 - 1997 - Debris-flow mobilization from landslides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-24T17:58:41.67217","indexId":"70019557","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":806,"text":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow mobilization from landslides","docAbstract":"Field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical analyses indicate that landslides mobilize to form debris flows by three processes: (a) widespread Coulomb failure within a sloping soil, rock, or sediment mass, (b) partial or complete liquefaction of the mass by high pore-fluid pressures, and (c) conversion of landslide translational energy to internal vibrational energy (i.e. granular temperature). These processes can operate independently, but in many circumstances they appear to operate simultaneously and synergistically. Early work on debris-flow mobilization described a similar interplay of processes but relied on mechanical models in which debris behavior was assumed to be fixed and governed by a Bingham or Bagnold rheology. In contrast, this review emphasizes models in which debris behavior evolves in response to changing pore pressures and granular temperatures. One-dimensional infinite-slope models provide insight by quantifying how pore pressures and granular temperatures can influence the transition from Coulomb failure to liquefaction. Analyses of multidimensional experiments reveal complications ignored in one-dimensional models and demonstrate that debris-flow mobilization may occur by at least two distinct modes in the field.
","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R.M., Reid, M.E., and Lahusen, R.G., 1997, Debris-flow mobilization from landslides: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 25, p. 85-138, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.25.1.85.","productDescription":"54 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"138","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227713,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdfce4b0c8380cd4ea50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, Richard M. 0000-0002-7369-3819 riverson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"Richard","email":"riverson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reid, Mark E. 0000-0002-5595-1503 mreid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5595-1503","contributorId":1167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"Mark","email":"mreid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lahusen, Richard G. rlahusen@usgs.gov","contributorId":535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahusen","given":"Richard","email":"rlahusen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":383164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019504,"text":"70019504 - 1997 - Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-12T09:47:17","indexId":"70019504","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray","docAbstract":"Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was combined with high-performance liquid chromatography/high-flow pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESP/MS) for the trace analysis of oxanilic and sulfonic acids of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor. The isolation procedure separated the chloroacetanilide metabolites from the parent herbicides during the elution from C18 cartridges using ethyl acetate for parent compounds, followed by methanol for the anionic metabolites. The metabolites were separated chromatographically using reversed-phase HPLC and analyzed by negative-ion MS using electrospray ionization in selected ion mode. Quantitation limits were 0.01 μg/L for both the oxanilic and sulfonic acids based on a 100-mL water sample. This combination of methods represents an important advance in environmental analysis of chloroacetanilide−herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater for two reasons. First, anionic chloroacetanilide metabolites are a major class of degradation products that are readily leached to groundwater in agricultural areas. Second, anionic metabolites, which are not able to be analyzed by conventional methods such as liquid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, are effectively analyzed by SPE and high-flow pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry. This paper reports the first HPLC/MS identification of these metabolites in surface water and groundwater.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/ac9704671","issn":"00032700","usgsCitation":"Ferrer, I., Thurman, E., and Barcelo, D., 1997, Identification of ionic chloroacetanilide-herbicide metabolites in surface water and groundwater by HPLC/MS using negative ion spray: Analytical Chemistry, v. 69, no. 22, p. 4547-4553, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac9704671.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4547","endPage":"4553","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226432,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205724,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9704671"}],"volume":"69","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-11-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a382de4b0c8380cd6148c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferrer, Imma","contributorId":68606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferrer","given":"Imma","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barcelo, Damia","contributorId":189407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barcelo","given":"Damia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019495,"text":"70019495 - 1997 - Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T16:00:51.786979","indexId":"70019495","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy","docAbstract":"The wave fields generated by Strombolian activity are investigated using data from small-aperture seismic arrays deployed on the north flank of Stromboli and data from seismic and pressure transducers set up near the summit crater. Measurements of slowness and azimuth as a function of time clearly indicate that the sources of tremor and explosions are located beneath the summit crater at depths shallower than 200 m with occasional bursts of energy originating from sources extending to a depth of 3 km. Slowness, azimuth, and particle motion measurements reveal a complex composition of body and surface waves associated with topography, structure, and source properties. Body waves originating at depths shallower than 200 m dominate the wave field at frequencies of 0.5–2.5 Hz, and surface waves generated by the surficial part of the source and by scattering sources distributed around the island dominate at frequencies above 2.5 Hz. The records of tremor and explosions are both dominated by SH motion. Far-field records from explosions start with radial motion, and near-field records from those events show dominantly horizontal motion and often start with a low-frequency (1–2 Hz) precursor characterized by elliptical particle motion, followed within a few seconds by a high-frequency radial phase (1–10 Hz) accompanying the eruption of pyroclastics. The dominant component of the near- and far-field particle motions from explosions, and the timing of air and body wave phases observed in the near field, are consistent with a gas-piston mechanism operating on a shallow (<200 m deep), vertical crack-like conduit. Models of a degassing fluid column suggest that noise emissions originating in the collective oscillations of bubbles ascending in the magma conduit may provide an adequate self-excitation mechanism for sustained tremor generation at Stromboli.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97JB00953","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Chouet, B., Saccorotti, G., Martini, M., Dawson, P., De Luca, G., Milana, G., and Scarpa, R., 1997, Source and path effects in the wave fields of tremor and explosions at Stromboli Volcano, Italy: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B7, p. 15129-15150, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB00953.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"15129","endPage":"15150","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480003,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97jb00953","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226379,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b931ee4b08c986b31a2d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saccorotti, G.","contributorId":107041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saccorotti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martini, M.","contributorId":24909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martini","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Luca, G.","contributorId":88095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Luca","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Milana, G.","contributorId":23700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milana","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Scarpa, R.","contributorId":64818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scarpa","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70019488,"text":"70019488 - 1997 - Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:55:09.241719","indexId":"70019488","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements","docAbstract":"Postseismic deformation in the 5 years following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake has been measured with the Global Positioning System and precise leveling. Postearthquake velocities at distances greater than ∼20 km from the coseismic rupture are not significantly different from those observed in the 20 years prior to the earthquake. However, velocities at stations within ∼20 km of the rupture exceed preearthquake rates and exhibit unanticipated contraction normal to the strike of the San Andreas fault system. A combination of forward modeling and nonlinear optimization suggests that the observed postseismic deformations were caused by aseismic oblique reverse slip averaging 2.9 cm/yr on the San Andreas fault and/or the Loma Prieta rupture zone and 2.4 cm/yr reverse slip along a buried fault within the Foothills thrust belt. The best fitting sources of postseismic deformation are all located at depths of less than 15 km. We find no evidence for accelerated flow or shear below the Loma Prieta rupture in the first 5 years following the earthquake. The inferred postseismic slip is likely to have been caused by the coseismic stress change updip of the 1989 rupture.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB03171","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Burgmann, R., Segall, P., Lisowski, M., and Svarc, J., 1997, Postseismic strain following the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake from GPS and leveling measurements: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B3, p. 4933-4955, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03171.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"4933","endPage":"4955","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479967,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03171","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226338,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-03-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e9ae4b0c8380cd7a63f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burgmann, R.","contributorId":10167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burgmann","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Segall, P.","contributorId":44231,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Segall","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Svarc, J.","contributorId":85731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019440,"text":"70019440 - 1997 - Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-15T10:14:50","indexId":"70019440","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams","docAbstract":"Floods from failures of natural and constructed dams constitute a widespread hazard to people and property. Expeditious means of assessing flood hazards are necessary, particularly in the case of natural dams, which may form suddenly and unexpectedly. We revise statistical relations (derived from data for past constructed and natural dam failures) between peak discharge (Qp) and water volume released (V0) or drop in lake level (d) but assert that such relations, even when cast into a dimensionless form, are of limited utility because they fail to portray the effect of breach-formation rate. We then analyze a simple, physically based model of dam-breach formation to show that the hydrograph at the breach depends primarily on a dimensionless parameter η=kV0/gl/2d7/2, where k is the mean erosion rate of the breach and g is acceleration due to gravity. The functional relationship between Qp and η takes asymptotically distinct forms depending on whether η ≪ 1 (relatively slow breach formation or small lake volume) or η ≫ 1 (relatively fast breach formation or large lake volume). Theoretical predictions agree well with data from dam failures for which k, and thus η, can be estimated. The theory thus provides a rapid means of predicting the plausible range of values of peak discharge at the breach in an earthen dam as long as the impounded water volume and the water depth at the dam face can be estimated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/97WR01616","usgsCitation":"Walder, J.S., and O'Connor, J., 1997, Methods for predicting peak discharge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructed earthen dams: Water Resources Research, v. 33, no. 10, p. 2337-2348, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR01616.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2337","endPage":"2348","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487301,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/97wr01616","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a55c8e4b0c8380cd6d2a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walder, Joseph S. jswalder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"Joseph","email":"jswalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Connor, Jim E. 0000-0002-7928-5883 oconnor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7928-5883","contributorId":140771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Connor","given":"Jim E.","email":"oconnor@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":382743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019438,"text":"70019438 - 1997 - Non-double-couple earthquake mechanisms at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, southwest Iceland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-09T23:18:41.744278","indexId":"70019438","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Non-double-couple earthquake mechanisms at the Hengill-Grensdalur volcanic complex, southwest Iceland","docAbstract":"The Hengill-Grensdalur area in Iceland generates frequent small non-double-couple earthquakes with explosive volumetric components. We collected high quality three-component digital recordings of 4,000 earthquakes on a purpose-designed, 32-station network in 1991, and determined focal mechanisms for 100 of the best-recorded earthquakes by inverting amplitude ratios. Many of the mechanisms are consistent, within the errors, with simultaneous shear and tensile faulting, with tensile faults parallel to the local spreading ridge, and shear faulting similar to that in the South Iceland transform-fault zone. Some events cannot be explained by this model, however, and require other processes, such as crack closing and partial compensation of tensile cracks by fluid flow.
The occurrence and distribution of elevated nitrate concentrations (≥ 3 mg/l) in ground water in the Puget Sound Basin, Washington, were determined by examining existing data from more than 3000 wells. Models that estimate the probability that a well has an elevated nitrate concentration were constructed by relating the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations to both natural and anthropogenic variables using logistic regression. The variables that best explain the occurrence of elevated nitrate concentrations were well depth, surficial geology, and the percentage of urban and agricultural land within a radius of 3.2 kilometers of the well. From these relations, logistic regression models were developed to assess aquifer susceptibility (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer) and ground-water vulnerability (relative ease with which contaminants will reach aquifer for a given set of land-use practices). Both models performed well at predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in an independent data set. This approach to assessing aquifer susceptibility and ground-water vulnerability has the advantages of having both model variables and coefficient values determined on the basis of existing water quality information and does not depend on the assignment of variables and weighting factors based on qualitative criteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Tesoriero, A., and Voss, F., 1997, Predicting the probability of elevated nitrate concentrations in the Puget Sound Basin: Implications for aquifer susceptibility and vulnerability: Ground Water, v. 35, no. 6, p. 1029-1039, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00175.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1029","endPage":"1039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81d7e4b0c8380cd7b77e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tesoriero, A. J.","contributorId":99127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tesoriero","given":"A. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, F.D.","contributorId":103420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019854,"text":"70019854 - 1997 - Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:56:45.311782","indexId":"70019854","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River","docAbstract":"A mass balance model was developed and applied to the Sacramento River in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River metam-sodium spill. The transport and reactions of metam-sodium, a soil fumigant, and the volatile and toxic methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) were simulated during the two-and-a-half days of movement along a 68-km stretch of river. Results from modeling were compared with field data for MITC, which is the only product measured downriver after the spill. Agreement between the simulated and measured values of MITC concentrations were found at Doney Creek (65.9 km downstream). Results illuminated the complexities and unique characteristics associated with the multiple kinetic processes of the chemical plume in the river. In particular, the photolysis of metam-sodium followed zero-order kinetics for high concentrations and first-order kinetics for low concentrations, a unique phenomenon consistent with the finding reported in a laboratory study. Concentrations of metam-sodium for transition from zeroto first-order, obtained by calibration and model sensitivity analyses, were in the same range as those in the reported laboratory results.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Wang, P., Mill, T., Martin, J., and Wool, T., 1997, Fate and transport of metam spill in Sacramento River: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 123, no. 7, p. 704-712, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:7(704).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"704","endPage":"712","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227939,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"123","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f0ae4b0c8380cd53728","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, P.-F.","contributorId":25311,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"P.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mill, T.","contributorId":100133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mill","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, J.L.","contributorId":71328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wool, T.A.","contributorId":75289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wool","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70019345,"text":"70019345 - 1997 - Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-19T15:41:44.766392","indexId":"70019345","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"New paleontologic and isotopic data from the Emma Creek and Marion Creek schists of the Coldfoot terrane, Arctic Alaska superterrane, central Brooks Range, suggest Devonian and possibly younger ages of deposition for their sedimentary protoliths. Conodonts from marble of the Emma Creek schist, intruded by a roughly 392 Ma orthogneiss, are late Lochkovian (early Early Devonian, between about 408 and 396 Ma) and Silurian to Devonian at two other locations. Spherical to oblong detrital zircons from quartz-mica schist of the overlying Marion Creek schist yield mostly discordant U—Pb data suggestive of provenance ages of 3.0, 2.0–1.8, and 1.5–1.4 Ga; however, several euhedral grains of zircon from Marion Creek quartz-mica schist have concordant U—Pb ages from 370 to 360 Ma. The Marion Creek schist in our study area therefore is at least 26 m.y. younger than the Emma Creek schist. The age data imply that the protolith of the Emma Creek schist is age correlative with Devonian carbonate rocks in the Hammond and North Slope terranes, whereas the Marion Creek schist is age correlative with Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian clastic sedimentary rocks of the Endicott Group in the Endicott Mountains terrane and shale and carbonate units in the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes. Consequently, tectonic models restoring the entire Coldfoot terrane beneath partly or wholly coeval rocks of the Hammond, Endicott Mountains, De Long Mountains, and Sheenjek River terranes of the Arctic Alaska superterrane require revision. Alternative reconstructions, including restoration of the Coldfoot terrane inboard of the Endicott Mountains terrane or outboard of the De Long Mountains and Sheenjek River terranes are plausible but require either larger amounts of shortening than previously suggested or indicate problematic facies relations.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02351","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, T., Aleinikoff, J.N., and Harris, A., 1997, Stratigraphic and structural implications of conodont and detrital zircon U-Pb ages from metamorphic rocks of the Coldfoot terrane, Brooks Range, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20797-20820, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02351.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"20797","endPage":"20820","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb02351","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"B9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1997-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b98d3e4b08c986b31c151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":85592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harris, A. G.","contributorId":39791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"A. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019341,"text":"70019341 - 1997 - Stratigraphy and structure of the Sevier thrust belt and proximal foreland-basin system in central Utah: A transect from the Sevier Desert to the Wasatch Plateau","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-10T01:21:34.322132","indexId":"70019341","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphy and structure of the Sevier thrust belt and proximal foreland-basin system in central Utah: A transect from the Sevier Desert to the Wasatch Plateau","docAbstract":"The Sevier orogenic belt in central Utah comprises four north-northwest trending thrust plates and two structural culminations that record crustal shortening and uplift in late Mesozoic and early Tertiary time. Synorogenic clastic rocks, mostly conglomerate and sandstone, exposed within the thrust belt were deposited in wedge-top and foredeep depozones within the proximal part of the foreland-basin system. The geologic relations preserved between thrust structures and synorogenic deposits demonstrate a foreland-breaking sequence of thrust deformation that was modified by minor out-of-sequence thrust displacement. Structural culminations in the interior part of the thrust belt deformed and uplifted some of the thrust sheets following their emplacement. Strata in the foreland basin indicate that the thrust sheets of central Utah were emplaced between latest Jurassic and Eocene time. The oldest strata of the foredeep depozone (Cedar Mountain Formation) are Neocomian and were derived from the hanging wall of the Canyon Range thrust. The foredeep depozone subsided most rapidly during Albian through Santonian or early Campanian time and accumulated about 2.5 km of conglomeratic strata (Indianola Group). The overlying North Horn Formation accumulated in a wedge-top basin from the Campanian to the Eocene and records propagation of the Gunnison thrust beneath the former foredeep. The Canyon Range Conglomerate of the Canyon Mountains, equivalent to the Indianola Group and the North Horn Formation, was deposited exclusively in a wedge-top setting on the Canyon Range and Pavant thrust sheets. This field trip, a three day, west-to-east traverse of the Sevier orogenic belt in central Utah, visits localities where timing of thrust structures is demonstrated by geometry of cross-cutting relations, growth strata associated with faults and folds, or deformation of foredeep deposits. Stops in the Canyon Mountains emphasize geometry of late structural culminations and relationships of the Canyon Range thrust to growth strata deposited in the wedge-top depozone. Stops in the San Pitch Mountains illustrate deposits of the foredeep depozone and younger, superjacent wedge-top depozone. Stops in the Sanpete Valley and western part of the Wasatch Plateau examine the evolution of the foreland-basin system from foredeep to wedge-top during growth of a triangle zone near the front of the Gunnison thrust.","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Lawton, T., Sprinkel, D.A., Decelles, P., Mitra, G., Sussman, A., and Weiss, M.P., 1997, Stratigraphy and structure of the Sevier thrust belt and proximal foreland-basin system in central Utah: A transect from the Sevier Desert to the Wasatch Plateau: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 42, no. 2, p. 33-67.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226740,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b99cfe4b08c986b31c5fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawton, T.F.","contributorId":28841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawton","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprinkel, D. A.","contributorId":16101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprinkel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Decelles, P.G.","contributorId":28124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decelles","given":"P.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitra, G.","contributorId":15070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitra","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sussman, A.J.","contributorId":51107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sussman","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weiss, M. P.","contributorId":72404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weiss","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008168,"text":"1008168 - 1997 - The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-24T15:12:45.421748","indexId":"1008168","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3086,"text":"Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos","docAbstract":"The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is a widely accepted generalization regarding patterns of species diversity, but may not hold true where fire is the disturbance. In the Mediterranean-climate shrublands of South Africa, called fynbos, fire is the most importance disturbance and a controlling factor in community dynamics. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis states that diversity will be highest at sites that have had an intermediate frequency of disturbance and will be lower at sites that have experienced very high or very low disturbance frequencies. Measures of diversity are sensitive to scale; therefore, we compared species richness for three fire regimes in South African mountain fynbos to test the intermediate disturbance hypothesis over different spatial scales from 1 m2 to 0.1 hectares. Species diversity response to fire frequency was highly scale-dependent, but the relationship between species diversity and disturbance frequency was opposite that predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. At the largest spatial scales, species diversity was highest at the least frequently burned sites (40 years between fires) and lowest at the sites of moderate (15 to 26 years between fires) and high fire frequency (alternating four and six year fire cycle). Community heterogeneity, measured both as the slope of the species-area curve for a site and as the mean dissimilarity in species composition among subplots within a site, correlated with species diversity at the largest spatial scales. Community heterogeneity was highest at the least frequently burned sites and lowest at the sites that experienced an intermediate fire frequency.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1023/A:1009755320731","usgsCitation":"Schwilk, D., Keeley, J., and Bond, W., 1997, The intermediate disturbance hypothesis does not explain fire and diversity pattern in fynbos: Plant Ecology, v. 132, p. 77-84, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009755320731.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"South Africa","otherGeospatial":"Hottentot’s Holland Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 18.92739199418034,\n -33.918510813462774\n ],\n [\n 18.92739199418034,\n -34.11584203606766\n ],\n [\n 19.11026364419081,\n -34.11584203606766\n ],\n [\n 19.11026364419081,\n -33.918510813462774\n ],\n [\n 18.92739199418034,\n -33.918510813462774\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"132","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a85e4b07f02db64d4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwilk, D.W.","contributorId":29770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwilk","given":"D.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":69082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bond, W.","contributorId":99097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019912,"text":"70019912 - 1997 - Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:41:17","indexId":"70019912","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA","docAbstract":"Two alternative conceptual models of the physical processes controlling seawater intrusion in a coastal basin in California, USA, were tested to identify a likely principal pathway for seawater intrusion. The conceptual models were tested by using a two-dimensional, finite-element groundwater flow and transport model. This pathway was identified by the conceptual model that best replicated the historical data. The numerical model was applied in cross section to a submarine canyon that is a main avenue for seawater to enter the aquifer system underlying the study area. Both models are characterized by a heterogeneous, layered, water-bearing aquifer. However, the first model is characterized by flat-lying aquifer layers and by a high value of hydraulic conductivity in the basal aquifer layer, which is thought to be a principal conduit for seawater intrusion. The second model is characterized by offshore folding, which was modeled as a very nearshore outcrop, thereby providing a shorter path for seawater to intrude. General conclusions are that: 1) the aquifer system is best modeled as a flat, heterogeneous, layered system; 2) relatively thin basal layers with relatively high values of hydraulic conductivity are the principal pathways for seawater intrusion; and 3) continuous clay layers of low hydraulic conductivity play an important role in controlling the movement of seawater.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050116","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nishikawa, T., 1997, Testing alternative conceptual models of seawater intrusion in a coastal aquifer using computer simulation, southern California, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 5, no. 3, p. 60-74, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050116.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"74","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5b9e4b08c986b320c21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":384355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70020099,"text":"70020099 - 1997 - Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:02:53.466805","indexId":"70020099","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2208,"text":"Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal","docAbstract":"The heat capacity of calcium has been measured at 85 mean temperatures betweenT≈ 8 K andT≈ 369 K using an adiabatically-shielded calorimeter in an intermittent heating mode. AtT= 298.15 K, the recommended values for the molar heat capacity, molar entropy, and molar enthalpy increment referred toT= 0 are (25.77 ± 0.08) J·K−1·mol−1, (42.90 ± 0.11) J·K−1·mol−1, and (5811 ±12)J·mol−1, respectively. The uncertainties are twice the standard deviation of the mean.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/jcht.1996.0154","issn":"00219614","usgsCitation":"Hemingway, B.S., Robie, R.A., and Chase, M., 1997, Molar heat capacity and entropy of calcium metal: Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, v. 29, no. 2, p. 211-220, https://doi.org/10.1006/jcht.1996.0154.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228037,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cece4b0c8380cd70033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hemingway, B. S.","contributorId":7268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemingway","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robie, R. A.","contributorId":71237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chase, M.W.","contributorId":15629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chase","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019914,"text":"70019914 - 1997 - Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:23:09","indexId":"70019914","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle","docAbstract":"Major and trace element concentrations, including REE by isotope dilution, and Sr, Nd, Pb, and O isotope ratios have been determined for 38 mafic lavas from the Mount Adams, Crater Lake, Mount Shasta, Medicine Lake, and Lassen volcanic fields, in the Cascade arc, northwestern part of the United States. Many of the samples have a high Mg# [100Mg/(Mg + FeT) > 60] and Ni content (>140 ppm) such that we consider them to be primitive. We recognize three end-member primitive magma groups in the Cascades, characterized mainly by their trace-element and alkali-metal abundances: (1) High-alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) has trace element abundances similar to N-MORB, except for slightly elevated LILE, and has Eu/Eu* > 1. (2) Arc basalt and basaltic andesite have notably higher LILE contents, generally have higher SiO2 contents, are more oxidized, and have higher Cr for a given Ni abundance than HAOT. These lavas show relative depletion in HFSE, have lower HREE and higher LREE than HAOT, and have smaller Eu/Eu* (0.94-1.06). (3) Alkali basalt from the Simcoe volcanic field east of Mount Adams represents the third end-member, which contributes an intraplate geochemical signature to magma compositions. Notable geochemical features among the volcanic fields are: (1) Mount Adams rocks are richest in Fe and most incompatible elements including HFSE; (2) the most incompatible-element depleted lavas occur at Medicine Lake; (3) all centers have relatively primitive lavas with high LILE/HFSE ratios but only the Mount Adams, Lassen, and Medicine Lake volcanic fields also have relatively primitive rocks with an intraplate geochemical signature; (4) there is a tendency for increasing 87Sr/86Sr, 207Pb/204Pb, and ??18O and decreasing 206Pb/204Pb and 143Nd/144Nd from north to south. The three end-member Cascade magma types reflect contributions from three mantle components: depleted sub-arc mantle modestly enriched in LILE during ancient subduction; a modern, hydrous subduction component; and OIB-source-like domains. Lavas with arc and intraplate (OIB) geochemical signatures were erupted close to HAOT, and many lavas are blends of two or more magma types. Pre-eruptive H2O contents of HAOT, coupled with phase-equilibrium studies, suggest that these magmas were relatively dry and last equilibrated in the mantle wedge at temperatures of ~1300 degrees C and depths of ~40 km, virtually at the base of the crust. Arc basalt and basaltic andesite represent greater extents of melting than HAOT, presumably in the same general thermal regime but at somewhat lower mantle separation temperatures, of domains of sub-arc mantle that have been enriched by a hydrous subduction component derived from the young, relatively hot Juan de Fuca plate. The primitive magmas originated by partial melting in response to adiabatic upwelling within the mantle wedge. Tectonic extension in this part of the Cascade arc, one characterized by slow oblique convergence, contributes to mantle upwelling and facilitates eruption of primitive magmas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Bacon, C., Bruggman, P., Christiansen, R., Clynne, M., Donnelly-Nolan, J., and Hildreth, W., 1997, Primitive magmas at five Cascade volcanic fields: Melts from hot, heterogeneous sub-arc mantle: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 35, no. 2, p. 397-423.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"423","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8ba2e4b0c8380cd7e2b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bacon, C. R. 0000-0002-2165-5618","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":21522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"C. R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":384357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bruggman, P. E.","contributorId":83536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruggman","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, J.M.","contributorId":104936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hildreth, W. 0000-0002-7925-4251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7925-4251","contributorId":100487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildreth","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70020022,"text":"70020022 - 1997 - Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:06:16.868416","indexId":"70020022","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams","docAbstract":"Simulations of ground-water flow in a generic aquifer system were made to characterize the topology of ground-water flow in the stream subsystem and to evaluate its relation to deeper ground-water flow. The flow models are patterned after hydraulic characteristics of aquifers of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and are based on numerical solutions to three-dimensional, steady-state, unconfined flow. The models were used to evaluate the effects of aquifer horizontal-to-vertical hydraulic conductivity ratios, aquifer thickness, and areal recharge rates on flow in the stream subsystem. A particle tracker was used to determine flow paths in a stream subsystem, to establish the relation between ground-water seepage to points along a simulated stream and its source area of flow, and to determine ground-water residence time in stream subsystems. In a geometrically simple aquifer system with accretion, the source area of flow to streams resembles an elongated ellipse that tapers in the down gradient direction. Increased recharge causes an expansion of the stream subsystem. The source area of flow to the stream expands predominantly toward the stream headwaters. Base flow gain is also increased along the reach of the stream. A thin aquifer restricts ground-water flow and causes the source area of flow to expand near stream headwaters and also shifts the start-of-flow to the drainage basin divide. Increased aquifer anisotropy causes a lateral expansion of the source area of flow to streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00113.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Modica, E., Reilly, T.E., and Pollock, D., 1997, Patterns and age distribution of ground-water flow to streams: Groundwater, v. 35, no. 3, p. 523-537, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00113.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"523","endPage":"537","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75b6e4b0c8380cd77ccd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Modica, E.","contributorId":69735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Modica","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, T. E.","contributorId":79460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pollock, D.W.","contributorId":30967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollock","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":384734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019507,"text":"70019507 - 1997 - Geochemistry of oceanic igneous rocks - Ridges, islands, and arcs - With emphasis on manganese, scandium, and vanadium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T11:27:42.11803","indexId":"70019507","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry of oceanic igneous rocks - Ridges, islands, and arcs - With emphasis on manganese, scandium, and vanadium","docAbstract":"A database on a number of elements in oceanic volcanic rocks is presented, including the principal major-element oxides-SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3(T), MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and P2O5 (where T refers to total iron)–and the trace elements–Ba, Ce, Cr, Cu, Ni, Sc, Sr, V, Pb (mainly by isotope dilution), Yb, Zn, and Zr. Interpretations are given for transition metals, with emphasis on Mn, Sc, and V, in order to determine the concentration of the elements in primitive melts and assess their trends in magmatic differentiation. Transition metals are not enriched in plagioclase, so all are incompatible with pure plagioclase removal–that is, they become enriched in the melt. Both Cr and Ni are known to be highly compatible with olivine separation-i.e., they are depleted in the melt early in differentiation. Also, Sc is compatible with clinopyroxene (Cpx) removal from the melt and is depleted by separation of Cpx. Copper does not fit well in any of the principal silicates, but Cu, like Ni, is greatly enriched in sulfides that may remain in the source or separate from the magma. Decreasing Ni abundances and increasing Cu contents during differentiation are a sign of olivine separation. In the analysis presented herein, V–in the absence of Cpx separation–is found to behave remarkably like the moderately incompatible element Zn, and these two elements add to the list of element pairs of similar incompatibility whose ratios are insensitive to differentiation and to submarine weathering as well. Both are enhanced in titanomagnetite, so both would be compatible during titanomagnetite separation. When Cpx separates, however, V becomes compatible like Sc, but Zn remains incompatible. Thus, decreasing V (and Sc) contents and increasing Zn contents during differentiation are a sign of Cpx separation. Manganese often behaves much like Zn and therefore is moderately incompatible, but Mn is less compatible than Zn and V in titanomagnetite. Thus, decreasing Zn and V with increasing Mn is an indication of titanomagnetite removal. Dual compatible and incompatible trends with differentiation are found chiefly for Cu, Sc, and Sr. Distinguishing mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB), oceanic-island volcanic rocks (OIV), and island-arc volcanic rocks (IAV) may be accomplished by plots of Ce/Yb versus Ba/Ce, where OIV plot to higher values of Ce/Yb than do MORB, and IAV data plot to higher values of Ba/Ce than do those of MORB. These ratios do not seem to be significantly affected by submarine weathering.
Mid- to late-Holocene vegetation change from a remote high-desert site was reconstructed using plant macrofossils and pollen from 9 packrat middens ranging from 0 to 5400 yr in age. Presettlement middens consistently contained abundant macrofossils of plant species palatable to large herbivores that are now absent or reduced, such as winterfat (Ceratoides lanatd) and ricegrass (Stipa hymenoides). Macrofossils and pollen of pinyon pine (Pinus edulis), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and roundleaf buffaloberry (Shepherdia rotundifolia) were also recently reduced to their lowest levels for the 5400-yr record. Conversely, species typical of overgrazed range, such as snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), viscid rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus visidiflorus), and Russian thistle (Salsola sp.), were not recorded prior to the historic introduction of grazing animals. Pollen of Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) also increased during the last 200 yr. These records demonstrate that the most severe vegetation changes of the last 5400 yr occurred during the past 200 yr. The nature and timing of these changes suggest that they were primarily caused by 19th-century open-land sheep and cattle ranching. The reduction of pinyon and sagebrush concurrent with other grazing impacts suggests that effects of cattle grazing at modern stocking levels may be a poor analog for the effects of intense sheep grazing during drought.
","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Cole, K., Henderson, N., and Shafer, D., 1997, Holocene vegetation and historic grazing impacts at Capitol Reef National Park reconstructed using packrat middens: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 57, no. 4, p. 315-326.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"326","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349034,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41713018"}],"volume":"57","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bf2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, K.L.","contributorId":87507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henderson, N.","contributorId":50120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henderson","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shafer, D.S.","contributorId":15573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafer","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019277,"text":"70019277 - 1997 - Inflation of Long Valley caldera, California, Basin and Range strain, and possible Mono Craters dike opening from 1990-94 GPS surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:24:19.102223","indexId":"70019277","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inflation of Long Valley caldera, California, Basin and Range strain, and possible Mono Craters dike opening from 1990-94 GPS surveys","docAbstract":"Five years of annual Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys of a network centered on Long Valley, California, constrain displacement rates for these stations relative to a central station in the network. These observations are consistent with recent models of resurgent dome inflation in Long Valley (Langbein et al., 1995) and have sufficient signal to detect the presence of Basin and Range strain in the Long Valley region. The data also allow for the possibility of dike inflation beneath the Mono Craters; dike intrusion is consistent with the Mono Craters' recent geologic history of ash eruptions, with seismic tomography, leveling data, and geologic studies of these volcanic domes and flows.
The California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus), a Federal- and State-listed endangered marsh bird, has a geographic range restricted to one of the most heavily-urbanized estuaries in the world. The rail population has long been in a state of decline, although the exact contribution of each of the many contributing causes remains unclear. The rail is one of the key targets of emerging plans to conserve and restore tidal marshlands. Reduction of tidal marsh habitat, estimated at 85–95%, has been the major historical cause of rail decline. Increased predation intensity may be the more important present problem, because habitat fragmentation and alteration coupled with the invasion of the red fox have made the remaining populations more vulnerable to predators. Population viability analysis shows that adult survivorship is the key demographic variable; reversals in population fate occur over a narrow range of ecologically realistic values. Analysis of habitat requirements and population dynamics of the clapper rail in the San Francisco Estuary shows that decreased within-marsh habitat quality, particularly reduction of tidal flows and alteration of drainage, is an important barrier to population recovery. Management and restoration activities should emphasize the development of well-channelized high tidal marsh, because this is the key requirement of rail habitat. Developing effective restoration programs depends upon having information that field research will not provide. The effect of spatial pattern of reserves requires accurate estimation of the effects of prédation and inter-marsh movement, both of which are practically impossible to measure adequately. It will be necessary to develop and use simulation models that can be applied to geographic data to accomplish this task.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4","usgsCitation":"Foin, T.C., Garcia, E.J., Gill, R., Culberson, S.D., and Collins, J.N., 1997, Recovery strategies for the California clapper rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) in the heavily-urbanized San Francisco estuarine ecosystem: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 38, no. 3-4, p. 229-243, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00036-4.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a349e4b0e8fec6cdb7ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foin, Theodore C.","contributorId":174646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foin","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13461,"text":"U.C. Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, E. Jacqueline","contributorId":174039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garcia","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jacqueline","affiliations":[{"id":12711,"text":"UC Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gill, Robert E. Jr. 0000-0002-6385-4500 rgill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-4500","contributorId":171747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gill","given":"Robert E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"rgill@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Culberson, Steven D.","contributorId":82166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culberson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Collins, Joshua N.","contributorId":150531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Collins","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12703,"text":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70176099,"text":"70176099 - 1997 - Status, trends, and changes in freshwater inflows to bay systems in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T16:20:18","indexId":"70176099","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"CCBNEP–17","title":"Status, trends, and changes in freshwater inflows to bay systems in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study to quantify current (1983–93) mean freshwater inflows to the six bay systems (open water and wetlands) in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area, to test for historical temporal trends in inflows, and to quantify historical and projected changes in inflows. The report also addresses the adequacy of existing data to estimate freshwater inflows.
\nThe six bay systems are the St. Charles, Copano, Redfish, Nueces and Corpus Christi, upper Laguna Madre, and Baffin. Each bay system has one or more adjacent contributing watersheds, for a total of 13 watersheds for purposes of this study, that together comprise about 6,000 square miles. All freshwater runoff to each bay system except the Nueces and Corpus Christi originates in adjacent watersheds. Freshwater that enters the Nueces and Corpus Christi Bay system is a combination of water that originates in the adjacent contributing watersheds and water that originates in the large regional watershed of the Nueces River (greater Nueces River Basin) upstream of the adjacent contributing watersheds.
\nThe watershed simulation model Hydrologic Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF) was used to generate simulated flow (runoff) from the 13 watersheds to the six bay systems because adequate gaged streamflow data from which to estimate freshwater inflows are not available; only about 23 percent of the adjacent contributing watershed area is gaged. The model was calibrated for the gaged parts of three watersheds—that is, selected input parameters (meteorologic and hydrologic properties and conditions) that control runoff were adjusted in a series of simulations until an adequate match between model-generated flows and a set (time series) of gaged flows was achieved. The primary model input is rainfall and evaporation data and the model output is a time series of runoff volumes. After calibration, simulations driven by daily rainfall for a 26-year period (1968–93) were done for the 13 watersheds to obtain runoff under current (1983–93), predevelopment (pre-1940 streamflow and pre-urbanization), and future (2010) land-use conditions for estimating freshwater inflows and for comparing runoff under the three land-use conditions; and to obtain time series of runoff from which to estimate time series of freshwater inflows for trend analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program","publisherLocation":"Corpus Christi, TX","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W., Mosier, J.G., and Bush, P.W., 1997, Status, trends, and changes in freshwater inflows to bay systems in the Corpus Christi Bay National Estuary Program study area, 47 p.","productDescription":"47 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":327863,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57c016cee4b0f2f0ceb8736b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, W.H.","contributorId":87980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mosier, J. G.","contributorId":174057,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosier","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, P. W.","contributorId":14826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":647100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019748,"text":"70019748 - 1997 - Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-27T10:58:45.197072","indexId":"70019748","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico","docAbstract":"The south-eastern United States and Gulf Coast of Mexico is physiographically diverse, although dominated by a broad coastal plain. Much of the region has a humid, warm temperate climate with little seasonality in precipitation but strong seasonality in runoff owing to high rates of summer evapotranspiration. The climate of southern Florida and eastern Mexico is subtropical with a distinct summer wet season and winter dry season. Regional climate models suggest that climate change resulting from a doubling of the pre-industrial levels of atmospheric CO2 may increase annual air temperatures by 3-4??C. Changes in precipitation are highly uncertain, but the most probable scenario shows higher levels over all but the northern, interior portions of the region, with increases primarily occurring in summer and occurring as more intense or clustered storms. Despite the increases in precipitation, runoff is likely to decline over much of the region owing to increases in evapotranspiration exceeding increases in precipitation. Only in Florida and the Gulf Coast areas of the US and Mexico are precipitation increases likely to exceed evapotranspiration increases, producing an increase in runoff. However, increases in storm intensity and clustering are likely to result in more extreme hydrographs, with larger peaks in flow but lower baseflows and longer periods of drought. The ecological effects of climate change on freshwaters of the region include: (1) a general increase in rates of primary production, organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling as a result of higher temperatures and longer growing seasons: (2) reduction in habitat for cool water species, particularly fish and macroinvertebrates in Appalachian streams; (3) reduction in water quality and in suitable habitat in summer owing to lower baseflows and intensification of the temperature-dissolved oxygen squeeze in many rivers and reservoirs; (4) reduction in organic matter storage and loss of organisms during more intense flushing events in some streams and wetlands; (5) shorter periods of inundation of riparian wetlands and greater drying of wetland soils, particularly in northern and inland areas; (6) expansion of subtropical species northwards, including several non-native nuisance species currently confined to southern Florida; (7) expansion of wetlands in Florida and coastal Mexico, but increase in eutrophication of Florida lakes as a result of greater runoff from urban and agricultural areas; and (8) changes in the flushing rate of estuaries that would alter their salinity regimes, stratification and water quality as well as influence productivity in the Gulf of Mexico. Many of the expected climate change effects will exacerbate current anthropogenic stresses on the region's freshwater systems, including increasing demands for water, increasing waste heat loadings and land use changes that alter the quantity and quality of runoff to streams and reservoirs. Research is needed especially in several critical areas: long-term monitoring of key hydrological, chemical and biological properties (particularly water balances in small, forested catchments and temperature-sensitive species); experimental studies of the effects of warming on organisms and ecosystem processes under realistic conditions (e.g. in situ heating experiments); studies of the effects of natural hydrological variation on biological communities; and assessment of the effects of water management activities on organisms and ecosystem processes, including development and testing of management and restoration strategies designed to counteract changes in climate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Mulholland, P.J., Best, G., Coutant, C., Hornberger, G., Meyer, J., Robinson, P., Stenberg, J., Turner, R., Vera-Herrera, F., and Wetzel, R., 1997, Effects of climate change on freshwater ecosystems of the south-eastern United States and the Gulf Coast of Mexico: Hydrological Processes, v. 11, no. 8, p. 949-970.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"949","endPage":"970","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228174,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06aee4b0c8380cd51385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulholland, P. J.","contributorId":89081,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mulholland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, G.R.","contributorId":27007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coutant, C.C.","contributorId":15470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coutant","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hornberger, G.M.","contributorId":68463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, J.L.","contributorId":73316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robinson, P.J.","contributorId":43232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stenberg, J.R.","contributorId":7140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenberg","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Turner, R.E.","contributorId":39749,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turner","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16756,"text":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":383779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vera-Herrera, F.","contributorId":95762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vera-Herrera","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wetzel, R.G.","contributorId":60403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":1015759,"text":"1015759 - 1997 - Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-16T13:24:35","indexId":"1015759","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States","docAbstract":"A physical model was developed to explain threshold friction velocities u*t for particles of the size 60a??120 I?m lying on a rough surface in loose soils for semiarid and arid parts of the United States. The model corrected for the effect of momentum absorption by the nonerodible roughness. For loose or disturbed soils the most important parameter that controls u*t is the aerodynamic roughness height z 0. For physical crusts damaged by wind the size of erodible crust pieces is important along with the roughness. The presence of cyanobacteriallichen soil crusts roughens the surface, and the biological fibrous growth aggregates soil particles. Only undisturbed sandy soils and disturbed soils of all types would be expected to be erodible in normal wind storms. Therefore disturbance of soils by both cattle and humans is very important in predicting wind erosion as confirmed by our measurements.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/97JD01303","usgsCitation":"Marticorena, B., Bergametti, G., and Belnap, J., 1997, Factors controlling threshold friction velocity in semiarid and arid areas of the United States: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. D19, p. 23,277-23,287, https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01303.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"23,277","endPage":"23,287","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480101,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hal.science/hal-02326322","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"102","issue":"D19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8386","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marticorena, Beatrice","contributorId":39744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marticorena","given":"Beatrice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergametti, G.","contributorId":26270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergametti","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}