The frequency-dependent effects of rupture propagation of the Parkfield, California earthquake (Sept. 28, 2004, M6) to the northwest along the San Andreas fault can be seen in acceleration records at UPSAR (USGS Parkfield Seismic Array) in at least two ways. First, we can see the effects of directivity in the acceleration traces at UPSAR, which is about 11.5 km from the epicenter. Directivity or the seismic equivalent of a Doppler shift has been documented in many cases by comparing short duration, high-amplitude pulses (P or S) in the forward direction with longer duration body waves in the backward direction. In this case we detect a change from a relatively large amplitude, coherent, high-frequency signal at the start of rupture to a low-amplitude, low-coherent, low-frequency signal at about the time the rupture front transfers from the forward azimuth to the back azimuth at about 34-36 s (time is UTC and are the seconds after day 272 and 17 hours and 15 minutes. S arrival is just after 30s) for rays leaving the fault and propagating to UPSAR. The frequency change is obvious in the band about 5 to 30 Hz, which is significantly above the corner frequency of the earthquake (about 0.11Hz). From kinematic source models, the duration of faulting is about 9.2 s and the change in frequency is during faulting as the rupture extends to the northwest. Understanding the systematic change in frequency and amplitude of seismic waves in relation to the propagation of the rupture front is important for predicting strong ground motion.
\nSecond, we can filter the acceleration records from the array to determine if the low frequency energy emerges from the same part of the fault as the high frequency signal (e.g. has the same back azimuth and apparent velocity at UPSAR) an important clue to the dynamics of rupture. Analysis of sources of strong motion (characterized by relatively high frequencies) compared to kinematic slip models (relatively low frequency) for the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake as well as Maule (Feb. 27, 2010) and Chi-Chi (Sept. 20, 1999) earthquakes show that high- and low-frequency sources do not have the same locations on the fault. In this paper we filter the accelerograms from UPSAR for the 2004 mainshock in various passbands and then re-compute the cross correlations to determine the vector slowness of the incoming waves. At Parkfield, it appears that for seismic waves with frequencies above 1 Hz there is no discernible frequency-dependent difference in source position (up to 8 Hz) based on estimates of back azimuth and apparent velocity. However at lower frequencies, sources appear to be from shallower depths and trail the high frequencies as the rupture proceeds down the fault. This result is greater than one standard deviation of an estimate of error, based on a new method of estimating error that is a measure of how broad the peak in correlation is and an estimate of the variance of the correlation values. These observations can be understood in terms of a rupture front that is more energetic and coherent near the front of rupture (radiating higher frequencies) and less coherent and less energetic (radiating in a lower frequency band) behind the initial rupture front. This result is a qualitative assessment of changes in azimuth and apparent velocity with frequency and time and does not include corrections to find the source location on the fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014JB011007","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., 2014, Frequency-dependent effects of rupture for the 2004 Parkfield mainshock, results from UPSAR: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 119, no. 9, p. 7195-7208, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011007.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"7195","endPage":"7208","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-057417","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011007","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294154,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294146,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011007"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Parkfield","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.518699,35.829432 ], [ -120.518699,35.959873 ], [ -120.348669,35.959873 ], [ -120.348669,35.829432 ], [ -120.518699,35.829432 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"119","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541be608e4b0e96537dda050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Jon B.","contributorId":65614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125920,"text":"70125920 - 2014 - Indicators of the statuses of amphibian populations and their potential for exposure to atrazine in four midwestern U.S. conservation areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T16:23:29","indexId":"70125920","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-18T09:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indicators of the statuses of amphibian populations and their potential for exposure to atrazine in four midwestern U.S. conservation areas","docAbstract":"Extensive corn production in the midwestern United States has physically eliminated or fragmented vast areas of historical amphibian habitat. Midwestern corn farmers also apply large quantities of fertilizers and herbicides, which can cause direct and indirect effects on amphibians. Limited field research regarding the statuses of midwestern amphibian populations near areas of corn production has left resource managers, conservation planners, and other stakeholders needing more information to improve conservation strategies and management plans. We repeatedly sampled amphibians in wetlands in four conservation areas along a gradient of proximity to corn production in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin from 2002 to 2005 and estimated site occupancy. We measured frequencies of gross physical deformities in recent metamorphs and triazine concentrations in the water at breeding sites. We also measured trematode infection rates in kidneys of recently metamorphosed Lithobates pipiens collected from nine wetlands in 2003 and 2004. We detected all possible amphibian species in each study area. The amount of nearby row crops was limited in importance as a covariate for estimating site occupancy. We observed deformities in <5% of metamorphs sampled and proportions were not associated with triazine concentrations. Trematode infections were high in metamorphs from all sites we sampled, but not associated with site triazine concentrations, except perhaps for a subset of sites sampled in both years. We detected triazines more often and in higher concentrations in breeding wetlands closer to corn production. Triazine concentrations increased in floodplain wetlands as water levels rose after rainfall and were similar among lotic and lentic sites. Overall, our results suggest amphibian populations were not faring differently among these four conservation areas, regardless of their proximity to corn production, and that the ecological dynamics of atrazine exposure were complex.","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0107018","usgsCitation":"Sadinski, W., Roth, M., Hayes, T., Jones, P., and Gallant, A., 2014, Indicators of the statuses of amphibian populations and their potential for exposure to atrazine in four midwestern U.S. conservation areas: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 9, e107018; 21 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107018.","productDescription":"e107018; 21 p.","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472757,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107018","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294100,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294099,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107018"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois;Iowa;Minnesota;Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.04,40.38 ], [ -95.04,48.69 ], [ -90.01,48.69 ], [ -90.01,40.38 ], [ -95.04,40.38 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541be60ae4b0e96537dda05e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sadinski, Walter","contributorId":106025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sadinski","given":"Walter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roth, Mark","contributorId":38908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Tyrone","contributorId":105240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Tyrone","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, Perry","contributorId":7634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":85280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70112327,"text":"sir20145111 - 2014 - Integrated hydrologic model of Pajaro Valley, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-08T11:47:10","indexId":"sir20145111","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-18T08:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5111","title":"Integrated hydrologic model of Pajaro Valley, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California","docAbstract":"Increasing population, agricultural development (including shifts to more water-intensive crops), and climate variability are placing increasingly larger demands on available groundwater resources in the Pajaro Valley, one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. This study provided a refined conceptual model, geohydrologic framework, and integrated hydrologic model of the Pajaro Valley. The goal of this study was to produce a model capable of being accurate at scales relevant to water management decisions that are being considered in the revision and updates to the Basin Management Plan (BMP). The Pajaro Valley Hydrologic Model (PVHM) was designed to reproduce the most important natural and human components of the hydrologic system and related climatic factors, permitting an accurate assessment of groundwater conditions and processes that can inform the new BMP and help to improve planning for long-term sustainability of water resources. Model development included a revision of the conceptual model of the flow system, reevaluation of the previous model transformed into MODFLOW, implementation of the new geohydrologic model and conceptual model, and calibration of the transient hydrologic model.
\n\n
The PVHM model, using MODFLOW with the Farm Process (MF-FMP2), is capable of being accurate at seasonal to interannual time frames and subregional to valley-wide spatial scales for the assessment of the groundwater hydrologic budget for water years 1964–2009, as well as potential assessment of the BMP components and sustainability analysis of conjunctive use. The model provides a good representation of the regional flow system and the use and movement of water throughout the valley.
\n\n
Simulated changes in storage over time show that, prior to the 1984–92 dry period, significant withdrawals from storage occurred only during drought years. Since about 1993, growers in the Pajaro Valley have shifted to more water intensive crops, such as strawberries, bushberries, and vegetable row crops, as well as making additional rotational plantings, which have increased demand on limited groundwater resources. Simulated groundwater flow indicates that vertical hydraulic gradients between horizontal layers fluctuate and even reverse in several parts of the basin as recharge and pumpage rates change seasonally and annually. The majority of recharge predominantly enters the Alluvial aquifer system, and along with pumpage and the largest fractions of storage depletion, occurs in the inland regions. Coastal inflow as seawater intrusion replaces much of the potential storage depletion in the coastal regions. The simulated long-term imbalance between inflows and outflows indicates overdraft of the groundwater basin averaging about 12,950 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) over the 46-year period of water years (1964–2009). Annual overdraft varies considerably from year to year, depending on land use, pumpage, and climate conditions. Climatically driven factors can affect inflows, outflows, and water use by as much as a factor of two between wet and dry years. Coastal inflows and outflows vary by year and by aquifer; the net coastal inflow, or seawater intrusion, ranges from about 1,000 to more than 6,000 acre-ft/yr. Maps of simulated and measured water-level elevations indicate regions with water levels below sea level in the alluvium and Aromas layers.
\n
Ongoing expansion of local hydrologic monitoring networks indicates the importance of these networks to the understanding of changes in groundwater flow, streamflow, and streamflow infiltration. In particular, the monitoring of streamflow, groundwater pumpage, and groundwater levels throughout the valley not only indicates the state of the resources, but also provides valuable information for model calibration and for model-based evaluation of management actions.
The HS-ASR was simulated for the years 2002–09, and replaced about about 1,290 acre-ft of coastal pumpage. This was combined with the simulation of additional 6,200 acre-ft of deliveries from supplemental wells, recycled water, and city connection deliveries through the CDS that also supplanted some coastal pumpage. Total simulated deliveries were 7,350 acre-ft of the 7,500 acre-ft of reported deliveries for the period 2002-09. The completed CDS should be capable of delivering about 8.8 million cubic meters (7,150 acre-ft) of water per year to coastal farms within the Pajaro Valley, if all the local supply components were fully available for this purpose. This would represent about 15 percent of the 48,300 acre-ft (59.6 million cubic meters) average agricultural pumpage for the period 2005 to 2009. Combined with the potential capture and reuse of some of the return flows and tile-drain flows, this could represent an almost 70 percent reduction of average overdraft for the entire valley and a large part of the coastal pumpage that induces seawater intrusion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145111","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., Schmid, W., Faunt, C., Lear, J., and Lockwood, B., 2014, Integrated hydrologic model of Pajaro Valley, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5111, x, 166 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145111.","productDescription":"x, 166 p.","numberOfPages":"180","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-003917","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145111.jpg"},{"id":294082,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5111"},{"id":294083,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5111/pdf/sir2014-5111.pdf"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Monterey County;Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Pajaro Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.00,36.866667 ], [ -122.00,37.5 ], [ -121.616667,37.5 ], [ -121.616667,36.866667 ], [ -122.00,36.866667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541be60ce4b0e96537dda06b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmid, Wolfgang","contributorId":84020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmid","given":"Wolfgang","affiliations":[{"id":13040,"text":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":494674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":494671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lear, Jonathan","contributorId":72303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lear","given":"Jonathan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lockwood, Brian","contributorId":80202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockwood","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70142261,"text":"70142261 - 2014 - The role of conflict minerals, artisanal mining, and informal trading networks in African intrastate and regional conflicts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-19T10:34:43","indexId":"70142261","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3874,"text":"Small Wars Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of conflict minerals, artisanal mining, and informal trading networks in African intrastate and regional conflicts","docAbstract":"The relationship between natural resources and armed conflict gained public and political attention in the 1990s, when it became evident that the mining and trading of diamonds were connected with brutal rebellions in several African nations. Easily extracted resources such as alluvial diamonds and gold have been and continue to be exploited by rebel groups to fund their activities. Artisanal and small-scale miners operating under a quasi-legal status often mine these mineral deposits. While many African countries have legalized artisanal mining and established flow chains through which production is intended to travel, informal trading networks frequently emerge in which miners seek to evade taxes and fees by selling to unauthorized buyers. These networks have the potential to become international in scope, with actors operating in multiple countries. The lack of government control over the artisanal mining sector and the prominence of informal trade networks can have severe social, political, and economic consequences. In the past, mineral extraction fuelled violent civil wars in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Angola, and it continues to do so today in several other countries. The significant influence of the informal network that surrounds artisanal mining is therefore an important security concern that can extend across borders and have far-reaching impacts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Small Wars Foundation","usgsCitation":"Chirico, P., and Malpeli, K.C., 2014, The role of conflict minerals, artisanal mining, and informal trading networks in African intrastate and regional conflicts: Small Wars Journal, 13 p.","productDescription":"13 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055487","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298294,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-role-of-conflict-minerals-artisanal-mining-and-informal-trading-networks-in-african-int"}],"otherGeospatial":"Africa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -17.666015625,\n -18.145851771694456\n ],\n [\n -17.666015625,\n 15.368949896534705\n ],\n [\n 35.15625,\n 15.368949896534705\n ],\n [\n 35.15625,\n -18.145851771694456\n ],\n [\n -17.666015625,\n -18.145851771694456\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550bf338e4b02e76d759ce04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chirico, Peter G. pchirico@usgs.gov","contributorId":2659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chirico","given":"Peter G.","email":"pchirico@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malpeli, Katherine C. kmalpeli@usgs.gov","contributorId":4955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malpeli","given":"Katherine","email":"kmalpeli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":541767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125708,"text":"70125708 - 2014 - Energetic demands of immature sea otters from birth to weaning: Implications for maternal costs, reproductive behavior and population-level trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-15T17:27:19.27173","indexId":"70125708","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T15:49:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2275,"text":"Journal of Experimental Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energetic demands of immature sea otters from birth to weaning: Implications for maternal costs, reproductive behavior and population-level trends","docAbstract":"Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) have the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of any marine mammal, which is superimposed on the inherently high costs of reproduction and lactation in adult females. These combined energetic demands have been implicated in the poor body condition and increased mortality of female sea otters nearing the end of lactation along the central California coast. However, the cost of lactation is unknown and currently cannot be directly measured for this marine species in the wild. Here, we quantified the energetic demands of immature sea otters across five developmental stages as a means of assessing the underlying energetic challenges associated with pup rearing that may contribute to poor maternal condition. Activity-specific metabolic rates, daily activity budgets and field metabolic rates (FMR) were determined for each developmental stage. Mean FMR of pre-molt pups was 2.29±0.81 MJ day−1 and increased to 6.16±2.46 and 7.41±3.17 MJ day−1 in post-molt pups and dependent immature animals, respectively. Consequently, daily energy demands of adult females increase 17% by 3 weeks postpartum and continue increasing to 96% above pre-pregnancy levels by the average age of weaning. Our results suggest that the energetics of pup rearing superimposed on small body size, marine living and limited on-board energetic reserves conspire to make female sea otters exceptionally vulnerable to energetic shortfalls. By controlling individual fitness, maternal behavior and pup provisioning strategies, this underlying metabolic challenge appears to be a major factor influencing current population trends in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis).
","language":"English","publisher":"The Company of Biologists","doi":"10.1242/jeb.099739","usgsCitation":"Thometz, N.M., Tinker, M.T., Staedler, M., Mayer, K., and Williams, T.M., 2014, Energetic demands of immature sea otters from birth to weaning: Implications for maternal costs, reproductive behavior and population-level trends: Journal of Experimental Biology, v. 217, p. 2053-2061, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.099739.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"2053","endPage":"2061","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055352","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472758,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.099739","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294076,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 36.482036438803604\n ],\n [\n -121.92626953124999,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -121.95098876953125,\n 36.56811502180857\n ],\n [\n -121.981201171875,\n 36.57473248336113\n ],\n [\n -121.94274902343749,\n 36.63867203824882\n ],\n [\n -121.92764282226564,\n 36.641977814705946\n ],\n [\n -121.87820434570311,\n 36.60229913579042\n ],\n [\n -121.84661865234374,\n 36.63757008123925\n ],\n [\n -121.81228637695312,\n 36.71136634281923\n ],\n [\n -121.86584472656251,\n 36.756490329505155\n ],\n [\n -121.94412231445314,\n 36.7586908210984\n ],\n [\n -121.99493408203125,\n 36.6959520787169\n ],\n [\n -122.02926635742188,\n 36.58686302344181\n ],\n [\n -122.01553344726561,\n 36.49970139181239\n ],\n [\n -122.00454711914061,\n 36.45111307831851\n ],\n [\n -121.98394775390625,\n 36.423492513472326\n ],\n [\n -121.96060180664062,\n 36.405810193726765\n ],\n [\n -121.9317626953125,\n 36.416862115300304\n ],\n [\n -121.915283203125,\n 36.43896124085945\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 36.482036438803604\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"217","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a948de4b01571b3d4cc33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thometz, N. M.","contributorId":47709,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thometz","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinker, M. T. 0000-0002-3314-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":54152,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Staedler, M. M.","contributorId":101603,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staedler","given":"M. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mayer, K. A.","contributorId":85104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayer","given":"K. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, T. M.","contributorId":76689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70125297,"text":"70125297 - 2014 - Interpreting the paleozoogeography and sea level history of thermally anomalous marine terrace faunas: A case study from the the last interglacial complex of San Clemente Island, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T19:20:23.243279","indexId":"70125297","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T15:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2785,"text":"Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpreting the paleozoogeography and sea level history of thermally anomalous marine terrace faunas: A case study from the the last interglacial complex of San Clemente Island, California","docAbstract":"Marine invertebrate faunas with mixtures of extralimital southern and extralimital northern faunal elements, called thermally anomalous faunas, have been recognized for more than a century in the Quaternary marine terrace record of the Pacific Coast of North America. Although many mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, no single explanation seems to be applicable to all localities where thermally anomalous faunas have been observed. Here, we describe one such thermally anomalous fossil fauna that was studied on the second emergent marine terrace at Eel Point on San Clemente Island. The Eel Point terrace complex is a composite feature, consisting of a narrow upper bench (terrace 2a) and a broader lower bench (terrace 2b). Terrace 2b, previously dated from ∼128 ka to ∼114 ka, was thought to date solely to marine isotope stage (MIS) 5.5, representing the peak of the last interglacial period. Nevertheless, the fauna contains an extralimital northern species and several northward-ranging species, as well as an extralimital southern species and several southward-ranging species. Similar faunas with thermally anomalous elements have also been reported from San Nicolas Island, Point Loma (San Diego County), and Cayucos (San Luis Obispo County), California. U-series dating of corals at those localities shows that the thermally anomalous faunas may be the result of mixing of fossils from both the ∼100-ka (cool-water) and the ∼120-ka (warm-water) sea level high stands. Submergence, erosion, and fossil mixing of the ∼120-ka terraces by the ∼100-ka high-sea stand may have been possible due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) effects on North America, which could have resulted in a higher-than-present local sea level stand at ∼100 ka. The terrace elevation spacing on San Clemente Island is very similar to that on San Nicolas Island, and we hypothesize that a similar mixing took place on San Clemente Island. Existing fossil records from older terraces elsewhere in California also show thermally anomalous elements, indicating that the scenario presented here for the last interglacial complex may have applicability to much of the marine Quaternary record for the Pacific Coast.
","language":"English","publisher":"Brigham Young University Press","publisherLocation":"Provo, UT","doi":"10.3398/042.007.0110","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D.R., Groves, L., and Schumann, R.R., 2014, Interpreting the paleozoogeography and sea level history of thermally anomalous marine terrace faunas: A case study from the the last interglacial complex of San Clemente Island, California: Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist, v. 7, no. 1, p. 82-108, https://doi.org/10.3398/042.007.0110.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"82","endPage":"108","numberOfPages":"27","ipdsId":"IP-045364","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3398/042.007.0110","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Clemente Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.607689,32.799553 ], [ -118.607689,33.036017 ], [ -118.348743,33.036017 ], [ -118.348743,32.799553 ], [ -118.607689,32.799553 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a9492e4b01571b3d4cc67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, Daniel R. 0000-0001-7449-251X dmuhs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":1857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"Daniel","email":"dmuhs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groves, Lindsey T.","contributorId":61678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"Lindsey T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schumann, R. Randall 0000-0001-8158-6960 rschumann@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8158-6960","contributorId":1569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumann","given":"R.","email":"rschumann@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70124000,"text":"70124000 - 2014 - USGS ecosystem research for the next decade: advancing discovery and application in parks and protected areas through collaboration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T15:54:56","indexId":"70124000","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T15:08:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS ecosystem research for the next decade: advancing discovery and application in parks and protected areas through collaboration","docAbstract":"Ecosystems within parks and protected areas in the United States and throughout the world are being transformed at an unprecedented rate. Changes associated with natural hazards, greenhouse gas emissions, and increasing demands for water, food, land, energy and mineral resources are placing urgency on sound decision making that will help sustain our Nation’s economic and environmental well-being (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). In recognition of the importance of science in making these decisions, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2007 identified ecosystem science as one of six science directions included in a comprehensive decadal strategy (USGS 2007). The Ecosystems Mission Area was identified as essential for integrating activity within the USGS and as a key to enhanced integration with other Federal and private sector research and management organizations (Myers at al., 2007).
\nThis paper focuses on benefits to parks and protected areas from the USGS Ecosystems Mission Area plan that expanded the scope of the original 2007 science strategy, to identify the Bureau’s work in ecosystem science over the next decade (Williams et al., 2013). The plan describes a framework that encompasses both basic and applied science and allows the USGS to continue to contribute meaningfully to conservation and management issues related to the Nation’s parks and ecological resources. This framework relies on maintaining long-standing, collaborative relationships with partners in both conducting science and applying scientific results. Here we summarize the major components of the USGS Ecosystems Science Strategy, articulating the vision, goals and strategic approaches, then outlining some of the proposed actions that will ultimately prove useful to those managing parks and protected areas. We end with a discussion on the future of ecosystem science for the USGS and how it can be used to evaluate ecosystem change and the associated consequences to management of our Nation’s natural resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"van Riper, C., Nichols, J., Wingard, G., Kershner, J.L., Cloern, J.E., Jacobson, R.B., White, R.P., McGuire, A.D., Williams, B.K., Gelfenbaum, G., and Shapiro, C.D., 2014, USGS ecosystem research for the next decade: advancing discovery and application in parks and protected areas through collaboration: The George Wright Forum, v. 31, no. 2.","ipdsId":"IP-044820","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294111,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295628,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/node/9643"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541bf45fe4b0e96537ddf8f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wingard, G. Lynn","contributorId":44969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G. Lynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kershner, Jeffrey L. 0000-0002-7093-9860 jkershner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-9860","contributorId":310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kershner","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jkershner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jacobson, Robert B. 0000-0002-8368-2064 rjacobson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8368-2064","contributorId":1289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"Robert","email":"rjacobson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"White, Robin P. rpwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Robin","email":"rpwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5053,"text":"IPDS Training","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McGuire, Anthony D. 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":2493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Anthony","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Williams, Byron K. 0000-0001-7644-1396","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7644-1396","contributorId":86616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Byron","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Gelfenbaum, Guy","contributorId":79844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"Guy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Shapiro, Carl D. 0000-0002-1598-6808 cshapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-6808","contributorId":3048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Carl","email":"cshapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":500552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70125410,"text":"70125410 - 2014 - Sapronosis: a distinctive type of infectious agent","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:37:58","indexId":"70125410","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3890,"text":"Trends in Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sapronosis: a distinctive type of infectious agent","docAbstract":"Sapronotic disease agents have evolutionary and epidemiological properties unlike other infectious organisms. Their essential saprophagic existence prevents coevolution, and no host–parasite virulence trade-off can evolve. However, the host may evolve defenses. Models of pathogens show that sapronoses, lacking a threshold of transmission, cannot regulate host populations, although they can reduce host abundance and even extirpate their hosts. Immunocompromised hosts are relatively susceptible to sapronoses. Some particularly important sapronoses, such as cholera and anthrax, can sustain an epidemic in a host population. However, these microbes ultimately persist as saprophages. One-third of human infectious disease agents are sapronotic, including nearly all fungal diseases. Recognition that an infectious disease is sapronotic illuminates a need for effective environmental control strategies.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.pt.2014.06.006","usgsCitation":"Kuris, A.M., Lafferty, K.D., and Sokolow, S.H., 2014, Sapronosis: a distinctive type of infectious agent: Trends in Parasitology, v. 30, no. 8, p. 386-393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.06.006.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"386","endPage":"393","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-057756","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294066,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293989,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.06.006"}],"volume":"30","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a9492e4b01571b3d4cc6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuris, Armand M.","contributorId":54332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"Armand","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sokolow, Susanne H.","contributorId":52503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sokolow","given":"Susanne","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6986,"text":"Stanford University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125660,"text":"ofr20141188 - 2014 - Legacy data for a northern prairie grassland: Woodworth Study Area, North Dakota, 1963-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-17T12:47:10","indexId":"ofr20141188","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T12:36:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1188","title":"Legacy data for a northern prairie grassland: Woodworth Study Area, North Dakota, 1963-89","docAbstract":"Ecological data commonly become more valuable through time. Such legacy data provide baseline records of past biological, physical, and social information that provide historical perspective and are necessary for assessment of stasis or change. Legacy data collected at the Woodworth Study Area (WSA), a contiguous block of grasslands, croplands, and wetlands covering more than 1,000 hectares of the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, are cataloged and summarized in this study. The WSA is one of the longest researched grassland sites in the Upper Midwest. It has an extensive history of settlement, land use, and management that provides a deeper context for future research. The WSA data include long-term vegetation transect records, land use history, habitat management records, geologic information, wetland hydrology and chemistry information, and spatial images. Substantial parts of these data have not been previously reported. The WSA is representative of many other lands purchased by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the Prairie Pothole Region from the 1930s to the 1970s; therefore, synthesized data from the WSA are broadly applicable to topics of concern in northern grasslands, such as increases in non-native plants, managing for biodiversity, and long-term effects of habitat management. New techniques are also described that were used to preserve these data for future analyses. The data preservation techniques are applicable to any project with data that should be preserved for 100 years or more.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141188","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.H., and Austin, J., 2014, Legacy data for a northern prairie grassland: Woodworth Study Area, North Dakota, 1963-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1188, viii, 85 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141188.","productDescription":"viii, 85 p.","numberOfPages":"94","onlineOnly":"Y","temporalStart":"1963-01-01","temporalEnd":"1989-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-056719","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294050,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141188.jpg"},{"id":294047,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1188/"},{"id":294049,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1188/pdf/ofr2014-1188.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie Pothole Region","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.05,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,49.0007 ], [ -96.5545,45.9351 ], [ -104.05,45.9351 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a9491e4b01571b3d4cc50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Shelby H. shwilliams@usgs.gov","contributorId":5944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Shelby","email":"shwilliams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":501566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Austin, Jane E.","contributorId":43094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"Jane E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70121118,"text":"sir20105070L - 2014 - Deposit model for heavy-mineral sands in coastal environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:49:29.216529","indexId":"sir20105070L","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T11:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5070","chapter":"L","title":"Deposit model for heavy-mineral sands in coastal environments","docAbstract":"This report provides a descriptive model of heavy-mineral sands, which are sedimentary deposits of dense minerals that accumulate with sand, silt, and clay in coastal environments, locally forming economic concentrations of the heavy minerals. This deposit type is the main source of titanium feedstock for the titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigments industry, through recovery of the minerals ilmenite (Fe2+TiO3), rutile (TiO2), and leucoxene (an alteration product of ilmenite). Heavy-mineral sands are also the principal source of zircon (ZrSiO4) and its zirconium oxide; zircon is often recovered as a coproduct. Other heavy minerals produced as coproducts from some deposits are sillimanite/kyanite, staurolite, monazite, and garnet. Monazite [(Ce,La,Nd,Th)PO4] is a source of rare earth elements as well as thorium, which is used in thorium-based nuclear power under development in India and elsewhere.
\nThe processes that form coastal deposits of heavy-mineral sands begin inland. High-grade metamorphic and igneous rocks that contain heavy minerals weather and erode, contributing detritus composed of sand, silt, clay, and heavy minerals to fluvial systems. Streams and rivers carry the detritus to the coast, where they are deposited in a variety of coastal environments, such as deltas, the beach face (foreshore), the nearshore, barrier islands or dunes, and tidal lagoons, as well as the channels and floodplains of streams and rivers in the coastal plain. The sediments are reworked by waves, tides, longshore currents, and wind, which are effective mechanisms for sorting the mineral grains on the basis of differences in their size and density. The finest-grained, most dense heavy minerals are the most effectively sorted. The result is that heavy minerals accumulate together, forming laminated or lens-shaped, heavy-mineral-rich sedimentary packages that can be several meters and even as much as tens of meters thick. Most economic deposits of heavy-mineral sands are Paleogene, Neogene, and Quaternary in age; some are modern coastal deposits.
\nSuperimposed on these basic processes of ore formation are a multitude of contributing and modifying factors, such as the following:
\nThe resulting deposits of heavy-mineral sands can be voluminous. Individual bodies of heavy mineral-rich sands are typically about 1 kilometer wide and more than 5 kilometers long. Many heavy-mineral sands districts extend for more than 10 kilometers and contain several individual deposits that are spread along an ancient or modern strandline. Reported thicknesses of economic deposits range from 3 to 45 meters. Individual ore deposits typically comprise at least 10 megatonnes of ore (the total size of the individual sand-silt body), whose overall heavy-mineral content is 2 to greater than 10 percent.
\nHeavy-mineral sands deposits are relatively easy to mine because they are weakly to poorly consolidated, and they are relatively easy to process. From a geoenvironmental standpoint, mining of heavy mineral-sands generates little or no acid or solubilized metals. However, environmental and human health concerns related to such mining include potential effects on indigenous flora and fauna, effects on local hydrology, and issues related to processing and storing thorium-bearing monazite, owing to its radioactivity.
\nRegional exploration for deposits of heavy-mineral sands can utilize the analyses of stream sediment samples for Ti, Hf, the rare earth elements, Th, and U, and geophysical surveys, particularly radiometric (gamma-ray spectrometry for K, U, and Th) and magnetic methods. Geophysical anomalies may be small, and surveys are generally more successful when conducted close to sources of interest.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineral deposit models for resource assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20105070L","issn":"2328-0328","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., Fey, D.L., Shah, A.K., Verplanck, P.L., and Hoefen, T.M., 2014, Deposit model for heavy-mineral sands in coastal environments: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5070, viii, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105070L.","productDescription":"viii, 51 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053206","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20105070L.jpg"},{"id":294044,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/l/"},{"id":294046,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5070/l/pdf/sir2010-5070l.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a948be4b01571b3d4cc21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, David L. dfey@usgs.gov","contributorId":713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"David","email":"dfey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shah, Anjana K. 0000-0002-3198-081X ashah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3198-081X","contributorId":2297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shah","given":"Anjana","email":"ashah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Verplanck, Philip L. 0000-0002-3653-6419 plv@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3653-6419","contributorId":728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verplanck","given":"Philip","email":"plv@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoefen, Todd M. 0000-0002-3083-5987 thoefen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-5987","contributorId":403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoefen","given":"Todd","email":"thoefen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70125287,"text":"70125287 - 2014 - Incubation stage and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener patterns in an altricial and precocial bird species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T15:52:00","indexId":"70125287","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Incubation stage and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener patterns in an altricial and precocial bird species","docAbstract":"The composition of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners was compared between non-incubated and embryonated eggs of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and little terns (Sterna albifrons) to determine if measurable changes in PCB congeners occurred during the embryonic period. There was no indication of changes in PCB congener patterns over the incubation period in tree swallows in 1999 and 2000 at a site with very high PCB exposure or a site with more modest PCB exposure. Additionally, congeners known to be either quickly metabolized or conserved based on experimental studies did not generally respond as predicted. Similarly, PCB congener patterns in eggs of little terns from Bottsand, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, did not differ between non-incubated and embryonated eggs. The results from both species suggest that the stage of incubation is not an important consideration when evaluating PCB congener patterns; comparisons and assessments can be made with eggs collected at all stages of incubation.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.010","usgsCitation":"Custer, C.M., Custer, T.W., Thyen, S., and Becker, P.H., 2014, Incubation stage and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener patterns in an altricial and precocial bird species: Environmental Pollution, v. 195, p. 109-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.010.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"114","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-056787","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294039,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293870,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.010"}],"volume":"195","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a948fe4b01571b3d4cc4b","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.010","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.010","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Custer Christine M., Custer Thomas W., Thyen Stefan, Becker Peter H.","journalName":"Environmental Pollution","publicationDate":"12/2014","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582 ccuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":1143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"ccuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Thomas W. 0000-0003-3170-6519 tcuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":2835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Thomas","email":"tcuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thyen, Stefan","contributorId":50087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thyen","given":"Stefan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, Peter H.","contributorId":55359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70125317,"text":"70125317 - 2014 - Toxicity of smelter slag-contaminated sediments from Upper Lake Roosevelt and associated metals to early life stage White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:05:26","indexId":"70125317","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T10:51:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Toxicity of smelter slag-contaminated sediments from Upper Lake Roosevelt and associated metals to early life stage White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836)","title":"Toxicity of smelter slag-contaminated sediments from Upper Lake Roosevelt and associated metals to early life stage White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836)","docAbstract":"The toxicity of five smelter slag-contaminated sediments from the upper Columbia River and metals associated with those slags (cadmium, copper, zinc) was evaluated in 96-h exposures of White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836) at 8 and 30 days post-hatch. Leachates prepared from slag-contaminated sediments were evaluated for toxicity. Leachates yielded a maximum aqueous copper concentration of 11.8 μg L−1 observed in sediment collected at Dead Man's Eddy (DME), the sampling site nearest the smelter. All leachates were nonlethal to sturgeon that were 8 day post-hatch (dph), but leachates from three of the five sediments were toxic to fish that were 30 dph, suggesting that the latter life stage is highly vulnerable to metals exposure. Fish maintained consistent and prolonged contact with sediments and did not avoid contaminated sediments when provided a choice between contaminated and uncontaminated sediments. White Sturgeon also failed to avoid aqueous copper (1.5–20 μg L−1). In water-only 96-h exposures of 35 dph sturgeon with the three metals, similar toxicity was observed during exposure to water spiked with copper alone and in combination with cadmium and zinc. Cadmium ranging from 3.2 to 41 μg L−1 or zinc ranging from 21 to 275 μg L−1 was not lethal, but induced adverse behavioral changes including a loss of equilibrium. These results suggest that metals associated with smelter slags may pose an increased exposure risk to early life stage sturgeon if fish occupy areas contaminated by slags.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/jai.12565","usgsCitation":"Little, E.E., Calfee, R., and Linder, G., 2014, Toxicity of smelter slag-contaminated sediments from Upper Lake Roosevelt and associated metals to early life stage White Sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson, 1836): Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1497-1507, https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12565.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1497","endPage":"1507","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044255","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12565","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294032,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Lake Roosevelt","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.1128327,47.5639191 ], [ -94.1128327,47.5661303 ], [ -94.111389,47.5661303 ], [ -94.111389,47.5639191 ], [ -94.1128327,47.5639191 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a9493e4b01571b3d4cc82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Little, E. E.","contributorId":13187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Calfee, R.D.","contributorId":85130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calfee","given":"R.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Linder, G.","contributorId":43070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linder","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125309,"text":"70125309 - 2014 - Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: Evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-18T14:22:04.270411","indexId":"70125309","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T09:55:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: Evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework","docAbstract":"A map of ecological regions of the conterminous United States, first published in 1987, has been greatly refined and expanded into a hierarchical spatial framework in response to user needs, particularly by state resource management agencies. In collaboration with scientists and resource managers from numerous agencies and institutions in the United States, Mexico, and Canada, the framework has been expanded to cover North America, and the original ecoregions (now termed Level III) have been refined, subdivided, and aggregated to identify coarser as well as more detailed spatial units. The most generalized units (Level I) define 10 ecoregions in the conterminous U.S., while the finest-scale units (Level IV) identify 967 ecoregions. In this paper, we explain the logic underpinning the approach, discuss the evolution of the regional mapping process, and provide examples of how the ecoregions were distinguished at each hierarchical level. The variety of applications of the ecoregion framework illustrates its utility in resource assessment and management.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-014-0364-1","usgsCitation":"Omernik, J.M., and Griffith, G.E., 2014, Ecoregions of the conterminous United States: Evolution of a hierarchical spatial framework: Environmental Management, v. 54, no. 6, p. 1249-1266, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0364-1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1249","endPage":"1266","numberOfPages":"18","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055492","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294022,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 25.97779895546436\n ],\n [\n -97.42675781249999,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.115985925333536\n ],\n [\n -99.0966796875,\n 26.47057302237511\n ],\n [\n -99.580078125,\n 27.625140335093324\n ],\n [\n -100.283203125,\n 28.265682390146477\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.305561325527698\n ],\n [\n -101.27197265625,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -102.67822265625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -103.11767578124999,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.611670115197377\n ],\n [\n -104.7216796875,\n 29.973970240516614\n ],\n [\n -104.69970703125,\n 30.20211367909724\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -106.12792968749999,\n 31.44741029142872\n ],\n [\n -106.45751953125,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.784216884487385\n ],\n [\n -108.204345703125,\n 31.344254455668054\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -114.82910156249999,\n 32.52828936482526\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 32.731840896865684\n ],\n [\n -117.13623046874999,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -117.3779296875,\n 33.211116472416855\n ],\n [\n -118.23486328125,\n 33.779147331286474\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -118.94897460937499,\n 34.052659421375964\n ],\n [\n -119.2236328125,\n 34.161818161230386\n ],\n [\n -119.66308593749999,\n 34.470335121217495\n ],\n [\n -120.44311523437499,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -120.640869140625,\n 34.56990638085636\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 35.137879119634185\n ],\n [\n -121.9482421875,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -121.83837890625,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -121.88232421875,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.96744946416931\n ],\n [\n -122.40966796874999,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -122.67333984374999,\n 37.90953361677018\n ],\n [\n -123.00292968749999,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -123.02490234375,\n 38.238180119798635\n ],\n [\n -123.74999999999999,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 39.757879992021756\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 40.463666324587685\n ],\n [\n -124.18945312500001,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -124.0576171875,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -124.29931640625,\n 42.00032514831621\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -124.16748046874999,\n 43.83452678223684\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 46.30140615437332\n ],\n [\n -124.25537109375,\n 47.41322033016902\n ],\n [\n -124.62890625,\n 47.91634204016118\n ],\n [\n -124.69482421875,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -123.96972656249999,\n 48.188063481211415\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 48.17341248658084\n ],\n [\n -122.78320312499999,\n 48.246625590713826\n ],\n [\n -122.81616210937499,\n 48.42920055556841\n ],\n [\n -123.18969726562499,\n 48.50204750525715\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -122.728271484375,\n 48.77067246880509\n ],\n [\n -122.82714843749999,\n 49.001843917978526\n ],\n [\n -95.174560546875,\n 49.01625665778159\n ],\n [\n -95.152587890625,\n 49.38237278700955\n ],\n [\n -94.81201171875,\n 49.31796095602274\n ],\n [\n -94.669189453125,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -93.834228515625,\n 48.63290858589532\n ],\n [\n -93.8232421875,\n 48.516604348867475\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.56752037390827\n ],\n [\n -93.33984375,\n 48.66194284607008\n ],\n [\n -92.59277343749999,\n 48.531157010976706\n ],\n [\n -92.08740234375,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 48.06339653776211\n ],\n [\n -91.07666015625,\n 48.19538740833338\n ],\n [\n -90.8349609375,\n 48.23930899024905\n ],\n [\n -90.791015625,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -89.62646484375,\n 48.019324184801185\n ],\n [\n -89.3463134765625,\n 47.98256841921402\n ],\n [\n -88.3795166015625,\n 48.31973404047173\n ],\n [\n -84.847412109375,\n 46.897739085507\n ],\n [\n -84.55078125,\n 46.464349400461124\n ],\n [\n -84.4134521484375,\n 46.49839225859763\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 46.53619267489863\n ],\n [\n -84.1058349609375,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -84.122314453125,\n 46.320378031062354\n ],\n [\n -84.00146484374999,\n 46.15700496290803\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.06560846138691\n ],\n [\n -83.81469726562499,\n 46.11132565729796\n ],\n [\n -83.6334228515625,\n 46.11894150610708\n ],\n [\n -83.42468261718749,\n 46.0007775685566\n ],\n [\n -83.583984375,\n 45.82497145796607\n ],\n [\n -82.518310546875,\n 45.32897866218559\n ],\n [\n -82.12280273437499,\n 43.57243174740972\n ],\n [\n -82.40295410156249,\n 43.000629854450025\n ],\n [\n -82.474365234375,\n 42.79136972365016\n ],\n [\n -82.5732421875,\n 42.5611728553181\n ],\n [\n -82.8533935546875,\n 42.370720143531955\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 42.14304156290942\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.04521345501039\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 41.86956082699455\n ],\n [\n -82.6776123046875,\n 41.68111756290652\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 41.68111756290652\n ],\n [\n -81.243896484375,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -80.09033203125,\n 42.39506551565123\n ],\n [\n -78.9532470703125,\n 42.827638636242284\n ],\n [\n -78.91754150390625,\n 42.95039177450287\n ],\n [\n -79.06585693359375,\n 43.092960677116295\n ],\n [\n -79.06036376953125,\n 43.26120612479979\n ],\n [\n -79.19769287109375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -78.6895751953125,\n 43.632099415557754\n ],\n [\n -76.7999267578125,\n 43.64005063334694\n ],\n [\n -76.4483642578125,\n 44.11125397357153\n ],\n [\n -75.7781982421875,\n 44.51609322284931\n ],\n [\n -75.30029296875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -74.827880859375,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -71.510009765625,\n 45.02695045318546\n ],\n [\n -71.3232421875,\n 45.29034662473615\n ],\n [\n -70.653076171875,\n 45.42158812329091\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 45.537136680398596\n ],\n [\n -70.301513671875,\n 45.920587344733654\n ],\n [\n -70.2685546875,\n 46.240651955001695\n ],\n [\n -70.059814453125,\n 46.40756396630067\n ],\n [\n -69.993896484375,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -69.246826171875,\n 47.46523622438362\n ],\n [\n -69.01611328125,\n 47.4355191531953\n ],\n [\n -69.0380859375,\n 47.26432008025478\n ],\n [\n -68.93920898437499,\n 47.19717795172789\n ],\n [\n -68.35693359375,\n 47.36115300722623\n ],\n [\n -67.763671875,\n 47.06263847995432\n ],\n [\n -67.78564453125,\n 45.706179285330855\n ],\n [\n -67.423095703125,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -67.423095703125,\n 45.22074260255366\n ],\n [\n -67.17041015625,\n 45.174292524076726\n ],\n [\n -66.961669921875,\n 44.85586880735725\n ],\n [\n -67.24731445312499,\n 44.63739123445585\n ],\n [\n -68.236083984375,\n 44.308126684886126\n ],\n [\n -68.258056640625,\n 44.20583500104184\n ],\n [\n -69.06005859375,\n 44.04811573082351\n ],\n [\n -69.80712890625,\n 43.73935207915473\n ],\n [\n -70.048828125,\n 43.78695837311561\n ],\n [\n -70.2081298828125,\n 43.73538317799622\n ],\n [\n -70.191650390625,\n 43.58039085560786\n ],\n [\n -70.587158203125,\n 43.25320494908846\n ],\n [\n -70.81787109374999,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -70.76568603515625,\n 42.70060440808085\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 42.66426107379467\n ],\n [\n -70.63934326171875,\n 42.69051116998241\n ],\n [\n -70.59814453125,\n 42.65416193033991\n ],\n [\n -70.6585693359375,\n 42.589488572714245\n ],\n [\n -70.8782958984375,\n 42.54498667313236\n ],\n [\n -70.83984375,\n 42.508552415528634\n ],\n [\n -70.9771728515625,\n 42.44372793752476\n ],\n [\n -70.97442626953125,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -70.8343505859375,\n 42.26917949243506\n ],\n [\n -70.75469970703125,\n 42.24681856113825\n ],\n [\n -70.64208984375,\n 42.07783959017503\n ],\n [\n -70.5487060546875,\n 41.92680320648791\n ],\n [\n -70.53497314453125,\n 41.820455096140314\n ],\n [\n -70.42785644531249,\n 41.74672584176937\n ],\n [\n -70.21636962890625,\n 41.73852846935917\n ],\n [\n -70.0323486328125,\n 41.781552998900345\n ],\n [\n -70.0103759765625,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -70.0762939453125,\n 41.90432124806034\n ],\n [\n -70.09277343749999,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -70.16143798828125,\n 42.05948945192712\n ],\n [\n -70.1751708984375,\n 42.01869237684385\n ],\n [\n -70.24932861328125,\n 42.06356771883277\n ],\n [\n -70.22186279296875,\n 42.07987816698549\n ],\n [\n -70.13946533203124,\n 42.07580094787543\n ],\n [\n -70.02960205078125,\n 42.02889410108475\n ],\n [\n -69.96917724609375,\n 41.916585116228354\n ],\n [\n -69.93072509765625,\n 41.7856490686444\n ],\n [\n -69.93072509765625,\n 41.6770148220322\n ],\n [\n -69.971923828125,\n 41.61338889474735\n ],\n [\n -69.949951171875,\n 41.253032440653186\n ],\n [\n -70.11199951171875,\n 41.23238023874142\n ],\n [\n -70.279541015625,\n 41.304634388885916\n ],\n [\n -70.44158935546875,\n 41.347948493443546\n ],\n [\n -70.675048828125,\n 41.3500103516271\n ],\n [\n -70.7684326171875,\n 41.31494988250963\n ],\n [\n -70.7958984375,\n 41.29844430929419\n ],\n [\n -71.03759765625,\n 41.49623534616764\n ],\n [\n -71.10076904296875,\n 41.50034959128928\n ],\n [\n -71.180419921875,\n 41.46125371076149\n ],\n [\n -71.3616943359375,\n 41.45507852101139\n ],\n [\n -71.44683837890625,\n 41.43654942411456\n ],\n [\n -71.4935302734375,\n 41.36031866306708\n ],\n [\n -71.531982421875,\n 41.16004614168688\n ],\n [\n -71.97967529296874,\n 41.01928287604565\n ],\n [\n -72.86956787109375,\n 40.724364221722716\n ],\n [\n -73.33099365234375,\n 40.61812224225511\n ],\n [\n -73.75946044921875,\n 40.58267063809529\n ],\n [\n -73.92425537109375,\n 40.543026009954986\n ],\n [\n -73.9874267578125,\n 40.46993497635153\n ],\n [\n -73.96820068359375,\n 40.319325896602095\n ],\n [\n -74.07806396484375,\n 39.928694653732364\n ],\n [\n -74.1357421875,\n 39.631076770083666\n ],\n [\n -74.3994140625,\n 39.364032338047984\n ],\n [\n -74.6356201171875,\n 39.21948715423953\n ],\n [\n -74.8004150390625,\n 38.96795115401593\n ],\n [\n -74.96520996093749,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -75.07507324218749,\n 38.775499003812946\n ],\n [\n -75.0421142578125,\n 38.47939467327645\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 38.004819966413194\n ],\n [\n -75.574951171875,\n 37.65773212628274\n ],\n [\n -75.882568359375,\n 37.16907157713011\n ],\n [\n -75.9814453125,\n 36.88840804313823\n ],\n [\n -75.706787109375,\n 36.16448788632064\n ],\n [\n -75.443115234375,\n 35.7019167328534\n ],\n [\n -75.52001953125,\n 35.22767235493586\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 35.10193405724606\n ],\n [\n -76.519775390625,\n 34.6241677899049\n ],\n [\n -76.783447265625,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 34.58799745550482\n ],\n [\n -77.596435546875,\n 34.37064492478658\n ],\n [\n -77.87109375,\n 34.043556504127444\n ],\n [\n -77.93701171875,\n 33.797408767572485\n ],\n [\n -78.167724609375,\n 33.87041555094183\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 33.8430453147447\n ],\n [\n -79.013671875,\n 33.568861182555565\n ],\n [\n -79.156494140625,\n 33.32134852669881\n ],\n [\n -79.1455078125,\n 33.201924189778936\n ],\n [\n -79.69482421875,\n 32.7872745269555\n ],\n [\n -80.43090820312499,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -80.44189453125,\n 32.32427558887655\n ],\n [\n -80.83740234375,\n 32.0732655510424\n ],\n [\n -81.265869140625,\n 31.42866311735861\n ],\n [\n -81.419677734375,\n 30.760718908944472\n ],\n [\n -81.34277343749999,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -80.936279296875,\n 29.1233732108192\n ],\n [\n -80.52978515625,\n 28.488005204159457\n ],\n [\n -80.606689453125,\n 28.372068829631633\n ],\n [\n -80.474853515625,\n 27.848790459862073\n ],\n [\n -80.068359375,\n 26.95145308349826\n ],\n [\n -80.079345703125,\n 26.2145910237943\n ],\n [\n -80.167236328125,\n 25.37380917154398\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 24.87646991083154\n ],\n [\n -80.9033203125,\n 24.856534339310674\n ],\n [\n -81.177978515625,\n 25.21488107113259\n ],\n [\n -81.2548828125,\n 25.54244147012483\n ],\n [\n -81.551513671875,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 25.86910939099931\n ],\n [\n -81.89208984375,\n 26.441065564038418\n ],\n [\n -82.11181640625,\n 26.43122806450644\n ],\n [\n -82.298583984375,\n 26.833874515058554\n ],\n [\n -82.63916015625,\n 27.371767300523047\n ],\n [\n -82.869873046875,\n 27.89734922968426\n ],\n [\n -82.72705078125,\n 28.391400375817753\n ],\n [\n -82.7490234375,\n 29.046565622728846\n ],\n [\n -83.023681640625,\n 29.180941290001776\n ],\n [\n -83.8916015625,\n 30.0405664305846\n ],\n [\n -84.3310546875,\n 30.097613277217132\n ],\n [\n -84.320068359375,\n 29.907329376851553\n ],\n [\n -85.05615234375,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -85.36376953125,\n 29.66896252599253\n ],\n [\n -86.02294921875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -87.03369140625,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -88.17626953125,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -89.31884765624999,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -89.47265625,\n 29.554345125748267\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -89.27490234375,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -89.69238281249999,\n 29.209713225868185\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -91.01074218749999,\n 29.0945770775118\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -92.46093749999999,\n 29.53522956294847\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 29.726222319395504\n ],\n [\n -94.52636718749999,\n 29.477861195816843\n ],\n [\n -95.2294921875,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -96.064453125,\n 28.5941685062326\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 28.16887518006332\n ],\n [\n -97.27294921875,\n 27.68352808378776\n ],\n [\n -97.3388671875,\n 26.980828590472107\n ],\n [\n -97.18505859374999,\n 25.97779895546436\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a948ce4b01571b3d4cc2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Omernik, James M.","contributorId":50081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omernik","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffith, Glenn E. 0000-0001-7966-4720 ggriffith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7966-4720","contributorId":4053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffith","given":"Glenn","email":"ggriffith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70125420,"text":"70125420 - 2014 - Common raven occurrence in relation to energy transmission line corridors transiting human-altered sagebrush steppe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T10:46:06","indexId":"70125420","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T09:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2183,"text":"Journal of Arid Environments","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Common raven occurrence in relation to energy transmission line corridors transiting human-altered sagebrush steppe","docAbstract":"Energy-related infrastructure and other human enterprises within sagebrush steppe of the American West often results in changes that promote common raven (Corvus corax; hereafter, raven) populations. Ravens, a generalist predator capable of behavioral innovation, present a threat to many species of conservation concern. We evaluate the effects of detailed features of an altered landscape on the probability of raven occurrence using extensive raven survey (n= 1045) and mapping data from southern Idaho, USA. We found nonlinear relationships between raven occurrence and distances to transmission lines, roads, and facilities. Most importantly, raven occurrence was greater with presence of transmission lines up to 2.2 km from the corridor.We further explain variation in raven occurrence along anthropogenic features based on the amount of non-native vegetation and cover type edge, such that ravens select fragmented sagebrush stands with patchy, exotic vegetative introgression. Raven occurrence also increased with greater length of edge formed by the contact of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentate spp.) with non-native vegetation cover types. In consideration of increasing alteration of sagebrush steppe, these findings will be useful for planning energy transmission corridor placement and other management activities where conservation of sagebrush obligate species is a priority.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.08.004","usgsCitation":"Coates, P.S., Howe, K., Casazza, M.L., and Delehanty, D.J., 2014, Common raven occurrence in relation to energy transmission line corridors transiting human-altered sagebrush steppe: Journal of Arid Environments, v. 111, p. 68-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.08.004.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"78","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-052423","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.08.004","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293992,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2014.08.004"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.14,43.42 ], [ -113.14,43.89 ], [ -112.6,43.89 ], [ -112.6,43.42 ], [ -113.14,43.42 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"111","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a948ae4b01571b3d4cc11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coates, Peter S. 0000-0003-2672-9994 pcoates@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2672-9994","contributorId":3263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates","given":"Peter","email":"pcoates@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howe, Kristy B.","contributorId":59354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"Kristy B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Delehanty, David J.","contributorId":80811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delehanty","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70125465,"text":"70125465 - 2014 - A comprehensive analysis of small-passerine fatalities from collisions with turbines at wind energy facilities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-23T10:49:07","indexId":"70125465","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T08:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2980,"text":"PLoS ONE","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comprehensive analysis of small-passerine fatalities from collisions with turbines at wind energy facilities","docAbstract":"Small passerines, sometimes referred to as perching birds or songbirds, are the most abundant bird group in the United States (US) and Canada, and the most common among bird fatalities caused by collision with turbines at wind energy facilities. We used data compiled from 39 studies conducted in the US and Canada to estimate the annual rate of small-bird fatalities. It was necessary for us to calculate estimates of small-bird fatality rates from reported all-bird rates for 30% of studies. The remaining 70% of studies provided data on small-bird fatalities. We then adjusted estimates to account for detection bias and loss of carcasses from scavenging. These studies represented about 15% of current operating capacity (megawatts [MW]) for all wind energy facilities in the US and Canada and provided information on 4,975 bird fatalities, of which we estimated 62.5% were small passerines comprising 156 species. For all wind energy facilities currently in operation, we estimated that about 134,000 to 230,000 small-passerine fatalities from collision with wind turbines occur annually, or 2.10 to 3.35 small birds/MW of installed capacity. When adjusted for species composition, this indicates that about 368,000 fatalities for all bird species are caused annually by collisions with wind turbines. Other human-related sources of bird deaths, (e.g., communication towers, buildings [including windows]), and domestic cats) have been estimated to kill millions to billions of birds each year. Compared to continent-wide population estimates, the cumulative mortality rate per year by species was highest for black-throated blue warbler and tree swallow; 0.043% of the entire population of each species was estimated to annually suffer mortality from collisions with turbines. For the eighteen species with the next highest values, this estimate ranged from 0.008% to 0.038%, much lower than rates attributed to collisions with communication towers (1.2% to 9.0% for top twenty species).","language":"English","publisher":"Public Library of Science","publisherLocation":"San Francisco, CA","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0107491","usgsCitation":"Erickson, W.P., Wolfe, M.M., Bay, K.J., Johnson, D.H., and Gehring, J.L., 2014, A comprehensive analysis of small-passerine fatalities from collisions with turbines at wind energy facilities: PLoS ONE, v. 9, no. 9, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107491.","productDescription":"18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-048986","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107491","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294018,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294009,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107491"}],"country":"Canada, United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -125.06,24.78 ], [ -125.06,52.06 ], [ -66.95,52.06 ], [ -66.95,24.78 ], [ -125.06,24.78 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"9","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a9488e4b01571b3d4cc06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Erickson, Wallace P.","contributorId":78627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erickson","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolfe, Melissa M.","contributorId":88290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bay, Kimberly J.","contributorId":55755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bay","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gehring, Joelle L.","contributorId":106821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehring","given":"Joelle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70129161,"text":"70129161 - 2014 - 2013 National Park visitor spending effects: economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-26T14:13:40","indexId":"70129161","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":53,"text":"Natural Resource Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"NPS/NRSS/EQD/NRR--2014/824","title":"2013 National Park visitor spending effects: economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation","docAbstract":"The National Park Service (NPS) manages the nation's most iconic destinations that attract millions of visitors form across the nation and around the world. Trip-related spending by NPS visitors generates and supports a considerable amount of economic activity within park gateway communities. This economic effects analysis measures how NPS visitor spending cycles through local economies, generating business sales and supporting jobs and income.
\n\n
In 2013, the National Park System received over 273 million recreation visits. NPS visitors spent $14.6 billion in local gateway regions (defined as communities within 60 miles of a park). The contribution of this spending to the national economy was 238 thousand jobs, $9.2 billion in labor income, $15.6 billion in value added, and $26.5 billion in output. The lodging sector saw the highest direct contributions with 38 thousand jobs and $4.4 billion in output directly contributed to local gateway economies nationally. The sector with the next greatest direct contributions was restaurants and bats, with 50 thousand jobs and $2.0 billion in output directly contributed to local gateway economies nationally.
\n\n
While it is typical for visitation levels to fluctuate across the park units each year, system-wide visitation estimates in 2013 declines by 3.2% (or 9.1 million visits) compared ro 2012 (Street, 2014). Although many factors can influence park visitsation, two events signficiantly contrubuterd to this decline: the Government shutdown in October 2013, and lonf-term park closures related to the lasting effects of Hurrican Sandt from October 2012 through July 2013.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Cullinane Thomas, C., Huber, C.C., and Koontz, L., 2014, 2013 National Park visitor spending effects: economic contributions to local communities, states, and the nation: Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/EQD/NRR--2014/824, vi, 42 p.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057873","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296226,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295460,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://irma.nps.gov/App/Reference/Profile/2211393"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546f10d5e4b057be23d4a70b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullinane Thomas, Catherine M. 0000-0001-8168-1271 ccullinanethomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8168-1271","contributorId":5281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullinane Thomas","given":"Catherine M.","email":"ccullinanethomas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huber, Christopher C. chuber@usgs.gov","contributorId":5491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huber","given":"Christopher","email":"chuber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koontz, Lynne koontzl@usgs.gov","contributorId":2174,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koontz","given":"Lynne","email":"koontzl@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":7016,"text":"Environmental Quality Division, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70121300,"text":"ofr20141158 - 2014 - Two decision-support tools for assessing the potential effects of energy development on hydrologic resources as part of the Energy and Environment in the Rocky Mountain Area interactive energy atlas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T16:13:29","indexId":"ofr20141158","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-16T12:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1158","title":"Two decision-support tools for assessing the potential effects of energy development on hydrologic resources as part of the Energy and Environment in the Rocky Mountain Area interactive energy atlas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey project—Energy and Environment in the Rocky Mountain Area (EERMA)—has developed a set of virtual tools in the form of an online interactive energy atlas for Colorado and New Mexico to facilitate access to geospatial data related to energy resources, energy infrastructure, and natural resources that may be affected by energy development. The interactive energy atlas currently (2014) consists of three components: (1) a series of interactive maps; (2) downloadable geospatial datasets; and (3) decison-support tools, including two maps related to hydrologic resources discussed in this report. The hydrologic-resource maps can be used to examine the potential effects of energy development on hydrologic resources with respect to (1) groundwater vulnerability, by using the depth to water, recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer (DRASTIC) model, and (2) landscape erosion potential, by using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). The DRASTIC aquifer vulnerability index value for the two-State area ranges from 48 to 199. Higher values, indicating greater relative aquifer vulnerability, are centered in south-central Colorado, areas in southeastern New Mexico, and along riparian corridors in both States—all areas where the water table is relatively close to the land surface and the aquifer is more susceptible to surface influences. As calculated by the RUSLE model, potential mean annual erosion, as soil loss in units of tons per acre per year, ranges from 0 to 12,576 over the two-State area. The RUSLE model calculated low erosion potential over most of Colorado and New Mexico, with predictions of highest erosion potential largely confined to areas of mountains or escarpments. An example is presented of how a fully interactive RUSLE model could be further used as a decision-support tool to evaluate the potential hydrologic effects of energy development on a site-specific basis and to explore the effectiveness of various mitigation practices.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141158","usgsCitation":"Linard, J.I., Matherne, A.M., Leib, K.J., Carr, N.B., Diffendorfer, J., Hawkins, S.J., Latysh, N., Ignizio, D., and Babel, N.C., 2014, Two decision-support tools for assessing the potential effects of energy development on hydrologic resources as part of the Energy and Environment in the Rocky Mountain Area interactive energy atlas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1158, iv, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141158.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057229","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141158.jpg"},{"id":293953,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1158/"},{"id":293954,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1158/pdf/ofr2014-1158.pdf"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Colorado;New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Rocky Mountain Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.00,31.00 ], [ -111.00,41.00 ], [ -102.00,41.00 ], [ -102.00,31.00 ], [ -111.00,31.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5419430de4b091c7ffc8e524","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linard, Joshua I. jilinard@usgs.gov","contributorId":1465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linard","given":"Joshua","email":"jilinard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matherne, Anne Marie 0000-0002-5873-2226 matherne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5873-2226","contributorId":303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matherne","given":"Anne","email":"matherne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Marie","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, Natasha B. 0000-0002-4842-0632 carrn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4842-0632","contributorId":1918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"Natasha","email":"carrn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Diffendorfer, James E. 0000-0003-1093-6948 jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1093-6948","contributorId":3208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diffendorfer","given":"James E.","email":"jediffendorfer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hawkins, Sarah J. 0000-0002-1878-9121 shawkins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1878-9121","contributorId":4818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawkins","given":"Sarah","email":"shawkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Latysh, Natalie 0000-0003-0149-3962 nlatysh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0149-3962","contributorId":1356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Latysh","given":"Natalie","email":"nlatysh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":208,"text":"Core Science Analytics and Synthesis","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5060,"text":"Data Preservation Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ignizio, Drew A. 0000-0001-8054-5139 dignizio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-5139","contributorId":4822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ignizio","given":"Drew A.","email":"dignizio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Babel, Nils C.","contributorId":42862,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babel","given":"Nils","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70126407,"text":"70126407 - 2014 - Ground level environmental protein concentrations in various ecuadorian environments: potential uses of aerosolized protein for ecological research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T10:28:00","indexId":"70126407","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-16T10:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ground level environmental protein concentrations in various ecuadorian environments: potential uses of aerosolized protein for ecological research","docAbstract":"Large quantities of free protein in the environment and other bioaerosols are ubiquitous throughout terrestrial ground level environments and may be integrative indicators of ecosystem status. Samples of ground level bioaerosols were collected from various ecosystems throughout Ecuador, including pristine humid tropical forest (pristine), highly altered secondary humid tropical forest (highly altered), secondary transitional very humid forest (regrowth transitional), and suburban dry montane deforested (suburban deforested). The results explored the sensitivity of localized aerosol protein concentrations to spatial and temporal variations within ecosystems, and their value for assessing environmental change. Ecosystem specific variations in environmental protein concentrations were observed: pristine 0.32 ± 0.09 μg/m3, highly altered 0.07 ± 0.05 μg/m3, regrowth transitional 0.17 ± 0.06 μg/m3, and suburban deforested 0.09 ± 0.04 μg/m3. Additionally, comparisons of intra-environmental differences in seasonal/daily weather (dry season 0.08 ± 0.03 μg/m3 and wet season 0.10 ± 0.04 μg/m3), environmental fragmentation (buffered 0.19 ± 0.06 μg/m3 and edge 0.15 ± 0.06 μg/m3), and sampling height (ground level 0.32 ± 0.09 μg/m3 and 10 m 0.24 ± 0.04 μg/m3) demonstrated the sensitivity of protein concentrations to environmental conditions. Local protein concentrations in altered environments correlated well with satellite-based spectral indices describing vegetation productivity: normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (r2 = 0.801), net primary production (NPP) (r2 = 0.827), leaf area index (LAI) (r2 = 0.410). Moreover, protein concentrations distinguished the pristine site, which was not differentiated in spectral indices, potentially due to spectral saturation typical of highly vegetated environments. Bioaerosol concentrations represent an inexpensive method to increase understanding of environmental changes, especially in densely vegetated ecosystems with high canopies or in areas needing high spatial and temporal resolution. Further research to expand understanding of the applicability of bioaerosol concentrations for environmental monitoring is supported by this pilot study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.036","usgsCitation":"Staton, S.J., Woodward, A., Castillo, J.A., Swing, K., and Hayes, M.A., 2014, Ground level environmental protein concentrations in various ecuadorian environments: potential uses of aerosolized protein for ecological research: Ecological Indicators, v. 48, p. 389-395, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.036.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"389","endPage":"395","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-052839","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294300,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294265,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.036"}],"country":"Ecuador","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -79.8686,-1.9772 ], [ -79.8686,0.7919 ], [ -75.5953,0.7919 ], [ -75.5953,-1.9772 ], [ -79.8686,-1.9772 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"48","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb27e4b08312ac7cf051","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Staton, Sarah J.R.","contributorId":38916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Staton","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, Andrea 0000-0003-0604-9115 awoodward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-9115","contributorId":3028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"Andrea","email":"awoodward@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Castillo, Josemar A.","contributorId":101205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castillo","given":"Josemar","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swing, Kelly","contributorId":68667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swing","given":"Kelly","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hayes, Mark A. hayesm@usgs.gov","contributorId":25086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Mark","email":"hayesm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70148105,"text":"70148105 - 2014 - Structure and vulnerability of Pacific Northwest tidal wetlands – A summary of wetland climate change research by the Western Ecology Division, U.S. EPA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T15:58:16","indexId":"70148105","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-16T09:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Structure and vulnerability of Pacific Northwest tidal wetlands – A summary of wetland climate change research by the Western Ecology Division, U.S. EPA","docAbstract":"Climate change poses a serious threat to the tidal wetlands of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) region of the U.S. In response to this threat, scientists at the Western Ecology Division of the U.S. EPA at and the Western Fisheries Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey, along with other partners, initiated a series of studies on the structure and vulnerability of tidal wetlands to climate change. One research thrust was to evaluate community structure of PNW marshes, experimentally assess the vulnerability of marsh plants to inundation and salinity stress (as would happen with sea level rise), and evaluate the utility of the National Wetland Inventory (NWI) classification system. Another research thrust was to develop tools that provide insights into possible impacts of climate change. This effort included enhancing the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) to predict the effects of sea level rise on submerged aquatic vegetation (Zostera marina) distributions, evaluating changes in river flow into coastal estuaries in response to precipitation changes, and synthesizing Pacific Coast estuary, watershed, and climate data in a downloadable tool. Because the research resulting from these efforts was published in multiple venues, we summarized them in this document. We anticipate that future research efforts by the U.S. EPA will continue with a focus on climate change impacts on a regional scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Folger, C.L., Lee, H., Janousek, C.N., and Reusser, D.A., 2014, Structure and vulnerability of Pacific Northwest tidal wetlands – A summary of wetland climate change research by the Western Ecology Division, U.S. EPA, 9 p.","productDescription":"9 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060046","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320572,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":300638,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=307905"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -123.42041015624999,\n 46.2102496001872\n ],\n [\n -123.59619140625001,\n 44.15068115978091\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -123.85986328124999,\n 41.09591205639546\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 41.04621681452063\n ],\n [\n -124.49707031249999,\n 41.983994270935625\n ],\n [\n -124.69482421875,\n 42.71473218539458\n ],\n [\n -124.23339843749999,\n 44.793530904744074\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 46.37725420510028\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209139e4b071321fe656a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Folger, Christina L","contributorId":140888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Folger","given":"Christina","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":13604,"text":"Western Ecology Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2111 SE Marine Science Dr., Newport, OR 97365","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Henry II","contributorId":86251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Henry","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Janousek, Christopher N. 0000-0003-2124-6715","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-6715","contributorId":103951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Janousek","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":547412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Reusser, Deborah A. dreusser@usgs.gov","contributorId":2423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reusser","given":"Deborah","email":"dreusser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70103554,"text":"sir20145086 - 2014 - Comparison of the U.S. lead recycling industry in 1998 and 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-16T09:14:10","indexId":"sir20145086","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-16T09:11:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5086","title":"Comparison of the U.S. lead recycling industry in 1998 and 2011","docAbstract":"Since 1998, the structure of the lead recycling industry has changed and trade patterns of the domestic lead recycling industry have shifted. Although the domestic demand for lead has remained relatively constant since 1998, production of lead has increasingly shifted to the domestic secondary lead industry. The last primary lead smelter in the United States closed at the end of 2013, at which time the secondary lead industry became the sole source of domestic lead production. The amount of lead recovered annually from scrap batteries generally increased from about 900,000 metric tons in 1995 to more than 1,100,000 metric tons in 2012. The percentage of total U.S. lead production attributed to battery scrap increased from 65 percent in 1995 to 87 percent in 2012.
\nSince the North American Free Trade Agreement took effect in 1994, trade patterns among the United States, Canada, and Mexico have changed for recycled lead products. In the late 1990s, the principal sources of lead waste and scrap not derived from batteries were Canada, Mexico, and South America; by 2011, the principal sources were Central America and Asia, with decreasing amounts from Canada and South America. Since 1998, the amount of lead derived from imported batteries and scrap from Canada has ranged from 50 to 90 percent, and the amount imported from Mexico has ranged from 3 to 20 percent. Canada received about 50 percent of the lead contained in spent lead-acid batteries and scrap exported from the United States in 1998, and Mexico received about 4 percent. By 2012, however, the amount of lead scrap exported to Canada had decreased to about 10 percent, and the amount of lead-based scrap products, primarily batteries, exported to Mexico from the United States had increased to 47 percent. Vertical integration of the domestic secondary lead industry and higher costs required to implement more stringent ambient air standards in the United States have led some companies to shift lead recycling operations to Mexico. U.S. secondary lead producers are increasingly competing with Canadian and Mexican facilities for market share.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145086","usgsCitation":"Wilburn, D.R., 2014, Comparison of the U.S. lead recycling industry in 1998 and 2011: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5086, iv, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145086.","productDescription":"iv, 20 p.","numberOfPages":"27","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051674","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145086.jpg"},{"id":293888,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5086/"},{"id":293889,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5086/pdf/sir2014-5086.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54194306e4b091c7ffc8e50a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilburn, David R. 0000-0002-5371-7617 wilburn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7617","contributorId":1755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilburn","given":"David","email":"wilburn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70117139,"text":"sir20145129 - 2014 - Quantitative rock-fall hazard and risk assessment for Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-19T20:34:38.475682","indexId":"sir20145129","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-16T08:47:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5129","title":"Quantitative rock-fall hazard and risk assessment for Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"Rock falls are common in Yosemite Valley, California, posing substantial hazard and risk to the approximately four million annual visitors to Yosemite National Park. Rock falls in Yosemite Valley over the past few decades have damaged structures and caused injuries within developed regions located on or adjacent to talus slopes highlighting the need for additional investigations into rock-fall hazard and risk. This assessment builds upon previous investigations of rock-fall hazard and risk in Yosemite Valley and focuses on hazard and risk to structures posed by relatively frequent fragmental-type rock falls as large as approximately 100,000 (cubic meters) in volume.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145129","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Stock, G.M., Luco, N., Collins, B., Harp, E.L., Reichenbach, P., and Frankel, K.L., 2014, Quantitative rock-fall hazard and risk assessment for Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5129, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145129.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","numberOfPages":"61","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057177","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293887,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145129.jpg"},{"id":293886,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5129/pdf/sir2014-5129.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Yosemite National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.666667,37.7 ], [ -119.666667,37.766667 ], [ -119.533333,37.766667 ], [ -119.533333,37.7 ], [ -119.666667,37.7 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5419430ce4b091c7ffc8e519","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stock, Greg M.","contributorId":88593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stock","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luco, Nicolas 0000-0002-5763-9847 nluco@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-9847","contributorId":1188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luco","given":"Nicolas","email":"nluco@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Collins, Brian D.","contributorId":71641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Brian D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harp, Edwin L. harp@usgs.gov","contributorId":1290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"Edwin","email":"harp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reichenbach, Paola","contributorId":106221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichenbach","given":"Paola","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frankel, Kurt L.","contributorId":28850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70122984,"text":"ofr20141180 - 2014 - Decision analysis of mitigation and remediation of sedimentation within large wetland systems: a case study using Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T10:04:50","indexId":"ofr20141180","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-16T08:41:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1180","title":"Decision analysis of mitigation and remediation of sedimentation within large wetland systems: a case study using Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"Sedimentation has been identified as an important stressor across a range of wetland systems. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has the responsibility of maintaining wetlands within its National Wildlife Refuge System for use by migratory waterbirds and other wildlife. Many of these wetlands could be negatively affected by accelerated rates of sedimentation, especially those located in agricultural parts of the landscape. In this report we document the results of a decision analysis project designed to help U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service staff at the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (herein referred to as the Refuge) determine a strategy for managing and mitigating the negative effects of sediment loading within Refuge wetlands. The Refuge’s largest wetland, Agassiz Pool, has accumulated so much sediment that it has become dominated by hybrid cattail (Typha × glauca), and the ability of the staff to control water levels in the Agassiz Pool has been substantially reduced. This project consisted of a workshop with Refuge staff, local and regional stakeholders, and several technical and scientific experts. At the workshop we established Refuge management and stakeholder objectives, a range of possible management strategies, and assessed the consequences of those strategies. After deliberating a range of actions, the staff chose to consider the following three strategies: (1) an inexpensive strategy, which largely focused on using outreach to reduce external sediment inputs to the Refuge; (2) the most expensive option, which built on the first option and relied on additional infrastructure changes to the Refuge to increase management capacity; and (3) a strategy that was less expensive than strategy 2 and relied mostly on existing infrastructure to improve management capacity. Despite the fact that our assessments were qualitative, Refuge staff decided they had enough information to select the third strategy. Following our qualitative assessment, we discussed additional considerations and uncertainties that might affect implementation of this strategy.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141180","usgsCitation":"Post van der Burg, M., Jenni, K., Nieman, T.L., Eash, J.D., and Knutsen, G.A., 2014, Decision analysis of mitigation and remediation of sedimentation within large wetland systems: a case study using Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1180, vi, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141180.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-054981","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141180.jpg"},{"id":293884,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1180/pdf/ofr2014-1180.pdf"},{"id":293862,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1180/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -98.0,47.0 ], [ -98.0,49.0 ], [ -94.0,49.0 ], [ -94.0,47.0 ], [ -98.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5419430ce4b091c7ffc8e50d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Post van der Burg, Max 0000-0002-3943-4194 maxpostvanderburg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3943-4194","contributorId":4947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post van der Burg","given":"Max","email":"maxpostvanderburg@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenni, Karen E.","contributorId":21256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenni","given":"Karen E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nieman, Timothy L.","contributorId":103967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nieman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eash, Josh D.","contributorId":100933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"Josh","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Knutsen, Gregory A.","contributorId":35247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knutsen","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70125283,"text":"cir1399 - 2014 - The 3D Elevation Program initiative: a call for action","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-06T13:22:38.621288","indexId":"cir1399","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-15T15:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1399","title":"The 3D Elevation Program initiative: a call for action","docAbstract":"The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative is accelerating the rate of three-dimensional (3D) elevation data collection in response to a call for action to address a wide range of urgent needs nationwide. It began in 2012 with the recommendation to collect (1) high-quality light detection and ranging (lidar) data for the conterminous United States (CONUS), Hawaii, and the U.S. territories and (2) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska. Specifications were created for collecting 3D elevation data, and the data management and delivery systems are being modernized. The National Elevation Dataset (NED) will be completely refreshed with new elevation data products and services. The call for action requires broad support from a large partnership community committed to the achievement of national 3D elevation data coverage. The initiative is being led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and includes many partners—Federal agencies and State, Tribal, and local governments—who will work together to build on existing programs to complete the national collection of 3D elevation data in 8 years. Private sector firms, under contract to the Government, will continue to collect the data and provide essential technology solutions for the Government to manage and deliver these data and services. The 3DEP governance structure includes (1) an executive forum established in May 2013 to have oversight functions and (2) a multiagency coordinating committee based upon the committee structure already in place under the National Digital Elevation Program (NDEP).
\nThe 3DEP initiative is based on the results of the National Enhanced Elevation Assessment (NEEA) that was funded by NDEP agencies and completed in 2011. The study, led by the USGS, identified more than 600 requirements for enhanced (3D) elevation data to address mission-critical information requirements of 34 Federal agencies, all 50 States, and a sample of private sector companies and Tribal and local governments.
\nAs proposed, the 3DEP effort would begin providing products and services to partners and the public in 2015. The strategy is to leverage funding from partners and to increase contributions from all sources so that the investment rises from the current level of approximately $50 million to $146 million annually. Because 3DEP depends on private sector mapping firms to collect data, jobs will be created as the funding increases. Additional jobs will result when the 3DEP data drive the implementation and development of applications, as documented in the NEEA study. At the full funding level, 3DEP could return more than $690 million annually in new benefits directly to the private sector and indirectly to citizens through improved government program services. When 3DEP data are widely available, further private sector and government innovations will follow for years to come.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/cir1399","usgsCitation":"Sugarbaker, L.J., Constance, E.W., Heidemann, H.K., Jason, A.L., Lukas, V., Saghy, D.L., and Stoker, J.M., 2014, The 3D Elevation Program initiative: a call for action: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1399, viii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1399.","productDescription":"viii, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293871,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1399/"},{"id":293869,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1399/pdf/circ1399.pdf"},{"id":293868,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/cir1399.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ],\n [\n -129.9462890625,\n 55.36662484928637\n ],\n [\n -130.1220703125,\n 56.145549500679074\n ],\n [\n -131.9677734375,\n 56.9449741808516\n ],\n [\n -135.3076171875,\n 59.833775202184206\n ],\n [\n -136.38427734375,\n 59.65664225341022\n ],\n [\n -136.6259765625,\n 59.23217626921806\n ],\n [\n -137.52685546875,\n 58.938673187948304\n ],\n [\n -137.65869140625,\n 59.33318942659219\n ],\n [\n -138.8232421875,\n 60.009970961180386\n ],\n [\n -139.21874999999997,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -139.04296875,\n 60.403001945865476\n ],\n [\n -139.85595703125,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -140.99853515625,\n 60.337823495982015\n ],\n [\n -141.15234374999997,\n 69.71810669906763\n ],\n [\n -143.4375,\n 70.17020068549206\n ],\n [\n -145.1953125,\n 70.08056215839737\n ],\n [\n -149.765625,\n 70.58341752317065\n ],\n [\n -152.40234375,\n 70.61261423801925\n ],\n [\n -152.314453125,\n 70.95969716686398\n ],\n [\n -157.1484375,\n 71.35706654962706\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 70.8734913192635\n ],\n [\n -162.0703125,\n 70.31873847853124\n ],\n [\n -163.916015625,\n 69.06856318696033\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.942606818121\n ],\n [\n -166.376953125,\n 68.26938680456564\n ],\n [\n -163.30078125,\n 66.86108230224609\n ],\n [\n -161.982421875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.08936427047088\n ],\n [\n -163.564453125,\n 66.6181218846659\n ],\n [\n -165.76171875,\n 66.40795547978848\n ],\n [\n -168.0908203125,\n 65.69447579373418\n ],\n [\n -166.55273437499997,\n 65.14611484756372\n ],\n [\n -166.904296875,\n 65.05360170595502\n ],\n [\n -166.3330078125,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n -162.861328125,\n 64.39693778132846\n ],\n [\n -160.927734375,\n 64.90491004905083\n ],\n [\n -161.0595703125,\n 64.47279382008166\n ],\n [\n -161.4990234375,\n 64.49172504435471\n ],\n [\n -160.8837890625,\n 63.87939001720202\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 63.470144746565424\n ],\n [\n -162.6416015625,\n 63.64625919492172\n ],\n [\n -163.212890625,\n 63.05495931065107\n ],\n [\n -164.2236328125,\n 63.37183226679281\n ],\n [\n -166.1572265625,\n 61.75233128411639\n ],\n [\n -165.3662109375,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n -167.431640625,\n 60.326947742998414\n ],\n [\n -167.255859375,\n 59.866883195210214\n ],\n [\n -165.8935546875,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n -162.68554687499997,\n 59.734253447591364\n ],\n [\n -162.3779296875,\n 60.174306261926034\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 59.46740794183739\n ],\n [\n -162.0263671875,\n 59.108308258604964\n ],\n [\n -161.806640625,\n 58.768200159239576\n ],\n [\n -162.20214843749997,\n 58.65408464530598\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 58.44773280389084\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 58.6769376725869\n ],\n [\n -159.08203125,\n 58.309488840677645\n ],\n [\n -156.88476562499997,\n 58.92733441827545\n ],\n [\n -157.5,\n 58.516651799363785\n ],\n [\n -157.8076171875,\n 57.61010702068388\n ],\n [\n -161.54296875,\n 56.022948079627454\n ],\n [\n -168.6181640625,\n 53.4357192066942\n ],\n [\n -174.9462890625,\n 52.26815737376817\n ],\n [\n -178.2421875,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -173.1884765625,\n 51.590722643120145\n ],\n [\n -162.5537109375,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -155.302734375,\n 55.52863052257191\n ],\n [\n -151.4794921875,\n 57.51582286553883\n ],\n [\n -146.9970703125,\n 60.08676274626006\n ],\n [\n -145.546875,\n 60.21799073323445\n ],\n [\n -144.228515625,\n 59.689926220143356\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -138.3837890625,\n 58.83649009392136\n ],\n [\n -135.6591796875,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -133.2421875,\n 54.521081495443596\n ],\n [\n -130.67138671875,\n 54.686534234529695\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ],\n [\n -67.67578124999999,\n 45.583289756006316\n ],\n [\n -67.939453125,\n 47.57652571374621\n ],\n [\n -69.2578125,\n 47.338822694822\n ],\n [\n -71.19140625,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 44.96479793033101\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 43.51668853502906\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 42.87596410238256\n ],\n [\n -82.68310546875,\n 41.65649719441145\n ],\n [\n -83.14453125,\n 42.049292638686836\n ],\n [\n -83.07861328125,\n 42.374778361114195\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 42.601619944327965\n ],\n [\n -82.24365234375,\n 43.6599240747891\n ],\n [\n -82.41943359375,\n 45.058001435398275\n ],\n [\n -83.60595703125,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -83.49609375,\n 46.027481852486645\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.164614496897094\n ],\n [\n -83.95751953125,\n 46.07323062540835\n ],\n [\n -84.24316406249999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.72656249999999,\n 46.558860303117164\n ],\n [\n -84.90234375,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.3408203125,\n 47.96050238891509\n ],\n [\n -90.76904296874999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 48.22467264956519\n ],\n [\n -91.51611328125,\n 48.10743118848039\n ],\n [\n -92.2412109375,\n 48.37084770238366\n ],\n [\n -92.39501953125,\n 48.23930899024907\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 48.61838518688487\n ],\n [\n -93.44970703125,\n 48.63290858589535\n ],\n [\n -94.7021484375,\n 48.748945343432936\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.23912083246698\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.396675075193976\n ],\n [\n -95.20751953125,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.99463598353405\n ],\n [\n -123.0908203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -123.24462890625,\n 48.66194284607006\n ],\n [\n -123.1787109375,\n 48.32703913063476\n ],\n [\n -124.78271484375,\n 48.472921272487824\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 44.15068115978094\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 42.69858589169842\n ],\n [\n -124.541015625,\n 41.22824901518529\n ],\n [\n -124.73876953125,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -124.03564453125,\n 39.35129035526705\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 38.8225909761771\n ],\n [\n -122.05810546875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -120.95947265624999,\n 34.88593094075317\n ],\n [\n -120.80566406250001,\n 34.08906131584994\n ],\n [\n -118.21289062499999,\n 32.2313896627376\n ],\n [\n -117.22412109375,\n 32.54681317351514\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.713355353177555\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.491230287947594\n ],\n [\n -110.98388671874999,\n 31.3348710339506\n ],\n [\n -108.21533203125,\n 31.297327991404266\n ],\n [\n -108.2373046875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -106.435546875,\n 31.765537409484374\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.600093873550072\n ],\n [\n -104.47998046875,\n 29.592565403314087\n ],\n [\n -103.20556640625,\n 28.94086176940557\n ],\n [\n -102.65625,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.3486328125,\n 29.84064389983441\n ],\n [\n -101.49169921875,\n 29.7453016622136\n ],\n [\n -100.83251953125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -100.30517578125,\n 28.246327971048842\n ],\n [\n -99.60205078124999,\n 27.586197857692664\n ],\n [\n -99.47021484375,\n 27.31321389856826\n ],\n [\n -99.228515625,\n 26.52956523826758\n ],\n [\n -98.2177734375,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -97.75634765625,\n 26.03704188651584\n ],\n [\n -97.44873046875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -97.20703125,\n 25.93828707492375\n ],\n [\n -96.8994140625,\n 26.194876675795218\n ],\n [\n -96.78955078125,\n 27.858503954841247\n ],\n [\n -93.75732421875,\n 29.420460341013133\n ],\n [\n -90.2197265625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -88.22021484375,\n 29.05616970274342\n ],\n [\n -87.91259765625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -86.5283203125,\n 30.183121842195515\n ],\n [\n -85.2978515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -84.13330078125,\n 29.80251790576445\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 28.555576049185973\n ],\n [\n -83.21044921875,\n 27.800209937418252\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 26.941659545381516\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 25.878994400196202\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 25.264568475331583\n ],\n [\n -82.28759765625,\n 24.467150664739002\n ],\n [\n -82.0458984375,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -80.6396484375,\n 24.56710835257599\n ],\n [\n -79.78271484375,\n 25.34402602913433\n ],\n [\n -79.60693359375,\n 27.27416111737468\n ],\n [\n -80.68359375,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -80.66162109375,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -76.81640625,\n 34.07086232376631\n ],\n [\n -75.16845703124999,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -75.498046875,\n 37.055177106660814\n ],\n [\n -73.58642578125,\n 39.90973623453719\n ],\n [\n -71.3671875,\n 40.84706035607122\n ],\n [\n -69.63134765625,\n 40.9964840143779\n ],\n [\n -70.0048828125,\n 42.342305278572816\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 42.89206418807337\n ],\n [\n -67.2802734375,\n 44.37098696297173\n ],\n [\n -67.0166015625,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.902577996288876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ],\n [\n -154.68749999999997,\n 19.642587534013032\n ],\n [\n -156.9287109375,\n 21.453068633086783\n ],\n [\n -159.521484375,\n 22.43134015636061\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 21.983801417384697\n ],\n [\n -159.9609375,\n 21.207458730482642\n ],\n [\n -158.291015625,\n 20.92039691397189\n ],\n [\n -156.97265625,\n 19.932041306115536\n ],\n [\n -155.9619140625,\n 18.8543103618898\n ],\n [\n -155.56640625,\n 18.771115062337024\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5417f187e4b09adda0ac198b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sugarbaker, Larry J. lsugarbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":3079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugarbaker","given":"Larry","email":"lsugarbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constance, Eric W. 0000-0001-9687-7066 econstance@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-7066","contributorId":2056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constance","given":"Eric","email":"econstance@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":404,"text":"NGTOC Rolla","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heidemann, Hans Karl 0000-0003-4306-359X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-359X","contributorId":30085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heidemann","given":"Hans","email":"","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jason, Allyson L. ajason@usgs.gov","contributorId":5754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jason","given":"Allyson","email":"ajason@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lukas, Vicki 0000-0002-3151-6689 vlukas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3151-6689","contributorId":2890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lukas","given":"Vicki","email":"vlukas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Saghy, David L. dsaghy@usgs.gov","contributorId":4465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saghy","given":"David","email":"dsaghy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stoker, Jason M. 0000-0003-2455-0931 jstoker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2455-0931","contributorId":3021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Jason","email":"jstoker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70128747,"text":"70128747 - 2014 - A synopsis of short-term response to alternative restoration treatments in sagebrush-steppe: the SageSTEP project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T10:37:14","indexId":"70128747","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-15T13:11:41","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A synopsis of short-term response to alternative restoration treatments in sagebrush-steppe: the SageSTEP project","docAbstract":"The Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) is an integrated long-term study that evaluates ecological effects of alternative treatments designed to reduce woody fuels and to stimulate the herbaceous understory of sagebrush steppe communities of the Intermountain West. This synopsis summarizes results through 3 yr posttreatment. Woody vegetation reduction by prescribed fire, mechanical treatments, or herbicides initiated a cascade of effects, beginning with increased availability of nitrogen and soil water, followed by increased growth of herbaceous vegetation. Response of butterflies and magnitudes of runoff and erosion closely followed herbaceous vegetation recovery. Effects on shrubs, biological soil crust, tree cover, surface woody fuel loads, and sagebrush-obligate bird communities will take longer to be fully expressed. In the short term, cool wet sites were more resilient than warm dry sites, and resistance was mostly dependent on pretreatment herbaceous cover. At least 10 yr of posttreatment time will likely be necessary to determine outcomes for most sites. Mechanical treatments did not serve as surrogates for prescribed fire in how each influenced the fuel bed, the soil, erosion, and sage-obligate bird communities. Woody vegetation reduction by any means resulted in increased availability of soil water, higher herbaceous cover, and greater butterfly numbers. We identified several trade-offs (desirable outcomes for some variables, undesirable for others), involving most components of the study system. Trade-offs are inevitable when managing complex natural systems, and they underline the importance of asking questions about the whole system when developing management objectives. Substantial spatial and temporal heterogeneity in sagebrush steppe ecosystems emphasizes the point that there will rarely be a “recipe” for choosing management actions on any specific area. Use of a consistent evaluation process linked to monitoring may be the best chance managers have for arresting woodland expansion and cheatgrass invasion that may accelerate in a future warming climate.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-14-00084.1","usgsCitation":"McIver, J., Brunson, M., Bunting, S., Chambers, J., Doescher, P., Grace, J., Hulet, A., Johnson, D., Knick, S.T., Miller, R., Pellant, M., Pierson, F., Pyke, D., Rau, B., Rollins, K., Roundy, B., Schupp, E., Tausch, R., and Williams, J., 2014, A synopsis of short-term response to alternative restoration treatments in sagebrush-steppe: the SageSTEP project: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 67, no. 5, p. 584-598, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-14-00084.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"598","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-058346","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-14-00084.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295299,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-14-00084.1"}],"volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b18e4b0fd76af69cee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIver, James","contributorId":43289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIver","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brunson, Mark","contributorId":65781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brunson","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bunting, Steve","contributorId":89821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunting","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne","contributorId":60141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doescher, Paul","contributorId":60973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doescher","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grace, James 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":64171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hulet, April","contributorId":56171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hulet","given":"April","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Johnson, Dale","contributorId":108422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Dale","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, Richard","contributorId":43697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Richard","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Pellant, Mike","contributorId":83856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellant","given":"Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pierson, Fred","contributorId":82630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierson","given":"Fred","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Pyke, David","contributorId":41767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rau, Benjamin","contributorId":69079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rau","given":"Benjamin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Rollins, Kim","contributorId":49292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rollins","given":"Kim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Roundy, Bruce","contributorId":62535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roundy","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schupp, Eugene","contributorId":84682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schupp","given":"Eugene","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Tausch, Robin","contributorId":43290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tausch","given":"Robin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Williams, Jason jason@usgs.gov","contributorId":3397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jason","email":"jason@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":503177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":70145284,"text":"70145284 - 2014 - U.S. Geological Survey 2013 assessment of undiscovered resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations of the U.S. Williston Basin Province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T09:42:29","indexId":"70145284","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-15T10:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Geological Survey 2013 assessment of undiscovered resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations of the U.S. Williston Basin Province","docAbstract":"The Upper Devonian Three Forks and Upper Devonian to Lower Mississippian Bakken Formations comprise a major United States continuous oil resource. Current exploitation of oil is from horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing of the Middle Member of the Bakken and upper Three Forks, with ongoing exploration of the lower Three Forks, and the Upper, Lower, and Pronghorn Members of the Bakken Formation. In 2008, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) estimated a mean of 3.65 billion bbl of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil resource within the Bakken Formation. The USGS recently reassessed the Bakken Formation, which included an assessment of the underlying Three Forks Formation. The Pronghorn Member of the Bakken Formation, where present, was included as part of the Three Forks assessment due to probable fluid communication between reservoirs. For the Bakken Formation, five continuous and one conventional assessment units (AUs) were defined. These AUs are modified from the 2008 AU boundaries to incorporate expanded geologic and production information. The Three Forks Formation was defined with one continuous and one conventional AU. Within the continuous AUs, optimal regions of hydrocarbon recovery, or “sweet spots,” were delineated and estimated ultimate recoveries were calculated for each continuous AU. Resulting undiscovered, technically recoverable resource estimates were 3.65 billion bbl for the five Bakken continuous oil AUs and 3.73 billion bbl for the Three Forks Continuous Oil AU, generating a total mean resource estimate of 7.38 billion bbl. The two conventional AUs are hypothetical and represent a negligible component of the total estimated resource (8 million barrels of oil).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/08131414051","usgsCitation":"Gaswirth, S., and Marra, K.R., 2014, U.S. Geological Survey 2013 assessment of undiscovered resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations of the U.S. Williston Basin Province: AAPG Bulletin, v. 99, no. 4, p. 639-660, https://doi.org/10.1306/08131414051.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"660","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055559","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299445,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":299404,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1306/08131414051"}],"volume":"99","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb8e4b027f0aee3d495","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaswirth, Stephanie B. 0000-0001-5821-6347 sgaswirth@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-6347","contributorId":140068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaswirth","given":"Stephanie B.","email":"sgaswirth@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marra, Kristen R. 0000-0001-8027-5255 kmarra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8027-5255","contributorId":4844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marra","given":"Kristen","email":"kmarra@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}