{"pageNumber":"1285","pageRowStart":"32100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":23770,"text":"ofr96410 - 1996 - Ground-water-quality data for the land application of sewage sludge at a site near Denver, Colorado, 1988-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr96410","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-410","title":"Ground-water-quality data for the land application of sewage sludge at a site near Denver, Colorado, 1988-93","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96410","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Lull, K., and Gaggiani, N., 1996, Ground-water-quality data for the land application of sewage sludge at a site near Denver, Colorado, 1988-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-410, iii, 164 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96410.","productDescription":"iii, 164 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156106,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52997,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0410/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52998,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a95e4b07f02db65a0b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lull, K.J.","contributorId":19591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lull","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaggiani, N. G.","contributorId":95890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaggiani","given":"N. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22929,"text":"ofr96399 - 1996 - Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr96399","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-399","title":"Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota","docAbstract":"This report presents water-level, water-quality, and spring data that have been collected or compiled, through water year 1994, for the Black Hills Hydrology Study. This study is a long-term cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey, the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the West Dakota Water Development District (which represents various local and county cooperators). This report is the second in a series of biennial project data reports produced for the study. Daily water-level data are presented for 39 observation wells and 2 cave sites in the Black Hills area of western South Dakota. The wells are part of a network of observation wells maintained by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources and are completed in various bedrock formations that are utilized as aquifers in the Black Hills area. Both cave sites are located within outcrops of the Madison Limestone. Data presented include site descriptions, hydrographs, and tables of daily water levels. Annual measurements of water levels collected during water years 1993-94 from a network of 20 additional, miscellaneous wells are presented. These wells are part of a Statewide network of wells completed in bedrock aquifers that was operated from 1959 through 1989 in cooperation with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Site descriptions and hydrographs for the entire period of record for each site also are presented. Drawdown and recovery data are presented for five wells that were pumped (or flowed) for collection of water-quality samples. These wells are part of the network of observation wells for which daily water-level records are compiled. Water-quality data are presented for 20 surface-water sites and 22 ground-water sites. Data presented include field parameters, bacteria counts, and concentrations of common ions, solids, nutrients, trace elements, radiometrics and isotopes, cyanide, phenols, and suspended sediment. Spring data are presented for 94 springs and 21 stream reaches with significant springflow components. Data presented include site information, discharge, and field water-quality parameters including temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and pH.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96399","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, D., Bradford, W., and Neitzert, K., 1996, Selected hydrologic data, through water year 1994, Black Hills Hydrology Study, South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-399, v, 162 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96399.","productDescription":"v, 162 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0399/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52332,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0399/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e30a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, D.G.","contributorId":27081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradford, W.L.","contributorId":70789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradford","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Neitzert, K.M.","contributorId":62613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neitzert","given":"K.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21696,"text":"ofr96393 - 1996 - Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-05T14:18:48","indexId":"ofr96393","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-393","title":"Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993","docAbstract":"This data set consists of digital aquifer boundaries for the High Plains aquifer in the central United States. The High Plains aquifer extends from south of 32 degrees to almost 45 degrees north latitude and from 96 degrees 30 minutes to almost 104 degrees west longitude. The area covers 174,000 square miles and is present in Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.\r\nThis digital data set was created by digitizing the aquifer boundaries from a 1:1,000,000 base map created by the High Plains RASA project (Gutentag and others, 1984).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96393","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Scribner, E., Goolsby, D.A., Thurman, E., Meyer, M.T., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Concentrations of selected herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nutrients in outflow from selected midwestern reservoirs, April 1992 through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-393, iv, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96393.","productDescription":"iv, 128 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51232,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0393/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152903,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0393/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-104.057698,44.997431],[-104.043814,45.868385],[-103.668479,45.945242],[-96.571871,45.871846],[-96.82616,45.654164],[-96.452315,45.208986],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.591213,43.500514],[-96.439335,43.113916],[-96.630311,42.770885],[-96.396107,42.484095],[-96.272901,42.047281],[-96.129186,41.965136],[-96.081843,41.580407],[-95.850188,41.184798],[-95.885349,40.721093],[-95.41932,40.048442],[-94.916918,39.836138],[-95.113077,39.559133],[-94.615834,39.160003],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.431822,35.397652],[-94.485528,33.663388],[-94.386086,33.544923],[-94.070395,33.574561],[-94.0427,32.056012],[-93.523248,31.037842],[-93.765822,30.333318],[-93.702436,30.112721],[-93.922744,29.818808],[-93.852868,29.675885],[-94.731047,29.369141],[-94.532348,29.5178],[-94.767246,29.525523],[-94.724616,29.774766],[-94.965963,29.70033],[-94.894234,29.338],[-95.16525,29.113566],[-94.73132,29.338066],[-94.803695,29.279237],[-96.341617,28.417334],[-95.983106,28.641942],[-96.221784,28.580364],[-96.287942,28.683164],[-96.473694,28.57324],[-96.664534,28.696904],[-96.481836,28.407844],[-96.790235,28.383926],[-96.898123,28.152881],[-97.21535,28.076575],[-97.040618,28.028708],[-97.183455,27.833231],[-97.354614,27.849572],[-97.296598,27.613947],[-97.399398,27.344735],[-97.640111,27.270943],[-97.485149,27.250841],[-97.552325,26.867633],[-97.145567,25.971132],[-97.36542,25.849826],[-99.110855,26.426278],[-99.452316,27.062669],[-99.556812,27.614336],[-99.841708,27.766464],[-100.280518,28.267969],[-100.785521,29.228137],[-101.441059,29.753451],[-102.341033,29.869305],[-102.698347,29.695591],[-102.944911,29.18882],[-103.227801,28.991532],[-104.46652,29.609296],[-104.924796,30.604832],[-106.158218,31.438885],[-106.381039,31.73211],[-108.208394,31.783599],[-108.208573,31.333395],[-109.050044,31.332502],[-109.050076,41.000659],[-111.046723,40.997959],[-111.055199,45.001321],[-104.057698,44.997431]]],[[[-97.240849,26.411504],[-97.383531,26.875521],[-97.366771,27.333276],[-96.946988,28.026522],[-96.403206,28.371475],[-96.929053,27.99044],[-97.276091,27.472145],[-97.370731,26.909706],[-97.161471,26.088705],[-97.240849,26.411504]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Colorado\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scribner, E.A.","contributorId":50925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":24567,"text":"ofr96463 - 1996 - Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-26T21:20:29.73604","indexId":"ofr96463","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-463","title":"Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data at a U.S. Coast Guard Support Center on Kodiak Island, Alaska, were collected from 1987 though 1989 to determine hydrologic conditions and if contamination of soils, ground water, or surface water has occurred. This report summarizes the surface-water-discharge data collected during the study and estimates peak, average, and low-flow values for Buskin River near its mouth. Water-discharge measurements were made at least once at 48 sites on streams in or near the Center. Discharges were measured in the Buskin River near its mouth five times during 1987-89 and ranged from 27 to 367 cubic feet per second. Tributaries of Buskin River below Buskin Lake that had discharges greater than 1 cubic foot per second include Bear Creek, Alder Creek, Magazine Creek, Devils Creek and an outlet from Lake Louise. Streams having flows generally greater than 0.1 cubic foot per second but less than 1 cubic foot per second include an unnamed tributary to Buskin River, an unnamed tributary to Lake Catherine and a drainage channel at Kodiak airport. Most other streams flowing into Buskin River, and all streams on Nyman Peninsula, usually had little or no flow except during periods of rainfall or snowmelt. During a low-flow period in February 1989, discharge measurements in Buskin River and its tributaries indicate that three reaches of Buskin River below Buskin Lake lost water to the ground-water system, whereas two reaches gained water; the net gain in streamflow attributed to ground-water inflow at a location near the mouth was estimated to be 2.2 cubic feet per second. The 100-year peak flow for Buskin River near its mouth was estimated to be 4,460 cubic feet per second. Average discharge was estimated to be 125 cubic feet per second and the 7-day 10-year low flow was estimated to be 5.8 cubic feet per second.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96463","usgsCitation":"Solin, G., 1996, Overview of surface-water resources at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak, Alaska, 1987-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-463, Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.22 × 32.04 inches and 33.01 × 32.90 inchies, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96463.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 18 p.; 2 Plates: 32.22 × 32.04 inches and 33.01 × 32.90 inchies","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":53616,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53615,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53614,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155063,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0463/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":407369,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19170.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Kodiak","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -152.55065917968747,\n              57.72028585677205\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.43942260742188,\n              57.72028585677205\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.43942260742188,\n              57.7920887227692\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.55065917968747,\n              57.7920887227692\n            ],\n            [\n              -152.55065917968747,\n              57.72028585677205\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689b70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Solin, G. L.","contributorId":106132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Solin","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24376,"text":"ofr96544 - 1996 - Pliocene planktic foraminifer census data from DSDP Site 592, Southwest Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr96544","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-544","title":"Pliocene planktic foraminifer census data from DSDP Site 592, Southwest Pacific Ocean","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96544","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, M.M., and Dowsett, H.J., 1996, Pliocene planktic foraminifer census data from DSDP Site 592, Southwest Pacific Ocean: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-544, 4 leaves :map ;28 cm.; 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96544.","productDescription":"4 leaves :map ;28 cm.; 6 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156296,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0544/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53472,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0544/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, Marci M. 0000-0002-9200-4097 mmrobinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9200-4097","contributorId":2082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Marci","email":"mmrobinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowsett, Harry J. 0000-0003-1983-7524 hdowsett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1983-7524","contributorId":949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowsett","given":"Harry","email":"hdowsett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23089,"text":"ofr94358 - 1996 - Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method for the determination of dissolved trace elements in natural water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:53:31","indexId":"ofr94358","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-358","title":"Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method for the determination of dissolved trace elements in natural water","docAbstract":"An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of dissolved Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn in natural waters. Detection limits are generally in the 50-100 picogram per milliliter (pg/mL) range, with the exception of As which is in the 1 microgram per liter (ug/L) range. Interferences associated with spectral overlap from concomitant isotopes or molecular ions and sample matrix composition have been identified. Procedures for interference correction and reduction related to isotope selection, instrumental operating conditions, and mathematical data processing techniques are described. Internal standards are used to minimize instrumental drift. The average analytical precision attainable for 5 times the detection limit is about 16 percent. The accuracy of the method was tested using\r\na series of U.S. Geological Survey Standard Reference Water Standards (SWRS), National Research Council Canada Riverine Water Standard, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Trace Elements in Water Standards. Average accuracies range from 90 to 110 percent of the published mean values.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94358","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Garbarino, J., and Taylor, H.E., 1996, Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method for the determination of dissolved trace elements in natural water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-358, v, 49 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94358.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157062,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":8229,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":18,"text":"Project Site"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8228,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/SW_inorganic/download/MSMethod.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52459,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eef2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garbarino, J.R.","contributorId":76326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garbarino","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":189413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23958,"text":"ofr9487 - 1996 - Ground-water resources data for Warren County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-20T10:06:53","indexId":"ofr9487","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-87","title":"Ground-water resources data for Warren County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report presents lithologic, hydrologic, and chemical data collected during a study of the ground-water resources of Warren County, Pa. The study was conducted during 1983-90 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, and the Warren County Commissioners. The data include information on aquifers, water levels, and yields for about 600 wells, and records for 57 springs. Descriptions of aquifer lithology and chemical analyses of water samples collected at well and spring sites are provided. Chemical analyses include major cations, anions, nutrients, and selected trace elements. Also included are data on concentrations of volatile organic compounds, dissolved methane, ethane, propane, and total organic carbon. The report presents a summary of the source and significance of selected chemical constituents in ground water, a listing of Federal drinking water standards, and information on selected methods of removing or reducing concentrations of undesirable chemical constituents from water. Daily ground- water levels for five observation wells are tabulated. Maps of Warren County show the location of townships, boroughs, and 7-1/2-minute quadrangles. Data-collection sites are shown on 18 figures. A glossary is provided for readers unfamiliar with ground-water terminology.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9487","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Moore, M., and Buckwalter, T.F., 1996, Ground-water resources data for Warren County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-87, v, 94 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9487.","productDescription":"v, 94 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154934,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, M.E.","contributorId":16445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buckwalter, T. F.","contributorId":58671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckwalter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23577,"text":"ofr96533 - 1996 - Interpretation of reconnaissance geochemical data from the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, northwest Nevada and northeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr96533","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-533","title":"Interpretation of reconnaissance geochemical data from the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, northwest Nevada and northeast California","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96533","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., 1996, Interpretation of reconnaissance geochemical data from the Bureau of Land Management's Winnemucca District and Surprise Resource Area, northwest Nevada and northeast California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-533, 36 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 envelope (10 folded maps), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96533.","productDescription":"36 p. :ill. ;28 cm. +1 envelope (10 folded maps)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155738,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52861,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52862,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52863,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52864,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52865,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52866,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52867,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52868,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52869,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52870,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52871,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0533/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dae4b07f02db5e02ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, H. D.","contributorId":89113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32018,"text":"ofr96542B - 1996 - Geochemical data from Colombia; Part B, Data printout of analytical data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T17:49:08","indexId":"ofr96542B","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-542","chapter":"B","title":"Geochemical data from Colombia; Part B, Data printout of analytical data","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96542B","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., 1996, Geochemical data from Colombia; Part B, Data printout of analytical data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-542, 421 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96542B.","productDescription":"421 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0542b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60176,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0542b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3cb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Oland, Gustav P.","contributorId":73247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oland","given":"Gustav P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745417,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32017,"text":"ofr96542A - 1996 - Geochemical data from Colombia; Part A, General discussion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T17:50:05","indexId":"ofr96542A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-542","chapter":"A","title":"Geochemical data from Colombia; Part A, General discussion","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96542A","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., 1996, Geochemical data from Colombia; Part A, General discussion: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-542, 13 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96542A.","productDescription":"13 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0542a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60175,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0542a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae3af","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Oland, Gustav P.","contributorId":73247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oland","given":"Gustav P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25781,"text":"wri964142 - 1996 - Streambed stresses and flow around bridge piers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:50:24.564815","indexId":"wri964142","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4142","title":"Streambed stresses and flow around bridge piers","docAbstract":"<div class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"7\" data-loaded=\"true\"><div class=\"textLayer\"><span>Scour of streambed material around bridge </span><span>foundations by floodwaters is the leading cause of </span><span>catastrophic bridge failure in the United States. </span><span>The potential for scour and the stability of riprap </span><span>used to protect the streambed from scour during </span><span>extreme flood events must be known to evaluate </span><span>the likelihood of bridge failure. A parameter used </span><span>in estimating the potential for scour and removal </span><span>of riprap protection is the time-averaged shear </span><span>stress on the streambed often referred to as </span><span>boundary stress. Bridge components, such as </span><span>bridge piers and abutments, obstruct flow and </span><span>induce strong vortex systems that create streambed </span><span>or boundary stresses significantly higher than </span><span>those in unobstructed flow. These locally high </span><span>stresses can erode the streambed around pier and </span><span>abutment foundations to the extent that the </span><span>foundation is undermined, resulting in settlement </span><span>or collapse of bridge spans. </span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span>The purpose of this study was to estimate </span><span>streambed stresses at a bridge pier under full-scale </span><span>flow conditions and to compare these stresses with </span><span>those obtained previously in small-scale model </span><span>studies. Two-dimensional velocity data were </span><span>collected for three flow conditions around a bridge </span><span>pier at the Kentucky State Highway 417 bridge </span><span>over the Green River at Greensburg in Green </span><span>County, Ky. Velocity vector plots and the </span><span>horizontal component of streambed stress contour </span><span>plots were developed from the velocity data. The </span><span>streambed stress contours were developed using </span><span>both a near-bed velocity and velocity gradient </span><span>method. </span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span>Maximum near-bed velocities measured at </span><span>the pier for the three flow conditions were 1.5, 1.6, </span><span>and 2.0 times the average near-bed velocities </span><span>measured in the upstream approach flow. </span><span>Maximum streambed stresses for the three flow </span><span>conditions were determined to be 10, 15, and 36 </span><span>times the streambed stresses of the upstream </span><span>approach flow. Both the near-bed velocity </span><span>measurements and approximate maximum </span><span>streambed stresses at the full-scale pier were </span><span>consistent with those observed in experiments </span><span>using small-scale models in which similar data </span><span>were collected, except for a single observation of </span><span>the near-bed velocity data and the corresponding </span><span>streambed stress determination. The location of </span><span>the maximum streambed stress was immediately </span><span>downstream of a 90 degree radial of the upstream </span><span>cylinder (with the center of the upstream cylinder </span><span>being the origin) for the three flow conditions. </span><span>This location was close to the flow wake </span><span>separation point at the upstream cylinder. Other </span><span>researchers have observed the maximum </span><span>streambed stress around circular cylinders at this </span><span>location or at a location immediately upstream of </span><span>the wake separation point. </span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></span></div><div class=\"textLayer\"><span>Although the magnitudes of the estimated </span><span>streambed stresses measured at the full-scale pier </span><span>were consistent with those measured in small-</span><span>scale model studies, the stress distributions were </span><span>significantly different than those measured in </span><span>small-scale models. The most significant </span><span>discrepancies between stress contours developed </span><span>in this study and those developed in the small-</span><span>scale studies for flow around cylindrical piers on a </span>flat streambed were associated with the shape of the stress contours. The extent of the high stress region of the streambed around the full-scale pier was substantially larger than the diameter of the upstream cylinder, while small-scale models had small regions compared to the diameter of the model cylinders. In addition, considerable asymmetry in the stress contours was observed. The large region of high stress and asymmetry was attributed to several factors including (1) the geometry of the full-scale pier, (2) the non-planar topography of the streambed, (3) the 20 degree skew of the pier to the approaching flow, and (4) the non-uniformity of the approach flow. </div><div class=\"textLayer\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"textLayer\">The extent of effect of the pier on streambed stresses was found to be larger for the full-scale site than for model studies. The results from the model studies indicated that the streambed stresses created by the obstruction of flow by the 3-foot wide pier extended laterally, away from the pier face, approximately 3 times the pier width. The effect of the pier was approximately 8 times the width of the pier for the full-scale pier in this study. This large area of effect may be attributed in part to the 20 degree skew of the approach flow to the pier that was present for the three flow conditions. </div><div class=\"textLayer\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div><div class=\"textLayer\">A significant finding from the velocity measurements was the lack of a steady horseshoe vortex system at the upstream face of the pier. The horseshoe vortex system that normally forms upstream of piers is purported to be the primary cause of local scour. An explanation for the absence of the vortex is that the non-planar topography of the streambed around the base of the upstream end of the pier produced high values of bed roughness, and therefore disrupted formation of the vortex. Model studies that have been conducted with material mounded in front of the pier have shown that even a smooth mound can prevent horseshoe vortex formation.</div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964142","usgsCitation":"Parola, A., Ruhl, K., Hagerty, D., Brown, B., Ford, D., and Korves, A., 1996, Streambed stresses and flow around bridge piers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4142, iv, 128 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964142.","productDescription":"iv, 128 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":382721,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545793","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parola, A.C.","contributorId":93529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parola","given":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhl, K.J.","contributorId":35322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hagerty, D.J.","contributorId":45346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagerty","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, B.M.","contributorId":93942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ford, D.L.","contributorId":89931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Korves, A.A.","contributorId":41863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korves","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":21888,"text":"ofr96481 - 1996 - Index of stations: Surface-water data-collection network of Texas, September 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T19:18:53.365147","indexId":"ofr96481","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-481","title":"Index of stations: Surface-water data-collection network of Texas, September 1995","docAbstract":"<p>As of September 30, 1995, the surface-water data-collection network of Texas (table 1) included 305 continuous-recording streamflow stations (D), 28 gageheight record only stations (G), 23 crest-stage partialrecord stations (C), 42 flood-hydrograph partial-record stations (H), 33 low-flow partial-record stations (L), 19 continuous-recording temperature and conductivity stations (M2), 5 continuous-recording temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen stations (M3), 17 continuous-recording temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and pH stations (M4), 6 daily chemicalquality stations (Q), 143 periodic chemical-quality stations (Qp), 20 reservoir/lake surveys for water quality (Qs), and 64 continuous or daily reservoir-content stations (R). Plate 1 identifies the major river basins in Texas and shows the location of the stations listed in table 1.</p>\n<p>Table 1 shows the station number and name, latitude and longitude, type of station, and the office responsible for the collection of the data and the record. An 8-digit permanent numerical designation for all gaging stations has been adopted on a nationwide basis; stations are numbered and listed in downstream order. In the downstream direction along the main stem, all stations on a tributary entering between two main-stem stations are listed between them. A similar order is followed in listing stations by first rank, second rank, and other ranks of tributaries. The rank of any tributary with respect to the stream to which it is an immediate&nbsp;tributary is indicated by an indention in the table. Each indention represents one rank. This downstream order and system of indention shows which gaging stations are on tributaries between any two stations on a main stem and the rank of the tributary on which each gaging station is situated.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96481","usgsCitation":"1996, Index of stations: Surface-water data-collection network of Texas, September 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-481, Report: iii, 17 p.; 1 Plate: 35.92 x 36.56 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96481.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 17 p.; 1 Plate: 35.92 x 36.56 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51376,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0481/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":410376,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18627.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":153084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0481/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51377,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0481/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United 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C.","contributorId":81116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gandara","given":"S. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662907,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, R. E.","contributorId":92997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":662908,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25869,"text":"wri954217 - 1996 - Geohydrologic site characterization of the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T21:15:01.036973","indexId":"wri954217","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4217","title":"Geohydrologic site characterization of the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Geohydrologic conditions of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility (MSWLF) on the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas, were evaluated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Army. The 106.03-acre MSWLF has been in operation since January 1974. The landfill contains household refuse, Post solid wastes, bulky items, grass and tree trimmings from family housing, refuse from litter cans, construction debris, classified waste (dry), dead animals, asbestos, and empty oil cans. </p><p>The MSWLF, located about 1,200 feet east of the nearest occupied structure, is estimated to receive an average of approximately 56 tons of municipal solid waste per day and, at a fill rate of 1-4 acres per year, is expected to reach its capacity by the year 2004. The MSWLF is located in the Hueco Bolson, 4 miles east of the Franklin Mountains. Elevations at the MSWLF range from 3,907 to 3,937 feet above sea level. The climate at the MSWLF and vicinity is arid continental, characterized by an abundance of sunny days, high summer temperatures, relatively cool winters typical of arid areas, scanty rainfall, and very low humidity throughout the year. Average annual temperature near the MSWLF and vicinity is 63.3 degrees Fahrenheit and annual precipitation is 7.8 inches. Potential evaporation in the El Paso area was estimated to be 65 inches per year. Soils at and adjacent to the MSWLF are nearly level to gently sloping, have a fine sandy loam subsoil, and are moderately deep over caliche. </p><p>The MSWLF is underlain by Hueco Bolson deposits of Tertiary age and typically are composed of unconsolidated to slightly consolidated interbedded sands, clay, silt, gravel, and caliche. Individual beds are not well defined and range in thickness from a fraction of an inch to about 100 feet. The primary source of ground water in the MSWLF area is in the deposits of the Hueco Bolson. A relatively thick vadose zone of approximately 300 feet overlies the aquifer of the Hueco Bolson deposits in the vicinity of the MSWLF. A deep water table prevails for all of the study area. Whether any perched water zones exist below the MSWLF is unknown. Under current conditions, extensive ground-water development by the City of El Paso encompasses the MSWLF. Hydraulic characteristics of the Hueco Bolson vary significantly as a result of the nonuniform nature of the individual beds. Wells in the vicinity of the MSWLF range in depth from about 600 feet to greater than 1,200 feet. Recharge resulting from direct infiltration of precipitation is minor due to the high evaporation and low precipitation rates. The hydraulic gradient in the vicinity of the MSWLF is generally to the south but may vary due to pumpage of a well located on the northeast corner of the perimeter boundary. Ground-water monitoring data for the MSWLF vicinity show a water-level decline of 55.65 feet from November 1958 to December 1987. Depth to water at the northeast corner of the MSWLF as of July 26, 1994, was 325.8 feet below land surface. </p><p>The city-operated Shearman Well Field, located north of the MSWLF, is a primary source of ground water for the City of El Paso. The test-pumping rate of well JL-49-05-914 (the well nearest to the MSWLF having test-pumping data) was 1,972 gallons per minute on July 20, 1992; the static water level prior to pumping was 317.54 feet below land surface. El Paso Water Utilities reports that the pumping level after 8 hours of pumping was 367.80 feet below land surface, resulting in a drawdown of 50.26 feet, transmissivity of 22,200 feet squared per day (166,000 gallons per day per foot), and specific capacity of 39.2 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. After the well was shut off, the well recovered to a static water level of 317.46 feet below land surface on July 21, 1992. </p><p>Ground water in the El Paso area is chemically suitable for most uses. El Paso Water Utilities reports that concentrations of dissolved solids in the vicinity of the MSWLF generally range from 297 to 625 milligrams per liter (wells JL-49-05-904 and JL-49-05-915, respectively).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954217","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center, and Fort Bliss","usgsCitation":"Abeyta, C.G., 1996, Geohydrologic site characterization of the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4217, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954217.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424453,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48305.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54622,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4217/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":119121,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4217/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","county":"El Paso County","otherGeospatial":"Fort Bliss","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.3972,\n              31.8847\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3972,\n              31.8764\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3883,\n              31.8764\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3883,\n              31.8847\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.3972,\n              31.8847\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8de2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abeyta, Cynthia G.","contributorId":52187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abeyta","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27430,"text":"wri964046 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-20T10:26:30","indexId":"wri964046","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4046","title":"Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Edwards aquifer in the San Antonio region supplies drinking water for more than 1 million people. Proper development and protection of the aquifer is a high priority for local and State authorities. To better understand the flow of water in two major flowpaths in the Edwards aquifer, stratigraphic, structural, hydrologic, and geochemical data were analyzed. The western Medina flowpath is in parts of Uvalde, Medina, and Bexar Counties, and the eastern flowpath is in northern Bexar and central Comal Counties. </p><p>A major hydrogeologic factor that affects the pattern of flow in the Edwards aquifer is the spatial and temporal distribution of recharge. Other hydrogeologic factors that affect flowpaths include internal boundaries and the location and rate of spring discharge. The relative displacement of faults and the high permeability layers have substantial control on the discharge at springs and on the flowpaths in the Edwards aquifer. </p><p>Analysis of the estimated recharge to the Edwards aquifer during 1982 89 indicated that during years of substantial precipitation, a large part of the net recharge probably is diffuse infiltration of precipitation over large parts of the recharge area. During years with below-normal precipitation, most recharge is leakage from rivers and streams that drain the catchment subbasins. </p><p>In the western Medina flowpath, concentrations of major ions indicate saturation of calcite and undersaturation of dolomite the two minerals that constitute most of the Edwards aquifer matrix. Concentrations of dissolved calcium, alkalinity, and dissolved chloride in the eastern flowpath are greater than those in the western Medina flowpath. These upward trends in concentrations might result in part from: (1) increased development in the recharge area, (2) mineralized effluent from developed areas, or (3) increased dissolution of aquifer material. </p><p>Tritium data from wells sampled in and near the western Medina flowpath indicate no vertical stratification of flow. Tritium concentrations in the recharge area of the western Medina flowpath are smaller than would be expected from previous studies and for the amount of recharge the area presumably received since 1952. </p><p>Stable-isotopic data indicate that the water in the Edwards aquifer is meteoric and, except in one known area, has not been subjected to substantial evaporation or other isotope-fractionating processes. Evaporation of water from Medina Lake results in a heavier stable-isotopic ratio in lake water, which subsequently recharges the Edwards aquifer. The stable-isotopic data indicate that lake water does not enter either of the two flowpaths. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri964046","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Groschen, G.E., 1996, Hydrogeologic factors that affect the flowpath of water in selected zones of the Edwards Aquifer, San Antonio region, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4046, Report: vi, 73 p.; 3 Plates: 25.00 x 17.82 inches or less, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964046.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 73 p.; 3 Plates: 25.00 x 17.82 inches or less","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360603,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360604,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":360605,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4046/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4fe4b07f02db628749","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groschen, George E.","contributorId":99132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groschen","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27703,"text":"wri964062 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic setting and simulation of pesticide fate and transport in the unsaturated zone of a regolith-mantled, carbonate-rock terrain near Newville, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T11:16:37","indexId":"wri964062","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4062","title":"Hydrogeologic setting and simulation of pesticide fate and transport in the unsaturated zone of a regolith-mantled, carbonate-rock terrain near Newville, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical data were collected from May 1991 through April 1993 at a 4.5 hectare field site in Cumberland County, Pa., about 5 kilometers southeast of Newville. These data were used to define the hydrogeologic setting of a field site representative of the intensively farmed carbonate valleys of southeastern and south-central Pennsylvania. The environmental processing of commonly used pesticides (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) in the unsaturated zone was simulated with a process- oriented digital model to evaluate the environmental fate and transport of pesticides to ground water. Site data and modelling results provide a basis for a discussion of water-quality implications of agricultural best-management practices. The carbonate valleys of Pennsylvania comprise regolith-mantled carbonate-rock terrains that consist of broad undulating upland areas dissected by mostly dry valleys and widely spaced spring-fed creeks. The upland areas are farmed and exhibit possess a doline karst topography with many closed depressions, sinkholes, and bedrock outcrops. Unsaturated materials at the field site consist of an almost continuous soil cover composed of fine-grained residuum underlain by an intermediate vadose zone composed of karstified limestone. Soils are absent on scattered bedrock outcrops and are more than 12 meters thick in other areas of the site. The soil profile stores appreciable quantities of water with a volumetric average of about 36 percent water at field capacity. Organic carbon content of soil materials is about 1.7 percent in the Ap-horizon and from 0.1 to 0.3 percent throughout the full thickness of the B- and C-horizons. Atrazine, metolachlor, simazine, and the atrazine soil metabolites deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine were detected at concentrations above 0.05 mg/L in just the upper 0.6 meters of soil materials. However, detectable concentrations of atrazine, simazine, and atrazine soil metabolites were measured in water samples from lysimeters installed in soil materials at depths of 1.2, 2.1, and 3.7 meters and from monitor wells completed in the saturated zone to depths of 122 meters. Data collected from the field site were used to configure a pesticide screening model based on the pesticide version of the leaching estimation and chemistry model (LEACHP) developed by Wagenet and Hutson (1987). Model simulations show that most field-applied pesticides volatilize to the atmosphere, accumulate in soils, degrade in the subsurface environment, or leach to ground water. Model results were used to rank the leaching potentials of 66 pesticides. Eighteen of 32 herbicides, 4 of 9 fungicides, and 10 of 25 insecticides have moderate to large potential for leaching to ground water. A review of available pesticide monitoring data suggests that many compounds given moderate or high leaching potentials have not been tested for in ground water and the presence of pesticides in Pennsylvania's ground water may be underreported. Monitoring data do not exist for more than two-thirds of the pesticide compounds currently used in agricultural, carbonate areas of Pennsylvania. Knowledge of processes that govern fate and transport of pesticides is needed to facilitate development of effective pesticide best-management practices. In addition to comprehensive monitoring for pesticides and pesticide degradation products in ground water downgradient of areas of pesticide use, improved (1) characterization of unsaturated flow and transport through regolith mantled carbonate rocks, (2) estimates of pesticide degradation rates, (3) understanding of soil-property controls on pesticide movement, and (4) management models developed from process-oriented research would aid in understanding the processes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964062","usgsCitation":"Hippe, D., and Hall, D.W., 1996, Hydrogeologic setting and simulation of pesticide fate and transport in the unsaturated zone of a regolith-mantled, carbonate-rock terrain near Newville, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4062, vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964062.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db62793f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hippe, D. J.","contributorId":83951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hippe","given":"D. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26081,"text":"wri964063 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems in Sarasota and adjacent counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:27","indexId":"wri964063","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4063","title":"Hydrogeology of the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems in Sarasota and adjacent counties, Florida","docAbstract":"From 1991 to 1995, the hydrogeology of the surficial aquifer system and the major permeable zones and confining units of the intermediate aquifer system in southwest Florida was studied. The study area is a 1,400-square-mile area that includes Sarasota County and parts of Manatee, De Soto, Charlotte, and Lee Counties. Lithologic, geophysical, hydraulic property, and water-level data were used to correlate the hydrogeology and map the extent of the aquifer systems. Water chemistry was evaluated in southwest Sarasota County to determine salinity of the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems. The surficial aquifer is an unconfined aquifer system that overlies the intermediate aquifer system and ranges from a few feet to over 60 feet in thickness in the study area. Hydraulic properties of the surficial aquifer system determined from aquifer and laboratory tests, and model simulations vary considerably across the study area. The intermediate aquifer system, a confined aquifer system that lies between the surficial and the Upper Floridan aquifers, is composed of alternating confining units and permeable zones. The intermediate aquifer system has three major permeable zones that exhibit a wide range of hydraulic properties. Horizontal flow in the intermediate aquifer system is northeast to southwest. Most of the study area is in a discharge area of the intermediate aquifer system. Water ranges naturally from fresh in the surficial aquifer system and upper permeable zones of the intermediate aquifer system to moderately saline in the lower permeable zone. Water-quality data collected in coastal southwest Sarasota County indicate that ground-water withdrawals from major pumping centers have resulted in lateral seawater intrusion and upconing into the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964063","usgsCitation":"Barr, G., 1996, Hydrogeology of the surficial and intermediate aquifer systems in Sarasota and adjacent counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4063, vi, 81 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964063.","productDescription":"vi, 81 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2049,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964063","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4063.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f64f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barr, G. L.","contributorId":22312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barr","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26119,"text":"wri954225 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulated ground-water flow through the unconsolidated aquifers of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-06T12:02:57","indexId":"wri954225","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4225","title":"Hydrogeology and simulated ground-water flow through the unconsolidated aquifers of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey investigated ground-water resources of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana, during 1990-93. The investigation included field measurements of water levels and numerical models of ground-water flow. This report documents results of that work and includes descriptions of (1) hydrogeologic framework, (2) water levels, (3) model sensitivity to variations in hydrogeologic parameters, (4) simulated aquifer response to increased ground-water withdrawals, (5) recharge areas for significant water- withdrawal facilities, (6) flow paths and discharge points for ground-water solutes originating beneath known contamination sites. Water-level data indicated (1) regional ground- water flow towards the St. Joseph River, (2) depth to water is small in the St. Joseph aquifer system compared to that in the Hilltop and Nappanee aquifer systems, (3) water levels in deep and shallow parts of the aquifer system are not equal where a confining unit is present. Model results indicate increasing withdrawals by 50 percent at significant water-withdrawal facilities would cause drawdowns less than 6 feet in the 1/4-square-mile area surrounding pumping sites. The response of Juday Creek and the St. Joseph River to increased ground-water pumpage is reductions of ground-water contribution to streamflow of 23 percent and 6 percent, respectively. Particle-tracking analyses indicate flow paths for solutes originating beneath known contamination sites may pass near to, or be intercepted by, significant water-withdrawal facilities. Most particles are discharged to the St. Joseph River but some may be discharged to Juday Creek.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954225","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., and Arihood, L.D., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulated ground-water flow through the unconsolidated aquifers of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4225, v, 47 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954225.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54922,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4225/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4225/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Saint Joseph","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-86.2255,41.7615],[-86.0624,41.7619],[-86.0598,41.4999],[-86.0592,41.4935],[-86.0593,41.479],[-86.0789,41.479],[-86.0979,41.4791],[-86.1181,41.4792],[-86.1273,41.4792],[-86.1421,41.4792],[-86.1562,41.4793],[-86.234,41.479],[-86.3063,41.4787],[-86.3302,41.4778],[-86.3492,41.4778],[-86.378,41.4774],[-86.4356,41.4765],[-86.4559,41.4765],[-86.4645,41.4765],[-86.4669,41.4765],[-86.4669,41.4616],[-86.4669,41.4339],[-86.5245,41.4339],[-86.5245,41.5201],[-86.5012,41.5206],[-86.5,41.5287],[-86.4982,41.531],[-86.4982,41.5669],[-86.4865,41.5769],[-86.4871,41.649],[-86.5068,41.6499],[-86.5264,41.6499],[-86.5264,41.6572],[-86.5258,41.6731],[-86.5252,41.7085],[-86.524,41.7603],[-86.4526,41.7599],[-86.2846,41.7611],[-86.2255,41.7615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saint Joseph\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625295","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26347,"text":"wri964080 - 1996 - Estimated water use and general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:39:09","indexId":"wri964080","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4080","title":"Estimated water use and general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and 1990","docAbstract":"Water-use information is vital to planners, engineers, and hydrologists in water resources. This report is a compilation of water-use information for Oregon for calendar years 1985 and 1990. The report presents water-use data by geographic region for several categories of use, including public supply, domestic, commercial, industrial, mining, thermoelectric power, hydroelectric power, live-stock, irrigation, reservoir evaporation, and wastewater treatment. Hydroelectric power is the only instream use discussed; all other uses are considered offstream. The Appendix presents 1985 and 1990 data by region and by drainage basin for the previously mentioned categories of use. The Cascade Range divides Oregon into two distinct climatic zones. The area west of the Cascade Range has an average annual precipitation that ranges from 40 to 200 inches, and precipitation in the area east of the Cascade Range ranges from 10 to 20 inches. The differences in precipitation and geology have an effect on the sources, uses, and amounts of water withdrawn. Most of the large public-supply systems west of the Cascade Range rely on surface water, whereas many of the large public-supply systems east of the Cascade Range use on wells or springs. Irrigators west of the Cascade Range rely primarily on nearby surface- water sources; however, irrigators east of the Cascade Range use primarily surface water that commonly is delivered from distant sources through irrigation ditches. A variety of methods was used to estimate water-use information. Most withdrawals for public-water suppliers were metered; however, irrigation withdrawals usually were estimated by using information on crops, climate, application efficiencies, and conveyance losses. The accuracy of the estimated total withdrawal values for public supply was estimated to be within 4 percent of the values that would be obtained if all public-supply withdrawals were metered. Total withdrawals for irrigation were estimated to be within 40 percent of metered irrigation withdrawals. The estimates-of-error are presented to show the relative, rather than absolute, accuracy of the data for each water-use category. A total of 8,400 million gallons of water per day was withdrawn in Oregon during 1990, about 1,900 million gallons per day more than the 6,500 million gallons per day withdrawn in 1985. Whereas actual water use increased in 1990, the major differences between 1985 and 1990 were attributed to the inclusion of offstream fish hatcheries, the use of different crop coefficients to estimate irrigation, and the availability of more detailed information in the 1990 estimates. Surface-water withdrawals accounted for 92 percent of the total withdrawals in 1990; irrigation was the largest category of water use, accounting for 82 percent of the total withdrawals.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964080","usgsCitation":"Broad, T., and Collins, C.A., 1996, Estimated water use and general hydrologic conditions for Oregon, 1985 and 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4080, vi, 154 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 166 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964080.","productDescription":"vi, 154 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. [PGS - 166 p.]","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123473,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4080/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55143,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4080/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a0d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broad, T.M.","contributorId":6478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broad","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Collins, C. A.","contributorId":43731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29819,"text":"wri964017 - 1996 - Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-16T21:20:07.302723","indexId":"wri964017","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4017","title":"Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Soil Tilth Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, conducted a study as part of the multi-scale, inter-agency Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) program to evaluate the effects of agricultural management (farming) systems on water quality. Data on surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow in the Walnut Creek watershed just south of Ames, Iowa, were collected during April 1991-September 1993 at five sites with drainage areas ranging from 366 to 5,130 hectares. Precipitation, flow discharge, and concentration, loads, and yields of nitrate as nitrogen, atrazine, and metolachlor were analyzed to relate the transport of agricultural chemicals to major water-flow processes and to examine flow and transport differences among three subwatersheds.</p>\n<p>Antecedent conditions and basin-characteristic differences had significant effects on the flow response from the subwatersheds. Monthly streamflow-to-precipitation ratios were greater than 1.0, as a result of snowmelt, and negative when streamflow was lost to the ground-water system in the downstream subwatershed. Dry antecedent conditions resulted in ratios less than 0.3 (July 1992), whereas wet antecedent conditions resulted in ratios from 0.7 to almost 1.0 (July 1993) during months with similar large rainfall amounts.</p>\n<p>Most of the streamflow from the upland subwatersheds came from tileflow. Surface flow (surface runoff, interflow, and return flow) was highly variable and intermittent, usually lasting for only a few days after a storm, although it could be the dominant source of flow when stormflow was large. Tileflow was less variable and much more persistent, ceasing only after prolonged dry periods.</p>\n<p>Large quantities of nitrate as nitrogen were transported in Walnut Creek, with concentrations often greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 milligrams per liter established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for finished drinking water. In the upland subwatersheds, ground-water flow from the tiles appears to have been the primary means of transport to the streams. Concentrations in tileflow and streamflow generally were 4 to 16 milligrams per liter, with the lower concentrations often the result of dilution by surface runoff. Loss ratios, chemical yields expressed as a percentage of average application rates of nitrate as nitrogen for October 1992-September 1993, were about 10 percent for surface flow and more than 100 percent for tileflow from the 366-hectare basin and were more than 200 percent for streamflow from the downstream subwatershed.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor in streamflow, typically, were less than the Maximum Contaminant Level of 3.0 micrograms per liter, but were as high as 59 and 80 micrograms per liter, respectively, during stormflow.&nbsp;Concentrations as high as 170 micrograms per liter occurred in tileflow, but these were related to surface flow through surface inlets. The transport of herbicides was extremely variable, with most of the loads occurring during stormflow. Atrazine appeared more susceptible to transport losses to streamflow than did metolachlor. Loss ratios for streamflow from the subwatersheds for April-September periods were 0.3 to 20 percent for atrazine and 0.1 to 2.9 percent for metolachlor.</p>\n<p>Chemical loss ratios indicated differences in the transport characteristics of the three subwatersheds. The downstream subwatershed, which has steeper terrain, a more-developed natural drainage system, and fewer tiles than the two upland subwatersheds, had the largest loss rates for all three chemicals 206 percent for nitrate as nitrogen (October 1992-September 1993) and 20 percent for atrazine and 2.9 percent for metolachlor (April-September 1993). For May-July 1993, when most of the herbicides were transported, the downstream subwatershed also had the largest cumulative unit discharge and the largest streamflow-to-precipitation ratios.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri964017","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Tilth Laboratory","usgsCitation":"Soenksen, P.J., 1996, Transport of agricultural chemicals in surface flow, tileflow, and streamflow of Walnut Creek Watershed near Ames, Iowa, April 1991-September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4017, iv, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964017.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410648,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48384.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4017/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58622,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Walnut Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              41.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5667,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5667,\n              41.9167\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.75,\n              41.9167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626be8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soenksen, P. J.","contributorId":71575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soenksen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26685,"text":"wri954269 - 1996 - Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T20:30:26.795536","indexId":"wri954269","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4269","title":"Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","docAbstract":"The National Water Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey established the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit in 1991. The ground-water study-unit survey was conducted in 1993 to provide a broad over-view of water quality in surficial aquifers. Three land resource provinces were included in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study-unit survey: the Central Florida Ridge, the Coastal Flatwoods, and the Southern Coastal Plain. The U.S. Geological Survey sampled 37 wells in surficial aquifers, 18 in the Coastal Flatwoods and 19 in the Southern Coastal Plain. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection sampled 27 wells tapping surficial aquifers in the Central Florida Ridge as part of the background ground-water quality monitoring network from 1985 through 1989. The data were used to characterize water quality in surficial aquifers of the Central Florida Ridge. Results of the study-unit survey indicated that dissolved solids concentrations in ground water were mostly less than 100 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Higher medians of pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, and dissolved solids were measured in samples from the Central Florida Ridge compared to the Southern Coastal Plain and Coastal Flatwoods, probably because of a greater percentage of carbonate minerals in aquifer materials. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level for iron of 300 ug/L (micrograms per liter) in drinking water was exceeded in 15 of 45 samples. Concentrations of nitrate as nitrogen were less than 3.0 mg/L in most samples (74 percent), indicating little or no influence from human activity. Only five samples (9 percent) had concentrations above 10 mg/L, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for nitrate concentration in drinking water. Significantly lower median concentrations of nitrate were measured in samples from polyvinyl chloride monitoring wells with diameters less than 6 inches than in large diameter, uncased, or iron-cased wells. The median nitrate concentration was 0.05 mg/L in water from monitoring wells, 1.0 mg/L in samples from iron cased wells, and 2.0 mg/L in samples from uncased wells. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds were mostly less than the detection levels and exceeded 1 ug/L in only four samples. Compounds detected at concentrations greater than 1 ug/L were: tetrachloroethane (8.77 ug/L), toluene (23 ug/L) and chloromethane (21 ug/L). Atrazine, desethyl-atrazine, and metolachlor were the only pesticides detected; concentrations were less than 0.02 ug/L, except for metolachlor (2.5 ug/L). Detection of organic compounds in surficial aquifer may be associated with specific activities or sources near the well. Concentrations of radon exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proposed maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) in 33 samples from wells on the Coastal Flatwoods and the Southern Coastal Plain. Concentrations as high as 13,000 pCi/L were detected in northern Florida. Although uranium concentrations were less than 1 ug/L in all but one sample (1.3 ug/L) from the Southern Coastal Plain, elevated radon concentrations indicate that uranium is present in aquifer material. Uranium is most likely sorbed to iron oxides and clays in subsurface materials. Tritium concentrations indicated that ground water was recharged by precipitation during the past 40 years. Higher concentrations of tritium in ground water were found in the northern part of the study area and may be related to Savannah River Nuclear Facility.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954269","usgsCitation":"Crandall, C.A., and Berndt, M.P., 1996, Water quality of surficial aquifers in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4269, vi, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954269.","productDescription":"vi, 28 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158849,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410731,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48342.htm"},{"id":2042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954269","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85,\n              33.2333\n            ],\n            [\n              -85,\n              27.6833\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.45,\n              27.6833\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.45,\n              33.2333\n            ],\n            [\n              -85,\n              33.2333\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478ee4b07f02db489e2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crandall, C. A.","contributorId":93943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29338,"text":"wri964038A - 1996 - Environmental setting of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-10T11:19:05","indexId":"wri964038A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4038","chapter":"A","title":"Environmental setting of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes the environmental setting of 20 benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin that are part of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Benchmark streams are defined as those that show minimal adverse effects from human activity, and they were selected on the basis of field reconnaissance and the following criteria: (1) available invertebrate or fisheries data that indicated good to excellent water quality, (2) instream habitat restoration for fisheries enhancement, and (3) land management to protect riparian vegetation. Information gathered from these benchmark sites can be used as a standard of reference to compare the health of other streams in agricultural areas on the basis of aquatic-biota communities, habitat, and water-quality characteristics. The information included in this report serves as background information that will be useful for a series of studies at these benchmark-stream sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program.</p>\n<p>Four relatively homogeneous units (RHU's) in agricultural areas that differed in bedrock and surficial geology were selected for study. RHU 1 (clayey surficial deposits over carbonate bedrock) and RHU 3 (sandy-till surficial deposits over carbonate bedrock) are in adjacent agricultural areas in the Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains ecoregion. RHU 20 (sandy/sand and gravel surficial deposits over igneous and metamorphic bedrock) and RHU 26 (sandy/sand and gravel surficial deposits over sandstone bedrock) are in adjacent areas of agriculture and mixed forests in the North Central Hardwood Forests ecoregion.</p>\n<p>Differences in land use/land cover, and riparian vegetation and instream habitat characteristics are presented. Summaries of field measurements of water temperature, pH, specific conductance and concentrations of dissolved oxygen, total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, dissolved ammonium, nitrate plus nitrte as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphate, and atrazine are listed. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen for the sampled streams ranged from 6 A to 14.3 and met the standards set by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) for supporting fish and aquatic life. Specific conductance ranged from 98 to 753 u,Scm with values highest in RHU's 1 and 3, where streams are underlain by carbonate bedrock. Median pH did not vary greatly among the four RHU's and ranged from 6.7 to 8.8 also meeting the WDNR standards. Concentrations of total organic plus ammonia nitrogen, dissolved ammonium, total phosphorus, and dissolved orthophosphate show little variation between streams and are generally low, compared to concentrations measured in agriculturally-affected streams in the same RHU's during the same sampling period. Concentrations of the most commonly used pesticide in the study unit, atrazine, were low in all streams, and most concentrations were below trn 0.1 u,g/L detection limit. Riparian vegetation for the benchmark streams were characterized by lowland species of the native plant communities described by John T. Curtis in the \"Vegetation of Wisconsin.\" Based on the environmental setting and water-quality information collected to date, these streams appear to show minimal adverse effects from human activity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964038A","usgsCitation":"Rheaume, S.J., Stewart, J., and Lenz, B.N., 1996, Environmental setting of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4038, viii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964038A.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119052,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58181,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db602220","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rheaume, S. J.","contributorId":70804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rheaume","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lenz, B. N.","contributorId":106164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28703,"text":"wri964030 - 1996 - Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964030","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4030","title":"Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida","docAbstract":"Thousands of deep artesian wells were drilled into the Upper Floridan aquifer in west-central Florida prior to well-drilling regulations adopted in the 1970's. The wells were usually completed with a short length of casing through the unconsolidated sediments and were left open to multiple aquifers containing water of varying quality. These open boreholes serve as a potential source of water-quality degradation within the aquifers when vertical internal borehole flow is induced by hydraulic-head differences. Thispotential for water-quality degradation exists in west-central Florida where both the intermediate aquifer system and Upper Floridan aquifer exist. Measurements of caliper, temperature, gamma, fluid conductivity, and flow were obtained in 87 wells throughout west-central Florida to determine the occurrence of interaquifer borehole flow between the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. Flow measurements were made using an impeller flowmeter, a heat-pulse flowmeter, and a video camera with an impeller flowmeter attachment. Of the 87 wells measured with the impeller flowmeter, 17 had internal flow which ranged from 10 to 300 gallons per minute. A heat-pulse flowmeter was used in 19 wells in which flow was not detected using the impeller flowmeter. Of these 19 wells, 18 had internal flow which ranged from 0.3 to 10gallons per minute. Additionally, water-quality samples were collected from specific contributing zones in wells that had internal flow. Analysis of geophysical and water-quality data indicates degradation of water quality has occurred from mineralized ground water flowing upward from the Upper Floridan aquifer into the intermediate aquifer system through both uncased boreholes and corroded black-iron well casings. In areas where there is a downward component of flow, data indicate that potable water from the intermediate aquifer system is artificially recharging the Upper Floridan aquifer through open boreholes. A geographical area was defined where there is a potential for water- quality degradation due to improperly cased wells. This area was delineated based on where there is an upward component of ground-water flow and where there is an occurrence of poor-quality water. The delineated area includes parts of Hillsborough, Manatee, Sarasota, Charlotte, De Soto, and Hardee Counties. To prevent further contamination of the aquifers, the Southwest Florida Water Management District began the Quality of Water Improvement Program in 1974 to restore hydrologic conditions altered by improperly constructed wells or deteriorating casings. As of May 1994, more than 3,000 wells have been inspected and approximately 1,350 have been plugged. To minimize interaquifer contamination, existing wells, especially ones with black-iron casing, should be inspected and, if necessary, repaired with new casing or plugged.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri964030","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Brendle, D., 1996, Potential for water-quality degradation of interconnected aquifers in west-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4030, v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964030.","productDescription":"v, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2275,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri964030/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_96_4030.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699bce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brendle, D. L.","contributorId":68343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27115,"text":"wri964038B - 1996 - Habitat characteristics of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T15:06:10","indexId":"wri964038B","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4038","chapter":"B","title":"Habitat characteristics of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Stream habitat characteristics were measured at twenty sites in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin by the U.S. Geological Survey in May and June, 1993 as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit. These \"benchmark\" stream sites were selected for study to represent standards of reference for comparison to other streams in similar physical settings that appear to be more detrimentally affected by agriculture. The agricultural benchmark streams were selected from four physical settings, or relatively homogeneous units (RHU's), that differ in bedrock type and texture of surficial deposits. Habitat characteristics at streams in these four physical settings are described and compared to each other, and a habitat classification scheme was used to rank the quality of habitat in these streams. Additional aquatic information was collected along with the habitat data: water-quality data and population surveys of fish, invertebrates, and algae. Habitat data were collected at three levels: drainage basin, stream segment between major tributaries (length from 1 to 14 km), and stream reach (approximately 150m). Results of statistical analyses show that, in general, most correlations are among basin-level habitat characteristics. Few correlations were observed among reach- and basin-level characteristics. Principal components analysis (PCA) on basin-level data resulted in principal components that reflect RHU, land use or latitude, and basin size. Groupings of habitat characteristics at the reach level are less clearly attributed to some outside environmental factor. Streams that have undergone habitat restoration for fisheries group closely together on PCA ordination plots. Less than half of the habitat characteristics were found to be significantly different between one RHU and the other three. Characteristics that differed between RHU's were mainly at the basin level but also included some reach-level characteristics. Stream-habitat characteristics were classified according to the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Great Lakes Environmental Assessment Section (GLEAS) Procedure 51. No relation was found between GLEAS scores and RHU or the percentage of agricultural land in the drainage basins above the benchmark-stream sites. GLEAS scores were varied in each RHU. Streams with high GLEAS scores (rated good or excellent) can be considered benchmark or reference streams as far as habitat is concerned. Of the 20 streams sampled, 16 met this criterion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964038B","usgsCitation":"Fitzpatrick, F., Peterson, E.M., and Stewart, J., 1996, Habitat characteristics of benchmark streams in agricultural areas of eastern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4038, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964038B.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"40","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4038b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              45.46783598133375\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.737060546875,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.483642578125,\n              43.1090040242731\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publicComments":"\\National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Western Lake Michigan Drainages","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649771","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fitzpatrick, F. A. 0000-0002-9748-7075","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-7075","contributorId":61446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"F. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, E. M.","contributorId":70805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28397,"text":"wri964241 - 1996 - Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:49","indexId":"wri964241","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4241","title":"Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California","docAbstract":"The extent and areal density of riparian vegetation, including both phreatophytes and hydrophytes, were mapped along the 100-mile main stem of the Mojave River during 1995. Mapping was aided by vertical false-color infrared and low-level oblique photographs. However, positive identification of plant species and plant physiological stress required field examination. The consumptive use of ground water and surface water by different areal densities of riparian plant communities along the main stem of the Mojave River was estimated using water-use data from a select group of studies in the southwestern United States. In the Alto subarea of the Mojave basin management area, consumptive water use during 1995 by riparian vegetation was estimated to be about 5,000 acre-feet upstream from the Lower Narrows and about 6,000 acre-feet downstream in the transition zone. In the Centro and Baja subareas, consumptive water use was estimated to be about 3,000 acre-feet and 2,000 acre-feet, respectively, during 1995. Consumptive water use by riparian vegetation in the Afton area, downstream from the Baja subarea, was estimated to be about 600 acre-feet during 1995. Consumptive water use by riparian vegetation during 1995 is considered representative of &quot;normal&quot; hydrologic conditions along the Mojave River. Barring major changes in the areal extent and density of riparian vegetation, the 1995 consumptive-use estimates should be fairly representative of riparian vegetation water use during most years. Annual consumptive use, however, could vary from the 1995 estimates as much as plus or minus 50 percent because of extreme hydrologic conditions (periods of high water table following extraordinarily large runoff in the Mojave River or periods of extended drought).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964241","usgsCitation":"Lines, G.C., and Bilhorn, T.W., 1996, Riparian vegetation and its water use during 1995 along the Mojave River, Southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4241, iii, 10 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964241.","productDescription":"iii, 10 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57202,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57203,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4241/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fce4b07f02db5f5b34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lines, Gregory C.","contributorId":50502,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lines","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bilhorn, Thomas W.","contributorId":90787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bilhorn","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28252,"text":"wri964014 - 1996 - Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:50:59","indexId":"wri964014","displayToPublicDate":"1997-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4014","title":"Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995","docAbstract":"The 100-year flood plain was determined for Upper Three Runs, its tributaries, and the part of the Savannah River that borders the Savannah River Site. The results are provided in tabular and graphical formats. The 100-year flood-plain maps and flood profiles provide water-resource managers of the Savannah River Site with a technical basis for making flood-plain management decisions that could minimize future flood problems and provide a basis for designing and constructing drainage structures along roadways. A hydrologic analysis was made to estimate the 100-year recurrence- interval flow for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The analysis showed that the well-drained, sandy soils in the head waters of Upper Three Runs reduce the high flows in the stream; therefore, the South Carolina upper Coastal Plain regional-rural-regression equation does not apply for Upper Three Runs. Conse- quently, a relation was established for 100-year recurrence-interval flow and drainage area using streamflow data from U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations on Upper Three Runs. This relation was used to compute 100-year recurrence-interval flows at selected points along the stream. The regional regression equations were applicable for the tributaries to Upper Three Runs, because the soil types in the drainage basins of the tributaries resemble those normally occurring in upper Coastal Plain basins. This was verified by analysis of the flood-frequency data collected from U.S. Geological Survey gaging station 02197342 on Fourmile Branch. Cross sections were surveyed throughout each reach, and other pertinent data such as flow resistance and land-use were col- lected. The surveyed cross sections and computed 100-year recurrence-interval flows were used in a step-backwater model to compute the 100-year flood profile for Upper Three Runs and its tributaries. The profiles were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain on topographic maps. The Savannah River forms the southwestern border of the Savannah River Site. Data from previously published reports were used to delineate the 100-year flood plain for the Savannah River from the downstream site boundary at the mouth of Lower Three Runs at river mile 125 to the upstream site boundary at river mile 163.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964014","usgsCitation":"Lanier, T.H., 1996, Determination of the 100-year flood plain on Upper Three Runs and selected tributaries, and the Savannah River at the Savannah River site, South Carolina, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4014, Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964014.","productDescription":"Report: v, 65 p.; 3 Plates: 41.59 x 34.10 inches or smaller","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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