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 \"}}]}","volume":"95","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e4900e4b0e7a44bc41952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoell, Andrew","contributorId":145805,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoell","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":16236,"text":"UCSB Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daithi Stone","contributorId":145833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daithi Stone","affiliations":[{"id":6670,"text":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70128740,"text":"70128740 - 2014 - Soil resources influence vegetation and response to fire and fire-surrogate treatments in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-24T17:35:18","indexId":"70128740","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T13:23:16","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil resources influence vegetation and response to fire and fire-surrogate treatments in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems","docAbstract":"Current paradigm suggests that spatial and temporal competition for resources limit an exotic invader, cheatgrass (<i>Bromus tectorum</i> L.), which once established, alters fire regimes and can result in annual grass dominance in sagebrush steppe. Prescribed fire and fire surrogate treatments (mowing, tebuthiuron, and imazapic) are used to reduce woody fuels and increase resistance to exotic annuals, but may alter resource availability and inadvertently favor invasive species. We used four study sites within the Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project (SageSTEP) to evaluate 1) how vegetation and soil resources were affected by treatment, and 2) how soil resources influenced native herbaceous perennial and exotic annual grass cover before and following treatment. Treatments increased resin exchangeable NH4<sup>+</sup>, NO3<sup>−</sup>, H2PO4<sup>−</sup>, and K<sup>+</sup>, with the largest increases caused by prescribed fire and prolonged by application of imazapic. Burning with imazapic application also increased the number of wet growing degree days. Tebuthiuron and imazapic reduced exotic annual grass cover, but imazapic also reduced herbaceous perennial cover when used with prescribed fire. Native perennial herbaceous species cover was higher where mean annual precipitation and soil water resources were relatively high. Exotic annual grass cover was higher where resin exchangeable H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> was high and gaps between perennial plants were large. Prescribed fire, mowing, and tebuthiuron were successful at increasing perennial herbaceous cover, but the results were often ephemeral and inconsistent among sites. Locations with sandy soil, low mean annual precipitation, or low soil water holding capacity were more likely to experience increased exotic annual grass cover after treatment, and treatments that result in slow release of resources are needed on these sites. This is one of few studies that correlate abiotic variables to native and exotic species cover across a broad geographic setting, and that demonstrates how soil resources potentially influence the outcome of management treatments.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-14-00027.1","usgsCitation":"Rau, B.M., Chambers, J.C., Pyke, D.A., Roundy, B.A., Schupp, E., Doescher, P., and Caldwell, T., 2014, Soil resources influence vegetation and response to fire and fire-surrogate treatments in sagebrush-steppe ecosystems: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 67, no. 5, p. 506-521, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-14-00027.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"506","endPage":"521","ipdsId":"IP-057427","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-14-00027.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b31e4b0fd76af69cf34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rau, Benjamin M.","contributorId":105247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rau","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne C.","contributorId":92186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roundy, Bruce A.","contributorId":95824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roundy","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schupp, Eugene W.","contributorId":83455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schupp","given":"Eugene W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doescher, Paul","contributorId":60973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doescher","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Caldwell, Todd G.","contributorId":34449,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"Todd G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70128736,"text":"70128736 - 2014 - Resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems: implications for state and transition models and management treatments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T12:05:12","indexId":"70128736","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T13:20:57","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems: implications for state and transition models and management treatments","docAbstract":"In sagebrush ecosystems invasion of annual exotics and expansion of piñon (<i>Pinus monophylla</i> Torr. and Frem.) and juniper (<i>Juniperus occidentalis</i> Hook., <i>J. osteosperma</i> [Torr.] Little) are altering fire regimes and resulting in large-scale ecosystem transformations. Management treatments aim to increase resilience to disturbance and enhance resistance to invasive species by reducing woody fuels and increasing native perennial herbaceous species. We used Sagebrush Steppe Treatment Evaluation Project data to test predictions on effects of fire vs. mechanical treatments on resilience and resistance for three site types exhibiting cheatgrass (<i>Bromus tectorum</i> L.) invasion and/or piñon and juniper expansion: 1) warm and dry Wyoming big sagebrush (WY shrub); 2) warm and moist Wyoming big sagebrush (WY PJ); and 3) cool and moist mountain big sagebrush (Mtn PJ). Warm and dry (mesic/aridic) WY shrub sites had lower resilience to fire (less shrub recruitment and native perennial herbaceous response) than cooler and moister (frigid/xeric) WY PJ and Mtn PJ sites. Warm (mesic) WY Shrub and WY PJ sites had lower resistance to annual exotics than cool (frigid to cool frigid) Mtn PJ sites. In WY shrub, fire and sagebrush mowing had similar effects on shrub cover and, thus, on perennial native herbaceous and exotic cover. In WY PJ and Mtn PJ, effects were greater for fire than cut-and-leave treatments and with high tree cover in general because most woody vegetation was removed increasing resources for other functional groups. In WY shrub, about 20% pretreatment perennial native herb cover was necessary to prevent increases in exotics after treatment. Cooler and moister WY PJ and especially Mtn PJ were more resistant to annual exotics, but perennial native herb cover was still required for site recovery. We use our results to develop state and transition models that illustrate how resilience and resistance influence vegetation dynamics and management options.","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-13-00074.1","usgsCitation":"Chambers, J.C., Miller, R.F., Board, D.I., Pyke, D.A., Roundy, B.A., Grace, J.B., Schupp, E., and Tausch, R.J., 2014, Resilience and resistance of sagebrush ecosystems: implications for state and transition models and management treatments: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 67, no. 5, p. 440-454, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-13-00074.1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"440","endPage":"454","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-052549","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472783,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00074.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295304,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295283,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-13-00074.1"}],"volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b2fe4b0fd76af69cf2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chambers, Jeanne C.","contributorId":92186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"Jeanne","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Richard F.","contributorId":79045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Board, David I.","contributorId":108042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Board","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roundy, Bruce A.","contributorId":95824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roundy","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Grace, James B. 0000-0001-6374-4726 gracej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"James","email":"gracej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schupp, Eugene W.","contributorId":83455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schupp","given":"Eugene W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tausch, Robin J.","contributorId":103977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tausch","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70143163,"text":"70143163 - 2014 - A cautionary note on the discrete uniform prior for the binomial N: Reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-26T11:53:20.136573","indexId":"70143163","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T13:16:45","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A cautionary note on the discrete uniform prior for the binomial <i>N</i>: Reply","title":"A cautionary note on the discrete uniform prior for the binomial N: Reply","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/14-0857.1","usgsCitation":"Link, W., 2014, A cautionary note on the discrete uniform prior for the binomial N: Reply: Ecology, v. 95, no. 9, p. 2677-2679, https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0857.1.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"2677","endPage":"2679","ipdsId":"IP-056681","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472784,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0857.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":375014,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"95","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Link, William 0000-0002-9913-0256 wlink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9913-0256","contributorId":139687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"William","email":"wlink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128746,"text":"70128746 - 2014 - Ecological scale of bird community response to piñon-juniper removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T11:31:55","indexId":"70128746","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T13:15:11","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological scale of bird community response to piñon-juniper removal","docAbstract":"Piñon (<i>Pinus</i> spp.) and juniper (<i>Juniperus</i> spp.) removal is a common management approach to restore sagebrush (<i>Artemisia</i> spp.) vegetation in areas experiencing woodland expansion. Because many management treatments are conducted to benefit sagebrush-obligate birds, we surveyed bird communities to assess treatment effectiveness in establishing sagebrush bird communities at study sites in Utah, Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon. Our analyses included data from 1 or 2 yr prior to prescribed fire or mechanical treatment and 3 to 5 yr posttreatment. We used detrended correspondence analysis to 1) identify primary patterns of bird communities surveyed from 2006 to 2011 at point transects, 2) estimate ecological scale of change needed to achieve treatment objectives from the relative dissimilarity of survey points to the ordination region delineating sagebrush bird communities, and 3) measure changes in pre- and posttreatment bird communities. Birds associated with sagebrush, woodlands, and ecotones were detected on our surveys; increased dissimilarity of survey points to the sagebrush bird community was characterized by a gradient of increased juniper and decreased sagebrush cover. Prescribed fires burned between 30% and 97% of our bird survey points. However, from 6% to 24% cover of piñon-juniper still remained posttreatment on the four treatment plots. We measured only slight changes in bird communities, which responded primarily to current vegetation rather than relative amount of change from pretreatment vegetation structure. Bird communities at survey points located at greater ecological scales from the sagebrush bird community changed least and will require more significant impact to achieve changes. Sagebrush bird communities were established at only two survey points, which were adjacent to a larger sagebrush landscape and following almost complete juniper removal by mechanical treatment. Our results indicate that management treatments that leave residual woodland cover and are not adjacent to extensive sagebrush stands are unlikely to establish sagebrush birds.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","publisherLocation":"Lakewood, CO","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-13-00023.1","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., Hanser, S., and Leu, M., 2014, Ecological scale of bird community response to piñon-juniper removal: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 67, no. 5, p. 553-562, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-13-00023.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"553","endPage":"562","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-052033","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-13-00023.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":295302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295290,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-13-00023.1"},{"id":295291,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.srmjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.2111/REM-D-13-00023.1"}],"volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b23e4b0fd76af69cf02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanser, Steven E.","contributorId":17930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanser","given":"Steven E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leu, Matthias","contributorId":103976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leu","given":"Matthias","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70124278,"text":"70124278 - 2014 - Projections of the Ganges-Brahmaputra precipitation: downscaled from GCM predictors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-11T13:13:11","indexId":"70124278","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T13:06:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Projections of the Ganges-Brahmaputra precipitation: downscaled from GCM predictors","docAbstract":"Downscaling Global Climate Model (GCM) projections of future climate is critical for impact studies. Downscaling enables use of GCM experiments for regional scale impact studies by generating regionally specific forecasts connecting global scale predictions and regional scale dynamics. We employed the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) to downscale 21st century precipitation for two data-sparse hydrologically challenging river basins in South Asia—the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. We used CGCM3.1 by Canadian Center for Climate Modeling and Analysis version 3.1 predictors in downscaling the precipitation. Downscaling was performed on the basis of established relationships between historical Global Summary of Day observed precipitation records from 43 stations and National Center for Environmental Prediction re-analysis large scale atmospheric predictors. Although the selection of predictors was challenging during the set-up of SDSM, they were found to be indicative of important physical forcings in the basins. The precipitation of both basins was largely influenced by geopotential height: the Ganges precipitation was modulated by the U component of the wind and specific humidity at 500 and 1000 h Pa pressure levels; whereas, the Brahmaputra precipitation was modulated by the V component of the wind at 850 and 1000 h Pa pressure levels. The evaluation of the SDSM performance indicated that model accuracy for reproducing precipitation at the monthly scale was acceptable, but at the daily scale the model inadequately simulated some daily extreme precipitation events. Therefore, while the downscaled precipitation may not be the suitable input to analyze future extreme flooding or drought events, it could be adequate for analysis of future freshwater availability. Analysis of the CGCM3.1 downscaled precipitation projection with respect to observed precipitation reveals that the precipitation regime in each basin may be significantly impacted by climate change. Precipitation during and after the monsoon is likely to increase in both basins under the A1B and A2 emission scenarios; whereas, the pre-monsoon precipitation is likely to decrease. Peak monsoon precipitation is likely to shift from July to August, and may impact the livelihoods of large rural populations linked to subsistence agriculture in the basins. Uncertainty analysis of the downscaled precipitation indicated that the uncertainty in the downscaled precipitation was less than the uncertainty in the original CGCM3.1 precipitation; hence, the CGCM3.1 downscaled precipitation was a better input for the regional hydrological impact studies. However, downscaled precipitation from multiple GCMs is suggested for comprehensive impact studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.016","usgsCitation":"Pervez, M., and Henebry, G., 2014, Projections of the Ganges-Brahmaputra precipitation: downscaled from GCM predictors: Journal of Hydrology, v. 517, p. 120-134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.016.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-049180","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.016","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":293736,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293735,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.016"}],"country":"Bangladesh;China;India","otherGeospatial":"Brahmaputra;Ganges","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 75.0,25.0 ], [ 75.0,30.0 ], [ 95.0,30.0 ], [ 95.0,25.0 ], [ 75.0,25.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"517","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5412b9b7e4b0239f1986bad5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pervez, Md Shahriar 0000-0003-3417-1871 shahriar.pervez.ctr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-1871","contributorId":74230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pervez","given":"Md Shahriar","email":"shahriar.pervez.ctr@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henebry, Geoffrey M.","contributorId":48114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henebry","given":"Geoffrey M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70133392,"text":"70133392 - 2014 - Using sightability-adjusted brood-pair ratios to estimate waterfowl productivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-27T12:44:53","indexId":"70133392","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using sightability-adjusted brood-pair ratios to estimate waterfowl productivity","docAbstract":"<p>Historically, biologists used brood-pair ratios (BPRs) as an index to waterfowl productivity to help guide management decisions and evaluate conservation practices. However, BPRs are biased by imperfect detection probabilities, especially for broods. We conducted roadside surveys for breeding waterfowl pairs on 7&ndash;8 study sites in the springs of 2006&ndash;2008 in northeastern North Dakota, USA. Later each year, we conducted replicate counts of broods on the same wetlands and used mark&ndash;recapture methods to estimate sightability-adjusted BPRs (SA-BPRs). Traditional roadside brood surveys detected only 30&ndash;45% of the available broods, depending on species. We explored the potential for using SA-BPRs to measure hen success (i.e., the probability a female hatches &ge;1 egg across all nesting attempts) for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and other upland-nesting dabbling ducks (Anas spp.). We found that SA-BPRs explained 40% of the variation in hen success over 5 species of dabbling ducks, and we were able to detect an effect of predator reduction on hen success in combined dabblers, but not in mallards alone. However, we found no relationship between SA-BPRs and mallard fledging rates (hen success&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;initial brood size&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;duckling survival). Our results suggest that SA-BPRs can provide a cost-effective alternative to traditional measures of productivity such as nesting success, but not to measures of duckling survival. Nevertheless, SA-BPRs may be useful in areas where traditional measures of waterfowl productivity are logistically or financially challenging.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Pagano, A.M., Amundson, C.L., Pieron, M., Arnold, T.W., and Kimmel, T.C., 2014, Using sightability-adjusted brood-pair ratios to estimate waterfowl productivity: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 38, no. 3, p. 566-573.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"566","endPage":"573","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051068","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296021,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.422/abstract"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d63fe4b04d4b7dbd66da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pagano, Anthony M. 0000-0003-2176-0909 apagano@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2176-0909","contributorId":3884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pagano","given":"Anthony","email":"apagano@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Courtney L. 0000-0002-0166-7224 camundson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0166-7224","contributorId":4833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Courtney","email":"camundson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pieron, Matt","contributorId":127428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pieron","given":"Matt","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6764,"text":"Idaho Department of Fish and Game, Nampa, Idaho","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Arnold, Todd W.","contributorId":36058,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arnold","given":"Todd","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12644,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kimmel, Timothy C.","contributorId":127429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimmel","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6947,"text":"Providence Engineering and Environmental Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70156769,"text":"70156769 - 2014 - Integrated conceptual ecological model and habitat indices for the southwest Florida coastal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-31T11:09:54","indexId":"70156769","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated conceptual ecological model and habitat indices for the southwest Florida coastal wetlands","docAbstract":"<p><span>The coastal wetlands of southwest Florida that extend from Charlotte Harbor south to Cape Sable, contain more than 60,000&nbsp;ha of mangroves and 22,177&nbsp;ha of salt marsh. These coastal wetlands form a transition zone between the freshwater and marine environments of the South Florida Coastal Marine Ecosystem (SFCME). The coastal wetlands provide diverse ecosystem services that are valued by society and thus are important to the economy of the state. Species from throughout the region spend part of their life cycle in the coastal wetlands, including many marine and coastal-dependent species, making this zone critical to the ecosystem health of the Everglades and the SFCME. However, the coastal wetlands are increasingly vulnerable due to rising sea level, changes in storm intensity and frequency, land use, and water management practices. They are at the boundary of the region covered by the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP), and thus are impacted by both CERP and marine resource management decisions. An integrated conceptual ecological model (ICEM) for the southwest coastal wetlands of Florida was developed that illustrates the linkages between drivers, pressures, ecological process, and ecosystem services. Five ecological indicators are presented: (1) mangrove community structure and spatial extent; (2) waterbirds; (3) prey-base fish and macroinvertebrates; (4) crocodilians; and (5) periphyton. Most of these indicators are already used in other areas of south Florida and the SFCME, and therefore will allow metrics from the coastal wetlands to be used in system-wide assessments that incorporate the entire Greater Everglades Ecosystem.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.007","collaboration":"NOAA, National Park Service (Everglades NP), US Fish & Wildlife Service, Florida Audubon Society","usgsCitation":"Wingard, G.L., and Lorenz, J.L., 2014, Integrated conceptual ecological model and habitat indices for the southwest Florida coastal wetlands: Ecological Indicators, v. 44, p. 92-107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.007.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"107","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038687","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307718,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55e57ab0e4b05561fa2086a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wingard, G. Lynn 0000-0002-3833-5207 lwingard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3833-5207","contributorId":605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.","email":"lwingard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorenz, J. L.","contributorId":147122,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lorenz","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16789,"text":"Audubon Society of Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":570447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70148177,"text":"70148177 - 2014 - Multiscale habitat selection of wetland birds in the northern Gulf Coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-26T11:05:30","indexId":"70148177","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiscale habitat selection of wetland birds in the northern Gulf Coast","docAbstract":"<p>The spatial scale of habitat selection has become a prominent concept in ecology, but has received less attention in coastal ecology. In coastal marshes, broad-scale marsh types are defined by vegetation composition over thousands of hectares, water-level management is applied over hundreds of hectares, and fine-scale habitat is depicted by tens of meters. Individually, these scales are known to affect wetland fauna, but studies have not examined all three spatial scales simultaneously. We investigated wetland bird habitat selection at the three scales and compared single- and multiscale models. From 2009 to 2011, we surveyed marsh birds (i.e., Rallidae, bitterns, grebes), shorebirds, and wading birds in fresh and intermediate (oligohaline) coastal marsh in Louisiana and Texas, USA. Within each year, six repeated surveys of wintering, resident, and migratory breeding birds were conducted at &gt; 100 points (<i>n</i> = 304). The results revealed fine-scale factors, primarily water depth, were consistently better predictors than marsh type or management. However, 10 of 11 species had improved models with the three scales combined. Birds with a linear association with water depth were, correspondingly, most abundant with deeper fresh marsh and permanently impounded water. Conversely, intermediate marsh had a greater abundance of shallow water species, such as king rail Rallus elegans, least bittern Ixobrychus exilis, and sora Porzana carolina. These birds had quadratic relationships with water depth or no relationship. Overall, coastal birds were influenced by multiple scales corresponding with hydrological characteristics. The effects suggest the timing of drawdowns and interannual variability in spring water levels can greatly affect wetland bird abundance.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","publisherLocation":"Port Republic, MD","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9757-2","collaboration":"US Geological Survey; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Gulf Coast Joint Venture; Louisiana State University","usgsCitation":"Pickens, B.A., and King, S.L., 2014, Multiscale habitat selection of wetland birds in the northern Gulf Coast: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 37, no. 5, p. 1301-1311, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9757-2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1301","endPage":"1311","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050159","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300783,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5565994de4b0d9246a9eb633","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pickens, Bradley A.","contributorId":140926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pickens","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":547607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, Sammy L. 0000-0002-5364-6361 sking@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5364-6361","contributorId":557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Sammy","email":"sking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70126397,"text":"70126397 - 2014 - Conserving Prairie Pothole Region wetlands and surrounding grasslands: evaluating effects on amphibians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T12:34:14","indexId":"70126397","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:02:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Conserving Prairie Pothole Region wetlands and surrounding grasslands: evaluating effects on amphibians","docAbstract":"<p>The maintenance of viable and genetically diverse populations of amphibians in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States depends on upland as well as wetland over-wintering and landscape level habitat features.</p><p>Prairie pothole wetlands provide important amphibian breeding habitat while grasslands surrounding these wetlands provide foraging habitat for adults, overwintering habitat for some species, and important connectivity among breeding wetlands.</p><p>Grasslands surrounding wetlands were found to be especially important for wood frogs and northern leopard frogs, while croplands dominated habitat utilized by Great Plains toads and Woodhouse’s toads.</p><p><br></p><p>Habitat suitability mapping highlighted (1) the influence of deep-water overwintering wetlands on suitable habitat for four of five anuran species encountered; (2) the lack of overlap between areas of core habitat for both the northern leopard frog and wood frog compared to the core habitat for both toad species; and (3) the importance of conservation programs in providing grassland components of northern leopard frog and wood frog habitat.</p><p><br></p><p>Currently, there are approximately 7.2 million acres (2.9 million hectares, ha) of habitat in the PPR identified as suitable for amphibians. WRP and CRP wetland and grassland habitats accounted for approximately 1.9 million acres (0.75 million ha) or 26 percent of this total area.</p><p><br></p><p>Continued loss of amphibian habitat resulting from an ongoing trend of returning PPR conservation lands to crop production, will likely have significant negative effects on the region’s ability to maintain amphibian biodiversity. Conversely, increases in conservation wetlands and surrounding grasslands on the PPR landscape have great potential to positively influence the region’s amphibian populations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","publisherLocation":"Washington D.C.","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D.M., and Neau, J.L., 2014, Conserving Prairie Pothole Region wetlands and surrounding grasslands: evaluating effects on amphibians, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","ipdsId":"IP-051058","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294330,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb1ee4b08312ac7cefb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neau, Jordan L. jneau@usgs.gov","contributorId":4737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neau","given":"Jordan","email":"jneau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":501990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70143059,"text":"70143059 - 2014 - Experimental test of theory for the stability of partially saturated vertical cut slopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-17T10:53:50","indexId":"70143059","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Experimental test of theory for the stability of partially saturated vertical cut slopes","docAbstract":"<p>This paper extends Culmann's vertical-cut analysis to unsaturated soils. To test the extended theory, unsaturated sand was compacted to a uniform porosity and moisture content in a laboratory apparatus. A sliding door that extended the height of the free face of the slope was lowered until the vertical cut failed. Digital images of the slope cross section and upper surface were acquired concurrently. A recently developed particle image velocimetry (PIV) tool was used to quantify soil displacement. The PIV analysis showed strain localization at varying distances from the sliding door prior to failure. The areas of localized strain were coincident with the location of the slope crest after failure. Shear-strength and soil-water-characteristic parameters of the sand were independently tested for use in extended analyses of the vertical-cut stability and of the failure plane angle. Experimental failure heights were within 22.3% of the heights predicted using the extended theory.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001119","usgsCitation":"Morse, M., Lu, N., Wayllace, A., Godt, J.W., and Take, W., 2014, Experimental test of theory for the stability of partially saturated vertical cut slopes: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 140, no. 9, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001119.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055441","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298615,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":298592,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29GT.1943-5606.0001119"}],"volume":"140","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5509502ee4b02e76d757e61b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morse, Michael M.","contributorId":11115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morse","given":"Michael M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lu, N.","contributorId":96025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wayllace, Alexandra","contributorId":23044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayllace","given":"Alexandra","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Godt, Jonathan W. 0000-0002-8737-2493 jgodt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8737-2493","contributorId":1166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godt","given":"Jonathan","email":"jgodt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":508,"text":"Office of the AD Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Take, W.A.","contributorId":139686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Take","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":542467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70147935,"text":"70147935 - 2014 - Northern bobwhite predator avoidance behavior in response to varying types of threat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T10:58:15","indexId":"70147935","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Northern bobwhite predator avoidance behavior in response to varying types of threat","docAbstract":"<p>The flight behavior and cover use of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) have been examined in several studies, but the current data lack quantitative measures of how bobwhites respond to natural threats. We examined aspects of bobwhite behavior in response to 4 threat categories: researcher, hunter, raptor, and mammal. We found that bobwhite flight distance is best predicted by threat type and covey size, and bobwhite flight speed is best predicted by threat type. Bobwhites flushed by the hunter threat and the raptor threat selected for significantly taller obstruction at landing sites than was randomly available, with average heights of 6.2cm taller (P=0.034), and 38.1cm taller (P&lt;0.001), respectively. Raptor-flushed bobwhites also selected for significantly denser shrub cover (42.2%, P&lt;0.001) and a lower angle of obstruction (70.4 degrees, P&lt;0.001) at landing points than was randomly available. In the process of data collection, we also observed bobwhite roost locations have lower visual height obstruction (7.3cm, P=0.03), lower shrub intercept (10.1%, P=0.02), and greater angles of obstruction (18.5 degrees, P=0.005) than bobwhite diurnal locations; this may facilitate escape from nocturnal mammalian predators. Our results suggest that bobwhite escape strategies and cover use vary among threat types. These results support current management recommendations of creating a patchwork of vegetation covers for bobwhites but also suggest how a more complete understanding of bobwhite behavior would improve management and conservation efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.766","usgsCitation":"Perkins, R., Boal, C.W., Rollins, D., and Perez, R., 2014, Northern bobwhite predator avoidance behavior in response to varying types of threat: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 7, p. 1272-1281, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.766.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1272","endPage":"1281","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-043668","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300279,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2b6e4b0a92fa7e93bf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, R.A.","contributorId":26854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":546434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rollins, Dale","contributorId":140708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rollins","given":"Dale","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perez, R.","contributorId":99037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":546599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70134681,"text":"70134681 - 2014 - Phenological adjustment in arctic bird species: relative importance of snow melt and ecological factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-06T16:38:30","indexId":"70134681","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phenological adjustment in arctic bird species: relative importance of snow melt and ecological factors","docAbstract":"<p>Previous studies have documented advancement in clutch initiation dates (CIDs) in response to climate change, most notably for temperate-breeding passerines. Despite accelerated climate change in the Arctic, few studies have examined nest phenology shifts in arctic breeding species. We investigated whether CIDs have advanced for the most abundant breeding shorebird and passerine species at a long-term monitoring site in arctic Alaska. We pooled data from three additional nearby sites to determine the explanatory power of snow melt and ecological variables (predator abundance, green-up) on changes in breeding phenology. As predicted, all species (semipalmated sandpiper,&nbsp;<em class=\"a-plus-plus\">Calidris pusilla</em>, pectoral sandpiper,&nbsp;<em class=\"a-plus-plus\">Calidris melanotos</em>, red-necked phalarope,&nbsp;<em class=\"a-plus-plus\">Phalaropus lobatus</em>, red phalarope,&nbsp;<em class=\"a-plus-plus\">Phalaropus fulicarius</em>, Lapland longspur,&nbsp;<em class=\"a-plus-plus\">Calcarius lapponicus</em>) exhibited advanced CIDs ranging from 0.40 to 0.80&nbsp;days/year over 9&nbsp;years. Timing of snow melt was the most important variable in explaining clutch initiation advancement (&ldquo;climate/snow hypothesis&rdquo;) for four of the five species, while green-up was a much less important explanatory factor. We found no evidence that high predator abundances led to earlier laying dates (&ldquo;predator/re-nest hypothesis&rdquo;). Our results support previous arctic studies in that climate change in the cryosphere will have a strong impact on nesting phenology although factors explaining changes in nest phenology are not necessarily uniform across the entire Arctic. Our results suggest some arctic-breeding shorebird and passerine species are altering their breeding phenology to initiate nesting earlier enabling them to, at least temporarily, avoid the negative consequences of a trophic mismatch.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00300-014-1522-x","usgsCitation":"Liebezeit, J.R., Gurney, K.E., Budde, M.E., Zack, S., and Ward, D.H., 2014, Phenological adjustment in arctic bird species: relative importance of snow melt and ecological factors: Polar Biology, v. 37, no. 9, p. 1309-1320, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1522-x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1309","endPage":"1320","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056264","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.896240234375,\n              70.10674681309753\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.896240234375,\n              70.67088107015755\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.7001953125,\n              70.67088107015755\n            ],\n            [\n              -147.7001953125,\n              70.10674681309753\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.896240234375,\n              70.10674681309753\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"548193bee4b0aa6d778520f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liebezeit, Joseph R.","contributorId":127693,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liebezeit","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurney, K. E. B.","contributorId":14230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurney","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E. B.","affiliations":[{"id":108,"text":"Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budde, Michael E. 0000-0002-9098-2751 mbudde@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-2751","contributorId":3007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budde","given":"Michael","email":"mbudde@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":526368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zack, Steve","contributorId":127694,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zack","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":526369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70125311,"text":"70125311 - 2014 - Inorganic elements in green sea turtles (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>): relationships among external and internal tissues","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T16:03:35","indexId":"70125311","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T11:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inorganic elements in green sea turtles (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>): relationships among external and internal tissues","docAbstract":"Inorganic elements from anthropogenic sources have entered marine environments worldwide and are detectable in marine organisms, including sea turtles. Threatened and endangered classifications of sea turtles have heretofore made assessments of contaminant concentrations difficult because of regulatory restrictions on obtaining samples using nonlethal techniques. In the present study, claw and skin biopsy samples were examined as potential indicators of internal tissue burdens in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas). Significant relationships were observed between claw and liver, and claw and muscle concentrations of mercury, nickel, arsenic, and selenium (p < 0.05). Similarly, significant relationships were observed between skin biopsy concentrations and those in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues for mercury, arsenic, selenium, and vanadium (p < 0.05). Concentrations of arsenic, barium, chromium, nickel, strontium, vanadium, and zinc in claws and skin biopsies were substantially elevated when compared with all other tissues, indicating that these highly keratinized tissues may represent sequestration or excretion pathways. Correlations between standard carapace length and cobalt, lead, and manganese concentrations were observed (p < 0.05), indicating that tissue concentrations of these elements may be related to age and size. Results suggest that claws may indeed be useful indicators of mercury and nickel concentrations in liver and muscle tissues, whereas skin biopsy inorganic element concentrations may be better suited as indicators of mercury, selenium, and vanadium concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues of green sea turtles.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1002/etc.2650","usgsCitation":"Faust, D.R., Hooper, M.J., Cobb, G., Barnes, M., Shaver, D., Ertolacci, S., and Smith, P.N., 2014, Inorganic elements in green sea turtles (<i>Chelonia mydas</i>): relationships among external and internal tissues: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 33, no. 9, p. 2020-2027, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2650.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2020","endPage":"2027","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-053836","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293938,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2650"}],"volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54195141e4b091c7ffc8e721","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faust, Derek R.","contributorId":68232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faust","given":"Derek","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, Michael J. 0000-0002-4161-8961 mhooper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4161-8961","contributorId":3251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"Michael","email":"mhooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cobb, George P.","contributorId":23860,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobb","given":"George P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, Melanie","contributorId":62945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Melanie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shaver, Donna","contributorId":27372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaver","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ertolacci, Shauna","contributorId":23459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ertolacci","given":"Shauna","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, Philip N.","contributorId":8396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70157132,"text":"70157132 - 2014 - Quaternary ostracode and foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoceanography in the western Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-09T10:32:31","indexId":"70157132","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary ostracode and foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoceanography in the western Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"<p><span>The stratigraphic distributions of ostracodes and selected calcareous benthic and planktic foraminiferal species were studied in sediment cores from ~&nbsp;700 to 2700&nbsp;m water depth on the Northwind, Mendeleev, and Lomonosov Ridges in the western Arctic Ocean. Microfaunal records in most cores cover mid- to late Quaternary sediments deposited in the last ~&nbsp;600&nbsp;ka, with one record covering the last ~&nbsp;1.5&nbsp;Ma. Results show a progressive faunal turnover during the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, ~&nbsp;1.2 to 0.7&nbsp;Ma) and around the mid-Brunhes event (MBE, ~&nbsp;0.4&nbsp;Ma) reflecting major changes in Arctic Ocean temperature, circulation and sea-ice cover. The observed MPT shift is characterized by the extinction of species that today inhabit the sea-ice free subpolar North Atlantic and/or seasonally sea-ice free Nordic Seas (</span><i>Echinocythereis</i><span>&nbsp;sp.,&nbsp;</span><i>Rockallia</i><span>cf.&nbsp;</span><i>enigmatica</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>Krithe</i><span>&nbsp;cf.&nbsp;</span><i>aquilonia</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>Pterygocythereis vannieuwenhuisei</i><span>). After a very warm interglacial during marine isotope stage (MIS) 11 dominated by the temperate planktic foraminifer&nbsp;</span><i>Turborotalita egelida</i><span>, the MBE experienced a shift to polar assemblages characteristic of predominantly perennial Arctic sea-ice cover during the interglacial and interstadial periods of the last 300&nbsp;ka. These include the planktic foraminifera&nbsp;</span><i>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</i><span>, the sea-ice dwelling ostracode</span><i>Acetabulastoma arcticum</i><span>&nbsp;and associated benthic taxa&nbsp;</span><i>Pseudocythere caudata</i><span>,</span><i>Pedicythere neofluitans</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>Polycope</i><span>&nbsp;spp. Several species can be used as biostratigraphic markers of specific intervals such as ostracodes&nbsp;</span><i>Rabilimis mirabilis</i><span>&nbsp;&mdash; MIS 5 and&nbsp;</span><i>P. vannieuwenhuisei</i><span>&nbsp;extinction after MIS 11, and foraminiferal abundance zones&nbsp;</span><i>Bulimina aculeata</i><span>&nbsp;&mdash; late MIS 5 and&nbsp;</span><i>Bolivina arctica</i><span>&nbsp;&mdash; MIS 5-11.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.05.001","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T.M., DeNinno, L.H., Polyak, L., Caverly, E.K., Poore, R.Z., Brenner, A.R., Rodriguez-Lazaro, J., and Marzen, R., 2014, Quaternary ostracode and foraminiferal biostratigraphy and paleoceanography in the western Arctic Ocean: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 111, p. 118-133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.05.001.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"118","endPage":"133","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054506","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307991,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55f15831e4b0dacf699eb972","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M. 0000-0002-2643-0979 tcronin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2643-0979","contributorId":2579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas","email":"tcronin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeNinno, Lauren H. ldeninno@usgs.gov","contributorId":5312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeNinno","given":"Lauren","email":"ldeninno@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Polyak, L.V.","contributorId":64819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Polyak","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caverly, Emma K. ecaverly@usgs.gov","contributorId":5314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caverly","given":"Emma","email":"ecaverly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Poore, Richard Z. rpoore@usgs.gov","contributorId":147454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"Richard","email":"rpoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brenner, Alec R. abrenner@usgs.gov","contributorId":5315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brenner","given":"Alec","email":"abrenner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":571770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rodriguez-Lazaro, J.","contributorId":92002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez-Lazaro","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marzen, R.E.","contributorId":147455,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marzen","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7173,"text":"Rice University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70155272,"text":"70155272 - 2014 - Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:32:03","indexId":"70155272","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T11:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1248,"text":"Climate Dynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa","docAbstract":"<p><span>Rainfall over eastern Africa (10&deg;S&ndash;10&deg;N; 35&deg;E&ndash;50&deg;E) is bimodal, with seasonal maxima during the \"long rains\" of March&ndash;April&ndash;May (MAM) and the \"short rains\" of October&ndash;November&ndash;December (OND). Below average precipitation during consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa can have devastating long-term impacts on water availability and agriculture. Here, we examine the forcing of drought during consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa by Indo-Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The forcing of eastern Africa precipitation and circulation by SSTs is tested using ten ensemble simulations of a global weather forecast model forced by 1950&ndash;2010 observed global SSTs. Since the 1980s, Indo-Pacific SSTs have forced more frequent droughts spanning consecutive long and short rains seasons over eastern Africa. The increased frequency of dry conditions is linked to warming SSTs over the Indo-west Pacific and to a lesser degree to Pacific Decadal Variability. During MAM, long-term warming of tropical west Pacific SSTs from 1950&ndash;2010 has forced statistically significant precipitation reductions over eastern Africa. The warming west Pacific SSTs have forced changes in the regional lower tropospheric circulation by weakening the Somali Jet, which has reduced moisture and rainfall over the Horn of Africa. During OND, reductions in precipitation over recent decades are oftentimes overshadowed by strong year-to-year precipitation variability forced by the Indian Ocean Dipole and the El Ni&ntilde;o&ndash;Southern Oscillation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"EBSCO Publishing","publisherLocation":"Heidelberg","doi":"10.1007/s00382-013-1991-6","usgsCitation":"Hoell, A., and Funk, C.C., 2014, Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature influences on failed consecutive rainy seasons over eastern Africa: Climate Dynamics, v. 43, no. 5-6, p. 1645-1660, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1991-6.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1645","endPage":"1660","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-048997","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306485,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"5-6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57f7f076e4b0bc0bec09f795","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoell, Andrew","contributorId":145803,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoell","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[{"id":16236,"text":"UCSB Climate Hazards Group","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Funk, Christopher C. 0000-0002-9254-6718 cfunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9254-6718","contributorId":721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Funk","given":"Christopher","email":"cfunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70131503,"text":"70131503 - 2014 - Use of isotopic sulfur to determine whitebark pine consumption by Yellowstone bears: a reassessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-11-13T11:00:33","indexId":"70131503","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T11:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of isotopic sulfur to determine whitebark pine consumption by Yellowstone bears: a reassessment","docAbstract":"<p>Use of naturally occurring stable isotopes to estimate assimilated diet of bears is one of the single greatest breakthroughs in nutritional ecology during the past 20 years. Previous research in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), USA, established a positive relationship between the stable isotope of sulfur (&delta;<sup>34</sup>S) and consumption of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) seeds. That work combined a limited sample of hair, blood clots, and serum. Here we use a much larger sample to reassess those findings. We contrasted &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values in spring hair and serum with abundance of seeds of whitebark pine in samples collected from grizzly (Ursus arctos) and American black bears (U. americanus) in the GYE during 2000&ndash;2010. Although we found a positive relationship between &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values in spring hair and pine seed abundance for grizzly bears, the coefficients of determination were small (<em>R</em><sup>2</sup>&thinsp;&le;&thinsp;0.097); we failed to find a similar relationship with black bears. Values of &delta;<sup>34</sup>S in spring hair were larger in black bears and &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values in serum of grizzly bears were lowest in September and October, a time when we expect &delta;<sup>34</sup>S to peak if whitebark pine seeds were the sole source of high &delta;<sup>34</sup>S. The relationship between &delta;<sup>34</sup>S in bear tissue and the consumption of whitebark pine seeds, as originally reported, may not be as clean a method as proposed. Data we present here suggest other foods have high values of &delta;<sup>34</sup>S, and there is spatial heterogeneity affecting the &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values in whitebark pine, which must be addressed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","collaboration":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, C.C., Teisberg, J.E., Fortin, J.K., Haroldson, M.A., Servheen, C., Robbins, C.T., and van Manen, F.T., 2014, Use of isotopic sulfur to determine whitebark pine consumption by Yellowstone bears: a reassessment: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 38, no. 3, p. 664-670.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"670","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051617","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296062,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":296061,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wsb.426/abstract"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d63fe4b04d4b7dbd66d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, Charles C.","contributorId":124574,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5119,"text":"Retired from U.S. Geological Survey, Interagency Grizzly Bear Study Team, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way, suite 2, Bozeman, MT 59715","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Teisberg, Justin E.","contributorId":124582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Teisberg","given":"Justin","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fortin, Jennifer K.","contributorId":124583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fortin","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":521350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Servheen, Christopher","contributorId":124584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Servheen","given":"Christopher","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5128,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, Charles T.","contributorId":124585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5127,"text":"Washington State University, P.O. Box 644236, Pullman, WA 99164","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":521355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"van Manen, Frank T. 0000-0001-5340-8489 fvanmanen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-8489","contributorId":2267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Manen","given":"Frank","email":"fvanmanen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":521356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70118077,"text":"70118077 - 2014 - Sampling from living organisms","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:51:25.424529","indexId":"70118077","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T11:05:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"6.3","title":"Sampling from living organisms","docAbstract":"Living organisms, unlike inanimate surfaces, seem to exert some control over their surface microbiota, in many cases maintaining conserved, species-specific microbial communities. Microbial ecologists seek to characterize and identify these microbes to understand the roles they are playing in the larger organism's biology.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biofouling methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, C.A., 2014, Sampling from living organisms, chap. 6.3 <i>of</i> Biofouling methods, p. 184-189.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"189","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-030644","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294786,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e697fe4b092f17df5aa2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Christina A. 0000-0002-6492-9455 ckellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6492-9455","contributorId":391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Christina","email":"ckellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70138589,"text":"70138589 - 2014 - The effect of call libraries and acoustic filters on the identification of bat echolocation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-20T10:24:42","indexId":"70138589","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T10:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of call libraries and acoustic filters on the identification of bat echolocation","docAbstract":"<p>Quantitative methods for species identification are commonly used in acoustic surveys for animals. While various identification models have been studied extensively, there has been little study of methods for selecting calls prior to modeling or methods for validating results after modeling. We obtained two call libraries with a combined 1556 pulse sequences from 11 North American bat species. We used four acoustic filters to automatically select and quantify bat calls from the combined library. For each filter, we trained a species identification model (a quadratic discriminant function analysis) and compared the classification ability of the models. In a separate analysis, we trained a classification model using just one call library. We then compared a conventional model assessment that used the training library against an alternative approach that used the second library. We found that filters differed in the share of known pulse sequences that were selected (68 to 96%), the share of non-bat noises that were excluded (37 to 100%), their measurement of various pulse parameters, and their overall correct classification rate (41% to 85%). Although the top two filters did not differ significantly in overall correct classification rate (85% and 83%), rates differed significantly for some bat species. In our assessment of call libraries, overall correct classification rates were significantly lower (15% to 23% lower) when tested on the second call library instead of the training library. Well-designed filters obviated the need for subjective and time-consuming manual selection of pulses. Accordingly, researchers should carefully design and test filters and include adequate descriptions in publications. Our results also indicate that it may not be possible to extend inferences about model accuracy beyond the training library. If so, the accuracy of acoustic-only surveys may be lower than commonly reported, which could affect ecological understanding or management decisions based on acoustic surveys.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Pub. Ltd.","publisherLocation":"Oxford, England","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1201","usgsCitation":"Clement, M., Murray, K.L., Solick, D.I., and Gruver, J.C., 2014, The effect of call libraries and acoustic filters on the identification of bat echolocation: Ecology and Evolution, v. 4, no. 17, p. 3482-3493, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1201.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3482","endPage":"3493","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057879","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297382,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297381,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.1201/full"}],"volume":"4","issue":"17","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2c6be4b08de9379b37cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clement, Matthew mclement@usgs.gov","contributorId":138815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clement","given":"Matthew","email":"mclement@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, Kevin L","contributorId":138816,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murray","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Solick, Donald I","contributorId":138817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Solick","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"I","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gruver, Jeffrey C","contributorId":138818,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gruver","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"C","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":538819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70132321,"text":"70132321 - 2014 - Combining demographic and genetic factors to assess population vulnerability in stream species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-28T12:29:46.865868","indexId":"70132321","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T10:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining demographic and genetic factors to assess population vulnerability in stream species","docAbstract":"<p><span>Accelerating climate change and other cumulative stressors create an urgent need to understand the influence of environmental variation and landscape features on the connectivity and vulnerability of freshwater species. Here, we introduce a novel modeling framework for aquatic systems that integrates spatially explicit, individual‐based, demographic and genetic (demogenetic) assessments with environmental variables. To show its potential utility, we simulated a hypothetical network of 19 migratory riverine populations (e.g., salmonids) using a riverscape connectivity and demogenetic model (CDFISH). We assessed how stream resistance to movement (a function of water temperature, fluvial distance, and physical barriers) might influence demogenetic connectivity, and hence, population vulnerability. We present demographic metrics (abundance, immigration, and change in abundance) and genetic metrics (diversity, differentiation, and change in differentiation), and combine them into a single vulnerability index for identifying populations at risk of extirpation. We considered four realistic scenarios that illustrate the relative sensitivity of these metrics for early detection of reduced connectivity: (1) maximum resistance due to high water temperatures throughout the network, (2) minimum resistance due to low water temperatures throughout the network, (3) increased resistance at a tributary junction caused by a partial barrier, and (4) complete isolation of a tributary, leaving resident individuals only. We then applied this demogenetic framework using empirical data for a bull trout (</span><i>Salvelinus confluentus</i><span>) metapopulation in the upper Flathead River system, Canada and USA, to assess how current and predicted future stream warming may influence population vulnerability. Results suggest that warmer water temperatures and associated barriers to movement (e.g., low flows, dewatering) are predicted to fragment suitable habitat for migratory salmonids, resulting in the loss of genetic diversity and reduced numbers in certain vulnerable populations. This demogenetic simulation framework, which is illustrated in a web‐based interactive mapping prototype, should be useful for evaluating population vulnerability in a wide variety of dendritic and fragmented riverscapes, helping to guide conservation and management efforts for freshwater species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/13-0499.1","usgsCitation":"Landguth, E., Muhlfeld, C.C., Jones, L.W., Waples, R.S., Whited, D., Lowe, W.H., Lucotch, J., Neville, H., and Luikart, G., 2014, Combining demographic and genetic factors to assess population vulnerability in stream species: Ecological Applications, v. 24, no. 6, p. 1505-1524, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0499.1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1524","numberOfPages":"20","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044696","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296045,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Flathead River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.1314697265625,\n              47.645036570200226\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.44482421875,\n              48.011975126709956\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.7139892578125,\n              48.47838371535879\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.9996337890625,\n              48.705462895790546\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.41162109375,\n              49.03966846228119\n            ],\n            [\n             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L.","contributorId":126719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landguth","given":"Erin L.","affiliations":[{"id":6577,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhlfeld, Clint C. 0000-0002-4599-4059 cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-4059","contributorId":924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhlfeld","given":"Clint","email":"cmuhlfeld@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Leslie W. ljones@usgs.gov","contributorId":3029,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Leslie","email":"ljones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5072,"text":"Office of Communication and Publishing","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waples, Robin S.","contributorId":126721,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Waples","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6578,"text":"National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA 98112, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Whited, Diane","contributorId":126718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whited","given":"Diane","affiliations":[{"id":6576,"text":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lowe, Winsor H.","contributorId":126722,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lowe","given":"Winsor","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6577,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lucotch, John","contributorId":126720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucotch","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6577,"text":"University of Montana, Division of Biological Sciences, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Neville, Helen","contributorId":126723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neville","given":"Helen","affiliations":[{"id":6579,"text":"Trout Unlimited, Boise, ID, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Luikart, Gordon","contributorId":124531,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Luikart","given":"Gordon","affiliations":[{"id":5091,"text":"Flathead Lake Biological Station, Fish and Wildlife Genomics Group, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70146655,"text":"70146655 - 2014 - A ternary age-mixing model to explain contaminant occurrence in a deep supply well","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T08:49:01","indexId":"70146655","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T10:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A ternary age-mixing model to explain contaminant occurrence in a deep supply well","docAbstract":"<p>The age distribution of water from a public-supply well in a deep alluvial aquifer was estimated and used to help explain arsenic variability in the water. The age distribution was computed using a ternary mixing model that combines three lumped parameter models of advection-dispersion transport of environmental tracers, which represent relatively recent recharge (post- 1950s) containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), old intermediate depth groundwater (about 6500 years) that was free of drinking-water contaminants, and very old, deep groundwater (more than 21,000 years) containing arsenic above the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 10 µg/L. The ternary mixing model was calibrated to tritium, chloroflorocarbon-113, and carbon-14 (<sup>14</sup>C) concentrations that were measured in water samples collected on multiple occasions. Variability in atmospheric <sup>14</sup>C over the past 50,000 years was accounted for in the interpretation of <sup>14</sup>C as a tracer. Calibrated ternary models indicate the fraction of deep, very old groundwater entering the well varies substantially throughout the year and was highest following long periods of nonoperation or infrequent operation, which occurred during the winter season when water demand was low. The fraction of young water entering the well was about 11% during the summer when pumping peaked to meet water demand and about 3% to 6% during the winter months. This paper demonstrates how collection of multiple tracers can be used in combination with simplified models of fluid flow to estimate the age distribution and thus fraction of contaminated groundwater reaching a supply well under different pumping conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Malden, MA","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12170","usgsCitation":"Jurgens, B.C., Bexfield, L.M., and Eberts, S.M., 2014, A ternary age-mixing model to explain contaminant occurrence in a deep supply well: Groundwater, v. 52, no. S1, p. 25-39, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12170.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053056","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12170","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299767,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"52","issue":"S1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55362330e4b0b22a15807a7b","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/gwat.12170","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12170","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Jurgens Bryant C., Bexfield Laura M., Eberts Sandra M.","journalName":"Groundwater","publicationDate":"3/5/2014","auditedOn":"3/17/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jurgens, Bryant C. 0000-0002-1572-113X bjurgens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-113X","contributorId":127842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurgens","given":"Bryant","email":"bjurgens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bexfield, Laura M. 0000-0002-1789-654X bexfield@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1789-654X","contributorId":1273,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bexfield","given":"Laura","email":"bexfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberts, Sandra M. 0000-0001-5138-8293 smeberts@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5138-8293","contributorId":127844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"Sandra","email":"smeberts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":38131,"text":"WMA - Office of Planning and Programming","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70126406,"text":"70126406 - 2014 - Temporal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages downstream from mountaintop mining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-23T10:02:53","indexId":"70126406","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T09:39:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1699,"text":"Freshwater Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages downstream from mountaintop mining","docAbstract":"Mountaintop mining (MTM) affects chemical, physical, and hydrological properties of receiving streams, but the long-term consequences for fish-assemblage structure and function are poorly understood. We sampled stream fish assemblages using electrofishing techniques in MTM exposure sites and reference sites within the Guyandotte River basin, USA, during 2010–2011. We calculated indices of taxonomic diversity (species richness, abundance, Shannon diversity) and functional diversity (functional richness, functional evenness, functional divergence) to compare exposure and reference assemblages between seasons (spring and autumn) and across years (1999–2011). We based temporal comparisons on 2 sites that were sampled during 1999–2001 by Stauffer and Ferreri (2002). Exposure assemblages had lower taxonomic and functional diversity than reference assemblages or simulated assemblages that accounted for random variation. Differences in taxonomic composition between reference and exposure assemblages were associated with conductivity and aqueous Se concentrations. Exposure assemblages had fewer species, lower abundances, and less biomass than reference assemblages across years and seasons. Green Sunfish (<i>Lepomis cyanellus</i>) and Creek Chub (<i>Semotilus atromaculatus</i>) became numerically dominant in exposure assemblages over time because of their persistence and losses of other taxa. In contrast, species richness increased over time in reference assemblages, a result that may indicate recovery from drought. Mean individual biomass increased as fish density decreased and most obligate invertivores were apparently extirpated at MTM exposure sites. Effects of MTM were not related to physical-habitat conditions but were associated with water-quality variables, which may limit quality and availability of benthic macroinvertebrate prey. Simulations revealed effects of MTM that could not be attributed to random variation in fish assemblage structure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Society for Freshwater Science","doi":"10.1086/676997","usgsCitation":"Hitt, N.P., and Chambers, D., 2014, Temporal changes in taxonomic and functional diversity of fish assemblages downstream from mountaintop mining: Freshwater Science, v. 33, no. 3, p. 915-926, https://doi.org/10.1086/676997.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"915","endPage":"926","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-049606","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1086/676997","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294294,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294293,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/676997"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Guyandotte River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.217,37.7747 ], [ -82.217,38.3293 ], [ -81.5497,38.3293 ], [ -81.5497,37.7747 ], [ -82.217,37.7747 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb33e4b08312ac7cf0e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hitt, Nathaniel P. 0000-0002-1046-4568 nhitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1046-4568","contributorId":4435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"Nathaniel","email":"nhitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chambers, Douglas B. 0000-0002-5275-5427 dbchambe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5275-5427","contributorId":2520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"Douglas B.","email":"dbchambe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":642,"text":"West Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70126219,"text":"70126219 - 2014 - Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-30T11:22:24","indexId":"70126219","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T09:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1018,"text":"Biological Invasions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive <i>Spartina</i> facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?","title":"Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?","docAbstract":"Invasive species frequently degrade habitats, disturb ecosystem processes, and can increase the likelihood of extinction of imperiled populations. However, novel or enhanced functions provided by invading species may reduce the impact of processes that limit populations. It is important to recognize how invasive species benefit endangered species to determine overall effects on sensitive ecosystems. For example, since the 1990s, hybrid <i>Spartina</i> (<i>Spartina foliosa × alterniflora</i>) has expanded throughout South San Francisco Bay, USA, supplanting native vegetation and invading mudflats. The endangered California clapper rail (<i>Rallus longirostris obsoletus</i>) uses the tall, dense hybrid <i>Spartina</i> for cover and nesting, but the effects of hybrid <i>Spartina</i> on clapper rail survival was unknown. We estimated survival rates of 108 radio-marked California clapper rails in South San Francisco Bay from January 2007 to March 2010, a period of extensive hybrid <i>Spartina</i> eradication, with Kaplan–Meier product limit estimators. Clapper rail survival patterns were consistent with hybrid <i>Spartina</i> providing increased refuge cover from predators during tidal extremes which flood native vegetation, particularly during the winter when the vegetation senesces. Model averaged annual survival rates within hybrid <i>Spartina</i> dominated marshes before eradication (Ŝ = 0.466) were greater than the same marshes posttreatment (Ŝ = 0.275) and a marsh dominated by native vegetation (Ŝ = 0.272). However, models with and without marsh treatment as explanatory factor for survival rates had nearly equivalent support in the observed data, lending ambiguity as to whether hybrid <i>Spartina</i> facilitated greater survival rates than native marshland. Conservation actions to aid in recovery of this endangered species should recognize the importance of available of high tide refugia, particularly in light of invasive species eradication programs and projections of future sea-level rise.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10530-013-0634-5","usgsCitation":"Overton, C.T., Casazza, M.L., Takekawa, J.Y., Strong, D.R., and Holyoak, M., 2014, Tidal and seasonal effects on survival rates of the endangered California clapper rail: Does invasive Spartina facilitate greater survival in a dynamic environment?: Biological Invasions, v. 16, no. 9, p. 1897-1914, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0634-5.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1897","endPage":"1914","ipdsId":"IP-034687","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1w5589nv","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Arrowhead Marsh, Cogswell Marsh, Colma Creek, Laumeister Marsh, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.414343,37.426651 ], [ -122.414343,37.754344 ], [ -121.988832,37.754344 ], [ -121.988832,37.426651 ], [ -122.414343,37.426651 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"16","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-01-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5422bb38e4b08312ac7cf10b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Overton, Cory T. 0000-0002-5060-7447 coverton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-7447","contributorId":3262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overton","given":"Cory","email":"coverton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Strong, Donald R.","contributorId":73882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strong","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holyoak, Marcel","contributorId":15076,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holyoak","given":"Marcel","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7082,"text":"University of California - Davis","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":501954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70123779,"text":"70123779 - 2014 - In situ and laboratory toxicity of coalbed natural gas produced waters with elevated sodium bicarbonate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:36:21","indexId":"70123779","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T09:00:37","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In situ and laboratory toxicity of coalbed natural gas produced waters with elevated sodium bicarbonate","docAbstract":"<p>Some tributaries in the Powder River Structural Basin, USA, were historically ephemeral, but now contain water year round as a result of discharge of coalbed natural gas (CBNG)-produced waters. This presented the opportunity to study field sites with 100% effluent water with elevated concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. In situ experiments, static renewal experiments performed simultaneously with in situ experiments, and static renewal experiments performed with site water in the laboratory demonstrated that CBNG-produced water reduces survival of fathead minnow (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>) and pallid sturgeon (<i>Scaphirhynchus albus</i>). Age affected survival of fathead minnow, where fish 2 d posthatch (dph) were more sensitive than 6 dph fish, but pallid sturgeon survival was adversely affected at both 4 and 6 dph. This may have implications for acute assays that allow for the use of fish up to 14 dph. The survival of early lifestage fish is reduced significantly in the field when concentrations of NaHCO<sub>3</sub> rise to more than 1500 mg/L (also expressed as &gt;1245 mg HCO<sub>3</sub> (-) /L). Treatment with the Higgin's Loop technology and dilution of untreated water increased survival in the laboratory. The mixing zones of the 3 outfalls studied ranged from approximately 800 m to 1200 m below the confluence. These experiments addressed the acute toxicity of effluent waters but did not address issues related to the volumes of water that may be added to the watershed.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.2658","usgsCitation":"Farag, A.M., Harper, D., and Skaar, D., 2014, In situ and laboratory toxicity of coalbed natural gas produced waters with elevated sodium bicarbonate: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 33, no. 9, p. 2086-2093, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2658.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2086","endPage":"2093","ipdsId":"IP-045353","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293484,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54101464e4b07ab1cd9809cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Farag, Aida M. 0000-0003-4247-6763 aida_farag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4247-6763","contributorId":1139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farag","given":"Aida","email":"aida_farag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":500240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harper, David D.","contributorId":102946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harper","given":"David D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Skaar, Don","contributorId":9171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skaar","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":500241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70225542,"text":"70225542 - 2014 - Succession of Laramide magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal events in the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T13:36:27.411783","indexId":"70225542","displayToPublicDate":"2014-09-01T08:30:12","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Succession of Laramide magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal events in the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>This investigation of the space-time progression of magmatism and hydrothermal activity in the Patagonia Mountains of southern Arizona is based on field and paragenetic relationships, and on U-Pb and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar geochronology of igneous and hydrothermal minerals. The Patagonia Mountains consist of Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary, granitic, and volcanic rocks, Laramide volcanic rocks, and a core of Laramide intrusions that comprise the Patagonia Mountains batholith. Laramide igneous rocks and adjacent Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks contain significant porphyry Cu-Mo deposits, Mo-Cu breccia pipes, Ag replacement deposits, and numerous other Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag replacement and vein deposits. Ages of igneous and hydrothermal minerals from 20 U-Pb and 52<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar determinations define four magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal events that formed the batholith and altered parts of it and adjacent rocks; cumulatively the events span at least 16 m.y., from ~74 to 58 Ma. The oldest event of this succession includes the 74 Ma Washington Camp stock and spatially associated Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag replacement deposits in Paleozoic carbonate rocks of the Washington Camp-Duquesne district. Eruption of 73 to 68 Ma volcanic rocks in the northern part of the range was the next youngest event, which coincides temporally with replacement and vein deposits in Paleozoic carbonate rocks at the Flux mine (~71 Ma). An event at 65 to 62 Ma is marked by emplacement of small-volume quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and diorite intrusions, formation of the Ventura breccia deposit in Jurassic granite at 65 to 64 Ma, and formation of other Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu replacement and vein deposits (~62 Ma; Blue Nose and Morning Glory). The Red Mountain porphyry Cu-Mo system is hosted by ~62 Ma granodiorite and Laramide volcanic rocks (73–68 Ma) at the northern end of the batholith. It includes a deep, chalcopyrite-bornite resource (~60 Ma) that is associated with potassic and sericitic alteration and a near-surface chalcocite-enargite resource (60 Ma) that is associated with advanced, supergene-enriched argillic alteration.</p><p>The youngest event includes the Sunnyside porphyry Cu-Mo system and a Cu-Mo breccia deposit at Red Hill (Four Metals mine), both of which formed in large-volume quartz monzonite, granodiorite, quartz monzonite porphyry, and quartz feldspar porphyry (~61–59 Ma). Similar to the Red Mountain system, the Sunnyside system consists of a deep chalcopyrite resource that occurs in ~60 to 59 Ma quartz feldspar porphyry, and a near-surface, slightly younger (~59–58 Ma) enargite-chalcocite-tennantite resource that occurs in quartz feldspar porphyry, quartz monzonite porphyry, and Mesozoic rocks. The Red Hill Cu-Mo breccia deposit is hosted by large-volume quartz monzonite, granodiorite, and quartz monzonite porphyry (~61–59 Ma). Discrepancies between field and paragenetic relationships and some analytic ages at Sunnyside and Red Hill preclude precise dating of mineralization stages, and may reflect disturbance of isotope systems by multiple, co-spatial to juxtaposed intrusive and hydrothermal events, and/or by unrecognized intrusions. Numerous vein and replacement deposits at the northern end of the batholith, including the Hardshell Ag resource and the Three R supergene chalcocite resource, are distal deposits of the Sunnyside and Red Mountain systems. Small, ~61 to 59 Ma Cu-Mo deposits in large-volume intrusions in the southern part of the batholith consist of hydrothermal quartz, biotite, K-feldspar, muscovite, chalcopyrite, and molybdenite.</p><p>The age span of magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal events in the Patagonia Mountains, minimally 16 m.y., is comparable to that of certain other magmatic-hydrothermal successions that contain porphyry Cu-Mo systems. Magmatic-hydrothermal events of the Wasatch-Oquirrh igneous trend, Utah, and the Boulder batholith, Montana, both span ~17 m.y. and include the Bingham and Butte porphyry Cu-Mo, vein and replacement deposits, respectively. Plutons and mineral deposits in the Pima district, Arizona, which includes the porphyry Cu-Mo deposits at Sierrita-Esperanza, Mission-Pima-San Xavier North, and Twin Buttes, formed over an interval of ~14 m.y. The diversity of igneous and hydrothermal products likely reflects evolutionary processes occurring at multiple sites in the lithosphere and at different time scales from &gt;10 m.y. to less than the geochronologic precision currently achievable.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1667","usgsCitation":"Vikre, P., Graybeal, F., Fleck, R., Barton, M.D., and Seedorff, E., 2014, Succession of Laramide magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal events in the Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz County, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 109, no. 6, p. 1667-1704, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1667.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"1667","endPage":"1704","ipdsId":"IP-050075","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390723,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Santa Cruz County","otherGeospatial":"Patagonia Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.82252502441406,\n              31.33604401284106\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.64468383789062,\n              31.33604401284106\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.64468383789062,\n              31.532896662756986\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.82252502441406,\n              31.532896662756986\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.82252502441406,\n              31.33604401284106\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"109","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vikre, Peter 0000-0001-7895-5972 pvikre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5972","contributorId":267885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter","email":"pvikre@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":825517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graybeal, Frederick T.","contributorId":267886,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graybeal","given":"Frederick T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fleck, Robert J.","contributorId":267887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"Robert J.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":825519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barton, Mark D.","contributorId":267888,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barton","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seedorff, Eric","contributorId":267889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seedorff","given":"Eric","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":825521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}