{"pageNumber":"1289","pageRowStart":"32200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":30042,"text":"wri954250 - 1996 - Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954250","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4250","title":"Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida","docAbstract":"Reuse of treated wastewater for golf course irrigation is an increasingly popular water management option in Florida, where growth has put stress on potable water supplies.  Surface water, ground water, and irrigation water were sampled at three pairs of golf courses quarterly for one year to determine if pesticides were present, and the effect of irrigation with treated effluent on ground-water quality, with an emphasis on interactions of effluent with pesticides. In addition to the six paired golf courses, which were in central Florida, ground water was sampled for pesticides and other constituents at three more golf courses in other parts of the State. This study was the first to analyze water samples from Florida golf courses for a broad range of pesticides. Statistical methods based on the percentage of data above detection limits were used to determine the effects of irrigation with reclaimed water on ground-water quality. Shallow ground water at golf courses irrigated with treated effluent has higher concentrations of chloride, lower concentrations of bicarbonate, and lower pH than ground water at golf courses irrigated with water from carbonate aquifers. There were no statistically significant differences in nutrient concentrations in ground water between paired golf courses grouped by irrigation water type at a 95 percent confidence level. The number of wells where pesticides occurred was significantly higher at the paired golf courses using ground water for irrigation than at ones using reclaimed water. However, the limited occurrences of individual pesticides in ground water make it difficult to correlate differences in irrigation- water quality with pesticide migration to the water table. At some of the golf courses, increased pesticide occurrences may be associated with higher irrigation rates, the presence of well-drained soils, and shallow depths to the surficial aquifer. Pesticides used by golf courses for turf grass maintenance were detected in ground water on seven of nine golf courses studied and in 52 percent of ground-water samples. Concentrations of pesticides in ground water at golf courses were generally low relative to gegulatory guidelines, with 45 percent of all occurrences at trace levels and 92 percent under the maximum contaminant level or guidance concentration. Two of the nine golf courses had not pesticides detectedc in ground water, and a third had only two occurrences, which were at trace levels. Theere were six occurrences of concentrations of arsenic, bentazon, or acephate in ground water above the maximum contaminant level or guidance concentration. Additionally, the following pesticides were detected in ground water from at least one site; atrazine, bromacil, diazinon, diuron, fenamiphos, metalaxyl, oxydiazon, and simazine. The fenamiphos metabolites, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone, also were detected in ground water. Samples from wastewater treatment plants contained trace levels of atrazine, bromacil, and gamma-BHC (Lindane). Concentrations of pesticides in golf course ponds  were generally low, with 60 percent of all occurrences at trace levels. All but one of the pond samples collected during the study contained at least one pesticide. The most commonly occurring pesticides in golf course ponds were: atrazine, fenamiphos and fenamiphos sulfoxide, and diuron.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954250","usgsCitation":"Swancar, A., 1996, Water quality, pesticide occurrence, and effects of irrigation with reclaimed water at golf courses in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4250, iv, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954250.","productDescription":"iv, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2476,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954250","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545d58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swancar, Amy aswancar@usgs.gov","contributorId":450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swancar","given":"Amy","email":"aswancar@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":202583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28826,"text":"wri954191 - 1996 - Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T11:30:35","indexId":"wri954191","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4191","title":"Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas","docAbstract":"<p>Large chloride concentrations in Arkansas River water have the potential to degrade water quality in the adjacent <i>Equus</i> beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, Kansas. The aquifer is an important source of water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and domestic uses. </p><p>A three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow-model program (MODFLOW) was used with data from past studies and data collected during 1988-91 to simulate aquifer and stream conditions during the late 1930's, during 1940-89, and during 1990-2019. Results of ground-water flow-model simulations indicated that declining water levels in the <i>Equus</i> beds aquifer since the 1940's have caused base flow in the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers to decrease. In 1940, the Arkansas and Little Arkansas Rivers had simulated net base-flow gains within the model area of about 21 and about 67 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (cubic feet per second), respectively. By the end of 1989, the Arkansas River had a simulated net base-flow loss of about 52 ft<sup>3</sup>/s, and the Little Arkansas River had a net base-flow gain of about 27 ft<sup>3</sup>/s. Simulations for 1990-2019 showed that the water-level changes in a selected model cell located in the central part of the Wichita well field could range from -0.2 to -78 feet. Waterlevel changes in a selected model cell located near the Arkansas River could range from +1.3 to -1.2 feet. In model simulations where only pumpage varied, net base-flow loss from the Arkansas River to the aquifer ranged from about 59 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (no increase in pumpage since 1989) to 117 ft<sup>3</sup>/s (a 3-percent per year increase in pumpage since 1989) by 2019. </p><p>Assuming a chloride concentration of 630 milligrams per liter, the median concentration in Arkansas River water collected during 1988-91, the quantity of chloride discharged from the Arkansas River to the aquifer was estimated to have increased from about 21 tons per day in 1940 to about 100 tons per day in 1989. By 2019, chloride discharge was indicated to range from about 110 tons per day (associated with no increase in pumpage since 1989) to 200 tons per day (associated with a 3-percent per year increase in pumpage since 1989). </p><p>A particle-tracking program (MODPATH), which used the results from the flow model, was used to simulate the distribution in the aquifer of chloride from the river during the same time periods. Particle-tracking simulations show that, during 1940-89, the simulated distribution of particles representing chloride from the Arkansas River expanded from relatively narrow bands near the river to a wider distribution within the aquifer and the Wichita well field. Particle-tracking simulations indicate that chloride discharge from the Arkansas River may have reached the edge of the Wichita well field as early as 1963.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954191","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Kansas Water Office, the Equus Beds Groundwater Management District No. 2, and the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Department of the Interior","usgsCitation":"Myers, N.C., Hargadine, G., and Gillespie, J.B., 1996, Hydrologic and chemical interaction of the Arkansas River and the <i>Equus</i> Beds aquifer between Hutchinson and Wichita, south-central Kansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4191, Report: viii, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 27.30 x 41.80 inches and 34.95 x 36.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954191.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 100 p.; 2 Plates: 27.30 x 41.80 inches and 34.95 x 36.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57686,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"21.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":118897,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":344896,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","size":"2.86 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":344897,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4191/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","size":"2.92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1,\n              37.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.1,\n              38.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              38.3\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.2,\n              37.7\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6117d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, N. C.","contributorId":13622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hargadine, G.D.","contributorId":93927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gillespie, Joe B.","contributorId":21194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillespie","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29534,"text":"wri954147 - 1996 - Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T10:50:25","indexId":"wri954147","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4147","title":"Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"<p>Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of low flows is important for the optimal development of surface-water resources in Puerto Rico. This report presents analyses of low-flow data for 9 continuous-record gaging stations and 105 partial-record stations in southern and western Puerto Rico. The report includes analyses of lowflow data and tabulations of computed low-flow magnitude and frequency characteristics for 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, and 90-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years for continuous-record gaging stations based on the log-Pearson Type III frequency distribution or graphically adjusted logPearson frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics are provided for partial-record stations for 7-, 14-, and 30-consecutive days with recurrence intervals of 2 and 10 years. Low-flow characteristics at partial-record stations were estimated based on the relation of base-flow discharge measurements at the partial-record stations and concurrent discharges at nearby continuous-record stations. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954147","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority and the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., 1996, Low-flow characteristics at selected sites on streams in southern and western Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4147, viii, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954147.","productDescription":"viii, 46 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58371,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4147/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119421,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4147/report-thumb.jpg"}],"state":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -67.14019775390625,\n              18.516074596589366\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.1649169921875,\n              18.492633354495656\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.17041015625,\n              18.45616282504624\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.15667724609375,\n              18.427501971948608\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.27203369140625,\n              18.375379094031825\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.269287109375,\n              18.351918656384548\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2308349609375,\n              18.294557510034192\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.20611572265625,\n              18.2867340628812\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.181396484375,\n              18.24239453111627\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.1649169921875,\n              18.21369821621042\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.181396484375,\n              18.16412071686921\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.19512939453125,\n              18.14324176648384\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.1978759765625,\n              18.093644270502615\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2088623046875,\n              18.05186707354763\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.18963623046875,\n              18.01530387941711\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.21435546875,\n              18.002243755759384\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.2088623046875,\n              17.96828290799978\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.19238281249999,\n              17.929089201618645\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.17864990234375,\n              17.94476772628429\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.16217041015625,\n              17.942154735291442\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.1044921875,\n              17.942154735291442\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.06878662109375,\n              17.94476772628429\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.01385498046875,\n              17.95783210227242\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.983642578125,\n              17.94476772628429\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.95068359374999,\n              17.926475979176438\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.9232177734375,\n              17.913409288694826\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.917724609375,\n              17.93954170571153\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.884765625,\n              17.942154735291442\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.851806640625,\n              17.94476772628429\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.78863525390625,\n              17.95260646769184\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.7694091796875,\n              17.973508079068797\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.73095703125,\n              17.973508079068797\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.70074462890625,\n              17.96828290799978\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.676025390625,\n              17.97089551285456\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.64031982421875,\n              17.973508079068797\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.61834716796875,\n              17.95260646769184\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.5936279296875,\n              17.955219304287816\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.55517578125,\n              17.960444861640777\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.52496337890625,\n              17.96828290799978\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.4837646484375,\n              17.97873309555617\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.4617919921875,\n              17.96828290799978\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.43157958984375,\n              17.95260646769184\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.390380859375,\n              17.936928637549443\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.36566162109375,\n              17.936928637549443\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.36016845703125,\n              17.960444861640777\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.31622314453125,\n              17.960444861640777\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.29425048828125,\n              17.93954170571153\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.24481201171875,\n              17.929089201618645\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.214599609375,\n              17.929089201618645\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.1541748046875,\n              17.91863608052212\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.12396240234375,\n              17.947380678685217\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.0882568359375,\n              17.95260646769184\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.05255126953125,\n              17.95260646769184\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.0113525390625,\n              17.96567026450932\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.9619140625,\n              17.96567026450932\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.9014892578125,\n              17.973508079068797\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.8740234375,\n              17.99963161491187\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.82733154296875,\n              18.007467921353\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.830078125,\n              18.04403274297545\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.80535888671875,\n              18.04403274297545\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.78887939453125,\n              18.070145820303548\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.78338623046875,\n              18.09625501513539\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7586669921875,\n              18.138021639185936\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.731201171875,\n              18.179778291829212\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.69549560546874,\n              18.174559256236886\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6707763671875,\n              18.184997171309004\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.62408447265625,\n              18.216307167661796\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.599365234375,\n              18.218916080017465\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.59112548828125,\n              18.245003052249718\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.599365234375,\n              18.260653356758375\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.61859130859375,\n              18.302380604025146\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.63232421875,\n              18.341490772004338\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6268310546875,\n              18.37016593904468\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.6158447265625,\n              18.398836341154734\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.63507080078125,\n              18.383198531081593\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.69000244140625,\n              18.383198531081593\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.75042724609374,\n              18.393623895475336\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.7861328125,\n              18.40665471391907\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.8245849609375,\n              18.417078658661257\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.8685302734375,\n              18.443135757230912\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.928955078125,\n              18.453557490539584\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.98663330078125,\n              18.453557490539584\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.0498046875,\n              18.46397859132042\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.0882568359375,\n              18.432713391700858\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.126708984375,\n              18.437924653474408\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.13494873046875,\n              18.461373375441458\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.22283935546875,\n              18.47179400162541\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.2640380859375,\n              18.48481889407345\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.30523681640625,\n              18.47960905583197\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.3409423828125,\n              18.48481889407345\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.4178466796875,\n              18.495238095433262\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.45355224609375,\n              18.46397859132042\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.4892578125,\n              18.48481889407345\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.55792236328125,\n              18.492633354495656\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.632080078125,\n              18.492633354495656\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.7144775390625,\n              18.490028573953296\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.77764892578125,\n              18.495238095433262\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.83807373046875,\n              18.497842796761336\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.9342041015625,\n              18.48481889407345\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.96990966796875,\n              18.492633354495656\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.0111083984375,\n              18.516074596589366\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.07977294921875,\n              18.5186789808691\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.14019775390625,\n              18.516074596589366\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a75e4b07f02db644bbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26364,"text":"wri964036 - 1996 - Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri964036","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4036","title":"Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Sarasota, Florida, operates a downtown well field that pumps mineralized water from ground water sources to supply a reverse osmosis plant. Because of the close proximity of the well field to Sarasota Bay and the high sulfate and chloride concentrations of ground-water supplies, a growing concern exists about the possibility of lateral movement of saltwater in a landward direction (intrusion) and vertical movement of relict sea water (upconing).  In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey began a 3-year study to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics and water quality of ground-water resources within the downtown well field and the surrounding 235-square-mile study area. Delineation of the hydrogeology of the study area was based on water- quality data, aquifer test data, and extensive borehole geophysical surveys (including gamma, caliper, temperature, electrical resistivity, and flow meter logs) from the six existing production wells and from a corehole drilled as part of the study, as well as from published and unpublished reports on file at the U.S. Geological Survey, the Southwest Florida Water Management District, and consultant's reports.  Water-quality data were examined for spatial and temporal trends that might relate to the mechanism for observed water-quality changes. Water quality in the study area appears to be dependent upon several mechanisms, including upconing of higher salinity water from deeper zones within the aquifer system, interbore-hole flow between zones of varying water quality through improperly cased and corroded wells, migration of highly mineralized waters through structural deformities, and the presence of unflushed relict seawater.  A numerical ground-water flow model was developed as an interpretative tool where field-derived hydrologic characteristics could be tested. The conceptual model consisted of seven layers to represent the multilayered aquifer systems underlying the study area. Particle tracking was utilized to delineate the travel path of water as it enters the model area under a set of given conditions. Within the model area, simulated flow in the intermediate aquifer system originates primarily from the northwestern boundary. Simulated flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer originates in lower model layers (deeper flow zones) and ultimately can be traced to the southeastern and northwestern boundaries.  Volumetric budgets calculated from numerical simulation of a hypothetical well field indicate that the area of contribution to the well field changes seasonally. Although ground-water flow patterns change with wet and dry seasons, most water enters the well-field flow system through lower parts of the Upper Floridan aquifer from a southeastern direction. Moreover, particle tracking indicated that ground-water flow paths with strictly lateral pathlines in model layers correspond to the intermediate aquifer system, whereas particles traced through model layers corresponding to the Upper Floridan aquifer had components of vertical and lateral flow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964036","usgsCitation":"Broska, J.C., and Knochenmus, L.A., 1996, Assessment of the hydrogeology and water quality in a near-shore well field, Sarasota, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4036, vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964036.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55158,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4036/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broska, J. C.","contributorId":62628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broska","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":67435,"text":"i2524B - 1996 - Sample data for the geologic map of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:47:05","indexId":"i2524B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2524","chapter":"B","title":"Sample data for the geologic map of the island of Hawaii","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2524B","isbn":"0607860839","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, E.W., and Morris, J., 1996, Sample data for the geologic map of the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2524, 1 map on 3 sheets; 157 x 140 cm., sheets 104 x 81 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (51 p. : map ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/i2524B.","productDescription":"1 map on 3 sheets; 157 x 140 cm., sheets 104 x 81 cm. or smaller, folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm. +1 pamphlet (51 p. : map ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108313,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13034.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"13034"},{"id":91683,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91684,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":190426,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":91682,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91681,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2524b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"100000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.08333333333334,18.8675 ], [ -156.08333333333334,20.284166666666668 ], [ -154.75,20.284166666666668 ], [ -154.75,18.8675 ], [ -156.08333333333334,18.8675 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fde94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, E. W. (compiler)","contributorId":8561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"E.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morris, Jean","contributorId":23635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"Jean","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":276185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28770,"text":"wri954218 - 1996 - Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:23:52","indexId":"wri954218","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4218","title":"Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge","docAbstract":"<p>Developments in Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) technologies have made these instruments potentially useful for making measurements of discharge in rivers and large streams. Although there have been several laboratory studies and some field experiments, quantitative information on the performance of ADCP's under field conditions is relatively rare but essential to proper assessment of the potential uses and limitations of these instruments. This study was a comparative evaluation of river discharge data and ADCP data collected with conventional methods at 12 selected U.S. Geological Survey streamflow- gaging stations in the continental United States.</p>\n<p>ADCP discharge measurements were made at the 12 sites in 1994. Twenty-six of the 31 measurements differed by less than 5 percent from the discharges determined with conventional methods. All 31 ADCP measurements were within 8 percent of the conventional method discharges.</p>\n<p>The standard deviations of the ADCP measurements ranged from approximately 1 to 6 percent and were generally higher than the measurement errors predicted by error-propagation analysis of ADCP instrument performance. These error-prediction methods assume that the largest component of ADCP discharge measurement error is instrument related. The larger standard deviations indicate that substantial portions of measurement error may be attributable to sources unrelated to ADCP electronics or signal processing and are functions of the field environment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954218","usgsCitation":"Morlock, S.E., 1996, Evaluation of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler measurements of river discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4218, iv, p. 37 :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954218.","productDescription":"iv, p. 37 :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4218.jpg"},{"id":13680,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4218/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-66.28243,18.51476],[-65.7713,18.42668],[-65.591,18.22803],[-65.84716,17.97591],[-66.59993,17.98182],[-67.18416,17.94655],[-67.24243,18.37446],[-67.10068,18.5206],[-66.28243,18.51476]]],[[[-155.54211,19.08348],[-155.68817,18.91619],[-155.93665,19.05939],[-155.90806,19.33888],[-156.07347,19.70294],[-156.02368,19.81422],[-155.85008,19.97729],[-155.91907,20.17395],[-155.86108,20.26721],[-155.78505,20.2487],[-155.40214,20.07975],[-155.22452,19.99302],[-155.06226,19.8591],[-154.80741,19.50871],[-154.83147,19.45328],[-155.22217,19.23972],[-155.54211,19.08348]]],[[[-156.07926,20.64397],[-156.41445,20.57241],[-156.58673,20.783],[-156.70167,20.8643],[-156.71055,20.92676],[-156.61258,21.01249],[-156.25711,20.91745],[-155.99566,20.76404],[-156.07926,20.64397]]],[[[-156.75824,21.17684],[-156.78933,21.06873],[-157.32521,21.09777],[-157.25027,21.21958],[-156.75824,21.17684]]],[[[-157.65283,21.32217],[-157.70703,21.26442],[-157.7786,21.27729],[-158.12667,21.31244],[-158.2538,21.53919],[-158.29265,21.57912],[-158.0252,21.71696],[-157.94161,21.65272],[-157.65283,21.32217]]],[[[-159.34512,21.982],[-159.46372,21.88299],[-159.80051,22.06533],[-159.74877,22.1382],[-159.5962,22.23618],[-159.36569,22.21494],[-159.34512,21.982]]],[[[-94.81758,49.38905],[-94.64,48.84],[-94.32914,48.67074],[-93.63087,48.60926],[-92.61,48.45],[-91.64,48.14],[-90.83,48.27],[-89.6,48.01],[-89.27292,48.01981],[-88.37811,48.30292],[-87.43979,47.94],[-86.46199,47.55334],[-85.65236,47.22022],[-84.87608,46.90008],[-84.77924,46.6371],[-84.54375,46.53868],[-84.6049,46.4396],[-84.3367,46.40877],[-84.14212,46.51223],[-84.09185,46.27542],[-83.89077,46.11693],[-83.61613,46.11693],[-83.46955,45.99469],[-83.59285,45.81689],[-82.55092,45.34752],[-82.33776,44.44],[-82.13764,43.57109],[-82.43,42.98],[-82.9,42.43],[-83.12,42.08],[-83.142,41.97568],[-83.02981,41.8328],[-82.69009,41.67511],[-82.43928,41.67511],[-81.27775,42.20903],[-80.24745,42.3662],[-78.93936,42.86361],[-78.92,42.965],[-79.01,43.27],[-79.17167,43.46634],[-78.72028,43.62509],[-77.73789,43.62906],[-76.82003,43.62878],[-76.5,44.01846],[-76.375,44.09631],[-75.31821,44.81645],[-74.867,45.00048],[-73.34783,45.00738],[-71.50506,45.0082],[-71.405,45.255],[-71.08482,45.30524],[-70.66,45.46],[-70.305,45.915],[-69.99997,46.69307],[-69.23722,47.44778],[-68.905,47.185],[-68.23444,47.35486],[-67.79046,47.06636],[-67.79134,45.70281],[-67.13741,45.13753],[-66.96466,44.8097],[-68.03252,44.3252],[-69.06,43.98],[-70.11617,43.68405],[-70.64548,43.09024],[-70.81489,42.8653],[-70.825,42.335],[-70.495,41.805],[-70.08,41.78],[-70.185,42.145],[-69.88497,41.92283],[-69.96503,41.63717],[-70.64,41.475],[-71.12039,41.49445],[-71.86,41.32],[-72.295,41.27],[-72.87643,41.22065],[-73.71,40.9311],[-72.24126,41.11948],[-71.945,40.93],[-73.345,40.63],[-73.982,40.628],[-73.95232,40.75075],[-74.25671,40.47351],[-73.96244,40.42763],[-74.17838,39.70926],[-74.90604,38.93954],[-74.98041,39.1964],[-75.20002,39.24845],[-75.52805,39.4985],[-75.32,38.96],[-75.07183,38.78203],[-75.05673,38.40412],[-75.37747,38.01551],[-75.94023,37.21689],[-76.03127,37.2566],[-75.72205,37.93705],[-76.23287,38.31921],[-76.35,39.15],[-76.54272,38.71762],[-76.32933,38.08326],[-76.99,38.23999],[-76.30162,37.91794],[-76.25874,36.9664],[-75.9718,36.89726],[-75.86804,36.55125],[-75.72749,35.55074],[-76.36318,34.80854],[-77.39763,34.51201],[-78.05496,33.92547],[-78.55435,33.86133],[-79.06067,33.49395],[-79.20357,33.15839],[-80.30132,32.50935],[-80.86498,32.0333],[-81.33629,31.44049],[-81.49042,30.72999],[-81.31371,30.03552],[-80.98,29.18],[-80.53558,28.47213],[-80.53,28.04],[-80.05654,26.88],[-80.08801,26.20576],[-80.13156,25.81677],[-80.38103,25.20616],[-80.68,25.08],[-81.17213,25.20126],[-81.33,25.64],[-81.71,25.87],[-82.24,26.73],[-82.70515,27.49504],[-82.85526,27.88624],[-82.65,28.55],[-82.93,29.1],[-83.70959,29.93656],[-84.1,30.09],[-85.10882,29.63615],[-85.28784,29.68612],[-85.7731,30.15261],[-86.4,30.4],[-87.53036,30.27433],[-88.41782,30.3849],[-89.18049,30.31598],[-89.59383,30.15999],[-89.41373,29.89419],[-89.43,29.48864],[-89.21767,29.29108],[-89.40823,29.15961],[-89.77928,29.30714],[-90.15463,29.11743],[-90.88022,29.14854],[-91.62678,29.677],[-92.49906,29.5523],[-93.22637,29.78375],[-93.84842,29.71363],[-94.69,29.48],[-95.60026,28.73863],[-96.59404,28.30748],[-97.14,27.83],[-97.37,27.38],[-97.38,26.69],[-97.33,26.21],[-97.14,25.87],[-97.53,25.84],[-98.24,26.06],[-99.02,26.37],[-99.3,26.84],[-99.52,27.54],[-100.11,28.11],[-100.45584,28.69612],[-100.9576,29.38071],[-101.6624,29.7793],[-102.48,29.76],[-103.11,28.97],[-103.94,29.27],[-104.45697,29.57196],[-104.70575,30.12173],[-105.03737,30.64402],[-105.63159,31.08383],[-106.1429,31.39995],[-106.50759,31.75452],[-108.24,31.75485],[-108.24194,31.34222],[-109.035,31.34194],[-111.02361,31.33472],[-113.30498,32.03914],[-114.815,32.52528],[-114.72139,32.72083],[-115.99135,32.61239],[-117.12776,32.53534],[-117.29594,33.04622],[-117.944,33.62124],[-118.4106,33.74091],[-118.51989,34.02778],[-119.081,34.078],[-119.43884,34.34848],[-120.36778,34.44711],[-120.62286,34.60855],[-120.74433,35.15686],[-121.71457,36.16153],[-122.54747,37.55176],[-122.51201,37.78339],[-122.95319,38.11371],[-123.7272,38.95166],[-123.86517,39.76699],[-124.39807,40.3132],[-124.17886,41.14202],[-124.2137,41.99964],[-124.53284,42.76599],[-124.14214,43.70838],[-124.02053,44.6159],[-123.89893,45.52341],[-124.07963,46.86475],[-124.39567,47.72017],[-124.68721,48.18443],[-124.5661,48.37971],[-123.12,48.04],[-122.58736,47.096],[-122.34,47.36],[-122.5,48.18],[-122.84,49],[-120,49],[-117.03121,49],[-116.04818,49],[-113,49],[-110.05,49],[-107.05,49],[-104.04826,48.99986],[-100.65,49],[-97.22872,49.0007],[-95.15907,49],[-95.15609,49.38425],[-94.81758,49.38905]]],[[[-153.00631,57.11584],[-154.00509,56.73468],[-154.5164,56.99275],[-154.67099,57.4612],[-153.76278,57.81657],[-153.22873,57.96897],[-152.56479,57.90143],[-152.14115,57.59106],[-153.00631,57.11584]]],[[[-165.57916,59.90999],[-166.19277,59.75444],[-166.84834,59.94141],[-167.45528,60.21307],[-166.46779,60.38417],[-165.67443,60.29361],[-165.57916,59.90999]]],[[[-171.73166,63.78252],[-171.11443,63.59219],[-170.49111,63.69498],[-169.68251,63.43112],[-168.68944,63.29751],[-168.77194,63.1886],[-169.52944,62.97693],[-170.29056,63.19444],[-170.67139,63.37582],[-171.55306,63.31779],[-171.79111,63.40585],[-171.73166,63.78252]]],[[[-155.06779,71.14778],[-154.34417,70.69641],[-153.90001,70.88999],[-152.21001,70.82999],[-152.27,70.60001],[-150.73999,70.43002],[-149.72,70.53001],[-147.61336,70.21403],[-145.68999,70.12001],[-144.92001,69.98999],[-143.58945,70.15251],[-142.07251,69.85194],[-140.98599,69.712],[-140.9925,66.00003],[-140.99777,60.3064],[-140.013,60.27684],[-139.039,60.00001],[-138.34089,59.56211],[-137.4525,58.905],[-136.47972,59.46389],[-135.47583,59.78778],[-134.945,59.27056],[-134.27111,58.86111],[-133.35555,58.41029],[-132.73042,57.69289],[-131.70781,56.55212],[-130.00778,55.91583],[-129.97999,55.285],[-130.53611,54.80275],[-131.08582,55.17891],[-131.96721,55.49778],[-132.25001,56.37],[-133.53918,57.17889],[-134.07806,58.12307],[-135.03821,58.18771],[-136.62806,58.21221],[-137.80001,58.5],[-139.86779,59.53776],[-140.82527,59.72752],[-142.57444,60.08445],[-143.95888,59.99918],[-145.92556,60.45861],[-147.11437,60.88466],[-148.22431,60.67299],[-148.01807,59.97833],[-148.57082,59.91417],[-149.72786,59.70566],[-150.60824,59.36821],[-151.71639,59.15582],[-151.85943,59.74498],[-151.40972,60.7258],[-150.34694,61.03359],[-150.62111,61.28442],[-151.89584,60.7272],[-152.57833,60.06166],[-154.01917,59.35028],[-153.28751,58.86473],[-154.23249,58.14637],[-155.30749,57.72779],[-156.30833,57.42277],[-156.5561,56.97998],[-158.11722,56.46361],[-158.43332,55.99415],[-159.60333,55.56669],[-160.28972,55.64358],[-161.22305,55.36473],[-162.23777,55.02419],[-163.06945,54.68974],[-164.78557,54.40417],[-164.94223,54.57222],[-163.84834,55.03943],[-162.87,55.34804],[-161.80417,55.89499],[-160.5636,56.00805],[-160.07056,56.41806],[-158.68444,57.01668],[-158.4611,57.21692],[-157.72277,57.57],[-157.55027,58.32833],[-157.04167,58.91888],[-158.19473,58.6158],[-158.51722,58.78778],[-159.05861,58.42419],[-159.71167,58.93139],[-159.98129,58.57255],[-160.35527,59.07112],[-161.355,58.67084],[-161.96889,58.67166],[-162.05499,59.26693],[-161.87417,59.63362],[-162.51806,59.98972],[-163.81834,59.79806],[-164.66222,60.26748],[-165.34639,60.5075],[-165.35083,61.0739],[-166.12138,61.50002],[-165.73445,62.075],[-164.91918,62.63308],[-164.56251,63.14638],[-163.75333,63.21945],[-163.06722,63.05946],[-162.26056,63.54194],[-161.53445,63.45582],[-160.77251,63.76611],[-160.95834,64.2228],[-161.51807,64.40279],[-160.77778,64.7886],[-161.39193,64.77724],[-162.45305,64.55944],[-162.75779,64.33861],[-163.54639,64.55916],[-164.96083,64.44695],[-166.42529,64.68667],[-166.845,65.0889],[-168.11056,65.67],[-166.70527,66.08832],[-164.47471,66.57666],[-163.65251,66.57666],[-163.7886,66.07721],[-161.67777,66.11612],[-162.48971,66.73557],[-163.71972,67.11639],[-164.43099,67.61634],[-165.39029,68.04277],[-166.76444,68.35888],[-166.20471,68.88303],[-164.43081,68.91554],[-163.16861,69.37111],[-162.93057,69.85806],[-161.9089,70.33333],[-160.9348,70.44769],[-159.03918,70.89164],[-158.11972,70.82472],[-156.58082,71.35776],[-155.06779,71.14778]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"United States\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e727a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morlock, S. E.","contributorId":31437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morlock","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26259,"text":"wri954229 - 1996 - Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T21:47:06.105387","indexId":"wri954229","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4229","title":"Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California","docAbstract":"<p>Planning efforts to implement the 1980 General Management Plan, which recommends relocating park administrative facilities and employee housing from Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park, California, have focused on the availability of water at potential relocation sites within the park. Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area, one of several potential relocation sites, were evaluated between June 1991 and October 1993. </p><p>Ground water flowing from Biledo Spring near the headwaters of Rainier Creek, about 5 miles southeast of Wawona, is probably the most reliable source of good quality ground water for Wawona. A dilute calcium bicarbonate ground water flows from the spring at about 250 gallons per minute. No <i>Giardia</i> was detected in a water sample collected from Biledo Spring in July 1992. The concentration of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon at Biledo Spring was 420 picoCuries per liter, exceeding the primary drinking-water standard of 300 picoCuries per liter proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This concentration, however, was considerably lower than the concentrations of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon measured in ground water at Wawona. The median value for 15 wells sampled at Wawona was 4,500 picoCuries per liter.</p><p> Water-quality samples from 45 wells indicate that ground water in the South Fork Merced River valley at Wawona is segregated vertically. Shallow wells produce a dilute calcium sodium bicarbonate water that results from chemical dissolution of minerals as water flows through fractured granitic rock from hillside recharge areas toward the valley floor. Tritium concentrations indicate that ground water in the shallow wells originated as precipitation after the 1960's when testing of atmospheric nuclear devices stopped. Ground water from the deep flowing wells in the valley floor is older sodium calcium chloride water. This older water probably originated either as precipitation during a climatically cooler period or as precipitation from altitudes between 1,400 and 3,700 feet higher than precipitation that recharged the local shallow ground-water-flow system. Chloride and associated cations in the deepground-water-flow system may result from upward leakage of saline ground water or from leaching of saline fluid inclusions in the granitic rocks. </p><p>Water-level and pressure-gage measurements for 38 wells in the South Fork Merced River valley also indicate that the ground water in the valley is segregated vertically. Hydraulic head in deep fractures is as much as 160 feet above the valley floor. Vertical hydraulic gradients between the shallow and deep systems are as high as 4.5 feet per foot in one of two test holes drilled for this study. Measurements of in situ stress in the two test holes indicate that the vertical segregation of ground water may be related to pressures in the earth that squeeze horizontal fractures closed at depth. Fractures within a few hundred feet of land surface are poorly connected to fractures deeper beneath the valley. </p><p>About 100 privately owned wells currently are in use at Wawona; but, the ground-water-flow system may not be an adequate source of good quality ground water for relocated park facilities. Yields from existing wells are low (median 4-5 gallons per minute) and traditional methods for locating high-yielding wells in fractured rocks have not been successful in this area. Concentrations of dissolved <sup>222</sup>radon (median 4,500 picoCuries per liter) are high, and the development of deep ground water could cause deeper saline water to migrate upward into producing wells. </p><p>The South Fork Merced River, the primary source of water supply for Wawona, does not meet current demands during late summer and autumn. Data collected between 1958 and 1968 indicate that 25 percent of the time discharge of the South Fork River at Wawona during the dry season (August through October) was less than 2 cubic feet per second-the discharge rate at which the National Park Service is restricted from withdrawing water from the river. the river, however, could be relied on for additional water supply if facilities were constructed to divert and store water during periods of high flow for use later in the year.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954229","usgsCitation":"Borchers, J.W., 1996, Ground-water resources and water-supply alternatives in the Wawona area of Yosemite National Park, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4229, vii, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954229.","productDescription":"vii, 77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411592,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48313.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55060,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4229/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Wawona area of Yosemite National Park,","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5333\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.625,\n              37.5333\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.625,\n              37.5556\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.6583,\n              37.5556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696ed5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchers, J. W.","contributorId":74414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchers","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2204,"text":"wsp2453 - 1996 - Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2453","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2453","title":"Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods","docAbstract":"Investigations were conducted in Arizona during the early 1980's to obtain hydrologic data in order to deliver 30,000 acre-feet of water annually to the Ak-Chin Indian Reservation. A recharge experiment produced infiltration rates for an ephemeral stream channel that ranged from 0.64 to 1.09 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of channel length. Water moved vertically through the 330-foot-thick unsaturated zone to the water table in less than 5 days.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2453","usgsCitation":"Marie, J.R., and Hollett, K.J., 1996, Determination of hydraulic characteristics and yield of aquifers underlying Vekol Valley, Arizona, using several classical and current methods: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2453, iv, 63 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2453.","productDescription":"iv, 63 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2453/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27873,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2453/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667724","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Marie, James R.","contributorId":50503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marie","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollett, Kenneth J.","contributorId":40580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollett","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25420,"text":"wri964049 - 1996 - Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"wri964049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4049","title":"Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Commercial and industrial activities in the Railroad Industrial Area in Fairbanks, Alaska, have resulted in accidental releases of chemicals to the subsurface. Such releases have generated concern regarding local ground-water quality and the potential impact on nearby water-supply wells. Consequently, a study is being conducted to characterize the environmental and hydrologic conditions in the area. Existing reports from numerous previous investigations in the area were reviewed and relevant information from these documents was compiled. Both ground- and surface-water elevations were measured approximately monthly at as many as 50 sites during mass measurements. Selected sites were measured more frequently to assess short-term changes in the ground- and surface-water systems. Supplemental data were also collected outside of the study area to aid in interpretation. Ground water was sampled and analyzed to define the extent of the area affected by petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents. Data show that water levels in nearby rivers and sloughs have a considerable influence on ground-water flow in the study area. Seasonal and shorter term changes in river stage frequently alter and even reverse the direction of ground-water flow. The local ground-water system typically has an upward flow component, but this component is reversed in the upper part of the aquifer during periods of high water levels in the Chena River. These periodic changes in the magnitude and direction of ground-water flow have a considerable influence on the transport of dissolved hydrocarbons in the subsurface. Both petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents were found in ground water at the study area. Typical degradation products of these compounds were also found, indicating that biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms is occurring.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964049","usgsCitation":"Lilly, M.R., McCarthy, K.A., Kriegler, A., Vohden, J., and Burno, G., 1996, Compilation and preliminary interpretations of hydrologic and water-quality data from the Railroad Industrial Area, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4049, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964049.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54139,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54140,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa1bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lilly, M. R.","contributorId":38594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kriegler, A.T.","contributorId":83955,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kriegler","given":"A.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vohden, James","contributorId":101281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vohden","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Burno, G.E.","contributorId":18026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burno","given":"G.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018711,"text":"70018711 - 1996 - Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T16:57:19.257568","indexId":"70018711","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics","docAbstract":"<p>We have replaced the usual band of poor-quality data in the near-nadir region of our GLORIA long-range sidescan-sonar imagery with a shaded-relief image constructed from swath bathymetry data (collected simultaneously with GLORIA) which completely cover the nadir area. We have developed a technique to enhance these \"pseudo-sidescan\" images in order to mimic the neighbouring GLORIA backscatter intensities. As a result, the enhanced images greatly facilitate the geologic interpretation of the adjacent GLORIA data, and geologic features evident in the GLORIA data may be correlated with greater confidence across track. Features interpreted from the pseudo-sidescan may be extrapolated from the near-nadir region out into the GLORIA range where they may not have been recognized otherwise, and therefore the pseudo-sidescan can be used to ground-truth GLORIA interpretations. Creation of digital sidescan mosaics utilized an approach not previously used for GLORIA data. Pixels were correctly placed in cartographic space and the time required to complete a final mosaic was significantly reduced. Computer software for digital mapping and mosaic creation is incorporated into the newly-developed Woods Hole Image Processing System (WHIPS) which can process both low- and high-frequency sidescan, and can interchange data with the Mini Image Processing System (MIPS) most commonly used for GLORIA processing. These techniques are tested by creating digital mosaics of merged GLORIA sidescan and Hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan data from the vicinity of the Juan Fernandez microplate along the East Pacific Rise (EPR).&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00313879","issn":"00253235","usgsCitation":"Bird, R., Searle, R.C., Paskevich, V., and Twichell, D., 1996, Merged GLORIA sidescan and hydrosweep pseudo-sidescan: Processing and creation of digital mosaics: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 18, no. 6, p. 651-661, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00313879.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"651","endPage":"661","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227178,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5438e4b0c8380cd6cf01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bird, R.T.","contributorId":97263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Searle, R. C.","contributorId":94317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searle","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paskevich, V.","contributorId":61583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskevich","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":28721,"text":"wri954259 - 1996 - Evaluation of scour at selected bridge sites in Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-21T11:05:14","indexId":"wri954259","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4259","title":"Evaluation of scour at selected bridge sites in Indiana","docAbstract":"<p>Twenty bridge sites in Indiana were evaluated to determine: the extent of scour during floods, streambed stability, the maximum historical scour, and estimates of potential scour. Historical scour data were collected by means of geophysical methods and used to evaluate the scour-computation procedures recommended by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration and 13 other published pier-scour equations. Hydraulic conditions for the peak historical discharges were estimated by use of WSPRO, a water-surface profile computation model. Depth soundings were made periodically at all of the sites and during flooding at some sites. These data indicate that scour may not totally be a function of discharge or depth but is influenced greatly by debris on piers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954259","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Miller, R.L., and Wilson, J., 1996, Evaluation of scour at selected bridge sites in Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4259, xiii, 225 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954259.","productDescription":"xiii, 225 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"225","numberOfPages":"238","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4259/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57551,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4259/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.802483,40.528046],[-84.802547,40.50181],[-84.803928,40.462564],[-84.804504,40.411555],[-84.803917,40.310115],[-84.806175,40.197995],[-84.808291,40.129027],[-84.809737,40.048929],[-84.811212,39.995331],[-84.814179,39.814212],[-84.814129,39.72662],[-84.814619,39.669174],[-84.814323,39.655814],[-84.814955,39.566251],[-84.815754,39.477358],[-84.819451,39.305153],[-84.820159,39.227225],[-84.819802,39.157613],[-84.820157,39.10548],[-84.826246,39.10417],[-84.831197,39.10192],[-84.839515,39.095292],[-84.849574,39.088264],[-84.860689,39.07814],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.893873,39.062466],[-84.897364,39.057378],[-84.897171,39.052407],[-84.894281,39.049572],[-84.889065,39.04082],[-84.882856,39.034031],[-84.870168,39.025551],[-84.856959,39.011528],[-84.850354,39.00325],[-84.849445,39.000923],[-84.847094,38.997309],[-84.83983,38.99129],[-84.83712,38.988059],[-84.833473,38.981522],[-84.830619,38.974898],[-84.829857,38.969385],[-84.832617,38.96146],[-84.83516,38.957961],[-84.864731,38.934893],[-84.870759,38.929231],[-84.877762,38.920357],[-84.879268,38.916116],[-84.878817,38.913405],[-84.877029,38.909016],[-84.870124,38.900389],[-84.867778,38.899133],[-84.860759,38.897654],[-84.830472,38.897256],[-84.819073,38.895469],[-84.812746,38.895132],[-84.800247,38.89107],[-84.788143,38.883728],[-84.786406,38.88222],[-84.785234,38.880439],[-84.784579,38.87532],[-84.785799,38.869496],[-84.788302,38.864325],[-84.791002,38.860572],[-84.793714,38.857788],[-84.803247,38.850723],[-84.817169,38.84342],[-84.823363,38.839196],[-84.827488,38.834909],[-84.829958,38.830632],[-84.829886,38.825405],[-84.827098,38.818634],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-84.813939,38.800209],[-84.811645,38.792766],[-84.811752,38.789169],[-84.812877,38.786087],[-84.814641,38.784488],[-84.821378,38.783111],[-84.828714,38.783208],[-84.835672,38.784289],[-84.847918,38.788106],[-84.856904,38.790224],[-84.887919,38.794652],[-84.89393,38.793704],[-84.901874,38.790604],[-84.915234,38.784086],[-84.932977,38.777519],[-84.941071,38.775627],[-84.947644,38.775273],[-84.962535,38.778035],[-84.978723,38.77928],[-84.990006,38.778383],[-84.995939,38.776756],[-84.999949,38.774715],[-85.011772,38.766712],[-85.040938,38.755163],[-85.047967,38.750849],[-85.060264,38.744948],[-85.071928,38.741567],[-85.076369,38.739496],[-85.08218,38.735439],[-85.100963,38.7268],[-85.103313,38.725323],[-85.106979,38.72163],[-85.106902,38.720789],[-85.121357,38.711232],[-85.133049,38.702375],[-85.13868,38.699168],[-85.146861,38.695427],[-85.156158,38.692251],[-85.172528,38.688082],[-85.177112,38.688405],[-85.187278,38.687609],[-85.190507,38.68795],[-85.2045,38.691692],[-85.213257,38.695446],[-85.221124,38.700957],[-85.226062,38.705456],[-85.238665,38.722494],[-85.242434,38.726235],[-85.246505,38.731821],[-85.258846,38.737754],[-85.267639,38.739899],[-85.275454,38.741172],[-85.289226,38.74241],[-85.306049,38.741649],[-85.330807,38.736705],[-85.340953,38.733893],[-85.351776,38.731638],[-85.363827,38.730477],[-85.372284,38.730576],[-85.400481,38.73598],[-85.410925,38.73708],[-85.416631,38.736272],[-85.422021,38.734834],[-85.434065,38.729455],[-85.437766,38.726405],[-85.442271,38.71985],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.452114,38.709348],[-85.455967,38.695655],[-85.456978,38.689135],[-85.456481,38.685069],[-85.455486,38.68209],[-85.444815,38.670083],[-85.438742,38.659319],[-85.437738,38.648898],[-85.439458,38.632366],[-85.439351,38.610388],[-85.438594,38.605405],[-85.437446,38.601724],[-85.43617,38.598292],[-85.419883,38.573558],[-85.415821,38.563558],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.4156,38.546341],[-85.417322,38.540763],[-85.423077,38.531581],[-85.425787,38.52873],[-85.433136,38.523914],[-85.441725,38.520191],[-85.458496,38.5144],[-85.462518,38.512602],[-85.466691,38.51028],[-85.472221,38.506279],[-85.474354,38.504074],[-85.47767,38.49832],[-85.479472,38.494533],[-85.481246,38.488374],[-85.482897,38.485701],[-85.491422,38.474702],[-85.498866,38.468242],[-85.516939,38.461357],[-85.527164,38.45829],[-85.536542,38.456083],[-85.553304,38.45388],[-85.575254,38.453292],[-85.587758,38.450495],[-85.603833,38.442094],[-85.607629,38.439295],[-85.620521,38.423105],[-85.620329,38.421697],[-85.621625,38.417089],[-85.629961,38.402306],[-85.632937,38.395666],[-85.638041,38.380338],[-85.638521,38.376802],[-85.638009,38.366115],[-85.638777,38.361443],[-85.646201,38.342916],[-85.653641,38.327108],[-85.659897,38.319396],[-85.668698,38.310517],[-85.675017,38.301317],[-85.683561,38.295469],[-85.738746,38.269366],[-85.744862,38.26717],[-85.750962,38.26787],[-85.761062,38.27257],[-85.766563,38.27767],[-85.765763,38.279669],[-85.765963,38.280469],[-85.773363,38.286169],[-85.780963,38.288469],[-85.791563,38.288569],[-85.794063,38.287869],[-85.796063,38.286669],[-85.802563,38.284969],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-85.823764,38.280569],[-85.829364,38.276769],[-85.834864,38.268069],[-85.838064,38.257369],[-85.837964,38.25117],[-85.839664,38.23977],[-85.845464,38.23027],[-85.851436,38.223189],[-85.868564,38.211969],[-85.880264,38.203369],[-85.894764,38.188469],[-85.897664,38.184269],[-85.908764,38.161169],[-85.909464,38.14007],[-85.905164,38.11107],[-85.904564,38.10027],[-85.906163,38.08617],[-85.913163,38.07337],[-85.915643,38.06647],[-85.916987,38.061846],[-85.918379,38.054214],[-85.919563,38.041079],[-85.921371,38.032135],[-85.922395,38.028679],[-85.925418,38.023456],[-85.930235,38.018311],[-85.934635,38.014423],[-85.939483,38.010951],[-85.951467,38.005608],[-85.958299,38.004616],[-85.976028,38.00356],[-85.996582,38.000073],[-86.009127,37.998529],[-86.020655,37.996116],[-86.029509,37.99264],[-86.032468,37.9901],[-86.035012,37.984814],[-86.035279,37.981228],[-86.033386,37.970382],[-86.034355,37.964621],[-86.036013,37.961703],[-86.038188,37.95935],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.045208,37.958258],[-86.048458,37.959369],[-86.053912,37.963571],[-86.061731,37.971326],[-86.064859,37.975618],[-86.071644,37.9872],[-86.074915,37.993345],[-86.07398,37.995449],[-86.075393,37.996948],[-86.080034,38.000848],[-86.087525,38.005127],[-86.095766,38.00893],[-86.108156,38.013416],[-86.118208,38.015279],[-86.12757,38.016011],[-86.141063,38.01547],[-86.16731,38.009879],[-86.172186,38.00992],[-86.178983,38.011308],[-86.190927,38.016438],[-86.206439,38.021876],[-86.220371,38.027922],[-86.225519,38.03328],[-86.233057,38.039305],[-86.249972,38.04583],[-86.261273,38.052721],[-86.266891,38.057125],[-86.273584,38.067443],[-86.27872,38.089303],[-86.278656,38.098509],[-86.271223,38.130112],[-86.271802,38.137874],[-86.287773,38.15805],[-86.304155,38.167872],[-86.317139,38.172907],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.347736,38.195363],[-86.360377,38.198796],[-86.373801,38.193352],[-86.378151,38.185845],[-86.377434,38.171379],[-86.37174,38.164183],[-86.353625,38.159579],[-86.325941,38.154317],[-86.321274,38.147418],[-86.323453,38.139032],[-86.328398,38.132877],[-86.335145,38.129242],[-86.352466,38.128459],[-86.375324,38.130629],[-86.379775,38.129274],[-86.387216,38.124632],[-86.396215,38.107789],[-86.401653,38.105396],[-86.405068,38.105801],[-86.41876,38.117693],[-86.431749,38.126121],[-86.449793,38.127223],[-86.457115,38.124531],[-86.463248,38.119278],[-86.466081,38.114437],[-86.466217,38.106781],[-86.463858,38.101177],[-86.458795,38.096404],[-86.434046,38.086763],[-86.430091,38.078638],[-86.432789,38.067171],[-86.438236,38.060426],[-86.452192,38.05049],[-86.471903,38.046218],[-86.480393,38.045578],[-86.500051,38.045757],[-86.51176,38.044448],[-86.517289,38.042634],[-86.519404,38.041241],[-86.521825,38.038327],[-86.524969,38.027879],[-86.524385,38.018609],[-86.524656,38.012894],[-86.525671,38.007145],[-86.525844,37.998385],[-86.524888,37.981834],[-86.525174,37.968228],[-86.523831,37.962169],[-86.520503,37.954438],[-86.518575,37.951798],[-86.512588,37.94695],[-86.50939,37.942492],[-86.507043,37.936439],[-86.50662,37.930719],[-86.507831,37.928829],[-86.511005,37.92612],[-86.51924,37.922163],[-86.528279,37.918618],[-86.534156,37.917007],[-86.540722,37.916871],[-86.548507,37.917842],[-86.566256,37.922164],[-86.580322,37.923145],[-86.586542,37.922285],[-86.588581,37.921159],[-86.596125,37.914289],[-86.598452,37.910965],[-86.599848,37.906754],[-86.600096,37.901218],[-86.598151,37.884553],[-86.598317,37.88042],[-86.59939,37.874753],[-86.597476,37.871478],[-86.59732,37.870162],[-86.598108,37.867382],[-86.604624,37.858272],[-86.609163,37.855408],[-86.615215,37.852857],[-86.625763,37.847266],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.638265,37.842718],[-86.648028,37.841425],[-86.652516,37.841636],[-86.655286,37.842505],[-86.658268,37.844144],[-86.661637,37.849714],[-86.662495,37.856951],[-86.661233,37.862761],[-86.658374,37.869376],[-86.648727,37.886036],[-86.644754,37.894806],[-86.644039,37.898202],[-86.644143,37.902366],[-86.645513,37.906529],[-86.647081,37.908621],[-86.650087,37.910616],[-86.660888,37.913059],[-86.673038,37.914903],[-86.680929,37.91501],[-86.686015,37.913084],[-86.691994,37.908529],[-86.707816,37.898367],[-86.716138,37.894073],[-86.718462,37.893123],[-86.722247,37.892648],[-86.73146,37.89434],[-86.734718,37.896587],[-86.75099,37.912893],[-86.765054,37.93251],[-86.779993,37.956522],[-86.788044,37.97284],[-86.790597,37.980062],[-86.794985,37.988982],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-86.815267,37.998877],[-86.820071,37.999392],[-86.823491,37.998939],[-86.835161,37.99375],[-86.849027,37.99002],[-86.85595,37.987292],[-86.863224,37.982495],[-86.866936,37.979294],[-86.870388,37.975276],[-86.875874,37.97077],[-86.881338,37.967523],[-86.884961,37.964373],[-86.892084,37.955929],[-86.902413,37.946161],[-86.907131,37.943023],[-86.919329,37.936664],[-86.927747,37.934956],[-86.933357,37.934939],[-86.944633,37.933534],[-86.964785,37.932384],[-86.969044,37.932858],[-86.978834,37.930233],[-87.003301,37.922395],[-87.010315,37.919668],[-87.033444,37.906593],[-87.042249,37.898291],[-87.045101,37.893775],[-87.046237,37.889866],[-87.045894,37.887574],[-87.044144,37.884025],[-87.043407,37.87994],[-87.043049,37.875049],[-87.043854,37.870796],[-87.04926,37.859745],[-87.051452,37.853681],[-87.055404,37.835297],[-87.057836,37.827457],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.067836,37.806065],[-87.070732,37.801937],[-87.077404,37.796209],[-87.090636,37.787808],[-87.0999,37.78464],[-87.111133,37.782512],[-87.119229,37.782848],[-87.127533,37.78504],[-87.129629,37.786608],[-87.133149,37.792208],[-87.137502,37.807264],[-87.14195,37.816176],[-87.153486,37.832384],[-87.158878,37.837871],[-87.162319,37.840159],[-87.164863,37.841215],[-87.170831,37.842319],[-87.180063,37.841375],[-87.20224,37.843791],[-87.212416,37.846223],[-87.220944,37.849134],[-87.25525,37.867326],[-87.26293,37.872846],[-87.26989,37.879854],[-87.27437,37.882942],[-87.302324,37.898445],[-87.320036,37.905741],[-87.331765,37.908253],[-87.334165,37.908205],[-87.335397,37.907565],[-87.344933,37.911164],[-87.352614,37.916124],[-87.35471,37.918252],[-87.358294,37.92054],[-87.361638,37.921004],[-87.363622,37.922348],[-87.372327,37.930028],[-87.372711,37.930556],[-87.372039,37.931708],[-87.372439,37.932044],[-87.380247,37.935596],[-87.40116,37.941227],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.418585,37.944763],[-87.428521,37.944811],[-87.436859,37.944192],[-87.447786,37.942427],[-87.450458,37.941451],[-87.465514,37.93369],[-87.486347,37.920218],[-87.490411,37.916682],[-87.501131,37.909162],[-87.507483,37.90673],[-87.511499,37.906426],[-87.520284,37.912618],[-87.531532,37.916298],[-87.545901,37.922666],[-87.551277,37.925418],[-87.559342,37.931146],[-87.56587,37.93793],[-87.568398,37.941226],[-87.57203,37.947466],[-87.574287,37.954842],[-87.573415,37.962642],[-87.574715,37.967742],[-87.577915,37.971542],[-87.581115,37.973442],[-87.585916,37.975442],[-87.589816,37.976042],[-87.592916,37.975842],[-87.596716,37.974842],[-87.601416,37.972542],[-87.603816,37.968942],[-87.605216,37.965142],[-87.605216,37.961442],[-87.603516,37.958942],[-87.606216,37.949642],[-87.610816,37.944602],[-87.619488,37.938538],[-87.625616,37.933442],[-87.62896,37.926714],[-87.628416,37.92145],[-87.626256,37.916138],[-87.623296,37.910746],[-87.620272,37.906922],[-87.608479,37.898794],[-87.601967,37.895722],[-87.597118,37.892394],[-87.591582,37.887194],[-87.588426,37.868791],[-87.588729,37.860984],[-87.591504,37.856642],[-87.606599,37.838669],[-87.612426,37.83384],[-87.615399,37.831974],[-87.625014,37.829077],[-87.635806,37.827015],[-87.645858,37.825899],[-87.655171,37.826037],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.672397,37.829127],[-87.675538,37.831732],[-87.679188,37.836321],[-87.680689,37.84062],[-87.6819,37.84641],[-87.681633,37.855917],[-87.6754,37.865946],[-87.673186,37.868412],[-87.668879,37.871497],[-87.666175,37.874146],[-87.664101,37.877176],[-87.66282,37.881449],[-87.662865,37.885578],[-87.665025,37.893514],[-87.666481,37.895786],[-87.671457,37.899498],[-87.67573,37.90193],[-87.680338,37.903274],[-87.684018,37.903498],[-87.688338,37.902474],[-87.700915,37.897274],[-87.710675,37.893898],[-87.717971,37.89257],[-87.723635,37.892058],[-87.7333,37.894346],[-87.740148,37.89465],[-87.76226,37.890906],[-87.771004,37.886261],[-87.773015,37.884544],[-87.783643,37.877759],[-87.786407,37.876556],[-87.7909,37.875714],[-87.795185,37.875273],[-87.808013,37.875191],[-87.830578,37.876516],[-87.833883,37.877324],[-87.838102,37.879769],[-87.841193,37.882325],[-87.841615,37.883393],[-87.841693,37.887685],[-87.844691,37.892048],[-87.84559,37.893151],[-87.857243,37.900649],[-87.858738,37.902779],[-87.863097,37.911858],[-87.865558,37.915056],[-87.87254,37.920999],[-87.877325,37.924034],[-87.883321,37.926238],[-87.892471,37.92793],[-87.898062,37.927514],[-87.904789,37.924892],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-87.927769,37.900924],[-87.932129,37.89732],[-87.936784,37.892587],[-87.938365,37.890802],[-87.940069,37.88767],[-87.941021,37.879168],[-87.940005,37.875044],[-87.938128,37.870651],[-87.936228,37.867937],[-87.927303,37.858709],[-87.914892,37.849618],[-87.910276,37.843416],[-87.907773,37.837611],[-87.903804,37.817762],[-87.904595,37.812526],[-87.90681,37.807624],[-87.911087,37.805158],[-87.919138,37.802128],[-87.927543,37.799851],[-87.932554,37.797672],[-87.934936,37.79522],[-87.934698,37.791827],[-87.935861,37.789703],[-87.938598,37.787914],[-87.944506,37.775256],[-87.946463,37.773477],[-87.948594,37.772344],[-87.95259,37.771742],[-87.96003,37.773223],[-87.970262,37.781856],[-87.971805,37.784648],[-87.976389,37.788004],[-87.984358,37.7918],[-87.987157,37.792202],[-87.991168,37.794049],[-87.993099,37.795756],[-87.997102,37.797672],[-88.004706,37.800145],[-88.015144,37.80193],[-88.021021,37.801409],[-88.02803,37.799224],[-88.029382,37.803601],[-88.045939,37.807481],[-88.049528,37.81107],[-88.051771,37.813761],[-88.051771,37.817799],[-88.049079,37.826322],[-88.044145,37.830808],[-88.043247,37.836639],[-88.044593,37.840677],[-88.053116,37.847854],[-88.056705,37.85548],[-88.058499,37.865349],[-88.056705,37.872078],[-88.054462,37.877461],[-88.050425,37.882844],[-88.033378,37.894059],[-88.031584,37.901685],[-88.044145,37.926805],[-88.036124,37.942746],[-88.012929,37.966544],[-88.012574,37.977062],[-88.025831,38.007245],[-88.02979,38.025046],[-88.025304,38.038055],[-88.020369,38.046578],[-88.009603,38.04927],[-87.990314,38.056447],[-87.984931,38.069008],[-87.986725,38.076185],[-87.9948,38.083362],[-87.998389,38.090091],[-87.999734,38.100857],[-87.990763,38.110726],[-87.974272,38.121981],[-87.945472,38.126616],[-87.92168,38.148407],[-87.922577,38.160071],[-87.928858,38.168594],[-87.937162,38.172189],[-87.9595,38.184376],[-87.975819,38.197834],[-87.984234,38.20996],[-87.982688,38.221527],[-87.979548,38.228256],[-87.975511,38.232742],[-87.968968,38.237389],[-87.960225,38.237118],[-87.950838,38.247097],[-87.945904,38.256966],[-87.951277,38.26875],[-87.952125,38.273763],[-87.938727,38.289264],[-87.928858,38.292404],[-87.92168,38.289712],[-87.916746,38.284778],[-87.913606,38.276703],[-87.908223,38.274012],[-87.898802,38.276255],[-87.887849,38.285299],[-87.883102,38.293301],[-87.88041,38.299581],[-87.875476,38.301376],[-87.868747,38.299133],[-87.860224,38.291507],[-87.853046,38.289264],[-87.844972,38.29061],[-87.838243,38.29375],[-87.833757,38.299133],[-87.831972,38.307241],[-87.832723,38.324853],[-87.822721,38.346912],[-87.806075,38.363143],[-87.779996,38.370842],[-87.745254,38.408996],[-87.74104,38.435576],[-87.730699,38.442908],[-87.730134,38.446518],[-87.735729,38.452986],[-87.74317,38.459019],[-87.743535,38.467774],[-87.739522,38.475069],[-87.730768,38.478717],[-87.714047,38.47988],[-87.693188,38.488038],[-87.678374,38.498438],[-87.663701,38.502931],[-87.657084,38.507169],[-87.654166,38.511911],[-87.653802,38.517382],[-87.65578,38.521206],[-87.660732,38.541092],[-87.650704,38.55624],[-87.651529,38.568166],[-87.637752,38.588512],[-87.629362,38.589971],[-87.626444,38.591066],[-87.62389,38.593984],[-87.624143,38.596955],[-87.627348,38.60544],[-87.622375,38.618873],[-87.62012,38.639489],[-87.593678,38.667402],[-87.545538,38.677613],[-87.531231,38.684036],[-87.519609,38.697198],[-87.516707,38.716333],[-87.496494,38.742728],[-87.498948,38.757774],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.527342,38.818121],[-87.521681,38.826576],[-87.525893,38.848795],[-87.550515,38.85956],[-87.553384,38.863344],[-87.54737,38.875614],[-87.544089,38.895093],[-87.527645,38.907688],[-87.518826,38.923205],[-87.512187,38.954417],[-87.529496,38.971925],[-87.578319,38.988786],[-87.579117,39.001607],[-87.569696,39.019413],[-87.575027,39.034062],[-87.572588,39.057286],[-87.596373,39.079639],[-87.608517,39.082445],[-87.613513,39.085568],[-87.616636,39.08994],[-87.61726,39.096186],[-87.619134,39.100557],[-87.625379,39.101806],[-87.630376,39.104305],[-87.632249,39.106803],[-87.632874,39.11055],[-87.632245,39.118702],[-87.643145,39.128562],[-87.64599,39.1449],[-87.640435,39.166727],[-87.620796,39.17479],[-87.588614,39.197824],[-87.577029,39.211123],[-87.574558,39.218404],[-87.579163,39.232962],[-87.583535,39.243579],[-87.593486,39.247452],[-87.605543,39.261122],[-87.61005,39.282232],[-87.597545,39.296388],[-87.600397,39.312904],[-87.589084,39.333831],[-87.578331,39.340343],[-87.5544,39.340488],[-87.544013,39.352907],[-87.531646,39.347888],[-87.531355,39.437732],[-87.532703,39.664868],[-87.533227,39.883],[-87.531759,40.144273],[-87.526376,40.491574],[-87.525783,40.854357],[-87.526437,40.894209],[-87.526014,40.895582],[-87.526768,41.298052],[-87.526404,41.355812],[-87.52535,41.380851],[-87.525671,41.470115],[-87.52494,41.529735],[-87.525041,41.559235],[-87.524641,41.563335],[-87.524944,41.702635],[-87.524044,41.708335],[-87.520544,41.709935],[-87.515243,41.704235],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.505343,41.691535],[-87.470742,41.672835],[-87.463142,41.675535],[-87.453041,41.673035],[-87.446113,41.66934],[-87.441987,41.671905],[-87.43853,41.670679],[-87.432953,41.665102],[-87.432396,41.66053],[-87.438941,41.654335],[-87.42984,41.646035],[-87.42344,41.642835],[-87.394539,41.637235],[-87.365439,41.629536],[-87.324338,41.623036],[-87.287637,41.622236],[-87.278437,41.619736],[-87.261536,41.620336],[-87.22066,41.624356],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-87.160625,41.637266],[-87.160784,41.645385],[-87.125835,41.650302],[-87.120322,41.645701],[-87.066033,41.661845],[-87.027888,41.674661],[-86.93483,41.709638],[-86.90913,41.726938],[-86.875429,41.737939],[-86.824828,41.76024],[-86.519318,41.759447],[-86.041027,41.760512],[-85.791363,41.759051],[-85.607548,41.759079],[-85.30814,41.760097],[-85.17223,41.759618],[-85.039436,41.759985],[-84.972803,41.759366],[-84.805883,41.760216],[-84.80621,41.67455],[-84.803919,41.435531],[-84.803413,41.164649],[-84.80378,41.14052],[-84.803234,41.121414],[-84.803313,40.989394],[-84.80217,40.800601],[-84.802538,40.765515],[-84.802094,40.702476],[-84.802483,40.528046]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Indiana\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fab8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, R. L.","contributorId":54178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27358,"text":"wri954192 - 1996 - Ground-water flow patterns and water budget of a bottomland forested wetland, Black Swamp, eastern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri954192","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4192","title":"Ground-water flow patterns and water budget of a bottomland forested wetland, Black Swamp, eastern Arkansas","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, working in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, collected surface-water and ground-water data from 119 wells and 13 staff gages from September 1989 to September 1992 to describe ground-water flow patterns and water budget in the Black Swamp, a bottomland forested wetland in eastern Arkansas. The study area was between two streamflow gaging stations located about 30.5 river miles apart on the Cache River. Ground-water flow was from northwest to southeast with some diversion toward the Cache River. Hydraulic connection between the surface water and the alluvial aquifer is indicated by nearly equal changes in surface-water and ground-water levels near the Cache River. Diurnal fluctuations of hydraulic head ranged from more than 0 to 0.38 feet and were caused by evapotranspiration. Changes in hydraulic head of the alluvial aquifer beneath the wetland lagged behind stage fluctuations and created the potential for changes in ground-water movement. Differences between surface-water levels in the wetland and stage of the Cache River created a frequently occurring local ground-water flow condition in which surface water in the wetland seeped into the upper part of the alluvial aquifer and then seeped into the Cache River. When the Cache River flooded the wetland, ground water consistently seeped to the surface during falling surface-water stage and surface water seeped into the ground during rising surface-water stage. Ground-water flow was a minor component of the water budget, accounting for less than 1 percent of both inflow and outflow. Surface-water drainage from the study area through diversion canals was not accounted for in the water budget and may be the reason for a surplus of water in the budget. Even though ground-water flow volume is small compared to other water budget components, ground-water seepage to the wetland surface may still be vital to some wetland functions.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954192","usgsCitation":"Gonthier, G., and Kleiss, B., 1996, Ground-water flow patterns and water budget of a bottomland forested wetland, Black Swamp, eastern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4192, v, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954192.","productDescription":"v, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4192/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56218,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gonthier, G.J.","contributorId":27484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonthier","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kleiss, B.A.","contributorId":107320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kleiss","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29311,"text":"wri964143 - 1996 - Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri964143","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4143","title":"Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models","docAbstract":"A system of functional utilities and computer routines, collectively identified as the Time-Dependent Data System CI DDS), has been developed and documented by the U.S. Geological Survey. The TDDS is designed for processing time sequences of discrete, fixed-interval, time-varying geophysical data--in particular, hydrologic data. Such data include various, dependent variables and related parameters typically needed as input for execution of one-, two-, and three-dimensional hydrodynamic/transport and associated water-quality simulation models. Such data can also include time sequences of results generated by numerical simulation models. Specifically, TDDS provides the functional capabilities to process, store, retrieve, and compile data in a Time-Dependent Data Base (TDDB) in response to interactive user commands or pre-programmed directives. Thus, the TDDS, in conjunction with a companion TDDB, provides a ready means for processing, preparation, and assembly of time sequences of data for input to models; collection, categorization, and storage of simulation results from models; and intercomparison of field data and simulation results.  The TDDS can be used to edit and verify prototype, time-dependent data to affirm that selected sequences of data are accurate, contiguous, and appropriate for numerical simulation modeling. It can be used to prepare time-varying data in a variety of formats, such as tabular lists, sequential files, arrays, graphical displays, as well as line-printer plots of single or multiparameter data sets. The TDDB is organized and maintained as a direct-access data base by the TDDS, thus providing simple, yet efficient, data management and access. A single, easily used, program interface that provides all access to and from a particular TDDB is available for use directly within models, other user-provided programs, and other data systems. This interface, together with each major functional utility of the TDDS, is described and documented in this report.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964143","usgsCitation":"Regan, R., Schaffranek, R., and Baltzer, R., 1996, Time-dependent Data System (TDDS); an interactive program to assemble, manage, and appraise input data and numerical output of flow/transport simulation models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4143, vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964143.","productDescription":"vii, 104 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58156,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4143/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Regan, R.S.","contributorId":51794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Regan","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schaffranek, R.W.","contributorId":61468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaffranek","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baltzer, R.A.","contributorId":86321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baltzer","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70178561,"text":"70178561 - 1996 - In vivo/in vitro comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-28T13:56:30","indexId":"70178561","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3612,"text":"Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In vivo/in vitro comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The rat hepatoma cell line, H4IIE, serves as a useful tool to assess potential biological effects such as induction of cytochrome P4501A1 expression. The objectives of this study were twofold: to investigate the kinetic time course and dosimetry of PCB77 in rat hepatoma cells dosed with PCB77 and in liver of rats given ip doses of PCB77, and to compare</span><i>in vitro</i><span>and</span><i>in vivo</i><span>P4501A1 enzyme induction responses. For the 4-day time–course study, H4IIE cells were exposed with two doses of [</span><sup>14</sup><span>C]PCB77 (0.9 and 3 μg/plate) and harvested at 15 and 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. PCB77-derived radioactivity was detected in the cells as early as 15 min postdosing. For the dose–response study, the cells were dosed with various concentrations of PCB77 (0.00316–5.37 μg/plate) and harvested on Day 3 since ethoxyresorufin</span><i>O</i><span>-deethylase (EROD) activity</span><i>in vitro</i><span>reached its maximum on the third day postdosing. Time–course and dose–response studies revealed that only 1–3% of the total delivered dose was found in the cells, with the remainder in the media and adhering to the culture plates. For the dose–response study</span><i>in vivo,</i><span>male Fischer rats were dosed with a single ip injection of various concentrations of PCB77 (0.1–50 mg/kg body wt) and euthanized on Day 3. PCB77-derived radioactivity and EROD induction</span><i>in vivo</i><span>were measured. When EROD activity and PCB77-derived radioactivity in the rat hepatoma cells and in the rat liver were compared on an equivalent weight basis, there was a significant correlation (</span><i>r</i><sup>2</sup><span>= 0.985) between them. Prior to this study, no information on quantitative dosimetry and EROD activities of PCB77 has been reported to validate the</span><i>in vitro</i><span>assay with</span><i>in vivo</i><span>data.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/taap.1996.0309","usgsCitation":"Yu, K.O., Tillitt, D.E., Byczkowski, J.Z., Burton, G.A., Channel, S.R., Drerup, J.M., Flemming, C.D., and Fisher, J.W., 1996, In vivo/in vitro comparison of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB77): Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 141, no. 2, p. 434-438, https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.1996.0309.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"434","endPage":"438","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331245,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"583d5036e4b0d9329c80c5a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yu, Kyung O.","contributorId":176652,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yu","given":"Kyung","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":654363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byczkowski, Janusz Z.","contributorId":177037,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Byczkowski","given":"Janusz","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Channel, Stephen R.","contributorId":177038,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Channel","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Drerup, Joanne M.","contributorId":177039,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drerup","given":"Joanne","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Flemming, Carlyle D.","contributorId":177040,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flemming","given":"Carlyle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Fisher, Jeffrey W.","contributorId":177041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":21875,"text":"ofr95151 - 1996 - Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:06","indexId":"ofr95151","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-151","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected from a precipitation-collection station and from two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland, as part of investigations of acidic deposition and episodic acidification, and their effects on streamwater quality. Detailed descriptions of the site instrumentation in the watersheds, field data-collection techniques, and laboratory methods used to conduct the studies are included. Data that were collected on precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, streamwater, and other surface and ground waters sampled during biannual synoptic surveys are given in tables. Data collected since October 1987 from one of the streamwater-quality monitoring sites and data collected since March 1988 from one of the ground-water quality monitoring sites are presented. Additional data collected since January 1987 from the precipitation station and data collected since June 1990 from all of the other water-quality monitoring sites are presented. Hydrologic data include tables of precipitation and throughfall quantities, streamflow, and synoptic measurements of ground-water levels. Selected hydrologic data are shown in graphs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95151","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., Kennedy, M.M., Carter, C.A., Anderson, R.T., and Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1987-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-151, vii, 195 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95151.","productDescription":"vii, 195 p.","numberOfPages":"202","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0151/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51364,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0151/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":186080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, Margaret M.","contributorId":178170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carter, Christiana A.","contributorId":178192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"Christiana","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, Robert T.","contributorId":178193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":22744,"text":"ofr96358 - 1996 - Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr96358","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-358","title":"Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94","docAbstract":"Concentrations of organochlorine compounds and trace elements were assayed in fish tissue collected from the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins Study Unit, 1992-94. These data were collected to determine the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds and trace elements in the study unit. Ancillary data included are land-use categories by percentage of the sampling-site basins and the size, gender, and age of the individual fish collected for this study. Concentrations of 28 organochlorine compounds in composited whole fish samples were measured at 32 sites, and concentrations of 22 trace elements in composited fish liver samples were measured at 14 of the 32 sites. Most frequently detected organochlorines were DDT related compounds at 31 sites, total PCBs at 28 sites, and chlordane related compounds at 25 sites. Concentrations of total PCBs in fish tissue were generally higher at the large river sites than at the smaller tributary sites. Concentrations of chlordane-related compounds in fish tissue were higher at sites from more urbanized basins than at sites from predominately agriculture and forested basins. Concentrations of the DDT related compounds were undifferentiated among sites comprising different land uses. Trace elements detected at all 14 sites included boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, and zinc. Trace elements detected at 10 or more sites included arsenic, mercury, silver, strontium, and vanadium. Antimony, beryllium, and uranium were not detected at any site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96358","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Coles, J., 1996, Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-358, v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96358.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0358/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52188,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0358/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684eb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coles, J.F.","contributorId":80257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coles","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25490,"text":"wri954046 - 1996 - Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-31T21:40:02.949893","indexId":"wri954046","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4046","title":"Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89","docAbstract":"Water quality in the headwaters of the Little Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa., was investigated from April 1986 through September 1989 to determine possible effects of agricultural nutrient management on water quality. Nutrient management, an agricultural Best-Management Practice, was promoted in the 5.8-square-mile watershed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Clean Water Program. Nonpoint-source- agricultural contamination was evident in surface water and ground water in the watershed; the greatest contamination was in areas underlain by carbonate rock and with intensive row-crop and animal production. Initial implementation of nutrient management covered about 30 percent of applicable land and was concentrated in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. By 1989, nutrient management covered about 45 percent of the entire Small Watershed, about 85 percent of the Nutrient- Management Subbasin, and less than 10 percent of the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The number of farms implementing nutrient management increased from 14 in 1986 to 25 by 1989. Nutrient applications to cropland in the Nutrient- Management Subbasin decreased by an average of 35 percent after implementation. Comparison of base- flow surface-water quality from before and after implementation suggests that nutrient management was effective in slowing or reversing increases in concentrations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. Although not statistically significant, the Mann-Whitney step-trend coefficient for the Nutrient-Management Subbasin was 0.8 milligram per liter, whereas trend coefficients for the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin and the Small Watershed were 0.4 and 1.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, for the period of study. Analysis of covariance comparison of concurrent concentrations from the two sub- basins showed a significant decrease in concen- trations from the Nutrient-Management Subbasin compared to the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The small, positive effect of nutrient management on base-flow water quality should be interpreted with caution. Lack of statistical significance for most tests, short-term variation in climate and agricultural activities, unknown ground-water flow rates, and insufficient agricultural-activity data for farms outside of the Nutrient-Management Subbasin were potential problems. A regression model relating nutrient applications to concen- trations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite showed no significant explanatory relation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954046","usgsCitation":"Koerkle, E.H., Fishel, D.K., Brown, M.J., and Kostelnik, K.M., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4046, vi, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954046.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395190,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48162.htm"},{"id":124221,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4046/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Conestoga River headwaters","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90532684326172,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.16798656578528\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.93038940429686,\n              40.13899044275822\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koerkle, E. H.","contributorId":29853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Koerkle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fishel, D. K.","contributorId":72028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fishel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, M. J.","contributorId":106531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kostelnik, K. M.","contributorId":34951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostelnik","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":26145,"text":"wri964003 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Summary of information on pesticides, 1970–90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T23:01:01.653169","indexId":"wri964003","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4003","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Summary of information on pesticides, 1970–90","docAbstract":"Historical pesticide data from 1970-90 were compiled for 140 surface-water, 92 ground-water, 55 streambed-sediment, and 120 biological-tissue sampling sites within the Ozark Plateaus National Water-Quality Assessment Program study unit. Surface-water, bed-sediment, and biological-tissue sites have drainage basins predominantly in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus; ground-water sites are predominantly located in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Many sites were sampled only once or twice during this period. A large percentage of the samples were collected in the mid-1970's and early 1980's for surface water, 1990 for ground water, the late 1980's for surface water, 1990 for ground water, the late 1980's for bed sediment, and the early 1980's for biological tissue. Pesticide use was approximately 4.2 million pounds per year of active ingredients from 1982-85 in the study unit and was generally greatest in the Springfield and Salem Plateaus pasturelands and in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain cropland areas. The most frequently applied pesticide in the study unit was 2,4-D. Alachlor was the second most applied pesticide. Corn, pasture, rice, sorghum, and soybeans received approximately 90 percent of the pesticides applied within the study unit. The highest pesticide application rate per acre occurred on these crops in the Osage Plains and Mississippi Alluvial Plain. Pastureland was the predominant crop type in 50 of the 94 counties in the study unit. Toxaphene, the pesticide having the most number of detections in surface water, was found in 17 of 866 samples from 5 of 112 sites. Concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 micrograms per liter. Six other pesticides or pesticide metabolites were detected in 12 or more surface-water samples: DDE, dieldrin, DDT, aldrin, 2,4-D, and lindane. The maximum concentration for these pesticides was less than 1.0 micrograms per liter. Atrazine, the pesticide having the most number of detections in ground water, was found in 15 of 95 samples from 15 of 79 wells with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 8.2 micrograms per liter. Metolachlor, alachlor, and prometon were detected more than once with maximum concentrations less than 1.0 micrograms per liter, except for prometon (2.4 micrograms per liter). Chlordane was the pesticide having the most number of detections in bed sediment and biological tissue. Chlordane was detected in 12 of 73 samples from 10 of 45 bed-sediment sites with concentrations ranging from 2.0 to 240 micrograms per kilogram. In biological tissue, chlordane was found in 93 of 151 samples from 39 of 53 sites with concentrations ranging from 0.009 to 8.6 milligrams per kilogram. Other pesticides or pesticide metabolites detected more than once in bed sediment include DDT, DDD, p,p'-DDE, DDE, and hexachlorobenzene and in biological tissue include DDT, p,p'-DDE, and hexachlorobenzene. Quality criteria or standards have been established for 15 of the pesticides detected in the study unit. For surface-water samples, the drinking water maximum contaminant level for alachlor was exceeded in one sample from one site in 1982. For ground-water samples, the drinking water maximum contaminant level for atrazine was exceeded in four samples from four wells in 1990. For biological-tissue samples collected during the years 1982-89, the fish tissue action levels for chlordane (19 sites; 26 samples), heptachlor epoxide (3 sites; 3 samples), p,p'-DDE (2 sites; 2 samples), dieldrin (2 sites, 2 samples), and mirex (1 site; 1 sample) were exceeded. For bed-sediment samples, quality criteria or standards were not exceeded for any pesticide. Pesticides do not pose any widespread or persistent problems in the study unit, based on the limited number of samples that exceeded quality criteria and standards.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964003","usgsCitation":"Bell, R.W., Joseph, R.L., and Freiwald, D.A., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Ozark Plateaus study unit, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma — Summary of information on pesticides, 1970–90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4003, v, 51 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964003.","productDescription":"v, 51 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":396301,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48373.htm"},{"id":344289,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4003/WRIR96-4003.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2074,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri96-4003/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Ozark Plateaus","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -95.4,\n              35.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              35.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              38.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.4,\n              38.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.4,\n              35.5167\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4893e4b07f02db520a34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, Richard W.","contributorId":44141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joseph, Robert L. rljoseph@usgs.gov","contributorId":3482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"Robert","email":"rljoseph@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freiwald, David A. freiwald@usgs.gov","contributorId":226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freiwald","given":"David","email":"freiwald@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25826,"text":"wri964098 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-19T21:53:18.888967","indexId":"wri964098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4098","title":"Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design","docAbstract":"<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin is diverse in ways that can control the areal distribution and flow of water and the distribution and concentration of constituents that affect water quality. A review of the environmental setting of the Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program is intended to put water quality in perspective with the geology, soils, climate, hydrology, ecology and historical uses of the land and provides a basis for the sampling design of the study.</p>\n<p>The Upper Mississippi River Basin study unit encompasses about 47,000 square miles and includes all of the basin upstream from Lake Pepin. The climate of the study unit is subhumid continental with cold dry winters and warm, moist summers. Average annual precipitation ranges from 22 inches in the western part of the study unit to 32 inches in the east. Annual runoff ranges from less than 2 inches in the west to 14 inches in the northeast.</p>\n<p>The physiography of the study unit includes the Superior Upland and the Central Lowland Provinces. The Wisconsin Driftless Area and the Dissected Till Plains are unique physiographic sections of the Central Lowland Province. Hydrogeologic units in glacial deposits include surficial and buried sand and gravel aquifers and confining units. Bedrock aquifers and confining units are part of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that can be divided into major aquifers separated by confining units.</p>\n<p>The population of the study unit was about 3,640,000 as of 1990 and increased 16 percent between 1970 and 1990. Seventy-five percent of the population lives in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. An average of 413 million gallons of water per day was used 59 percent from ground water and 41 percent from surface water. Land use and land cover in the study unit consists of forested, agricultural, and urban areas. About 63 percent of the land area is agricultural.</p>\n<p>The quality of water in streams and ground water are affected by both natural and anthropogenic factors. The quality of water is generally satisfactory for most domestic, public, industrial, and irrigation uses. Most water is of the calcium-magnesium-bicarbonate type.</p>\n<p>The initial six-year phase of the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment, lasting from 1994 to 1999, focuses on data collection and analysis in a 19,500 square-mile area in Minnesota and Wisconsin that includes the Twin Cities metropolitan area. The study design focuses on factors that have an influence on or a potential influence on the water quality in that area. The most significant contaminants include nutrients, pesticides, synthetic-organic compounds, and trace metals.</p>\n<p>Environmental stratification consists of dividing the study unit into subareas with homogeneous characteristics to assess natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality. The assessment of water quality in streams and in aquifers is based on the sampling design that compares water quality within homogeneous subareas defined by subbasins or aquifer boundaries. The study unit is stratified at four levels for the surface-water component: glacial deposit composition, surficial geology, general land use and land cover, and secondary land use. Ground-water studies emphasize shallow ground water where quality is most likely influenced by overlying land use and land cover. Stratification for ground-water sampling is superimposed on the distribution of shallow aquifers. For each aquifer and surface-water basin this stratification forms the basis for the proposed sampling design used in the Upper Mississippi River Basin National Water-Quality Assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri964098","usgsCitation":"Stark, J., Andrews, W., Fallon, J.D., Fong, A.L., Goldstein, R.M., Hanson, P.E., Kroening, S., and Lee, K.E., 1996, Water-quality assessment of part of the Upper Mississippi River basin, Minnesota and Wisconsin: Environmental setting and study design: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4098, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964098.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410743,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48457.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54575,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4098/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.3238525390625, 46.145588688591964 ], [ -91.40625, 46.10370875598026 ], [ -91.4501953125, 46.0998999106273 ], [ -91.5655517578125, 46.027481852486645 ], [ -91.56005859375, 45.96260622242165 ], [ -91.614990234375, 45.90147732739488 ], [ -91.7083740234375, 45.82497145796607 ], [ -91.7962646484375, 45.744526980468436 ], [ -91.8841552734375, 45.7176863579072 ], [ -91.9281005859375, 45.63324613981234 ], [ -92.13134765625, 45.6101948758674 ], [ -92.1368408203125, 45.487094732298374 ], [ -92.13134765625, 45.390735154248894 ], [ -92.1588134765625, 45.30966593483413 ], [ -92.186279296875, 45.22074260255366 ], [ -92.2247314453125, 45.10454630976873 ], [ -92.26318359375, 44.99199795382439 ], [ -92.2686767578125, 44.87144275016589 ], [ -92.30712890625, 44.820812031724444 ], [ -92.208251953125, 44.73892994307368 ], [ -92.2247314453125, 44.64129986075226 ], [ -92.186279296875, 44.5278427984555 ], [ -92.120361328125, 44.398467142258504 ], [ -92.25769042968749, 44.406316252661355 ], [ -92.373046875, 44.406316252661355 ], [ -92.5433349609375, 44.3906169787868 ], [ -92.64770507812499, 44.3906169787868 ], [ -92.757568359375, 44.3670601700202 ], [ -92.911376953125, 44.34742225636393 ], [ -93.03771972656249, 44.34349388385857 ], [ -93.2025146484375, 44.308126684886126 ], [ -93.2354736328125, 44.233392574879026 ], [ -93.16955566406249, 44.20583500104184 ], [ -93.14208984375, 44.18220395771566 ], [ -93.1201171875, 44.09547572946635 ], [ -93.1036376953125, 43.992814500489914 ], [ -93.16955566406249, 43.99676629896825 ], [ -93.262939453125, 43.96119063892024 ], [ -93.3563232421875, 43.929549935614595 ], [ -93.4332275390625, 43.82660134505384 ], [ -93.50463867187499, 43.68773584519811 ], [ -93.52111816406249, 43.60426186809618 ], [ -93.58154296875, 43.492782808225 ], [ -93.812255859375, 43.41701888881103 ], [ -93.966064453125, 43.30119623257966 ], [ -94.053955078125, 43.24520272203356 ], [ -94.0869140625, 43.28520334369384 ], [ -94.19677734375, 43.369119087738554 ], [ -94.3011474609375, 43.40903821777055 ], [ -94.361572265625, 43.40903821777055 ], [ -94.4439697265625, 43.48481212891603 ], [ -94.46044921875, 43.53660274231031 ], [ -94.625244140625, 43.5764114330089 ], [ -94.74609375, 43.600284023536325 ], [ -94.866943359375, 43.55252937447483 ], [ -94.94384765625, 43.624147145668076 ], [ -94.9603271484375, 43.67581809328344 ], [ -94.976806640625, 43.77109381775651 ], [ -95.1361083984375, 43.78695837311561 ], [ -95.3173828125, 43.83452678223684 ], [ -95.328369140625, 43.90185050527358 ], [ -95.4052734375, 43.96909818325174 ], [ -95.4656982421875, 44.04811573082351 ], [ -95.811767578125, 44.000717834282774 ], [ -95.877685546875, 44.044167353572185 ], [ -96.0260009765625, 44.142797828180605 ], [ -96.0919189453125, 44.201897151875094 ], [ -96.13037109375, 44.25700308645885 ], [ -96.21826171874999, 44.374913492661456 ], [ -96.3995361328125, 44.449467536006935 ], [ -96.56982421875, 44.53175879707938 ], [ -96.6851806640625, 44.65693173288727 ], [ -96.6741943359375, 44.75453548416007 ], [ -96.7181396484375, 44.87144275016589 ], [ -96.84997558593749, 44.984227835166486 ], [ -96.94335937499999, 45.042478050891546 ], [ -97.108154296875, 45.27488643704894 ], [ -97.196044921875, 45.42929873257377 ], [ -97.2344970703125, 45.60250901510302 ], [ -97.3114013671875, 45.767522962149904 ], [ -97.349853515625, 45.82114340079471 ], [ -97.44873046875, 45.88618457602257 ], [ -97.503662109375, 45.94351068030587 ], [ -97.4322509765625, 46.00840867976965 ], [ -97.33337402343749, 46.042735653846506 ], [ -97.18505859374999, 45.90147732739488 ], [ -97.09716796875, 45.81348649679971 ], [ -97.03125, 45.729191061299936 ], [ -96.910400390625, 45.7176863579072 ], [ -96.84997558593749, 45.62172169252446 ], [ -96.7510986328125, 45.59482210127054 ], [ -96.6357421875, 45.5679096098613 ], [ -96.55334472656249, 45.57944511437787 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.644768217751924 ], [ -96.42150878906249, 45.67932023569538 ], [ -96.339111328125, 45.80199916666154 ], [ -96.1578369140625, 45.85558643964395 ], [ -96.0589599609375, 45.96260622242165 ], [ -96.0040283203125, 45.99696161820381 ], [ -96.0040283203125, 46.15700496290803 ], [ -96.0040283203125, 46.198844376182535 ], [ -95.88317871093749, 46.2824277013447 ], [ -95.8062744140625, 46.29381556233369 ], [ -95.80078125, 46.21785176740299 ], [ -95.7073974609375, 46.16841886922939 ], [ -95.54809570312499, 46.18363372751015 ], [ -95.504150390625, 46.25204849722291 ], [ -95.54809570312499, 46.30140615437332 ], [ -95.6304931640625, 46.30520105581194 ], [ -95.6304931640625, 46.3507193554773 ], [ -95.5535888671875, 46.392411189814645 ], [ -95.51513671875, 46.39998810407942 ], [ -95.4986572265625, 46.521075663842836 ], [ -95.5975341796875, 46.555083022430495 ], [ -95.6085205078125, 46.64189395892874 ], [ -95.614013671875, 46.7210346612957 ], [ -95.6634521484375, 46.76996843356982 ], [ -95.6304931640625, 46.848921470800455 ], [ -95.5975341796875, 46.93526088057719 ], [ -95.4766845703125, 47.10752278534248 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 47.16357498846737 ], [ -95.4986572265625, 47.238219359726784 ], [ -95.504150390625, 47.31275872224939 ], [ -95.47119140625, 47.45037978769006 ], [ -95.3173828125, 47.52461999690649 ], [ -95.185546875, 47.54687159892238 ], [ -95.152587890625, 47.59505101193038 ], [ -95.1251220703125, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -94.9603271484375, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -94.691162109375, 47.68388118858139 ], [ -94.5538330078125, 47.702368466573716 ], [ -94.3670654296875, 47.73932336136857 ], [ -94.2352294921875, 47.71345768748889 ], [ -94.0814208984375, 47.646886969413 ], [ -94.0264892578125, 47.55428670127958 ], [ -93.944091796875, 47.487513008956554 ], [ -93.8232421875, 47.44666502261753 ], [ -93.6474609375, 47.49493650511712 ], [ -93.4002685546875, 47.57652571374621 ], [ -93.36181640625, 47.657987988142274 ], [ -93.2684326171875, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -93.1256103515625, 47.75040471827431 ], [ -92.9937744140625, 47.743017409121826 ], [ -92.8619384765625, 47.67648444221321 ], [ -92.7740478515625, 47.5913464767971 ], [ -92.7850341796875, 47.47637579720936 ], [ -92.88940429687499, 47.338822694822 ], [ -92.92236328125, 47.234489635299184 ], [ -92.955322265625, 47.12621341795227 ], [ -92.9498291015625, 47.07386310181414 ], [ -92.94433593749999, 46.96900803311957 ], [ -92.9718017578125, 46.86394700508323 ], [ -92.92785644531249, 46.800059446787316 ], [ -92.757568359375, 46.76996843356982 ], [ -92.70263671874999, 46.69843486113957 ], [ -92.57080078125, 46.69089949154197 ], [ -92.55432128906249, 46.65320687122665 ], [ -92.57080078125, 46.543749602738565 ], [ -92.5982666015625, 46.426499019253 ], [ -92.625732421875, 46.28622391806708 ], [ -92.4664306640625, 46.2330529447983 ], [ -92.2686767578125, 46.18743678432541 ], [ -92.10937499999999, 46.20264638061019 ], [ -92.04345703125, 46.22545288226939 ], [ -91.8841552734375, 46.25204849722291 ], [ -91.7578125, 46.229253045075275 ], [ -91.69189453125, 46.2102496001872 ], [ -91.614990234375, 46.25964487666549 ], [ -91.505126953125, 46.29761098988109 ], [ -91.43920898437499, 46.25204849722291 ], [ -91.43920898437499, 46.20644812194458 ], [ -91.3348388671875, 46.18363372751015 ], [ -91.3238525390625, 46.145588688591964 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e694f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stark, J. R.","contributorId":100406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, W. J. 0000-0003-4780-8835","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":56261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J. D.","contributorId":57478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fong, A. L.","contributorId":58309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fong","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, P. E.","contributorId":58683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kroening, S. E.","contributorId":31793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroening","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lee, K. E.","contributorId":100014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":31960,"text":"ofr96199 - 1996 - Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr96199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-199","title":"Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States","docAbstract":"The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed &quot;National Synthesis&quot;) by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water- quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, and their ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to water-quality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction information must be sufficient to ensure that the hydrogeologic unit (or units) represented by the water level measured and the hydrologic unit (or units) contributing water to the well are known. In addition, the well construction and pumping equipment in the well need to be of a type that are not likely to affect concentrations of VOCs in the water sample. VOC data will be considered suitable for use in the occurrence assessment if nationally accepted methods for collection and analysis were used and if the quantitation level for VOC analytes was less than about 5 micrograms per liter; laboratory analysis was done by a laboratory certified by the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency; and the sample was collected from untreated (raw) water at or near the well head before being held in a pressure tank or holding tank.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96199","usgsCitation":"Lapham, W., and Tadayon, S., 1996, Plan for assessment of the occurrence, status, and distribution of volatile organic compounds in aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-199, 44 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96199.","productDescription":"44 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60117,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db6856b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lapham, W.W.","contributorId":36583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lapham","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28078,"text":"wri964024 - 1996 - Estimation of evapotranspiration in the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins in North-Central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri964024","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4024","title":"Estimation of evapotranspiration in the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins in North-Central Florida","docAbstract":"Estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) for the Rainbow and Silver Springs ground-water basins in north-central Florida were determined using a regional water-~budget approach and compared to estimates computed using a modified Priestley-Taylor (PT) model calibrated with eddy-correlation data. Eddy-correlation measurements of latent 0~E) and sensible (H) heat flux were made monthly for a few days at a time, and the PT model was used to estimate 3,E between times of measurement during the 1994 water year.  A water-budget analysis for the two-basin area indicated that over a 30-year period (196594) annual rainfall was 51.7 inches. Of the annual rainfall, ET accounted for about 37.9 inches; springflow accounted for 13.1 inches; and the remaining 0.7 inch was accounted for by stream-flow, by ground-water withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system, and by net change in storage. For the same 30-year period, the annual estimate of ET for the Silver Springs basin was 37.6 inches and was 38.5 inches for the Rainbow Springs basin. Wet- and dry-season estimates of ET for each basin averaged between nearly 19 inches and 20 inches, indicating that like rainfall, ET rates during the 4-month wet season were about twice the ET rates during the 8-month dry season. Wet-season estimates of ET for the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins decreased 2.7 inches, and 3.4 inches, respectively, over the 30-year period; whereas, dry-season estimates for the basins decreased about 0.4 inch and1.0 inch, respectively, over the 30-year period. This decrease probably is related to the general decrease in annual rainfall and reduction in net radiation over the basins during the 30-year period.  ET rates computed using the modified PT model were compared to rates computed from the water budget for the 1994 water year. Annual ET, computed using the PT model, was 32.0 inches, nearly equal to the ET water-budget estimate of 31.7 inches computed for the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins. Modeled ET rates for 1994 ranged from 14.4 inches per year in January to 51.6 inches per year in May. Water-budget ET rates for 1994 ranged from 12.0 inches per year in March to 61.2 inches per year in July. Potential evapotranspiration rates for 1994 averaged 46.8 inches per year and ranged from 21.6 inches per year in January to 74.4 inches per year in May. Lake evaporation rates averaged 47.1 inches per year and ranged from 18.0 inches per year in January to 72.0 inches per year in May 1994.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964024","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., 1996, Estimation of evapotranspiration in the Rainbow Springs and Silver Springs basins in North-Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4024, vi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964024.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56899,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb953","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel Jr.","contributorId":14857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26751,"text":"wri954296 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:20:28","indexId":"wri954296","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4296","title":"Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells","docAbstract":"A 4-year investigation of the Upper Floridan aquifer and ground-water flow system in Leon County, Florida, and surrounding counties of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia began in 1990. The purpose of the investigation was to describe the ground-water flow system and to delineate the contributing areas to selected City of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells. The investigation was prompted by the detection of low levels of tetrachloroethylene in ground-water samples collected from several of the city's water-supply wells. Hydrologic data and previous studies indicate that; ground-water flow within the Upper Floridan aquifer can be considered steady-state; the Upper Floridan aquifer is a single water-bearing unit; recharge is from precipitation; and that discharge occurs as spring flow, leakage to rivers, leakage to the Gulf of Mexico, and pumpage. Measured transmissivities of the aquifer ranged from 1,300 ft2/d (feet squared per day) to 1,300,000 ft2/d. Steady-state ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan aquifer was simulated using a three-dimensional ground- water flow model. Transmissivities ranging from less than 5,000 ft2/d to greater than 11,000,000 ft2/d were required to calibrate to observed conditions. Recharge rates used in the model ranged from 18.0 inches per year in areas where the aquifer was unconfined to less than 2 inches per year in broad areas where the aquifer was confined. Contributing areas to five Tallahassee water-supply wells were simulated by particle- tracking techniques. Particles were seeded in model cells containing pumping wells then tracked backwards in time toward recharge areas. The contributing area for each well was simulated twice, once assuming a porosity of 25 percent and once assuming a porosity of 5 percent. A porosity of 25 percent is considered a reasonable average value for the Upper Floridan aquifer; the 5 percent porosity simulated the movement of ground-water through only solution-enhanced bedding plains and fractures. The contributing areas were generally elliptical in shape, reflecting the influence of the sloping potentiometric surface. The contributing areas delineated for a 5 percent porosity were always much larger than those determined using a 25 percent porosity. The lowest average ground-water velocity computed within a contributing area, using a 25 percent porosity, was 1.0 ft/d (foot per day) and the highest velocity was 1.6 ft/d. The lowest average ground-water velocity, determined using a 5  percent porosity, was 2.4 ft/d and the highest was 7.4 ft/d. The contributing areas for each of the five wells was also determined analytically and compared to the model-derived areas. The upgradient width of the simulated contributing areas were larger than the upgradient width of the analytically determined contributing areas for four of the five wells. The model could more accurately delineate contributing areas because of the ability to simulate wells as partially penetrating and by incorporating complex, three-dimensional aquifer characteristics, which the analytical method could not.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954296","usgsCitation":"Davis, J.H., 1996, Hydrogeologic investigation and simulation of ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan Aquifer of north-central Florida and southwestern Georgia and delineation of contributing areas for selected city of Tallahassee, Florida, water-supply wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4296, v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954296.","productDescription":"v, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954296","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4296.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","county":"Leon County","city":"Tallahassee","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.0835,30.677],[-84.0073,30.6734],[-84.0084,30.6263],[-84.0057,30.6049],[-84.0025,30.593],[-84.002,30.5834],[-83.9962,30.5729],[-83.9893,30.5619],[-83.9818,30.5546],[-83.9819,30.5477],[-83.9834,30.5445],[-83.9829,30.5367],[-83.9813,30.5299],[-83.9776,30.5221],[-83.9999,30.5217],[-84.0413,30.5221],[-84.0418,30.4631],[-84.0746,30.4343],[-84.0756,30.3725],[-84.0755,30.2893],[-84.0755,30.2833],[-84.076,30.2737],[-84.2416,30.2739],[-84.2421,30.2776],[-84.2464,30.2959],[-84.248,30.3032],[-84.2501,30.3037],[-84.3432,30.3034],[-84.375,30.3033],[-84.594,30.3005],[-84.7135,30.3003],[-84.701,30.3182],[-84.702,30.3214],[-84.7063,30.3223],[-84.7106,30.3259],[-84.7138,30.3313],[-84.7096,30.3346],[-84.7048,30.3374],[-84.7007,30.3433],[-84.6912,30.3484],[-84.687,30.3517],[-84.683,30.3611],[-84.6771,30.3657],[-84.6737,30.3652],[-84.6662,30.3671],[-84.6647,30.3712],[-84.6631,30.3803],[-84.6465,30.388],[-84.6454,30.3912],[-84.6413,30.3958],[-84.6365,30.3986],[-84.6333,30.4014],[-84.6223,30.4101],[-84.6133,30.4106],[-84.6054,30.4153],[-84.59,30.4126],[-84.5784,30.4195],[-84.5663,30.4319],[-84.5578,30.4361],[-84.5457,30.4384],[-84.5298,30.4394],[-84.5251,30.4491],[-84.5087,30.4514],[-84.4992,30.4547],[-84.4944,30.4597],[-84.4859,30.4593],[-84.4811,30.457],[-84.4722,30.4589],[-84.4621,30.4571],[-84.4526,30.4617],[-84.4393,30.4622],[-84.4314,30.4659],[-84.4224,30.466],[-84.4113,30.4724],[-84.4028,30.4784],[-84.3975,30.4866],[-84.3992,30.4939],[-84.4034,30.5003],[-84.4061,30.5035],[-84.4061,30.509],[-84.3945,30.5159],[-84.3914,30.5269],[-84.3935,30.5296],[-84.3893,30.5429],[-84.3878,30.5512],[-84.382,30.5567],[-84.3814,30.5603],[-84.3815,30.5644],[-84.3778,30.574],[-84.3709,30.5809],[-84.3593,30.5869],[-84.3513,30.591],[-84.3445,30.5965],[-84.3381,30.5975],[-84.3344,30.598],[-84.3307,30.6048],[-84.3254,30.6149],[-84.3169,30.6231],[-84.3101,30.6319],[-84.3027,30.6383],[-84.3011,30.6456],[-84.3017,30.6547],[-84.3017,30.663],[-84.3049,30.6694],[-84.3033,30.6748],[-84.2975,30.6794],[-84.2901,30.6813],[-84.2842,30.6836],[-84.2811,30.6863],[-84.1803,30.6816],[-84.0835,30.677]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Leon\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627954","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, J. Hal hdavis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.","email":"hdavis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Hal","affiliations":[{"id":5052,"text":"FLWSC-Tallahassee","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":196938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28372,"text":"wri954201 - 1996 - Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T13:11:07","indexId":"wri954201","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4201","title":"Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Sand and gravel aquifers present within glacial deposits are important sources of water in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake Counties in northwestern Minnesota. Saturated thicknesses of the unconfined aquifers range from 0 to 30 feet. Estimated horizontal hydraulic conductivities range from 2.5 to 600 feet per day. Transmissivity of the unconfined aquifers ranges from 33 to greater than 3,910 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields for 6 wells with specific-capacity data range from 12 to 123 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Saturated thicknesses of shallow confined aquifers (depth to top of the aquifer less than 100 feet below land surface) range from 0 to 150 feet. Thicknesses of intermediate, deep, and basal confined aquifers (depths to top of the aquifer from 100 to 199 feet, from 200 to 299 feet, and 300 feet or more below land surface, respectively) range from 0 to more than 126 feet. Transmissivity of the confined aquifers ranges from 2 to greater than 210,000 feet squared per day. Theoretical maximum well yields range from 3 to about 2,000 gallons per minute.</p>\n<p>Recharge to ground water is predominantly from precipitation that percolates downward to the saturated zone. Recharge to unconfined aquifers in the study area ranged from 4.5 to 12.0 inches per year during 1991 and 1992, based on hydrograph analysis. Model simulations done for this study indicate that recharge rates from 8 to 9 inches per year to unconfined aquifers produce the best matches between model-simulated and measured water levels in wells.</p>\n<p>Discharge from ground water occurs by seepage to streams, lakes and wetlands, ground-water evapotranspiration, and withdrawals through wells. In 1990, total ground-water withdrawals in the study area were 6.0 million gallons per day. All of the withdrawals were from drift aquifers.</p>\n<p>Numerical models of ground-water flow were constructed to represent two beach-ridge aquifer systems under steady-state conditions. Beach-ridge aquifer systems were simulated in Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake County. Simulated recharge from the infiltration of precipitation accounts for most of the sources of water to the beach-ridge aquifer systems and simulated evapotranspiration accounts for all of the discharge other than ground-water withdrawals. The numerical-model simulations indicate that upward movement of water from underlying confined aquifers to overlying unconfined aquifers is an important component of ground-water flow within the beach-ridge aquifer systems. Simulated long-term, steady-state yields from the unconfined aquifers are generally less than 50 gallons per minute, due to the generally low saturated thickness of the aquifers and the relatively low hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer material.</p>\n<p>Water from all the drift aquifers in the study area is very hard (more than 180 milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate). The predominant ions in water from the unconfined and shallow confined aquifers were generally calcium and bicarbonate. Water from the intermediate confined aquifers includes a variety of water types, including calcium bicarbonate, calcium sulfate, mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride type waters. Waters from the deep confined aquifers are predominantly calcium bicarbonate, mixed calcium-sodium bicarbonate, and sodium chloride type waters.</p>\n<p>Mean concentrations of calcium and magnesium generally decreased with depth below land surface. Mean concentrations of sodium and sulfate generally increased with depth. Mean chloride concentrations were greatest for the shallow and deep confined aquifers and least for the unconfined and intermediate confined aquifers.</p>\n<p>The concentration and percentage (as percent of total cations) of sodium, and concentration of dissolved solids tend to increase from east to west along regional flow paths. Concentrations and percentages (as percent of total anions) of chloride tend to be greater in the western part of the study area than in the eastern part. These trends are probably due to longer residence time of the water in the flow system, and upward leakage of water from the underlying Cretaceous and Paleozoic strata.</p>\n<p>Waters from the drift aquifers underlying most of the study area generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Water from 20 wells screened in unconfined and confined aquifers exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommended limits for dissolved solids concentrations. Chemical analyses of waters from the unconfined and confined aquifers generally indicated a potentially low sodium hazard and a medium to high salinity hazard for irrigation.</p>\n<p>Water samples analyzed for nitrate had nitrate concentrations below the reporting limit (0.05 milligrams per liter) in 10 out of 23 wells. Two samples had nitrate concentrations greater than 10 milligrams per liter. Pesticide concentrations in water samples from 17 wells screened in unconfined and shallow confined aquifers were below or only slightly above laboratory reporting limits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954201","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Northwest Minnesota Ground-Water Study Steering Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Availability and quality of water from drift aquifers in Marshall, Pennington, Polk, and Red Lake counties, northwestern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4201, x, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954201.","productDescription":"x, 144 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119023,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4201/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57175,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4201/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","county":"Marshall County, Pennington County, Polk County, Red Lake County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.3901,48.5441],[-95.6027,48.5405],[-95.6018,48.367],[-95.5936,48.3671],[-95.5921,48.1941],[-95.5928,48.1729],[-95.5899,48.0218],[-95.5825,48.0219],[-95.5817,47.9334],[-95.5822,47.9274],[-95.5781,47.6733],[-95.5526,47.6728],[-95.5499,47.5017],[-96.0417,47.5013],[-96.0679,47.5013],[-96.8523,47.5],[-96.8543,47.5013],[-96.8549,47.5034],[-96.855,47.5047],[-96.8544,47.5052],[-96.8507,47.5049],[-96.8473,47.5057],[-96.8453,47.5066],[-96.8452,47.5075],[-96.8458,47.5084],[-96.8471,47.5089],[-96.8499,47.509],[-96.8517,47.51],[-96.8533,47.5103],[-96.8533,47.5112],[-96.8516,47.5118],[-96.8507,47.5121],[-96.8483,47.5128],[-96.8473,47.5131],[-96.8452,47.514],[-96.8448,47.5147],[-96.8454,47.5149],[-96.8461,47.5152],[-96.8474,47.5155],[-96.8489,47.5155],[-96.8501,47.5152],[-96.8508,47.5152],[-96.8535,47.5154],[-96.8562,47.5148],[-96.8588,47.5152],[-96.8609,47.5156],[-96.8641,47.5168],[-96.868,47.5196],[-96.8705,47.5229],[-96.8717,47.5257],[-96.8709,47.5274],[-96.8695,47.5289],[-96.8654,47.5301],[-96.8637,47.5298],[-96.8617,47.5308],[-96.8585,47.5327],[-96.8571,47.5337],[-96.8573,47.5355],[-96.8583,47.5364],[-96.8614,47.5373],[-96.8635,47.5395],[-96.8642,47.5402],[-96.8621,47.5415],[-96.8596,47.5414],[-96.8574,47.541],[-96.8555,47.5397],[-96.8527,47.5384],[-96.85,47.5385],[-96.8482,47.538],[-96.8474,47.5393],[-96.8482,47.5413],[-96.8499,47.5426],[-96.8544,47.5443],[-96.857,47.5459],[-96.8591,47.5465],[-96.8586,47.5479],[-96.8576,47.5488],[-96.8554,47.5497],[-96.8542,47.5501],[-96.8537,47.5507],[-96.8524,47.5522],[-96.8532,47.5533],[-96.8549,47.554],[-96.8579,47.5553],[-96.8599,47.5562],[-96.8631,47.557],[-96.8631,47.5586],[-96.8624,47.56],[-96.8603,47.5608],[-96.8579,47.5603],[-96.8559,47.5609],[-96.853,47.5619],[-96.8522,47.5622],[-96.851,47.5633],[-96.8521,47.5646],[-96.8528,47.5646],[-96.8554,47.5645],[-96.8561,47.5645],[-96.8586,47.5645],[-96.8594,47.5645],[-96.86,47.5643],[-96.8629,47.5632],[-96.8654,47.5631],[-96.8662,47.5631],[-96.8682,47.5636],[-96.869,47.5655],[-96.8683,47.567],[-96.8663,47.5675],[-96.8636,47.5676],[-96.8613,47.5673],[-96.8589,47.5677],[-96.8576,47.5682],[-96.8563,47.5691],[-96.8564,47.57],[-96.8568,47.5713],[-96.8583,47.5723],[-96.8602,47.5746],[-96.8594,47.576],[-96.8583,47.5777],[-96.8568,47.5788],[-96.8542,47.5812],[-96.8524,47.5849],[-96.8512,47.5881],[-96.852,47.59],[-96.8528,47.5913],[-96.8552,47.5925],[-96.8571,47.5934],[-96.8571,47.5948],[-96.8557,47.5963],[-96.8531,47.5977],[-96.8542,47.5989],[-96.8552,47.6005],[-96.8572,47.6045],[-96.8577,47.6068],[-96.859,47.6091],[-96.8598,47.6109],[-96.8639,47.6122],[-96.8675,47.613],[-96.8701,47.6145],[-96.8726,47.6156],[-96.8753,47.6174],[-96.8756,47.618],[-96.8771,47.6216],[-96.877,47.6234],[-96.8766,47.6248],[-96.8781,47.6275],[-96.8816,47.6293],[-96.8849,47.6328],[-96.8884,47.6357],[-96.8884,47.6388],[-96.8862,47.6402],[-96.8833,47.642],[-96.8819,47.6443],[-96.8832,47.6467],[-96.8836,47.6482],[-96.884,47.6495],[-96.8869,47.6535],[-96.8878,47.6577],[-96.8887,47.6636],[-96.8893,47.6677],[-96.8887,47.6683],[-96.8886,47.669],[-96.8875,47.67],[-96.8871,47.6707],[-96.8864,47.6716],[-96.8877,47.673],[-96.8906,47.6733],[-96.8936,47.6745],[-96.8965,47.6772],[-96.8975,47.6783],[-96.8979,47.6824],[-96.8986,47.6855],[-96.901,47.6871],[-96.9035,47.6881],[-96.9042,47.6884],[-96.9055,47.689],[-96.9086,47.6901],[-96.909,47.6917],[-96.9091,47.694],[-96.9096,47.6965],[-96.9112,47.6975],[-96.9135,47.6994],[-96.9162,47.6998],[-96.9179,47.7006],[-96.9183,47.7025],[-96.917,47.7034],[-96.9151,47.7058],[-96.916,47.7069],[-96.9195,47.7112],[-96.9203,47.714],[-96.9222,47.7162],[-96.9242,47.7167],[-96.9269,47.7164],[-96.9283,47.7159],[-96.9291,47.716],[-96.9296,47.7169],[-96.9293,47.7175],[-96.9273,47.7193],[-96.9253,47.7214],[-96.9234,47.7217],[-96.9201,47.7236],[-96.9202,47.725],[-96.9221,47.7267],[-96.9258,47.729],[-96.9294,47.7325],[-96.9312,47.7345],[-96.9317,47.7386],[-96.9318,47.7413],[-96.9299,47.7441],[-96.928,47.7465],[-96.9281,47.7483],[-96.9291,47.75],[-96.9324,47.7519],[-96.9356,47.7529],[-96.9393,47.7544],[-96.9394,47.7572],[-96.9381,47.7576],[-96.9374,47.7576],[-96.9361,47.7577],[-96.9355,47.7575],[-96.9344,47.757],[-96.9333,47.756],[-96.9321,47.7555],[-96.9312,47.7554],[-96.9302,47.7552],[-96.9295,47.756],[-96.9302,47.7568],[-96.9307,47.7575],[-96.9343,47.7594],[-96.9369,47.7615],[-96.9364,47.7638],[-96.9358,47.7656],[-96.9359,47.767],[-96.9382,47.7682],[-96.9388,47.7685],[-96.9415,47.7697],[-96.9456,47.7723],[-96.948,47.774],[-96.9498,47.7747],[-96.9507,47.775],[-96.9524,47.775],[-96.9532,47.7748],[-96.9547,47.7746],[-96.9565,47.7747],[-96.957,47.7765],[-96.9533,47.7795],[-96.9539,47.7798],[-96.9561,47.7812],[-96.9583,47.783],[-96.9602,47.7836],[-96.961,47.7839],[-96.9617,47.7843],[-96.9625,47.7862],[-96.962,47.7867],[-96.9615,47.7874],[-96.9607,47.7881],[-96.9602,47.7885],[-96.9586,47.7895],[-96.9585,47.7913],[-96.9592,47.7918],[-96.9629,47.7949],[-96.9656,47.7966],[-96.9682,47.7985],[-96.9703,47.7981],[-96.9719,47.7984],[-96.974,47.7986],[-96.9746,47.7987],[-96.9742,47.8],[-96.9741,47.802],[-96.975,47.8029],[-96.9755,47.8034],[-96.9769,47.8037],[-96.978,47.8039],[-96.9829,47.8047],[-96.9839,47.8049],[-96.9878,47.8062],[-96.9892,47.8071],[-96.9899,47.8087],[-96.9878,47.8109],[-96.9858,47.8104],[-96.9838,47.8099],[-96.9817,47.8103],[-96.9803,47.8117],[-96.9808,47.8133],[-96.9814,47.8158],[-96.9812,47.8191],[-96.9791,47.8213],[-96.9772,47.8217],[-96.9763,47.8231],[-96.9762,47.8246],[-96.977,47.8251],[-96.9775,47.8256],[-96.9795,47.8261],[-96.9802,47.8264],[-96.9825,47.8265],[-96.9838,47.8274],[-96.9848,47.8284],[-96.9836,47.8294],[-96.9837,47.8308],[-96.9838,47.8321],[-96.9851,47.8348],[-96.9864,47.8367],[-96.9878,47.8388],[-96.9915,47.841],[-96.9936,47.8427],[-96.9943,47.8432],[-96.9958,47.8452],[-96.9961,47.8459],[-96.9968,47.8479],[-96.9971,47.8499],[-96.9985,47.8557],[-97.0001,47.8598],[-97.0022,47.8621],[-97.004,47.8647],[-97.0057,47.8667],[-97.0062,47.869],[-97.0084,47.8699],[-97.0107,47.871],[-97.0156,47.8719],[-97.0183,47.8727],[-97.019,47.8736],[-97.02,47.8741],[-97.0192,47.8772],[-97.0193,47.8792],[-97.0217,47.8823],[-97.0242,47.8842],[-97.0244,47.885],[-97.0248,47.887],[-97.0239,47.8883],[-97.0212,47.8893],[-97.0186,47.8907],[-97.019,47.8914],[-97.0194,47.8921],[-97.0236,47.8947],[-97.0243,47.8961],[-97.0249,47.897],[-97.0225,47.8998],[-97.0207,47.9011],[-97.021,47.902],[-97.0232,47.9035],[-97.0241,47.9049],[-97.0242,47.9072],[-97.0223,47.9086],[-97.0209,47.9086],[-97.0189,47.9082],[-97.0176,47.9082],[-97.0169,47.9083],[-97.0155,47.9089],[-97.0158,47.9096],[-97.0161,47.9103],[-97.0175,47.9121],[-97.018,47.9127],[-97.0197,47.9137],[-97.0212,47.9164],[-97.0201,47.9179],[-97.0202,47.9202],[-97.0216,47.9206],[-97.0244,47.9224],[-97.0245,47.9247],[-97.0254,47.9252],[-97.0285,47.9271],[-97.032,47.9291],[-97.0358,47.9329],[-97.0373,47.9363],[-97.0381,47.9386],[-97.0408,47.9408],[-97.0441,47.9418],[-97.0481,47.9424],[-97.0515,47.9434],[-97.0542,47.9454],[-97.0549,47.9492],[-97.055,47.9515],[-97.0545,47.9543],[-97.0546,47.9575],[-97.0565,47.9606],[-97.0573,47.9608],[-97.0576,47.9617],[-97.0583,47.9634],[-97.0597,47.9666],[-97.0595,47.969],[-97.0602,47.9721],[-97.0585,47.9782],[-97.0561,47.9832],[-97.0548,47.9852],[-97.0538,47.9877],[-97.0531,47.9908],[-97.0546,47.9935],[-97.0573,47.996],[-97.0609,47.9979],[-97.0652,48.0015],[-97.0665,48.0042],[-97.067,48.0074],[-97.0668,48.0102],[-97.0654,48.0124],[-97.0645,48.014],[-97.0658,48.0157],[-97.0685,48.0176],[-97.0705,48.0192],[-97.071,48.0213],[-97.0708,48.0241],[-97.0706,48.0282],[-97.0703,48.0347],[-97.0713,48.0407],[-97.0723,48.0461],[-97.0742,48.0495],[-97.0749,48.0504],[-97.0794,48.0533],[-97.0866,48.0572],[-97.0921,48.0622],[-97.0927,48.0626],[-97.0969,48.0671],[-97.1,48.0693],[-97.1018,48.0718],[-97.1036,48.0734],[-97.1037,48.0757],[-97.1023,48.0783],[-97.1016,48.0811],[-97.1009,48.084],[-97.1016,48.0863],[-97.1046,48.0884],[-97.1051,48.0889],[-97.1079,48.0903],[-97.1087,48.0926],[-97.1074,48.0936],[-97.1037,48.0962],[-97.1043,48.0978],[-97.1065,48.1001],[-97.1086,48.1014],[-97.1118,48.1053],[-97.1227,48.1056],[-97.1226,48.1112],[-97.1227,48.1127],[-97.1241,48.1167],[-97.1249,48.1217],[-97.125,48.1224],[-97.1283,48.1278],[-97.1291,48.1294],[-97.1295,48.1302],[-97.1313,48.1329],[-97.1314,48.1354],[-97.1301,48.1367],[-97.1294,48.1368],[-97.1278,48.1371],[-97.1268,48.137],[-97.1258,48.1372],[-97.1249,48.1374],[-97.1237,48.1379],[-97.124,48.1396],[-97.1259,48.1409],[-97.1289,48.1422],[-97.1329,48.1423],[-97.1418,48.1416],[-97.1445,48.1416],[-97.1458,48.1426],[-97.1464,48.144],[-97.1456,48.1453],[-97.1437,48.148],[-97.1413,48.1498],[-97.1372,48.1516],[-97.1337,48.1529],[-97.1295,48.1551],[-97.1254,48.1573],[-97.1234,48.1601],[-97.1238,48.1619],[-97.1265,48.1624],[-97.1294,48.1622],[-97.1312,48.1621],[-97.1348,48.1593],[-97.1402,48.1579],[-97.1408,48.1581],[-97.1434,48.159],[-97.1448,48.1601],[-97.1453,48.1606],[-97.1467,48.1643],[-97.1472,48.1675],[-97.1456,48.1705],[-97.1437,48.1733],[-97.1411,48.1743],[-97.1393,48.1751],[-97.1385,48.1754],[-97.1366,48.1754],[-97.1363,48.1765],[-97.1359,48.1782],[-97.1384,48.1802],[-97.1424,48.1812],[-97.1451,48.1818],[-97.1476,48.182],[-97.149,48.1833],[-97.1483,48.1855],[-97.1468,48.1873],[-97.1436,48.1899],[-97.142,48.1914],[-97.1411,48.1922],[-97.1395,48.1937],[-97.1382,48.1971],[-97.1382,48.1982],[-97.1398,48.2002],[-97.1406,48.2025],[-97.1395,48.2047],[-97.1368,48.2058],[-97.1351,48.2067],[-97.1343,48.2071],[-97.1324,48.2089],[-97.1328,48.2097],[-97.1337,48.211],[-97.1358,48.2123],[-97.1375,48.2147],[-97.136,48.2164],[-97.1346,48.2165],[-97.1326,48.2156],[-97.131,48.214],[-97.1304,48.2134],[-97.1293,48.2123],[-97.1281,48.2095],[-97.127,48.208],[-97.1247,48.2075],[-97.124,48.2074],[-97.1219,48.2081],[-97.12,48.2086],[-97.1201,48.2104],[-97.1209,48.2127],[-97.123,48.2154],[-97.1256,48.2182],[-97.1289,48.2197],[-97.1321,48.2198],[-97.1363,48.2203],[-97.1383,48.2203],[-97.139,48.2203],[-97.143,48.22],[-97.1445,48.2191],[-97.1473,48.2183],[-97.1486,48.2183],[-97.1497,48.2193],[-97.1489,48.2204],[-97.1486,48.221],[-97.1466,48.2221],[-97.1434,48.2234],[-97.1425,48.2239],[-97.1401,48.2243],[-97.1391,48.2245],[-97.1368,48.2245],[-97.1334,48.2239],[-97.1307,48.2237],[-97.1296,48.2237],[-97.1253,48.2238],[-97.1242,48.2239],[-97.1226,48.2241],[-97.1215,48.2242],[-97.1224,48.2263],[-97.1238,48.2267],[-97.1245,48.2272],[-97.1265,48.2278],[-97.1272,48.2279],[-97.1326,48.2287],[-97.1388,48.2302],[-97.1412,48.2306],[-97.1425,48.2315],[-97.143,48.2329],[-97.1411,48.2352],[-97.1385,48.2362],[-97.1363,48.238],[-97.1357,48.2385],[-97.1353,48.2392],[-97.1359,48.2407],[-97.1374,48.2413],[-97.1413,48.2416],[-97.144,48.2417],[-97.146,48.2431],[-97.145,48.2439],[-97.1445,48.2454],[-97.1424,48.2457],[-97.1417,48.246],[-97.1383,48.2466],[-97.1377,48.2467],[-97.1335,48.2475],[-97.1301,48.2483],[-97.1274,48.2491],[-97.1253,48.25],[-97.1245,48.2523],[-97.1264,48.2542],[-97.1283,48.2556],[-97.1283,48.2582],[-97.1268,48.2588],[-97.1235,48.2605],[-97.1233,48.2615],[-97.1253,48.2634],[-97.1292,48.2647],[-97.1299,48.2649],[-97.1347,48.265],[-97.1394,48.265],[-97.1401,48.2649],[-97.1434,48.2657],[-97.144,48.2675],[-97.143,48.2684],[-97.1385,48.2688],[-97.1338,48.2691],[-97.1295,48.2699],[-97.1288,48.27],[-97.1262,48.2713],[-97.1241,48.2729],[-97.123,48.2749],[-97.1218,48.2777],[-97.1206,48.2796],[-97.1202,48.2813],[-97.1202,48.2838],[-97.1209,48.2861],[-97.1226,48.2882],[-97.1252,48.2897],[-97.1279,48.2892],[-97.1285,48.2891],[-97.1314,48.2885],[-97.1348,48.2881],[-97.1367,48.2884],[-97.1379,48.29],[-97.1367,48.2913],[-97.1355,48.2921],[-97.1343,48.2935],[-97.1339,48.2941],[-97.131,48.2958],[-97.1303,48.2959],[-97.1283,48.2962],[-97.1276,48.296],[-97.1261,48.2954],[-97.1243,48.2947],[-97.1234,48.2943],[-97.1202,48.2937],[-97.1193,48.2937],[-97.1169,48.2938],[-97.116,48.2939],[-97.1146,48.2942],[-97.1152,48.2958],[-97.1182,48.2977],[-97.12,48.2988],[-97.1227,48.3003],[-97.1253,48.3017],[-97.1259,48.3036],[-97.1239,48.3047],[-97.1229,48.3081],[-97.1249,48.3095],[-97.1282,48.3101],[-97.1323,48.3094],[-97.1356,48.3096],[-97.137,48.3105],[-97.136,48.3129],[-97.1341,48.3157],[-97.1319,48.318],[-97.1295,48.3186],[-97.1235,48.3192],[-97.1189,48.3195],[-97.1188,48.3212],[-97.1189,48.3235],[-97.1204,48.3253],[-97.122,48.3261],[-97.126,48.3271],[-97.1307,48.3268],[-97.1314,48.3266],[-97.1327,48.3265],[-97.1335,48.3263],[-97.1368,48.3257],[-97.1375,48.3259],[-97.1387,48.3263],[-97.1402,48.3271],[-97.1402,48.3288],[-97.1363,48.3295],[-97.1329,48.3301],[-97.1312,48.3314],[-97.129,48.3341],[-97.1282,48.3364],[-97.1286,48.3389],[-97.1314,48.3406],[-97.1354,48.3426],[-97.1376,48.3436],[-97.1383,48.344],[-97.1405,48.3454],[-97.1392,48.3468],[-97.1371,48.3491],[-97.1383,48.3505],[-97.1389,48.3512],[-97.1414,48.3528],[-97.1459,48.356],[-97.1488,48.3581],[-97.1509,48.3596],[-97.1515,48.36],[-97.1546,48.3619],[-97.155,48.3626],[-97.1559,48.3645],[-97.1565,48.3671],[-97.1547,48.3678],[-97.151,48.3692],[-97.1469,48.3701],[-97.1427,48.3704],[-97.14,48.3708],[-97.1396,48.372],[-97.1401,48.3728],[-97.1402,48.3735],[-97.1405,48.375],[-97.1404,48.3764],[-97.1395,48.3773],[-97.139,48.3777],[-97.1369,48.3791],[-97.1354,48.3804],[-97.1354,48.3818],[-97.1361,48.3823],[-97.1401,48.3828],[-97.144,48.3822],[-97.1449,48.382],[-97.1494,48.3813],[-97.1527,48.3815],[-97.1536,48.3816],[-97.1554,48.3823],[-97.1561,48.3826],[-97.1577,48.3842],[-97.1584,48.3853],[-97.1589,48.387],[-97.1607,48.3893],[-97.1615,48.3917],[-97.1616,48.3926],[-97.1606,48.3935],[-97.1569,48.3941],[-97.153,48.3951],[-97.1522,48.3953],[-97.1455,48.3961],[-97.1448,48.3962],[-97.1399,48.3985],[-97.1361,48.4001],[-97.1333,48.4025],[-97.131,48.4049],[-97.1318,48.4067],[-97.1326,48.4086],[-97.1345,48.4118],[-97.136,48.4142],[-97.1397,48.4156],[-97.1425,48.4147],[-97.1477,48.4123],[-97.1515,48.4122],[-97.1533,48.4135],[-97.1534,48.4159],[-97.1521,48.4173],[-97.147,48.419],[-97.1461,48.4193],[-97.1429,48.4203],[-97.142,48.4202],[-97.1374,48.4199],[-97.1366,48.4199],[-97.1356,48.4196],[-97.1341,48.4191],[-97.1332,48.4185],[-97.1301,48.4168],[-97.1262,48.4166],[-97.1233,48.4173],[-97.1233,48.4184],[-97.1232,48.4198],[-97.1247,48.4215],[-97.1252,48.422],[-97.1284,48.4236],[-97.1345,48.4252],[-97.1391,48.4267],[-97.1432,48.4291],[-97.1426,48.4305],[-97.14,48.4314],[-97.1369,48.4303],[-97.1336,48.4293],[-97.1295,48.4287],[-97.1263,48.4304],[-97.1237,48.4328],[-97.1225,48.4356],[-97.1229,48.4383],[-97.1238,48.44],[-97.1241,48.4406],[-97.1256,48.4415],[-97.1303,48.4418],[-97.1357,48.4405],[-97.1363,48.4402],[-97.1413,48.4383],[-97.1444,48.4373],[-97.1472,48.4386],[-97.1473,48.4409],[-97.1458,48.4421],[-97.1423,48.4438],[-97.1389,48.4447],[-97.1347,48.4464],[-97.1326,48.4482],[-97.129,48.4514],[-97.1268,48.4545],[-97.1271,48.4567],[-97.129,48.4592],[-97.1312,48.4607],[-97.1359,48.4621],[-97.1404,48.4628],[-97.1445,48.4646],[-97.1467,48.4673],[-97.1469,48.4701],[-97.1455,48.471],[-97.1449,48.4714],[-97.144,48.4717],[-97.1423,48.4718],[-97.14,48.4716],[-97.1389,48.4714],[-97.1381,48.4713],[-97.1349,48.4706],[-97.134,48.4705],[-97.1307,48.4705],[-97.13,48.4705],[-97.1271,48.4712],[-97.1265,48.473],[-97.1274,48.4738],[-97.1326,48.4753],[-97.1335,48.4756],[-97.1391,48.4767],[-97.1472,48.4761],[-97.1533,48.475],[-97.1571,48.4747],[-97.1597,48.4761],[-97.1596,48.478],[-97.157,48.4795],[-97.1509,48.4801],[-97.1465,48.4818],[-97.1437,48.4831],[-97.1429,48.4845],[-97.1442,48.4864],[-97.1447,48.4891],[-97.1426,48.4905],[-97.1392,48.4902],[-97.1387,48.4898],[-97.1365,48.4888],[-97.1357,48.4883],[-97.1345,48.4878],[-97.1336,48.4879],[-97.1316,48.488],[-97.1311,48.4893],[-97.1326,48.491],[-97.1331,48.4916],[-97.135,48.4926],[-97.1397,48.495],[-97.1458,48.4978],[-97.1478,48.4995],[-97.15,48.5014],[-97.151,48.5047],[-97.1517,48.5073],[-97.1512,48.5087],[-97.1498,48.51],[-97.147,48.5109],[-97.1417,48.5108],[-97.1377,48.5114],[-97.1329,48.512],[-97.1292,48.5132],[-97.127,48.515],[-97.1269,48.5178],[-97.1289,48.5192],[-97.1307,48.5197],[-97.1316,48.5199],[-97.1336,48.5198],[-97.1349,48.5196],[-97.1391,48.519],[-97.1426,48.5177],[-97.1453,48.5179],[-97.1483,48.5181],[-97.1507,48.5193],[-97.1526,48.5217],[-97.1531,48.524],[-97.1544,48.5263],[-97.1529,48.5286],[-97.1515,48.5299],[-97.1462,48.5301],[-97.1425,48.5311],[-97.1409,48.5326],[-97.1424,48.5334],[-97.1457,48.5354],[-97.15,48.5369],[-97.1511,48.5373],[-97.1541,48.5384],[-97.1611,48.5408],[-97.1632,48.5417],[-97.1656,48.5443],[-97.1664,48.5452],[-96.8384,48.5438],[-96.3901,48.5441]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Marshall\",\"state\":\"MN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db668015","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29343,"text":"wri954155 - 1996 - Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:27","indexId":"wri954155","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4155","title":"Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland","docAbstract":"Hydrologic and water-quality data were collected at a precipitation-collection station and from two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, north- central Maryland, as part of an investigation of episodic acidification and its effects on streamwater quality. Data were collected from June 1990 through December 1993. Descriptions of the water shed instrumentation, data-collection techniques, and laboratory methods used to conduct the studies are included. Data that were collected on precipitation, throughfall, soil water, ground water, and streamwater during base flow and stormflow indicate that the streams undergo episodic acidification during storms. Both streams showed decreases in pH to less than 5.0 standard units during stormflow. The acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of both streams decreased during stormflow, and the ANC of one of the streams, Bear Branch, became negative. The chemistries of the different types of waters that were sampled indicate that shallow subsurface water with minimal residence time in the watersheds is routed to the streams to become stormflow and is the cause of the episodic acidification observed. Three-component hydrograph separations were performed on the data collected during several storms in each watershed. The hydrograph separations of all of the storms indicate that throughfall contributed 0 to 50 percent of the stormflow, soil water contributed 0 to 80 percent, and ground water contributed 20 to 90 percent. The results of the hydrograph separations indicate that, in general, the watershed with higher hydraulic gradients tends to have shallower and shorter flow paths than the watershed with lower hydraulic gradients.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Towson, MD","doi":"10.3133/wri954155","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Maryland Department of the Environment and the Maryland Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., and Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and geochemical factors affecting the chemistry of small headwater streams in response to acidic deposition on Catoctin Mountain, north-central Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4155, vii, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954155.","productDescription":"vii, 63 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58190,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4155/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4155/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.6347784949219\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.32452392578125,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.51609802246094,\n              39.45899296747316\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24372,"text":"ofr95459 - 1996 - Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr95459","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-459","title":"Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994","docAbstract":"A seepage investigation was conducted of 4,600 acres of Bear Creek Valley southwest of the Y-12 Plant, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for the period of January through September 1994. The data were collected to help the Y-12 Environmental Restoration Program develop a better understanding of ground-water and surface-water interactions, recharge and discharge relations, and ground-water flow patterns. The project was divided into three phases: a reconnaissance and mapping of seeps, springs, and stream-measurment sites; a high base flow seepage investigation; and a low base flow seepage investigation. The reconnaissance was conducted from January 6 to March 1, 1994, to identify and map the locations of seeps, springs, and stream-measurement sites. A total of 701 sites were identified. They consisted of 382 stream- measurement sites, 265 seeps, 48 springs, and 6 wetlands. A global positioning system was used to locate 680 sites to within 3- to 5-meter accuracy. The high base flow seepage investigation was conducted from March 14 through March 19, 1994. Measurements were made at 579 of the 701 sites identified in the reconnaissance that still had flowing water. Flow rates ranged from less than 0.005 to 6.89 cubic feet per second for the streams, from less than 0.005 to 0.13 cubic foot per second for the seeps, and from less than 0.005 to 1 cubic foot per second for the springs. pH ranged from 5.0 to 8.4 for the streams, from 5.1 to 8.2 for the seeps, from 5.3 to 8.0 for the springs, and from 6.7 to 6.8 for the wetland sites. Specific conductance ranged from 16 to 1,670 microsiemens per centimeter for the streams, from 17 to 1,710 microsiemens per centimeter for the seeps, from 14 to 1,150 microsiemens per centimeter for the springs, and from 102 to 160 microsiemens per centimeter for the wetland sites. Temperature ranged from 4.5 to 16.0 degrees Celsius for the streams, from 5.0 to 21.0 degrees Celsius for the seeps, from 6.0 to 13.5 degrees Celsius for the springs, and from 13.0 to 19.5 degrees Celsius for the wetland sites. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 4.8 to 11.2 milligrams per liter for the streams, 1.2 to 11.3 milligrams per liter for the seeps, and from 0.6 to 11.0 milligrams per liter for the springs. Dissolved oxygen at a wetland site measured 3.8 milligrams per liter. The low base flow investigation was conducted from September 9 through September 29, 1994. The stream sites, seeps, and springs that had flow during the high base flow seepage investigation were revisited. One-hundred seventy-six of the stream sites visited still had flow. Discharge ranged from less than 0.005 to 0.76 cubic foot per second; pH, from 4.8 to 8.3; specific conductance, from 47 to 2,030 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 13.5 to 22.5 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 3.6 to 8.7 milligrams per liter. Twenty-five of the seeps visited were flowing and had discharge ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.01 cubic foot per second; pH, from 6.0 to 7.7; specific conductance, from 36 to 395 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 16.0 to 21.0 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 2.2 to 9.0 milligrams per liter. Thirty springs visited were flowing and had discharge ranging from less than 0.005 to 0.37 cubic foot per second; pH, from 6.5 to 7.7; specific conductance, from 26 to 1,220 microsiemens per centimeter; temperature, from 14.0 to 20.0 degrees Celsius; and dissolved oxygen, from 1.0 to 9.2 milligrams per liter. All of the wetland sites visited were dry.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95459","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., and Johnson, G., 1996, Results of a seepage investigation at Bear Creek Valley, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, January through September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-459, iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95459.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19501,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/plate-1_a.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19502,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/plate-1_b.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":53468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0459/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, G.C.","contributorId":14450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}