{"pageNumber":"129","pageRowStart":"3200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11370,"records":[{"id":98566,"text":"ofr20101157 - 2010 - Lead isotope database of unpublished results from sulfide mineral occurrences — California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T22:16:00.532826","indexId":"ofr20101157","displayToPublicDate":"2010-08-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1157","title":"Lead isotope database of unpublished results from sulfide mineral occurrences — California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington","docAbstract":"The Pb isotope database for sulfide deposits and occurrences in the Western United States was funded by the Mineral Resources Program, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Reports on Pb isotope data from Alaska were published in Church and others (1987a) and Gaccetta and Church (1989). The primary objectives of the project were three-fold:\r\n\r\n* To utilize Pb isotope signatures, in conjunction with the regional mapping, to assess the relative ages and to categorize the types of deposits studied,\r\n* To relate the Pb isotope and trace-element geochemical signatures of specific deposits and occurrences to ore-forming processes, and\r\n* To use the Pb isotope data to correlate lithotectonic terranes within the northern Cordillera.\r\n\r\nThe report by Church and others (1987b) shows how this fingerprinting methodology can be applied to trace the offset of lithostratigraphic terranes","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101157","usgsCitation":"Church, S.E., 2010, Lead isotope database of unpublished results from sulfide mineral occurrences — California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1157, iii, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101157.","productDescription":"iii, 9 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":116870,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1157.jpg"},{"id":13963,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1157/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":394288,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93793.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.6097,\n 37.106\n ],\n [\n -116.0292,\n 37.106\n ],\n [\n -116.0292,\n 49.5806\n ],\n [\n -125.6097,\n 49.5806\n ],\n [\n -125.6097,\n 37.106\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a868f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70237833,"text":"70237833 - 2010 - A comparison of multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal remote sensing datasets for fractional shrub canopy mapping in Arctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T11:47:36.243469","indexId":"70237833","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-15T06:45:34","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comparison of multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal remote sensing datasets for fractional shrub canopy mapping in Arctic Alaska","docAbstract":"

Shrub cover appears to be increasing across many areas of the Arctic tundra biome, and increasing shrub cover in the Arctic has the potential to significantly impact global carbon budgets and the global climate system. For most of the Arctic, however, there is no existing baseline inventory of shrub canopy cover, as existing maps of Arctic vegetation provide little information about the density of shrub cover at a moderate spatial resolution across the region. Remotely-sensed fractional shrub canopy maps can provide this necessary baseline inventory of shrub cover. In this study, we compare the accuracy of fractional shrub canopy (> 0.5 m tall) maps derived from multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal datasets from Landsat imagery at 30 m spatial resolution, Moderate Resolution Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MODIS) imagery at 250 m and 500 m spatial resolution, and MultiAngle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) imagery at 275 m spatial resolution for a 1067 km2 study area in Arctic Alaska. The study area is centered at 69 °N, ranges in elevation from 130 to 770 m, is composed primarily of rolling topography with gentle slopes less than 10°, and is free of glaciers and perennial snow cover. Shrubs > 0.5 m in height cover 2.9% of the study area and are primarily confined to patches associated with specific landscape features. Reference fractional shrub canopy is determined from in situ shrub canopy measurements and a high spatial resolution IKONOS image swath. Regression tree models are constructed to estimate fractional canopy cover at 250 m using different combinations of input data from Landsat, MODIS, and MISR. Results indicate that multi-spectral data provide substantially more accurate estimates of fractional shrub canopy cover than multi-angular or multi-temporal data. Higher spatial resolution datasets also provide more accurate estimates of fractional shrub canopy cover (aggregated to moderate spatial resolutions) than lower spatial resolution datasets, an expected result for a study area where most shrub cover is concentrated in narrow patches associated with rivers, drainages, and slopes. Including the middle infrared bands available from Landsat and MODIS in the regression tree models (in addition to the four standard visible and near-infrared spectral bands) typically results in a slight boost in accuracy. Including the multi-angular red band data available from MISR in the regression tree models, however, typically boosts accuracy more substantially, resulting in moderate resolution fractional shrub canopy estimates approaching the accuracy of estimates derived from the much higher spatial resolution Landsat sensor. Given the poor availability of snow and cloud-free Landsat scenes in many areas of the Arctic and the promising results demonstrated here by the MISR sensor, MISR may be the best choice for large area fractional shrub canopy mapping in the Alaskan Arctic for the period 2000–2009.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.012","usgsCitation":"Selkowitz, D.J., 2010, A comparison of multi-spectral, multi-angular, and multi-temporal remote sensing datasets for fractional shrub canopy mapping in Arctic Alaska: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 114, no. 7, p. 1338-1352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.012.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1338","endPage":"1352","ipdsId":"IP-014402","costCenters":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":408739,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.38130176598017,\n 68.19430047782723\n ],\n [\n -141.38130176598017,\n 72.2825482136995\n ],\n [\n -161.95663358999144,\n 72.2825482136995\n ],\n [\n -161.95663358999144,\n 68.19430047782723\n ],\n [\n -141.38130176598017,\n 68.19430047782723\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selkowitz, David J. 0000-0003-0824-7051 dselkowitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-7051","contributorId":3259,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selkowitz","given":"David","email":"dselkowitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":118,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geography","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":855817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98498,"text":"ofr20101135 - 2010 - Initial Results from a Study of Climatic Changes and the Effect on Wild Sheep Habitat in Selected Study Areas of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ofr20101135","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-08T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1135","title":"Initial Results from a Study of Climatic Changes and the Effect on Wild Sheep Habitat in Selected Study Areas of Alaska","docAbstract":"Climate change theorists have projected striking changes in local weather on earth due to increases in temperature. These predicted changes may cause melting glaciers and ice caps, rising sea levels, increasing desertification and other environmental changes which seem likely to affect presumed indicator species as harbingers of more significant changes. Wild sheep, even though they are one of the more successful mammalian taxa since Pleistocene times, exhibit a suite of adaptations to glacier driven environments which may be presumed to render them sensitive to environmental changes. The authors began investigation with these assumptions by comparing changes, as determined by satellite imagery, in glacier extent in our study areas in Denali National Park, Alaska, during the last 30 years. Our findings showed the extent of glacial retreat in Alaska during this time period was approximately 40-50 percent as measured by ablation zone and retreat of terminal moraines. During the first half of this 30-year period, Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) populations were stable at historically recorded highs. In the early to mid-1990s, Dall sheep populations in Alaska declined from an historical estimated high of 75,000 sheep to the presently estimated 40-50,000. The declines seemed to be weather related, on the basis of the presumption that lamb survival rates are primarily weather-mediated in Alaska. Changes in local weather appear, at this point, to be correlated with oscillation in the Pacific Current in the Northern Pacific ocean. Of course, changes in local weather affect forage abundance and quality seasonally. In investigating a possible linkage of weather to seasonal forage abundance and quality, we also investigated changes in snow and ice extent and distribution, as well as increased water runoff associated with permafrost and depleted glaciers. Databases were assembled from a wide variety of remotely sensed satellite data, ground-based observations, and historical data bases relating to Dall sheep habitats in selected study areas. Alaska's sheep habitats are typified by long, narrow bands of mountainous uplifts generally arrayed west-to-east, and perpendicular to prevailing south-to-north weather-front movements. Classic Dall sheep habitat occurs on snow-shadowed slopes within these narrow mountainous habitats. On the basis of these data, we offer an explanatory hypothesis relating Dall sheep welfare to weather and climate-influenced nutrition and a monitoring scheme, which should produce data sufficient to test the robustness of this hypothesis. If correlated with population changes, the methods used in our comparative observations may provide long-term monitoring tools for wildlife managers and be applicable in other widely-dispersed wild sheep habitats. If no significant correlations emerge from our modeling exercises, the notion that wild sheep are a sufficiently sensitive species to be seen as an indicator species will have to be reexamined. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101135","usgsCitation":"Pfeifer, E., Ruhlman, J., Middleton, B., Dye, D., and Acosta, A., 2010, Initial Results from a Study of Climatic Changes and the Effect on Wild Sheep Habitat in Selected Study Areas of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1135, iv, 39 p.; Appendices, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101135.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p.; Appendices","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125930,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1135.jpg"},{"id":13886,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1135/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -150.33333333333334,63.166666666666664 ], [ -150.33333333333334,63.666666666666664 ], [ -149,63.666666666666664 ], [ -149,63.166666666666664 ], [ -150.33333333333334,63.166666666666664 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e886","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pfeifer, Edwin epfeifer@usgs.gov","contributorId":569,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pfeifer","given":"Edwin","email":"epfeifer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruhlman, Jana","contributorId":93013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhlman","given":"Jana","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Barry","contributorId":38119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Barry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dye, Dennis","contributorId":54159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dye","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Acosta, Alex aacosta@usgs.gov","contributorId":73557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acosta","given":"Alex","email":"aacosta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70168803,"text":"70168803 - 2010 - Alaska’s changing fire regime - Implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-04T13:26:06","indexId":"70168803","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alaska’s changing fire regime - Implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forests","docAbstract":"

A synthesis was carried out to examine Alaska’s boreal forest fire regime. During the 2000s, an average of 767 000 ha·year–1 burned, 50% higher than in any previous decade since the 1940s. Over the past 60 years, there was a decrease in the number of lightning-ignited fires, an increase in extreme lightning-ignited fire events, an increase in human-ignited fires, and a decrease in the number of extreme human-ignited fire events. The fraction of area burned from human-ignited fires fell from 26% for the 1950s and 1960s to 5% for the 1990s and 2000s, a result from the change in fire policy that gave the highest suppression priorities to fire events that occurred near human settlements. The amount of area burned during late-season fires increased over the past two decades. Deeper burning of surface organic layers in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) forests occurred during late-growing-season fires and on more well-drained sites. These trends all point to black spruce forests becoming increasingly vulnerable to the combined changes of key characteristics of Alaska’s fire regime, except on poorly drained sites, which are resistant to deep burning. The implications of these fire regime changes to the vulnerability and resilience of Alaska’s boreal forests and land and fire management are discussed.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council of Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","doi":"10.1139/X10-098","usgsCitation":"Kasischke, E.S., Verbyla, D.L., Rupp, T., McGuire, A.D., Murphy, K.A., Jandt, R., Barnes, J.L., Hoy, E., Duffy, P.A., Calef, M., and Turetsky, M.R., 2010, Alaska’s changing fire regime - Implications for the vulnerability of its boreal forests: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1313-1324, https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-098.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1313","endPage":"1324","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-019192","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.905365,55.164689],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-159.455311,55.061452],[-159.328791,54.980598],[-159.426615,54.942266],[-159.455311,55.061452]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-166.002465,54.213629],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[-162.801865,54.48944],[-162.588883,54.450064],[-162.611891,54.368077],[-162.86005,54.425452],[-162.801865,54.48944]]],[[[-170.286318,57.128169],[-170.311707,57.219122],[-170.161647,57.229656],[-170.286318,57.128169]]],[[[178.785825,51.633434],[179.462765,51.376176],[178.634021,51.623981],[178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.789558,51.957211],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[177.601645,52.016377],[177.235523,51.87326],[177.661607,52.112746],[177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[179.758993,51.946595],[179.649484,51.87367],[179.482464,51.982834],[179.758993,51.946595]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-173.511915,52.031278],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[173.587554,52.476785],[173.769503,52.512072],[173.725696,52.356579],[173.3955,52.402647],[173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[172.763366,52.823656],[172.469022,52.911337],[173.107249,52.993228],[173.421682,52.845477],[172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.119922,53.855048],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.16164,53.605909],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-169.553937,56.608682],[-169.473138,56.601741],[-169.75575,56.591922],[-169.553937,56.608682]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.847438,60.213592],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-160.880515,58.581325],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.289854,55.50187],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.384089,55.87677],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.142277,54.691674],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.578511,57.400291],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-153.209672,58.15035],[-152.610955,58.475775],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-153.940505,56.558317],[-154.343096,56.510171],[-154.223759,56.612955],[-153.940505,56.558317]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.469421,57.977282],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.067466,56.390987],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.054049,56.527658],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.354836,58.192279],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-161.42986,64.759027],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.451788,64.691761],[-166.410198,64.827968],[-166.530518,64.937114],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-162.013623,66.779406],[-162.033156,66.631585],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-163.878781,67.416125],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.132483,70.828359],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.187197,70.801546],[-152.471531,70.68884],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-151.844375,70.434959],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-142.746807,70.042531],[-141.377718,69.634631],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.738924,60.31842],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.474326,59.464194],[-136.234229,59.524731],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.9301,56.835211],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.475998,57.380394],[-133.478086,57.56173],[-133.66439,57.611707],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.049603,58.062027],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.295084,59.08761],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.142322,58.61637],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.150772,58.757266],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.928643,58.900131],[-136.463258,58.781607],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-145.841742,60.685893],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.262969,60.867787],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.148059,60.758536],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.171278,60.335266],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.148011,59.994952],[-148.274241,60.013318],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.746364,59.860881],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-150.217179,60.930001],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.366613,59.633729],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.036722,57.470941],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.551239,57.2908],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.402954,56.455193],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.475258,56.093405],[-158.417889,56.036796],[-158.575042,56.121129],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.4168,55.104096],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.226313,55.042694],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-163.572383,54.623211],[-164.179617,54.599188],[-164.41682,54.431713],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.273176,55.856881],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.786046,57.542189],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.827852,58.626432],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-163.349027,59.81989],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.403007,61.06706],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.767226,61.45695],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"40","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabfbae4b015c306f84c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kasischke, Eric S.","contributorId":106781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Verbyla, David L.","contributorId":84611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verbyla","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rupp, T. Scott","contributorId":21395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"T. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murphy, Karen A.","contributorId":167356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jandt, Randi","contributorId":66100,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jandt","given":"Randi","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Barnes, Jennifer L.","contributorId":167357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnes","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hoy, E.","contributorId":40439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoy","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Duffy, Paul A.","contributorId":148013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duffy","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":16973,"text":"Neptune and Company Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Calef, Monika","contributorId":167164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Calef","given":"Monika","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt R.","contributorId":80980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70168805,"text":"70168805 - 2010 - Resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest to climatic change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-04T13:13:44","indexId":"70168805","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest to climatic change","docAbstract":"

This paper assesses the resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest system to rapid climatic change. Recent warming is associated with reduced growth of dominant tree species, plant disease and insect outbreaks, warming and thawing of permafrost, drying of lakes, increased wildfire extent, increased postfire recruitment of deciduous trees, and reduced safety of hunters traveling on river ice. These changes have modified key structural features, feedbacks, and interactions in the boreal forest, including reduced effects of upland permafrost on regional hydrology, expansion of boreal forest into tundra, and amplification of climate warming because of reduced albedo (shorter winter season) and carbon release from wildfires. Other temperature-sensitive processes for which no trends have been detected include composition of plant and microbial communities, long-term landscape-scale change in carbon stocks, stream discharge, mammalian population dynamics, and river access and subsistence opportunities for rural indigenous communities. Projections of continued warming suggest that Alaska’s boreal forest will undergo significant functional and structural changes within the next few decades that are unprecedented in the last 6000 years. The impact of these social–ecological changes will depend in part on the extent of landscape reorganization between uplands and lowlands and on policies regulating subsistence opportunities for rural communities.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council of Canada","publisherLocation":"Ottawa","doi":"10.1139/X10-074","usgsCitation":"Chapin, F., McGuire, A.D., Ruess, R.W., Hollingsworth, T.N., Mack, M., Johnstone, J., Kasischke, E., Euskirchen, E., Jones, J.B., Jorgenson, M., Kielland, K., Kofinas, G., Turetsky, M., Yarie, J., Lloyd, A., and Taylor, D., 2010, Resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest to climatic change: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1360-1370, https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-074.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1360","endPage":"1370","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-021191","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318560,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.905365,55.164689],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-159.455311,55.061452],[-159.328791,54.980598],[-159.426615,54.942266],[-159.455311,55.061452]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-166.002465,54.213629],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[-162.801865,54.48944],[-162.588883,54.450064],[-162.611891,54.368077],[-162.86005,54.425452],[-162.801865,54.48944]]],[[[-170.286318,57.128169],[-170.311707,57.219122],[-170.161647,57.229656],[-170.286318,57.128169]]],[[[178.785825,51.633434],[179.462765,51.376176],[178.634021,51.623981],[178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.789558,51.957211],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[177.601645,52.016377],[177.235523,51.87326],[177.661607,52.112746],[177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[179.758993,51.946595],[179.649484,51.87367],[179.482464,51.982834],[179.758993,51.946595]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-173.511915,52.031278],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[173.587554,52.476785],[173.769503,52.512072],[173.725696,52.356579],[173.3955,52.402647],[173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[172.763366,52.823656],[172.469022,52.911337],[173.107249,52.993228],[173.421682,52.845477],[172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.119922,53.855048],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.16164,53.605909],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-169.553937,56.608682],[-169.473138,56.601741],[-169.75575,56.591922],[-169.553937,56.608682]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.847438,60.213592],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-160.880515,58.581325],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.289854,55.50187],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.384089,55.87677],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.142277,54.691674],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.578511,57.400291],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-153.209672,58.15035],[-152.610955,58.475775],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-153.940505,56.558317],[-154.343096,56.510171],[-154.223759,56.612955],[-153.940505,56.558317]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.469421,57.977282],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.067466,56.390987],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.054049,56.527658],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.354836,58.192279],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-161.42986,64.759027],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.451788,64.691761],[-166.410198,64.827968],[-166.530518,64.937114],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-162.013623,66.779406],[-162.033156,66.631585],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-163.878781,67.416125],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.132483,70.828359],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.187197,70.801546],[-152.471531,70.68884],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-151.844375,70.434959],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-142.746807,70.042531],[-141.377718,69.634631],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.738924,60.31842],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.474326,59.464194],[-136.234229,59.524731],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.9301,56.835211],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.475998,57.380394],[-133.478086,57.56173],[-133.66439,57.611707],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.049603,58.062027],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.295084,59.08761],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.142322,58.61637],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.150772,58.757266],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.928643,58.900131],[-136.463258,58.781607],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-145.841742,60.685893],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.262969,60.867787],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.148059,60.758536],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.171278,60.335266],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.148011,59.994952],[-148.274241,60.013318],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.746364,59.860881],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-150.217179,60.930001],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.366613,59.633729],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.036722,57.470941],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.551239,57.2908],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.402954,56.455193],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.475258,56.093405],[-158.417889,56.036796],[-158.575042,56.121129],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.4168,55.104096],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.226313,55.042694],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-163.572383,54.623211],[-164.179617,54.599188],[-164.41682,54.431713],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.273176,55.856881],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.786046,57.542189],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.827852,58.626432],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-163.349027,59.81989],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.403007,61.06706],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.767226,61.45695],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"40","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabff1e4b015c306f84cf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapin, F.S.","contributorId":48384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruess, Roger W.","contributorId":45483,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruess","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hollingsworth, Teresa N.","contributorId":19016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollingsworth","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mack, M.C.","contributorId":87238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnstone, J.F.","contributorId":9560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnstone","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kasischke, E.S.","contributorId":61201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasischke","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Euskirchen, E.S.","contributorId":44737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jones, Jack B.","contributorId":65788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jack","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jorgenson, M.T.","contributorId":26889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Kielland, K.","contributorId":98932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kielland","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kofinas, G.","contributorId":23752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kofinas","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Turetsky, M.R.","contributorId":107470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Yarie, J.","contributorId":92847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yarie","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Lloyd, A.H.","contributorId":91683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Taylor, D.L.","contributorId":50676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":98486,"text":"ofr20101083B - 2010 - Seismicity of the Earth 1900-2010, Aleutian arc and vicinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-28T18:55:10.981819","indexId":"ofr20101083B","displayToPublicDate":"2010-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1083","chapter":"B","title":"Seismicity of the Earth 1900-2010, Aleutian arc and vicinity","docAbstract":"This map shows details of the Aleutian arc not visible in an earlier publication. The Aleutian arc extends about 3,000 km from the Gulf of Alaska to the Kamchatka Peninsula. It marks the region where the Pacific plate subducts into the mantle beneath the North America plate. This subduction is responsible for the generation of the Aleutian Islands and the deep offshore Aleutian Trench. Relative to a fixed North America plate, the Pacific plate is moving northwest at a rate that increases from about 55 mm per year at the arc's eastern edge to 75 mm per year near its western terminus. In the east, the convergence of the plates is nearly perpendicular to the plate boundary. However, because of the boundary's curvature, as one travels westward along the arc, the subduction becomes more and more oblique to the boundary until the relative plate motion becomes parallel to the arc at the Near Islands near its western edge. Subduction zones such as the Aleutian arc are geologically complex and produce numerous earthquakes from multiple sources. Deformation of the overriding North America plate generates shallow crustal earthquakes, whereas slip at the interface of the plates generates interplate earthquakes that extend from near the base of the trench to depths of 40 to 60 km. At greater depths, Aleutian arc earthquakes occur within the subducting Pacific plate and can reach depths of 300 km. Since 1900, six great earthquakes have occurred along the Aleutian Trench, Alaska Peninsula, and Gulf of Alaska: M8.4 1906 Rat Islands; M8.6 1938 Shumagin Islands; M8.6 1946 Unimak Island; M8.6 1957 Andreanof Islands; M9.2 1964 Prince William Sound; and M8.7 1965 Rat Islands. Several relevant tectonic elements (plate boundaries and active volcanoes) provide a context for the seismicity presented on the main map panel. The plate boundaries are most accurate along the axis of the Aleutian Trench and more diffuse or speculative in extreme northeastern Russia. The active volcanoes parallel the Aleutian Trench from the Gulf of Alaska to the Rat Islands.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101083B","collaboration":"Pennsylvania State University, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas)","usgsCitation":"Benz, H.M., Herman, M., Tarr, A.C., Hayes, G., Furlong, K.P., Villaseñor, A., Dart, R.L., and Rhea, S., 2010, Seismicity of the Earth 1900-2010, Aleutian arc and vicinity (Revised September 2011): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1083, 1 Plate: 35.37 inches x 23.89 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101083B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 35.37 inches x 23.89 inches","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":13872,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1083/b/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":116880,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1083_B.png"},{"id":420199,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_93344.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","projection":"Albers Equal Area Conic Projection","country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -144,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 62\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 62\n ],\n [\n 151.23739492960942,\n 62\n ],\n [\n 151.23739492960942,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 62\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Revised September 2011","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa8db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, Harley M. 0000-0002-6860-2134 benz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6860-2134","contributorId":794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"Harley","email":"benz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, Matthew","contributorId":68426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hayes, Gavin P. 0000-0003-3323-0112","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3323-0112","contributorId":6157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Gavin P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Furlong, Kevin P. 0000-0002-2674-5110","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-5110","contributorId":19576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Furlong","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Villaseñor, Antonio","contributorId":100969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villaseñor","given":"Antonio","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dart, Richard L. dart@usgs.gov","contributorId":1209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dart","given":"Richard","email":"dart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":305486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rhea, Susan","contributorId":81110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"Susan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":98480,"text":"sir20105096 - 2010 - Modeling the Effects of Mortality on Sea Otter Populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"sir20105096","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5096","title":"Modeling the Effects of Mortality on Sea Otter Populations","docAbstract":"Conservation and management of sea otters can benefit from managing the magnitude and sex composition of human related mortality, including harvesting within sustainable levels. Using age and sex-specific reproduction and survival rates from field studies, we created matrix population models representing sea otter populations with growth rates of 1.005, 1.072, and 1.145, corresponding to stable, moderate, and rapid rates of change. In each modeled population, we incrementally imposed additional annual mortality over a 20-year period and calculated average annual rates of change (lambda). Additional mortality was applied to (1) males only, (2) at a 1:1 ratio of male to female, and (3) at a 3:1 ratio of male to female. Dependent pups (age 0-0.5) were excluded from the mortality. Maintaining a stable or slightly increasing population was largely dependent on (1) the magnitude of additional mortality, (2) the underlying rate of change in the population during the period of additional mortality, and (3) the extent that females were included in the additional mortality (due to a polygnous reproductive system where one male may breed with more than one female). In stable populations, additional mortality as high as 2.4 percent was sustainable if limited to males only, but was reduced to 1.2 percent when males and females were removed at ratios of 3:1 or 0.5 percent at ratios of 1:1. In moderate growth populations, additional mortality of 9.8 percent (male-only) and 15.0 percent (3:1 male to female) maximized the sustainable mortality about 3-10 ten-fold over the stable population levels. However, if additional mortality consists of males and females at equal proportions, the sustainable rate is 7.7 percent. In rapid growth populations, maximum sustainable levels of mortality as high as 27.3 percent were achieved when the ratio of additional mortality was 3:1 male to female. Although male-only mortality maximized annual harvest in stable populations, high male biased mortality in all simulations eventually led to low proportions of males, leading to instability in projected populations over time. Our findings identify the critical need to understand underlying rates of change that can be acquired only through frequent monitoring of managed populations. Models could be improved through better understanding of the effects of density and demographic and environmental stochasticity on sea otter vital rates. Although our primary objective was to provide information useful in managing harvests of sea otters, our findings have implications for the conservation and management of sea otter populations subjected to other sources of mortality that can be quantified, such as incidental, accidental, or illegal. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20105096","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Ballachey, B.E., 2010, Modeling the Effects of Mortality on Sea Otter Populations: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5096, iv, 12 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20105096.","productDescription":"iv, 12 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13805,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2010/5096/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70236326,"text":"70236326 - 2010 - The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T17:18:55.044297","indexId":"70236326","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-24T12:10:01","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forest","docAbstract":"

Shifts in moss communities may affect the resilience of boreal ecosystems to a changing climate because of the role of moss species in regulating soil climate and biogeochemical cycling. Here, we use long-term data analysis and literature synthesis to examine the role of moss in ecosystem succession, productivity, and decomposition. In Alaskan forests, moss abundance showed a unimodal distribution with time since fire, peaking 30–70 years post-fire. We found no evidence of mosses compensating for low vascular productivity in low-fertility sites at large scales, although a trade-off between moss and vascular productivity was evident in intermediate-productivity sites. Mosses contributed 48% and 20% of wetland and upland productivity, respectively, but produced tissue that decomposed more slowly than both nonwoody and woody vascular tissues. Increasing fire frequency in Alaska is likely to favor feather moss proliferation and decrease Sphagnum abundance, which will reduce soil moisture retention and decrease peat accumulation, likely leading to deeper burning during wildfire and accelerated permafrost thaw. The roles of moss traits in regulating key aspects of boreal performance (ecosystem N supply, C sequestration, permafrost stability, and fire severity) represent critical areas for understanding the resilience of Alaska’s boreal forest region under changing climate and disturbance regimes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/X10-072","usgsCitation":"Turetsky, M.R., Mack, M., Hollingsworth, T.N., and Harden, J.W., 2010, The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forest: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1237-1264, https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-072.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"1237","endPage":"1264","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406080,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 69.16255790810501\n ],\n [\n -142.91015625,\n 69.00567519658819\n ],\n [\n -144.1845703125,\n 68.49604022839505\n ],\n [\n -145.98632812499997,\n 68.22052325573338\n ],\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 67.52537347875264\n ],\n [\n -155.6103515625,\n 67.16995497083367\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 66.8265202749748\n ],\n [\n -155.7861328125,\n 66.24916310923315\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 65.47650756256367\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 64.20637724320852\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 62.734600877063585\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 61.227957176677876\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 61.91827102335593\n ],\n [\n -151.7431640625,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -148.7548828125,\n 63.60721668033077\n ],\n [\n -147.7001953125,\n 63.860035895395306\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 63.213829705155625\n ],\n [\n -141.6796875,\n 62.226996036319726\n ],\n [\n -141.1083984375,\n 62.062733258846514\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 69.16255790810501\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turetsky, Merritt R.","contributorId":169398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turetsky","given":"Merritt","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":12660,"text":"University of Guelph","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mack, Michelle","contributorId":98031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mack","given":"Michelle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hollingsworth, Teresa N.","contributorId":19016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollingsworth","given":"Teresa","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198318,"text":"70198318 - 2010 - An improved proximal tephrochronology for Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T09:43:50","indexId":"70198318","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-20T09:57:50","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An improved proximal tephrochronology for Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"

Sediment cores from lakes in volcanically active regions can be used to reconstruct the frequency of tephra-fall events. We studied sediment cores from two lakes within 25 km of the summit of Redoubt Volcano, western Cook Inlet, to develop a robust age model for the Holocene tephrochronology, and to assess the extent to which the tephrostratigraphies were correlative between the two nearby lakes. Visually distinct tephra layers were correlated among cores from Bear and Cub lakes, located within 17 km of each other, to construct a composite age model, which incorporates two Pu-activity profiles and 27 radiocarbon ages, and extends the record back to 11,540 cal a BP. The age model was used to interpolate the ages and quantify the uncertainties of ages for all tephras at least 1 mm thick. Between − 55 and 3850 a BP, 31 tephras were deposited in Bear Lake and 41 tephras in Cub Lake. Bear Lake contains an additional 38 tephras deposited between 11,540 and 3850 a BP. During the period of overlap, (− 55 to 3850 a BP), 24 tephras are of significantly different ages, including nine from Bear Lake and 17 from Cub Lake. The presence of these unique tephras indicates that ejecta plumes erupted from Redoubt Volcano can be highly directional, and that sediment cores from more than one lake are needed for a comprehensive reconstruction of tephra-fall events. Unlike distal lakes in south Alaska, where geomorphic and limnological factors dominate the quality of the tephrostratigraphic record, the variability in tephra-fall trajectory near a Redoubt Volcano appears to be a major control on the number of tephras contained in the sediment of proximal lakes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.015","usgsCitation":"Schiff, C., Kaufman, D.S., Wallace, K.L., and Ketterer, M.E., 2010, An improved proximal tephrochronology for Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 193, no. 3-4, p. 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.015.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356049,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Redoubt Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.19287109375,\n 59.52317553544798\n ],\n [\n -149.139404296875,\n 59.52317553544798\n ],\n [\n -149.139404296875,\n 62.04213770379758\n ],\n [\n -155.19287109375,\n 62.04213770379758\n ],\n [\n -155.19287109375,\n 59.52317553544798\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"193","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b760e4b0702d0e844e27","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiff, C.J.","contributorId":34735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiff","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kaufman, Darrell S. 0000-0002-7572-1414","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7572-1414","contributorId":28308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaufman","given":"Darrell","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wallace, Kristi L. 0000-0002-0962-048X kwallace@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0962-048X","contributorId":3454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wallace","given":"Kristi","email":"kwallace@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ketterer, Michael E.","contributorId":28479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ketterer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":741025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70236327,"text":"70236327 - 2010 - Resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-01T17:32:38.884172","indexId":"70236327","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-18T12:22:25","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change","docAbstract":"

The resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change depends on complex interactions among topography, water, soil, vegetation, and snow, which allow permafrost to persist at mean annual air temperatures (MAATs) as high as +2 °C and degrade at MAATs as low as –20 °C. To assess these interactions, we compiled existing data and tested effects of varying conditions on mean annual surface temperatures (MASTs) and 2 m deep temperatures (MADTs) through modeling. Surface water had the largest effect, with water sediment temperatures being ~10 °C above MAAT. A 50% reduction in snow depth reduces MADT by 2 °C. Elevation changes between 200 and 800 m increases MAAT by up to 2.3 °C and snow depths by ~40%. Aspect caused only a ~1 °C difference in MAST. Covarying vegetation structure, organic matter thickness, soil moisture, and snow depth of terrestrial ecosystems, ranging from barren silt to white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) forest to tussock shrub, affect MASTs by ~6 °C and MADTs by ~7 °C. Groundwater at 2–7 °C greatly affects lateral and internal permafrost thawing. Analyses show that vegetation succession provides strong negative feedbacks that make permafrost resilient to even large increases in air temperatures. Surface water, which is affected by topography and ground ice, provides even stronger negative feedbacks that make permafrost vulnerable to thawing even under cold temperatures.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/X10-060","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, M., Romanovsky, V., Harden, J.W., Shur, Y., O'Donnell, J., Schuur, E.A., Kanevskiy, M., and Marchenko, S., 2010, Resilience and vulnerability of permafrost to climate change: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1219-1236, https://doi.org/10.1139/X10-060.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1219","endPage":"1236","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406081,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 69.16255790810501\n ],\n [\n -142.91015625,\n 69.00567519658819\n ],\n [\n -144.1845703125,\n 68.49604022839505\n ],\n [\n -145.98632812499997,\n 68.22052325573338\n ],\n [\n -148.5791015625,\n 67.52537347875264\n ],\n [\n -155.6103515625,\n 67.16995497083367\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 66.8265202749748\n ],\n [\n -155.7861328125,\n 66.24916310923315\n ],\n [\n -156.26953125,\n 65.47650756256367\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 64.20637724320852\n ],\n [\n -156.6650390625,\n 62.734600877063585\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 61.227957176677876\n ],\n [\n -154.1162109375,\n 61.91827102335593\n ],\n [\n -151.7431640625,\n 62.935234870604695\n ],\n [\n -148.7548828125,\n 63.60721668033077\n ],\n [\n -147.7001953125,\n 63.860035895395306\n ],\n [\n -144.9755859375,\n 63.213829705155625\n ],\n [\n -141.6796875,\n 62.226996036319726\n ],\n [\n -141.1083984375,\n 62.062733258846514\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 69.16255790810501\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, M.Torre 0000-0002-9834-8851","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-8851","contributorId":245200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M.Torre","affiliations":[{"id":13506,"text":"Alaska Ecoscience","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romanovsky, Vladimir","contributorId":175208,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Romanovsky","given":"Vladimir","affiliations":[{"id":6695,"text":"UAF","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harden, Jennifer W. 0000-0002-6570-8259 jharden@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":1971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"Jennifer","email":"jharden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":850624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shur, Yuri","contributorId":39302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shur","given":"Yuri","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Donnell, Jonathan","contributorId":17924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Donnell","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schuur, Edward A.G.","contributorId":169386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schuur","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"A.G.","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":850627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kanevskiy, Mikhail","contributorId":60511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kanevskiy","given":"Mikhail","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Marchenko, Sergei","contributorId":199367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marchenko","given":"Sergei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":850629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70168801,"text":"70168801 - 2010 - The changing effects of Alaska’s boreal forests on the climate system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T10:58:53","indexId":"70168801","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-17T14:45:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The changing effects of Alaska’s boreal forests on the climate system","docAbstract":"

In the boreal forests of Alaska, recent changes in climate have influenced the exchange of trace gases, water, and energy between these forests and the atmosphere. These changes in the structure and function of boreal forests can then feed back to impact regional and global climates. In this manuscript, we examine the type and magnitude of the climate feedbacks from boreal forests in Alaska. Research generally suggests that the net effect of a warming climate is a positive regional feedback to warming. Currently, the primary positive climate feedbacks are likely related to decreases in surface albedo due to decreases in snow cover. Fewer negative feedbacks have been identified, and they may not be large enough to counterbalance the large positive feedbacks. These positive feedbacks are most pronounced at the regional scale and reduce the resilience of the boreal vegetation – climate system by amplifying the rate of regional warming. Given the recent warming in this region, the large variety of associated mechanisms that can alter terrestrial ecosystems and influence the climate system, and a reduction in the boreal forest resilience, there is a strong need to continue to quantify and evaluate the feedback pathways.

","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/X09-209","usgsCitation":"Euskirchen, E., McGuire, A.D., Chapin, F., and Rupp, T., 2010, The changing effects of Alaska’s boreal forests on the climate system: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1336-1346, https://doi.org/10.1139/X09-209.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1336","endPage":"1346","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-018388","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318565,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-162.255031,54.978353],[-162.30058,54.832594],[-162.41737,54.877491],[-162.255031,54.978353]]],[[[-160.0179,55.15613],[-159.889174,55.287138],[-159.905365,55.164689],[-159.816419,55.178051],[-160.183466,54.91568],[-160.191392,55.108574],[-160.0179,55.15613]]],[[[-159.455311,55.061452],[-159.328791,54.980598],[-159.426615,54.942266],[-159.455311,55.061452]]],[[[-161.718614,55.154166],[-161.608634,55.116906],[-161.862504,55.127598],[-161.718614,55.154166]]],[[[-160.506927,55.32773],[-160.486174,55.193617],[-160.806009,55.12567],[-160.797147,55.381521],[-160.344369,55.362962],[-160.330722,55.261045],[-160.506927,55.32773]]],[[[-160.21178,55.455862],[-160.141834,55.387154],[-160.27997,55.395905],[-160.21178,55.455862]]],[[[-165.790523,54.171758],[-165.714198,54.120815],[-166.098255,54.103538],[-166.002465,54.213629],[-165.790523,54.171758]]],[[[-165.523466,54.299895],[-165.405377,54.212837],[-165.629725,54.132558],[-165.681458,54.236914],[-165.523466,54.299895]]],[[[-162.801865,54.48944],[-162.588883,54.450064],[-162.611891,54.368077],[-162.86005,54.425452],[-162.801865,54.48944]]],[[[-170.286318,57.128169],[-170.311707,57.219122],[-170.161647,57.229656],[-170.286318,57.128169]]],[[[178.785825,51.633434],[179.462765,51.376176],[178.634021,51.623981],[178.785825,51.633434]]],[[[-176.762478,51.867878],[-176.789558,51.957211],[-176.603598,51.997056],[-176.543309,51.838624],[-176.268243,51.785498],[-176.930952,51.59247],[-176.918065,51.788003],[-176.762478,51.867878]]],[[[-177.800647,51.778294],[-177.909185,51.596671],[-178.172666,51.839985],[-177.615311,51.85508],[-177.800647,51.778294]]],[[[-177.360408,51.727533],[-177.631523,51.696844],[-177.099266,51.936119],[-177.13096,51.762772],[-177.360408,51.727533]]],[[[177.601645,52.016377],[177.235523,51.87326],[177.661607,52.112746],[177.601645,52.016377]]],[[[179.758993,51.946595],[179.649484,51.87367],[179.482464,51.982834],[179.758993,51.946595]]],[[[-174.301818,52.278949],[-174.408277,52.289872],[-174.185347,52.417788],[-173.989415,52.325275],[-174.177679,52.233638],[-174.090169,52.139119],[-175.27485,52.018619],[-174.301818,52.278949]]],[[[-173.602446,52.153773],[-173.019588,52.097881],[-173.511915,52.031278],[-174.04675,52.122403],[-173.602446,52.153773]]],[[[173.587554,52.476785],[173.769503,52.512072],[173.725696,52.356579],[173.3955,52.402647],[173.587554,52.476785]]],[[[172.763366,52.823656],[172.469022,52.911337],[173.107249,52.993228],[173.421682,52.845477],[172.763366,52.823656]]],[[[-168.211705,53.256184],[-169.041338,52.839348],[-168.617143,53.260985],[-168.366519,53.252024],[-168.315847,53.481729],[-167.816998,53.517947],[-167.872879,53.36736],[-168.211705,53.256184]]],[[[-166.728918,54.003111],[-166.57509,53.879236],[-166.373689,54.01003],[-166.210964,53.933557],[-166.547438,53.749404],[-166.119922,53.855048],[-166.111317,53.776856],[-166.656234,53.487119],[-167.798984,53.284757],[-167.102305,53.515077],[-167.16164,53.605909],[-167.041245,53.707929],[-166.779991,53.719126],[-167.141966,53.826932],[-166.728918,54.003111]]],[[[-169.553937,56.608682],[-169.473138,56.601741],[-169.75575,56.591922],[-169.553937,56.608682]]],[[[-165.721389,60.16962],[-165.539367,59.965175],[-166.157071,59.748886],[-167.111785,59.989349],[-167.421489,60.205431],[-166.847438,60.213592],[-166.124379,60.414253],[-165.697326,60.297238],[-165.721389,60.16962]]],[[[-173.052751,60.515252],[-172.951862,60.605671],[-172.269754,60.333887],[-172.595895,60.318233],[-173.052751,60.515252]]],[[[-160.918586,58.746935],[-160.700627,58.817368],[-160.880515,58.581325],[-161.07563,58.549916],[-160.918586,58.746935]]],[[[-151.930565,60.51632],[-151.839194,60.485862],[-152.079995,60.341191],[-151.930565,60.51632]]],[[[-131.246018,54.989555],[-131.253671,54.866779],[-131.469097,54.913153],[-131.246018,54.989555]]],[[[-131.759896,55.381845],[-131.748334,55.128588],[-131.870568,55.364553],[-131.759896,55.381845]]],[[[-158.800682,55.891025],[-158.7036,55.841532],[-158.889198,55.810123],[-158.800682,55.891025]]],[[[-131.56956,55.284114],[-131.350575,55.067042],[-131.579882,55.017576],[-131.56956,55.284114]]],[[[-133.344847,55.569327],[-133.289854,55.50187],[-133.609073,55.241486],[-133.690174,55.304409],[-133.733029,55.558757],[-133.644202,55.470815],[-133.344847,55.569327]]],[[[-133.104304,55.426907],[-133.416549,55.739647],[-133.701152,55.78516],[-133.347915,55.803943],[-133.384089,55.87677],[-133.799931,55.925349],[-133.548802,56.14284],[-133.593728,56.352192],[-133.094977,56.250583],[-132.146062,55.470346],[-132.514798,55.576767],[-132.608786,55.486348],[-132.408317,55.512522],[-132.166857,55.363039],[-132.214912,55.2457],[-131.979818,55.211787],[-132.180334,55.015557],[-131.984592,55.027978],[-131.999591,54.731975],[-132.142277,54.691674],[-132.55839,54.932612],[-132.598675,55.150482],[-132.748854,54.996007],[-133.119294,55.251405],[-132.909706,54.923594],[-132.650001,54.904387],[-132.676226,54.680865],[-132.866355,54.700386],[-133.21042,55.040269],[-133.223791,55.229317],[-133.473593,55.255547],[-133.021557,55.366336],[-133.104304,55.426907]]],[[[-147.483828,60.618636],[-147.487635,60.728092],[-147.3087,60.665274],[-147.483828,60.618636]]],[[[-147.217704,60.293504],[-146.962633,60.311911],[-147.533041,59.852401],[-147.912883,59.79224],[-147.217704,60.293504]]],[[[-147.562801,60.579821],[-147.720124,60.202002],[-147.908985,60.224359],[-147.782548,60.4833],[-147.562801,60.579821]]],[[[-132.977163,56.439673],[-132.634335,56.422174],[-132.662081,56.274795],[-133.010587,56.309492],[-132.977163,56.439673]]],[[[-135.631777,58.380673],[-135.538502,58.337842],[-135.727908,58.365444],[-135.631777,58.380673]]],[[[-134.713987,58.220748],[-134.215981,58.162128],[-133.832895,57.635733],[-134.202353,57.90633],[-133.870327,57.381298],[-134.565687,57.023737],[-134.646773,57.226327],[-134.578511,57.400291],[-134.486023,57.372492],[-134.969189,58.367542],[-134.713987,58.220748]]],[[[-155.656727,55.860872],[-155.564404,55.809476],[-155.718593,55.772356],[-155.656727,55.860872]]],[[[-152.24289,58.241192],[-152.265111,58.135732],[-152.562829,58.177979],[-152.706831,58.050577],[-153.075746,58.099571],[-152.876788,58.002307],[-152.982406,57.984697],[-153.419783,58.059638],[-153.156402,58.090087],[-153.209672,58.15035],[-152.610955,58.475775],[-152.56771,58.621304],[-152.354709,58.63828],[-152.493991,58.354684],[-152.328063,58.434372],[-151.964103,58.269049],[-152.081083,58.154275],[-152.24289,58.241192]]],[[[-153.940505,56.558317],[-154.343096,56.510171],[-154.223759,56.612955],[-153.940505,56.558317]]],[[[-152.417424,57.815464],[-152.324284,57.824444],[-152.468172,57.600996],[-152.179531,57.624809],[-152.323683,57.467861],[-152.9663,57.51217],[-152.601148,57.382165],[-153.079288,57.32196],[-152.97091,57.282624],[-153.163333,57.216713],[-152.874839,57.16095],[-153.301142,56.991192],[-153.328206,57.141993],[-153.675981,57.06983],[-153.543429,56.995245],[-153.97178,56.744861],[-154.129017,56.742168],[-153.804787,57.113158],[-154.298965,56.846479],[-154.574343,57.239919],[-154.777368,57.280008],[-154.629678,57.510197],[-154.22566,57.661366],[-153.994572,57.656905],[-153.802932,57.350896],[-153.877756,57.629529],[-153.667261,57.639008],[-153.93522,57.813047],[-153.721176,57.890615],[-153.557647,57.734741],[-153.324872,57.831048],[-153.528697,57.921717],[-153.469421,57.977282],[-153.127278,57.856748],[-153.299009,57.985626],[-152.723425,57.99172],[-152.904312,57.750825],[-152.415177,57.973081],[-152.324103,57.916604],[-152.417424,57.815464]]],[[[-134.283312,55.925175],[-134.173104,55.918519],[-134.327238,55.83644],[-134.283312,55.925175]]],[[[-134.121514,56.069847],[-134.224073,56.065223],[-134.292353,56.352644],[-134.067466,56.390987],[-134.089604,56.472582],[-134.401407,56.725419],[-134.339168,56.90183],[-134.19095,56.861675],[-134.273113,56.933823],[-133.76778,56.780469],[-133.713331,56.598298],[-133.895746,56.511217],[-133.971228,56.083293],[-134.054411,56.224854],[-134.121514,56.069847]]],[[[-132.546463,56.606563],[-132.984751,56.51264],[-133.325392,56.791864],[-133.089388,56.535474],[-133.603669,56.435413],[-133.689996,56.839421],[-134.049218,57.029203],[-133.104611,57.005701],[-132.546463,56.606563]]],[[[-134.666587,56.169947],[-135.054049,56.527658],[-135.005249,56.602252],[-135.398678,56.779201],[-135.372021,57.228003],[-135.674687,57.336747],[-135.526036,57.509697],[-134.849477,57.40967],[-134.615955,56.637289],[-134.666587,56.169947]]],[[[-135.587961,57.89732],[-135.29156,57.737468],[-134.929726,57.759203],[-134.824891,57.500067],[-135.025148,57.454315],[-135.571606,57.674397],[-135.669416,57.389296],[-135.892131,57.408048],[-136.563223,58.035052],[-136.354836,58.192279],[-136.404805,58.267232],[-136.239246,58.171913],[-135.823562,58.282975],[-135.522646,58.185909],[-135.581753,57.997568],[-135.420107,58.144202],[-134.912854,57.979287],[-135.140674,57.926114],[-134.991819,57.835436],[-135.19896,57.775092],[-135.587961,57.89732]]],[[[-135.703464,57.32204],[-135.575722,57.104231],[-135.854131,56.995043],[-135.755997,57.121225],[-135.849974,57.265895],[-135.703464,57.32204]]],[[[-162.587754,63.275727],[-162.252411,63.541753],[-161.310181,63.471312],[-160.809089,63.731332],[-160.976038,64.235761],[-161.492926,64.407851],[-161.388621,64.532783],[-161.024185,64.499719],[-160.783398,64.71716],[-161.149655,64.911985],[-161.42986,64.759027],[-162.188146,64.672395],[-162.790167,64.325182],[-162.940776,64.542417],[-163.217757,64.632062],[-163.311983,64.58828],[-163.033231,64.519314],[-163.175336,64.399334],[-163.597834,64.563356],[-165.001961,64.433917],[-166.189546,64.575798],[-166.451788,64.691761],[-166.410198,64.827968],[-166.530518,64.937114],[-166.911922,65.125965],[-166.521506,65.149242],[-166.439404,65.319058],[-167.398458,65.400259],[-168.127044,65.626584],[-165.80503,66.33331],[-164.400727,66.58111],[-163.754171,66.551284],[-163.904813,66.230303],[-164.046937,66.209404],[-163.623921,66.058281],[-161.838018,66.022582],[-161.548429,66.239912],[-161.067871,66.235164],[-161.360743,66.375943],[-161.912946,66.344436],[-161.87488,66.511446],[-162.501415,66.742503],[-162.601052,66.898455],[-162.271769,66.904144],[-162.013623,66.779406],[-162.033156,66.631585],[-161.624334,66.450143],[-161.326349,66.478371],[-161.86618,66.704978],[-161.719587,66.916898],[-161.485121,66.945647],[-161.62216,67.008146],[-163.69887,67.114443],[-163.878781,67.416125],[-164.209816,67.639079],[-166.784578,68.340431],[-166.305962,68.46154],[-166.222496,68.860441],[-163.973678,68.985044],[-163.137614,69.352178],[-163.016456,69.538142],[-163.118176,69.589156],[-162.916958,69.692512],[-163.010545,69.728109],[-161.922949,70.291599],[-160.839536,70.344534],[-159.209082,70.870067],[-159.132483,70.828359],[-159.290577,70.811262],[-159.13779,70.758609],[-157.768452,70.875842],[-156.56865,71.352561],[-155.513987,71.096794],[-155.95205,70.964831],[-155.969194,70.827982],[-155.543031,70.847175],[-155.03174,71.146473],[-154.61605,71.026182],[-154.577386,70.835335],[-154.181863,70.768325],[-153.23848,70.922467],[-152.259966,70.84282],[-152.187197,70.801546],[-152.471531,70.68884],[-152.433781,70.616926],[-151.695162,70.549675],[-151.91921,70.472686],[-151.844375,70.434959],[-149.461755,70.518271],[-147.681722,70.199954],[-145.842689,70.164102],[-144.902304,69.96451],[-143.574986,70.154598],[-142.746807,70.042531],[-141.377718,69.634631],[-141.002672,69.645609],[-141.00184,60.306105],[-139.989142,60.18524],[-139.738924,60.31842],[-139.086669,60.357654],[-139.200346,60.090701],[-137.604277,59.243057],[-137.526424,58.906834],[-136.581521,59.164909],[-136.474326,59.464194],[-136.234229,59.524731],[-136.256889,59.623646],[-135.477436,59.799626],[-135.254125,59.701339],[-135.027456,59.563692],[-134.961972,59.280376],[-134.702383,59.247836],[-134.250526,58.858046],[-133.379908,58.427909],[-133.461475,58.385526],[-132.29792,57.269469],[-132.371312,57.095229],[-132.051044,57.051155],[-132.080262,56.850926],[-131.9301,56.835211],[-131.849898,56.661227],[-130.102761,56.116696],[-130.023189,55.930665],[-130.150595,55.767031],[-129.982348,55.302079],[-130.409764,54.881192],[-130.854966,54.766341],[-131.093806,55.191335],[-130.925069,55.300713],[-130.901872,55.69738],[-131.093956,55.895675],[-131.243491,55.973689],[-130.94683,55.650716],[-130.959772,55.315892],[-131.000594,55.398012],[-131.160492,55.197481],[-131.263089,55.208318],[-131.191595,55.360527],[-131.402931,55.238065],[-131.828446,55.445214],[-131.664629,55.581525],[-131.713742,55.853263],[-131.828176,55.877284],[-131.936689,55.535151],[-132.183207,55.588128],[-132.283594,55.761774],[-132.067412,55.875078],[-131.943402,56.192557],[-132.320487,55.887648],[-132.708697,56.112124],[-132.543076,56.332276],[-132.382793,56.299203],[-132.394268,56.485579],[-132.204367,56.372086],[-132.371589,56.672473],[-132.528446,56.702056],[-132.432385,56.782385],[-132.770404,56.837486],[-132.91197,56.966651],[-132.813684,57.030218],[-133.466932,57.159356],[-133.489738,57.305192],[-133.287052,57.30292],[-133.475998,57.380394],[-133.478086,57.56173],[-133.66439,57.611707],[-133.65855,57.707924],[-133.234598,57.608749],[-134.049603,58.062027],[-134.087674,58.181952],[-134.631203,58.247446],[-135.368331,59.263275],[-135.295084,59.08761],[-135.38931,58.990528],[-135.142322,58.61637],[-135.056227,58.189884],[-135.433061,58.399899],[-135.90731,58.380839],[-136.120307,58.968418],[-136.150772,58.757266],[-136.247343,58.752935],[-136.877826,58.962392],[-136.928643,58.900131],[-136.463258,58.781607],[-136.422309,58.647412],[-136.246368,58.663185],[-136.041818,58.380161],[-136.70125,58.219416],[-137.608804,58.601234],[-138.131,59.002613],[-139.855565,59.53666],[-139.51818,59.687814],[-139.625896,59.904084],[-139.486032,60.012407],[-140.272266,59.700609],[-141.423134,59.877329],[-141.299609,59.937397],[-141.384318,60.071598],[-141.73624,59.961905],[-142.698419,60.093333],[-144.035037,60.020202],[-144.59088,59.795581],[-144.052539,60.041759],[-144.892815,60.292821],[-144.964135,60.444466],[-145.113885,60.300978],[-145.9469,60.455395],[-145.712891,60.583249],[-146.689523,60.271279],[-146.637783,60.467178],[-145.795141,60.601121],[-145.841742,60.685893],[-146.253471,60.622315],[-146.101458,60.719277],[-146.191553,60.73199],[-146.668151,60.692761],[-146.183555,60.846969],[-146.262969,60.867787],[-146.801009,60.80516],[-146.653827,61.047752],[-146.262451,61.090246],[-146.613659,61.118799],[-147.378483,60.877845],[-147.525453,60.896057],[-147.514173,61.096127],[-147.66899,60.841563],[-148.134384,60.791268],[-147.715826,61.249669],[-148.426951,60.827113],[-148.384491,60.687754],[-148.148059,60.758536],[-148.091712,60.676249],[-148.30652,60.550702],[-148.115163,60.596029],[-147.942106,60.444029],[-148.025994,60.279029],[-148.171278,60.335266],[-148.362497,60.221849],[-147.913221,60.132576],[-148.016432,59.999344],[-147.848469,60.078962],[-147.917935,59.985997],[-148.225235,59.950195],[-148.148011,59.994952],[-148.274241,60.013318],[-148.293213,60.151289],[-148.401601,59.9976],[-149.133115,60.044918],[-149.287588,59.906506],[-149.341584,60.076762],[-149.584254,59.866905],[-149.526358,59.703258],[-149.666147,59.850527],[-149.746364,59.860881],[-149.74622,59.637585],[-150.028296,59.788652],[-149.928962,59.723245],[-150.392481,59.387265],[-150.316945,59.585285],[-150.478742,59.458498],[-150.547729,59.590331],[-150.942212,59.233136],[-151.915684,59.227522],[-151.991618,59.313617],[-151.826047,59.439049],[-151.272459,59.555823],[-150.927312,59.793431],[-151.503822,59.633662],[-151.829137,59.720151],[-151.71801,60.009473],[-151.30609,60.387257],[-151.40927,60.720558],[-150.353702,61.031822],[-150.217179,60.930001],[-149.111617,60.878949],[-150.039304,61.144291],[-149.429513,61.447165],[-149.542776,61.489995],[-149.919682,61.26347],[-150.646221,61.296689],[-151.783271,60.868713],[-151.702833,60.727778],[-151.860179,60.753282],[-152.309221,60.506384],[-152.234199,60.393888],[-152.715881,60.241274],[-152.596784,60.101071],[-152.745083,59.904232],[-153.225937,59.858343],[-153.021945,59.834133],[-153.214156,59.634271],[-153.366613,59.633729],[-153.439977,59.784652],[-153.577828,59.555991],[-154.087803,59.367967],[-154.260121,59.14302],[-153.254798,58.861756],[-153.445002,58.70931],[-153.851432,58.611872],[-154.291163,58.13568],[-154.990431,58.013424],[-155.37861,57.710766],[-155.617188,57.769715],[-155.731412,57.555546],[-156.044031,57.564455],[-156.036722,57.470941],[-156.481632,57.338705],[-156.551239,57.2908],[-156.336427,57.336081],[-156.355401,57.159679],[-156.5472,56.986488],[-157.201724,56.767511],[-157.45759,56.848204],[-157.536486,56.615317],[-158.042012,56.596744],[-157.859766,56.483668],[-158.402954,56.455193],[-158.498837,56.38011],[-158.112718,56.240286],[-158.475258,56.093405],[-158.417889,56.036796],[-158.575042,56.121129],[-158.737009,55.953313],[-159.472801,55.83905],[-159.696713,55.573306],[-159.627482,55.803248],[-159.81107,55.85657],[-160.410823,55.66538],[-160.481633,55.489068],[-160.909625,55.52414],[-161.231535,55.357452],[-161.445196,55.368103],[-161.376102,55.569794],[-161.587047,55.62006],[-161.878076,55.223599],[-162.041236,55.236806],[-162.053281,55.074212],[-162.489735,55.064849],[-162.4168,55.104096],[-162.584872,55.298386],[-162.692309,55.197313],[-162.569289,54.97124],[-162.881639,54.934785],[-163.165036,55.099214],[-163.226313,55.042694],[-163.067008,54.979302],[-163.373207,54.800841],[-163.057228,54.688101],[-163.344791,54.751211],[-163.572383,54.623211],[-164.179617,54.599188],[-164.41682,54.431713],[-164.844931,54.417583],[-164.949781,54.575697],[-164.48678,54.922441],[-163.568159,55.049145],[-163.318885,54.88012],[-163.268767,55.145465],[-162.86152,55.198339],[-161.816225,55.888993],[-160.898682,55.999014],[-160.814205,55.953834],[-160.940845,55.822529],[-160.806014,55.738241],[-160.668102,55.723556],[-160.769155,55.858268],[-160.293924,55.765556],[-160.273176,55.856881],[-160.534541,55.989498],[-160.357156,56.279582],[-158.957471,56.851184],[-158.660298,56.789015],[-158.659945,57.034585],[-158.376249,57.265542],[-157.786046,57.542189],[-157.573472,57.522732],[-157.703782,57.721768],[-157.596601,58.08867],[-157.39735,58.173383],[-157.524477,58.414506],[-156.980888,58.891031],[-158.190283,58.61371],[-158.512547,58.78311],[-158.487015,58.999872],[-158.179588,59.012245],[-158.522231,59.021763],[-158.789632,58.814257],[-158.827852,58.626432],[-158.704052,58.482759],[-158.880927,58.39067],[-159.657362,58.938712],[-159.908386,58.779903],[-160.322922,58.953953],[-160.31778,59.070477],[-161.751999,58.551842],[-162.171722,58.648441],[-161.769501,58.774937],[-161.828171,59.062702],[-162.048584,59.254177],[-161.738312,59.46701],[-162.453176,60.27854],[-162.1724,60.624038],[-162.571198,60.25189],[-162.453176,60.197639],[-162.503647,59.99923],[-163.349027,59.81989],[-164.079837,59.828034],[-164.1916,60.024496],[-165.129403,60.433707],[-164.961439,60.508391],[-165.362975,60.506866],[-164.97125,60.711434],[-164.945958,60.92106],[-165.132488,60.850145],[-165.194945,60.9739],[-164.87045,61.079564],[-165.2897,61.181714],[-165.403007,61.06706],[-165.578127,61.100361],[-165.662892,61.29457],[-165.921194,61.40308],[-165.767226,61.45695],[-165.807627,61.529171],[-166.165232,61.550618],[-166.158976,61.700437],[-165.82214,61.67061],[-166.092081,61.800733],[-165.640216,61.848041],[-165.706155,62.108365],[-164.837703,62.685267],[-164.783858,62.946154],[-164.493118,63.17767],[-164.066991,63.262276],[-163.316203,63.037763],[-162.587754,63.275727]]],[[[-169.267598,63.343995],[-168.692939,63.302282],[-168.818344,63.163224],[-169.396308,63.136617],[-169.638309,62.937527],[-170.512102,63.341881],[-171.067663,63.424579],[-171.433319,63.307578],[-171.849984,63.485039],[-171.699647,63.781728],[-170.950817,63.570127],[-170.281988,63.68502],[-169.974858,63.470618],[-169.267598,63.343995]]],[[[-162.614621,63.621832],[-162.341892,63.594062],[-162.676581,63.555648],[-162.614621,63.621832]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Alaska\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"40","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56dabff4e4b015c306f84d12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euskirchen, E.S.","contributorId":44737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euskirchen","given":"E.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":621826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapin, F.S.","contributorId":48384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapin","given":"F.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rupp, T.S.","contributorId":66904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupp","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70176788,"text":"70176788 - 2010 - PCB exposure in sea otters and harlequin ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T11:58:40","indexId":"70176788","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PCB exposure in sea otters and harlequin ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"

Exposure to contaminants other than petroleum hydrocarbons could confound interpretation of Exxon Valdez oil spill effects on biota at Prince William Sound, Alaska. Hence, we investigated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blood of sea otters and harlequin ducks sampled during 1998. PCB concentrations characterized by lower chlorinated congeners were highest in sea otters from the unoiled area, whereas concentrations were similar among harlequin ducks from the oiled and unoiled area. Blood enzymes often elevated by xenobiotics were not related to PCB concentrations in sea otters. Only sea otters from the unoiled area had estimated risk from PCBs, and PCB composition or concentrations did not correspond to reported lower measures of population performance in sea otters or harlequin ducks from the oiled area. PCBs probably did not influence limited sea otter or harlequin duck recovery in the oiled area a decade after the spill.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.005","usgsCitation":"Ricca, M.A., Miles, A.K., Ballachey, B.E., Bodkin, J.L., Esler, D., and Trust, K.A., 2010, PCB exposure in sea otters and harlequin ducks in relation to history of contamination by the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 60, no. 6, p. 861-872, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.01.005.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"872","ipdsId":"IP-016495","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329350,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57fe8150e4b0824b2d1480aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ricca, Mark A. mark_ricca@usgs.gov","contributorId":2400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ricca","given":"Mark","email":"mark_ricca@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":650314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miles, A. Keith 0000-0002-3108-808X keith_miles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3108-808X","contributorId":196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miles","given":"A.","email":"keith_miles@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":650318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Trust, Kimberly A.","contributorId":42503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trust","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":650319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98400,"text":"ds503 - 2010 - Oblique Aerial Photography of the Arctic Coast of Alaska, Cape Sabine to Milne Point, July 16-19, 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:54","indexId":"ds503","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"503","title":"Oblique Aerial Photography of the Arctic Coast of Alaska, Cape Sabine to Milne Point, July 16-19, 2009","docAbstract":"The Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska, an area of strategic economic importance to the United States, is home to remote Native American communities and encompasses unique habitats of global significance. Coastal erosion along the Arctic coast is chronic and widespread; recent evidence suggests that erosion rates are among the highest in the world (as high as ~16 m/yr) and may be accelerating. Coastal erosion adversely impacts energy-related infrastructure, natural shoreline habitats, and Native American communities. Climate change is thought to be a key component of recent environmental changes in the Arctic. Reduced sea-ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is one of the probable mechanisms responsible for increasing coastal exposure to wave attack and the resulting increase in erosion. Extended periods of permafrost melting and associated decreases in bluff cohesion and stability are another possible source of the increase in erosion. \r\n\r\nSeveral studies of selected areas on the Alaska coast document past shoreline positions and coastal change, but none have examined the entire North coast systematically. Results from these studies indicate high rates of coastal retreat that vary spatially along the coast. To address the need for a comprehensive and regionally consistent evaluation of shoreline change along the North coast of Alaska, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of their Coastal and Marine Geology Program's (CMGP) National Assessment of Shoreline Change Study, is evaluating shoreline change from Peard Bay to the United States/Canadian border, using historical maps and photography and a standardized methodology that is consistent with other shoreline-change studies along the Nation's coastlines (see, for example, http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/shoreline-change/, last accessed February 12, 2010). \r\n\r\nThis is the second in a series of publications containing photographs collected during reconnaissance surveys conducted in support of the National Assessment of Shoreline Change Study. An accompanying ESRI ArcGIS shape file (and plaintext copy) indicates the position of the aircraft and time when each photograph was taken. The USGS-CMGP Field Activity ID for the survey is A-5-09-AK, and more information on the survey and how to view the photographs using Google Earth software is available online at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a509ak/html/a-5-09-ak.photos.kmz (last accessed February 12, 2010). The initial report ?Oblique aerial photography of the Arctic coast of Alaska, Nulavik to Demarcation Point, August 7-10, 2006? is available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/436/, and the associated Google Earth .kmz file is available at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/a/a106ak/html/a-1-06-ak.photos.kmz (last accessed February 12, 2010). \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds503","usgsCitation":"Gibbs, A.E., and Richmond, B.M., 2010, Oblique Aerial Photography of the Arctic Coast of Alaska, Cape Sabine to Milne Point, July 16-19, 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 503, iv, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds503.","productDescription":"iv, 4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds_503.jpg"},{"id":13651,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/503/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -170,66 ], [ -170,72 ], [ -141,72 ], [ -141,66 ], [ -170,66 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604503","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibbs, Ann E. 0000-0002-0883-3774 agibbs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0883-3774","contributorId":2644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibbs","given":"Ann","email":"agibbs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":305205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209949,"text":"70209949 - 2010 - Ecosystem development in the Girdwood area, south-central Alaska, following late Wisconsin glaciation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-06T19:29:31.664539","indexId":"70209949","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-06T14:19:18","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecosystem development in the Girdwood area, south-central Alaska, following late Wisconsin glaciation","docAbstract":"

Pollen analysis of two cores with discontinuous records from a peat bog near Girdwood, in south-central Alaska, provides the basis for reconstructing the first radiocarbon-dated outline of postglacial history of vegetation in the upper Turnagain Arm area of Cook Inlet. Pollen data from clayey silt underlying peat at one site indicate that the earliest known vegetation in the Girdwood area was shrub–herb tundra. Tundra vegetation developed by ∼13 800 cal years BP, soon after local retreat of glacial ice from the maximum position of the Elmendorf glacial advance (∼15 000 – 11 000 cal years BP). By ∼10 900 cal years BP, the tundra vegetation became shrubbier as Betula nana, Salix, and Ericales increased, and scattered Alnus shrubs began to colonize Turnagain Arm. By ∼9600 cal years BP, Alnus thickets with Polypodiaceae ferns became the dominant vegetation. By ∼6600 cal years BP, birch trees (Betula neoalaskana, B. kenaica) from the Anchorage and Kenai lowlands began to spread eastward into eastern Turnagain Arm. Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to colonize the Girdwood area by ∼3400 cal years BP, followed soon after by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), both Pacific coastal forest species that spread westward from Prince William Sound after a long migration from southeastern Alaska. For at least the past 2700 cal years, Pacific coastal forest composed mostly of Tsuga mertensiana, Picea sitchensis, and Alnus has been the dominant vegetation of eastern Turnagain Arm.

","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/E10-020","usgsCitation":"Ager, T.A., Carrara, P.E., and McGeehin, J., 2010, Ecosystem development in the Girdwood area, south-central Alaska, following late Wisconsin glaciation: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 47, no. 7, p. 971-985, https://doi.org/10.1139/E10-020.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"971","endPage":"985","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374502,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Girdwood south-central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.0068359375,\n 60.457217797743944\n ],\n [\n -148.0517578125,\n 60.457217797743944\n ],\n [\n -148.0517578125,\n 61.85614879566797\n ],\n [\n -152.0068359375,\n 61.85614879566797\n ],\n [\n -152.0068359375,\n 60.457217797743944\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ager, T. A.","contributorId":88386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carrara, Paul E. pcarrara@usgs.gov","contributorId":1342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"Paul","email":"pcarrara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGeehin, John mcgeehin@usgs.gov","contributorId":167455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGeehin","given":"John","email":"mcgeehin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":242,"text":"Eastern Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98362,"text":"fs20103028 - 2010 - U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Western Region Kasatochi Volcano Coastal and Ocean Science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:07","indexId":"fs20103028","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-3028","title":"U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Western Region Kasatochi Volcano Coastal and Ocean Science","docAbstract":"Alaska is noteworthy as a region of frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The region contains 52 historically active volcanoes, 14 of which have had at least one major eruptive event since 1990. Despite the high frequency of volcanic activity in Alaska, comprehensive studies of how ecosystems respond to volcanic eruptions are non-existent. On August 7, 2008, Kasatochi Volcano, in the central Aleutian Islands, erupted catastrophically, covering the island with ash and hot pyroclastic flow material. Kasatochi Island was an annual monitoring site of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (AMNWR); therefore, features of the terrestrial and nearshore ecosystems of the island were well known. In 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), AMNWR, and University of Alaska Fairbanks began long-term studies to better understand the effects of the eruption and the role of volcanism in structuring ecosystems in the Aleutian Islands, a volcano-dominated region with high natural resource values.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20103028","usgsCitation":"DeGange, A., 2010, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Western Region Kasatochi Volcano Coastal and Ocean Science: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2010-3028, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20103028.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125907,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2010_3028.jpg"},{"id":13610,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2010/3028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696560","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeGange, Anthony","contributorId":71279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeGange","given":"Anthony","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":305085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70230192,"text":"70230192 - 2010 - Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T15:27:10.820413","indexId":"70230192","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T10:22:17","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history","docAbstract":"

Sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits can be divided into two major subtypes. The first subtype is clastic-dominated lead-zinc (CD Pb-Zn) ores, which are hosted in shale, sandstone, siltstone, or mixed clastic rocks, or occur as carbonate replacement, within a CD sedimentary rock sequence. This subtype includes deposits that have been traditionally referred to as sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits. The CD Pb-Zn deposits occur in passive margins, back-arcs and continental rifts, and sag basins, which are tectonic settings that, in some cases, are transitional into one another. The second subtype of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits is the Mississippi Valley-type (MVT Pb-Zn) that occurs in platform carbonate sequences, typically in passive-margin tectonic settings.

Considering that the redox state of sulfur is one of the major controls on the extraction, transport, and deposition of Pb and Zn at shallow crustal sites, sediment-hosted Pb-Zn ores can be considered a special rock type that recorded the oxygenation of Earth’s hydrosphere. The emergence of CD and MVT deposits in the rock record between 2.02 Ga, the age of the earliest known deposit of these ores, and 1.85 to 1.58 Ga, a major period of CD Pb-Zn mineralization in Australia and India, corresponds to a time after the Great Oxygenation Event that occurred at ca 2.4 to 1.8 Ga. Contributing to the abundance of CD deposits at ca 1.85 to 1.58 Ga was the following: (1) enhanced oxidation of sulfides in the crust that provided sulfate to the hydrosphere and Pb and Zn to sediments; (2) development of major redox and compositional gradients in the oceans; (3) first formation of significant sulfate-bearing evaporites; (4) formation of red beds and oxidized aquifers, possibly containing easily extractable Pb and Zn; (5) evolution of sulfate-reducing bacteria; and (6) formation of large and long-lived basins on stable cratons.

Although MVT and CD deposits appeared for the first time in Earth history at 2.02 Ga, only CD deposits were important repositories for Pb and Zn in sediments between the Great Oxygenation Event, until after the second oxidation of the atmosphere in the late Neoproterozic. Increased oxygenation of the oceans following the second oxidation event led to an abundance of evaporites, resulting oxidized brines, and a dramatic increase in the volume of coarse-grained and permeable carbonates of the Paleozoic carbonate platforms, which host many of the great MVT deposits. The MVT deposits reached their maximum abundance during the final assembly of Pangea from Devonian into the Carboniferous. This was also a time for important CD mineral deposit formation along passive margins in evaporative belts of Pangea. Following the breakup of Pangea, a new era of MVT ores began with the onset of the assembly of the Neosupercontinent.

A significant limitation on interpreting the secular distribution of the deposits is that there is no way to quantitatively evaluate the removal of deposits from the rock record through tectonic recycling. Considering that most of the sedimentary rock record has been recycled, most sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits probably have also been destroyed by subduction and erosion, or modified by metamorphism and tectonism, so that they are no longer recognizable. Thus, the uneven secular distribution of sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits reflects the genesis of these deposits, linked to Earth’s evolving tectonic and geochemical systems, as well as an unknown amount of recycling of the sedimentary rock record.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.593","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Bradley, D., Huston, D., Pisarevsky, S.A., Taylor, R.D., and Gardoll, S., 2010, Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits in Earth history: Economic Geology, v. 105, no. 3, p. 593-625, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.593.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"593","endPage":"625","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":398012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, David L 0000-0001-6487-5584","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-5584","contributorId":220733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huston, David","contributorId":261768,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huston","given":"David","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pisarevsky, Sergei A.","contributorId":62315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pisarevsky","given":"Sergei","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Taylor, Ryan D. 0000-0002-8845-5290 rtaylor@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-5290","contributorId":3412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Ryan","email":"rtaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gardoll, S.","contributorId":94820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardoll","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":839449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70230185,"text":"70230185 - 2010 - Secular variation in economic geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-04T13:44:31.632535","indexId":"70230185","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T08:40:54","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Secular variation in economic geology","docAbstract":"

The temporal pattern of ore deposits on a constantly evolving Earth reflects the complex interplay between the evolving global tectonic regime, episodic mantle plume events, overall changes in global heat flow, atmospheric and oceanic redox states, and even singular impact and glaciation events. Within this framework, a particular ore deposit type will tend to have a time-bound nature. In other words, there are times in Earth history when particular deposit types are absent, times when these deposits are present but scarce, times when they are abundant, and still other times for which we lack sufficient data. Understanding of such secular variation provides a critical first-order tool for exploration targeting, because rocks that have formed or were deformed during a certain time slice may be very permissive for a given deposit type, whereas identification of rocks of less favorable ages would help eliminate large areas during exploration programs. Secular analysis, therefore, is potentially a powerful tool for mineral resource assessment in poorly known terranes, providing a quick filter for favorability of a given deposit type using age of host rocks.

Factors bearing on the known age distribution of a particular type of deposit include the following: (1) uneven preservation, (2) data gaps, (3) contingencies of plate motions, and (4) long-term secular changes in the Earth System. The present special issue of Economic Geology is focused on the latter factor, although all of these are interrelated. The selective preservation of certain mineral deposit types and the greater susceptibility for shallowly formed ores in tectonically active environments to be lost to erosion define a pattern that is superimposed on the secular formational trends (e.g., Groves et al., 2005a, b; Kerrich et al., 2005). With improved geochronological methods and the availability of information on important mineral deposits from most parts of the world, data gaps for defining broad temporal distributions of ore types are becoming smaller. It has been increasingly recognized that ore deposit formation is also correlated with plate tectonic setting. Nevertheless, a complex Earth history of supercontinent assembly and breakup has led to the fragmentation of many Paleozoic and Precambrian mineral provinces. The use of plate reconstructions in economic geology, although extremely controversial and conjectural before the late Paleozoic, is critical for defining these provinces prior to the added complications resulting from post-ore plate motions.

It is now well established that the temporal patterns of many types of mineral deposits (Fig. 11) reflect the formation or break-up of supercontinents and the preservation potential of deposits formed during these periods (Barley and Groves, 1992; Titley, 1993; Kerrich et al., 2005; Goldfarb et al., 2009). Approximate time periods for such formation and break-up, respectively, include 2800–2500 and 2450–2100 Ma for Kenorland, 2100–1800 and 1600–1300 Ma for Nuna/Columbia, 1300–1100 and 850–600 Ma for Rodinia, and 600–300 Ma and 200–60 Ma for Gondwanaland-Pangea. A new supercontinent, Amasia, has begun to form during the past 250 m.y., thus overlapping Pangea break-up. Many of the formation-preservation patterns are themselves controlled by progressive cooling of Earth, the change from a mantle-plume buoyancy style to subduction-dominated tectonics, a decreasing buoyancy of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and depth of ore formation. In general, orogenic Au, volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), epithermal Au-Ag, and porphyry Cu±Au and Mo porphyry deposits form in active margins during periods of supercontinent assembly. Numerous other ore deposit types show an association with supercontinent formation, but develop inland of the active margin. These include many of the MVT Pb-Zn deposits and unconformity-type U deposits. The Tertiary Carlin-type deposits within the deformed shelf sequences along the North American craton margin also appear to have formed during the ongoing growth of Amasia. Those ores associated with periods of supercontinent breakup or attempted breakup are more difficult to define. They probably include diamond, Bushveld-type Ni-Cu-PGE, IOCG, and clastic-dominated Pb-Zn (or SEDEX) deposits in intracontinental areas of failed rifting, and other clastic-dominated Pb-Zn deposits in areas of actual breakup. In all cases, however, these temporal/spatial distributions are ultimately controlled by the secular character of Earth history.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.459","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R.J., Bradley, D., and Leach, D.L., 2010, Secular variation in economic geology: Economic Geology, v. 105, no. 3, p. 459-465, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.459.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"459","endPage":"465","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397998,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"105","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":210729,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":839406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leach, David L 0000-0001-6487-5584","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6487-5584","contributorId":220733,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":839407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70156097,"text":"70156097 - 2010 - Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of Common Eiders","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-10T18:01:56.512772","indexId":"70156097","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of Common Eiders","docAbstract":"

Implanted transmitters have become an important tool for studying the ecology of sea ducks, but their effects remain largely undocumented. To address this, we assessed how abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the vertical dive speeds, stroke frequencies, bottom time, and dive duration of captive Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima). To establish baselines, we recorded video of six birds diving 4.9 m prior to surgery, implanted them with 38- to 47-g platform transmitter terminals, and then recorded their diving for 3.5 months after surgery to determine effects. Descent speeds were 16–25% slower and ascent speeds were 17–44% slower after surgery, and both remained below baseline at the end of the study. Dive durations were longer than baseline until day 22. On most days between 15 and 107 days after surgery, foot-stroke frequencies of birds foraging on the bottom were slower. Foot- and wing-stroke frequencies during descent and bottom time did not differ across the time series. If birds that rely on benthic invertebrates for sustenance dive slower and stay submerged longer after being implanted with a satellite transmitter, their foraging energetics may be affected. Researchers considering use of implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas should be mindful of these effects and the possibility of concomitant alterations in diving behavior, foraging success, and migratory behavior compared to those of unmarked conspecifics.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1525/cond.2010.090022","usgsCitation":"Powell, A., Latty, C.J., Hollmén, T., Petersen, M.R., and Andrews, R.D., 2010, Abdominally implanted transmitters with percutaneous antennas affect the dive performance of Common Eiders: Condor, v. 112, no. 2, p. 314-322, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090022.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"314","endPage":"322","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-010768","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2010.090022","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.94263817954368,\n 59.77346986060405\n ],\n [\n -161.40810229935158,\n 60.15005472990802\n ],\n [\n -160.63599491685187,\n 60.33184671156519\n ],\n [\n -160.15095309964053,\n 60.4980109287616\n ],\n [\n -160.17118013508582,\n 60.99623136815575\n ],\n [\n -159.79501726414674,\n 61.34467625733609\n ],\n [\n -159.25101198161136,\n 61.50093159441474\n ],\n [\n -159.98352411372645,\n 62.17367034848169\n ],\n [\n -161.13178637487988,\n 61.997573412196175\n ],\n [\n -161.80490563141805,\n 61.81110218245067\n ],\n [\n -162.13156644709102,\n 62.048653931172055\n ],\n [\n -162.62607766664556,\n 62.108509610722365\n ],\n [\n -162.89334560674163,\n 62.17788985993707\n ],\n [\n -163.5070719877029,\n 62.30237422753913\n ],\n [\n -163.2398040476069,\n 62.6772989006121\n ],\n [\n -163.07152423347236,\n 63.092366204864845\n ],\n [\n -163.26950048539535,\n 63.092366204864845\n ],\n [\n -163.72484586481823,\n 63.235365034462575\n ],\n [\n -164.0218102427027,\n 63.28880792146748\n ],\n [\n -164.34847105837568,\n 63.27545647527893\n ],\n [\n -164.76422118741397,\n 63.056506172800994\n ],\n [\n -164.97209625193315,\n 62.808769514689715\n ],\n [\n -165.16017369125996,\n 62.56805216904368\n ],\n [\n -165.40764400616376,\n 62.380489948652325\n ],\n [\n -165.73430482183667,\n 62.17788985993707\n ],\n [\n -165.81349532260586,\n 62.02039953875172\n ],\n [\n -165.68481075885595,\n 61.88075736916409\n ],\n [\n -166.1698525760673,\n 61.82939504552286\n ],\n [\n -166.2391442642403,\n 61.62308351821778\n ],\n [\n -166.18965020125958,\n 61.4579837237612\n ],\n [\n -165.97187632414432,\n 61.41065098750633\n ],\n [\n -165.93228107375967,\n 61.29200459592704\n ],\n [\n -165.68481075885595,\n 61.27773679132369\n ],\n [\n -165.6650131336636,\n 61.19199367293601\n ],\n [\n -165.63531669587522,\n 61.053359675839175\n ],\n [\n -165.28885825500996,\n 61.072517780390285\n ],\n [\n -165.20966775424068,\n 60.9958158084867\n ],\n [\n -165.20966775424068,\n 60.91892817863729\n ],\n [\n -165.09088200308696,\n 60.880414644900014\n ],\n [\n -165.08098319049077,\n 60.721054045711014\n ],\n [\n -165.50663213212522,\n 60.571049992500804\n ],\n [\n -165.48683450693295,\n 60.50288614008534\n ],\n [\n -164.85331050077932,\n 60.27790667423952\n ],\n [\n -164.71472712443324,\n 60.258269711821555\n ],\n [\n -164.57614374808713,\n 60.15990800898095\n ],\n [\n -164.45735799693333,\n 60.07606844166693\n ],\n [\n -164.22968530722187,\n 59.99696541996619\n ],\n [\n -164.33857224577952,\n 59.95238667465071\n ],\n [\n -164.19009005683725,\n 59.78343578449986\n ],\n [\n -163.54666723808754,\n 59.758517619616896\n ],\n [\n -162.68547054222245,\n 59.922634158529206\n ],\n [\n -161.94263817954368,\n 59.77346986060405\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"112","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55d4572be4b0518e3546949e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, Abby N. abby_powell@usgs.gov","contributorId":2534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby N.","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Latty, Christopher J.","contributorId":146588,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Latty","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hollmén, Tuula E.","contributorId":32112,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hollmén","given":"Tuula E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":568392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Andrews, Russel D.","contributorId":146589,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Andrews","given":"Russel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16211,"text":"Alaska SeaLife Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":98302,"text":"sir20075289 - 2010 - Recent U.S. Geological Survey Studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada-Results of a 5-Year Project","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70047479,"text":"sir20075289A - 2007 - Geology and origin of epigenetic lode gold deposits, Tintina Gold Province, Alaska and Yukon","indexId":"sir20075289A","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Geology and origin of epigenetic lode gold deposits, Tintina Gold Province, Alaska and Yukon"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":98302,"text":"sir20075289 - 2010 - Recent U.S. Geological Survey Studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada-Results of a 5-Year Project","indexId":"sir20075289","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Recent U.S. Geological Survey Studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada-Results of a 5-Year Project"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:55:32","indexId":"sir20075289","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-30T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2007-5289","title":"Recent U.S. Geological Survey Studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada-Results of a 5-Year Project","docAbstract":"This report presents summary papers of work conducted between 2002 and 2007 under a 5-year project effort funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program, formerly entitled 'Tintina Metallogenic Province: Integrated Studies on Geologic Framework, Mineral Resources, and Environmental Signatures.' As the project progressed, the informal title changed from 'Tintina Metallogenic Province' project to 'Tintina Gold Province' project, the latter being more closely aligned with the terminology used by the mineral industry. As Goldfarb and others explain in the first chapter of this report, the Tintina Gold Province is a convenient term used by the mineral exploration community for a 'region of very varied geology, gold deposit types, and resource potential'.\r\n\r\nThe Tintina Gold Province encompasses roughly 150,000 square kilometers, bounded by the Kaltag-Tintina fault system on the north and the Farewell-Denali fault system on the south. It extends westward in a broad arc, some 200 km wide, from northernmost British Columbia, through the Yukon, through southeastern and central Alaska, to southwestern Alaska. The climate is subarctic and, in Alaska, includes major physiographic delineations and ecoregions such as the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Tanana-Kuskokwim Lowlands, Yukon River Lowlands, and the Kuskokwim Mountains. \r\n\r\nAlthough the Tintina Gold Province is historically important for some of the very first placer and lode gold discoveries in northern North America, it has recently seen resurgence in mineral exploration, development, and mining activity. This resurgence is due to both new discoveries (for example, Pogo and Donlin Creek) and to the application of modern extraction methods to previously known, but economically restrictive, low-grade, bulk-tonnage gold resources (for example, Fort Knox, Clear Creek, and Scheelite Dome). In addition, the Tintina Gold Province hosts numerous other mineral deposit types, possessing both high and low sulfide content, which are not currently in development.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20075289","usgsCitation":"Gough, L.P., and Day, W.C., 2010, Recent U.S. Geological Survey Studies in the Tintina Gold Province, Alaska, United States, and Yukon, Canada-Results of a 5-Year Project: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5289, viii, 148 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20075289.","productDescription":"viii, 148 p.","onlineOnly":"N","temporalStart":"2002-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":244,"text":"Eastern Mineral Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2007_5289.jpg"},{"id":13555,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5289/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"5000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180,54 ], [ -180,70 ], [ -115,70 ], [ -115,54 ], [ -180,54 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gough, Larry P. lgough@usgs.gov","contributorId":1230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"Larry","email":"lgough@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Day, Warren C. 0000-0002-9278-2120 wday@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9278-2120","contributorId":1308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"Warren","email":"wday@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98293,"text":"sim3114 - 2010 - Logs and Geologic Data from a Paleoseismic Investigation of the Susitna Glacier fault, Central Alaska Range, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"sim3114","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3114","title":"Logs and Geologic Data from a Paleoseismic Investigation of the Susitna Glacier fault, Central Alaska Range, Alaska","docAbstract":"This report contains field and laboratory data from a paleoseismic study of the Susitna Glacier fault, Alaska. The initial M 7.2 subevent of the November 3, 2002, M 7.9 Denali fault earthquake sequence produced a 48-km-long set of complex fault scarps, folds, and aligned landslides on the previously unknown, north-dipping Susitna Glacier thrust fault along the southern margin of the Alaska Range in central Alaska. Most of the 2002 folds and fault scarps are 1-3 m high, implying dip-slip thrust offsets (assuming a near-surface fault dip of approximately 20 degrees)of 3-5 m. Locally, some of the 2002 ruptures were superimposed on preexisting scarps that have as much as 5-10 m of vertical separation and are evidence of previous surface-rupturing earthquakes on the Susitna Glacier fault. In 2003-2005, we focused follow-up studies on several of the large scarps at the 'Wet fan' site in the central part of the 2002 rupture to determine the pre-2002 history of large surface-rupturing earthquakes on the fault. We chose this site for several reasons: (1) the presence of pre-2002 thrust- and normal-fault scarps on a gently sloping, post-glacial alluvial fan; (2) nearby natural exposures of underlying fan sediments revealed fine-grained fluvial silts with peat layers and volcanic ash beds useful for chronological control; and (3) a lack of permafrost to a depth of more than 1 m. Our studies included detailed mapping, fault-scarp profiling, and logging of three hand-excavated trenches. We were forced to restrict our excavations to 1- to 2-m-high splay faults and folds because the primary 2002 ruptures mostly were superimposed on such large scarps that it was impossible to hand dig through the hanging wall to expose the fault plane. Additional complications are the pervasive effects of cryogenic processes (mainly solifluction) that can mask or mimic tectonic deformation.\r\n\r\nThe purpose of this report is to present photomosaics, trench logs, scarp profiles, and fault slip, radiocarbon, tephrochronologic, and unit description data obtained during this investigation. We do not attempt to use the data presented herein to construct a paleoseismic history of the Susitna Glacier fault; that history will be the subject of a future report. When completed, our results will be used to compare the Susitna Glacier fault paleoseismic record with results of similar studies on the nearby Denali fault to determine if the simultaneous rupture of these two faults during the 2002 Denali fault earthquake sequence is typical or atypical of their long-term interaction.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sim3114","usgsCitation":"Personius, S.F., Crone, A.J., Burns, P.A., Beget, J.E., Seitz, G., and Bemis, S.P., 2010, Logs and Geologic Data from a Paleoseismic Investigation of the Susitna Glacier fault, Central Alaska Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3114, sheet (80 x 36 inches); sheet (64 x 36 inches), https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3114.","productDescription":"sheet (80 x 36 inches); sheet (64 x 36 inches)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim_3114.jpg"},{"id":13546,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -147.76666666666668,63.333333333333336 ], [ -147.76666666666668,63.6 ], [ -146.75,63.6 ], [ -146.75,63.333333333333336 ], [ -147.76666666666668,63.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a69e4b07f02db63c5c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Personius, Stephen F. personius@usgs.gov","contributorId":1214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"Stephen","email":"personius@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crone, Anthony J. 0000-0002-3006-406X crone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3006-406X","contributorId":790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crone","given":"Anthony","email":"crone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, Patricia A.C.","contributorId":74102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Beget, James E.","contributorId":22757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beget","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Seitz, Gordon G.","contributorId":17303,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"Gordon G.","affiliations":[{"id":7099,"text":"Calif. Geol. Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":304923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bemis, Sean P.","contributorId":30709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bemis","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":98295,"text":"ofr20101052 - 2010 - Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:02","indexId":"ofr20101052","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1052","title":"Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2008","docAbstract":"The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Geologic Hazards Assessments subactivity as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out in the Geology and Hydrology Disciplines of the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaii Manoa and Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all these institutions. \r\n\r\nThis report contains only published papers and maps; numerous abstracts produced for presentations at scientific meetings have not been included. Publications are included based on date of publication with no attempt to assign them to Fiscal Year. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101052","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2010, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1052, ii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101052.","productDescription":"ii, 14 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1052.jpg"},{"id":13548,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1052/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624d49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":98298,"text":"ofr20101055 - 2010 - eMODIS: A User-Friendly Data Source","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:02","indexId":"ofr20101055","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-27T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1055","title":"eMODIS: A User-Friendly Data Source","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center is generating a suite of products called 'eMODIS' based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data acquired by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS). With a more frequent repeat cycle than Landsat and higher spatial resolutions than the Advanced Very High Resolution Spectroradiometer (AVHRR), MODIS is well suited for vegetation studies. For operational monitoring, however, the benefits of MODIS are counteracted by usability issues with the standard map projection, file format, composite interval, high-latitude 'bow-tie' effects, and production latency. eMODIS responds to a community-specific need for alternatively packaged MODIS data, addressing each of these factors for real-time monitoring and historical trend analysis.\r\n\r\neMODIS processes calibrated radiance data (level-1B) acquired by the MODIS sensors on the EOS Terra and Aqua satellites by combining MODIS Land Science Collection 5 Atmospherically Corrected Surface Reflectance production code and USGS EROS MODIS Direct Broadcast System (DBS) software to create surface reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) products. eMODIS is produced over the continental United States and over Alaska extending into Canada to cover the Yukon River Basin. The 250-meter (m), 500-m, and 1,000-m products are delivered in Geostationary Earth Orbit Tagged Image File Format (Geo- TIFF) and composited in 7-day intervals. eMODIS composites are projected to non-Sinusoidal mapping grids that best suit the geography in their areas of application (see eMODIS Product Description below).\r\n\r\nFor eMODIS products generated over the continental United States (eMODIS CONUS), the Terra (from 2000) and Aqua (from 2002) records are available and continue through present time. eMODIS CONUS also is generated in an expedited process that delivers a 7-day rolling composite, created daily with the most recent 7 days of acquisition, to users monitoring real-time vegetation conditions. eMODIS Alaska is not part of expedited processing, but does cover the Terra mission life (2000-present). A simple file transfer protocol (FTP) distribution site currently is enabled on the Internet for direct download of eMODIS products (ftp://emodisftp.cr.usgs.gov/eMODIS), with plans to expand into an interactive portal environment.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101055","usgsCitation":"Jenkerson, C.B., Maiersperger, T., and Schmidt, G., 2010, eMODIS: A User-Friendly Data Source: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1055, viii, 10 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101055.","productDescription":"viii, 10 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1055.jpg"},{"id":13551,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1055/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e477be4b07f02db47fd8f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkerson, Calli B. 0000-0002-3780-9175 jenkerson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3780-9175","contributorId":469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkerson","given":"Calli","email":"jenkerson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maiersperger, Thomas 0000-0003-3132-6997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3132-6997","contributorId":16538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maiersperger","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Gail 0000-0002-9684-8158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9684-8158","contributorId":29086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Gail","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98231,"text":"ofr20101027 - 2010 - Multitemporal L- and C-Band synthetic aperture radar to highlight differences in water status among boreal forest and wetland systems in the Yukon Flats, Interior Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T08:06:10","indexId":"ofr20101027","displayToPublicDate":"2010-03-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1027","title":"Multitemporal L- and C-Band synthetic aperture radar to highlight differences in water status among boreal forest and wetland systems in the Yukon Flats, Interior Alaska","docAbstract":"

Tracking landscape-scale water status in high-latitude boreal systems is indispensable to understanding the fate of stored and sequestered carbon in a climate change scenario. Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery provides critical information for water and moisture status in Alaskan boreal environments at the landscape scale. When combined with results from optical sensor analyses, a complementary picture of vegetation, biomass, and water status emerges. Whereas L-band SAR showed better inherent capacity to map water status, C-band had much more temporal coverage in this study. Analysis through the use of L- and C-band SARs combined with Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) enables landscape stratification by vegetation and by seasonal and interannual hydrology. Resultant classifications are highly relevant to biogeochemistry at the landscape scale. These results enhance our understanding of ecosystem processes relevant to carbon balance and may be scaled up to inform regional carbon flux estimates and better parameterize general circulation models (GCMs).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101027","usgsCitation":"Balser, A.W., and Wylie, B.K., 2010, Multitemporal L- and C-Band synthetic aperture radar to highlight differences in water status among boreal forest and wetland systems in the Yukon Flats, Interior Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1027, iv, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101027.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_2010_1027.jpg"},{"id":13492,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1027/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -146.43333333333334,66.18333333333334 ], [ -146.43333333333334,66.38333333333334 ], [ -145.88333333333333,66.38333333333334 ], [ -145.88333333333333,66.18333333333334 ], [ -146.43333333333334,66.18333333333334 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b48d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balser, Andrew W.","contributorId":100965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balser","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98174,"text":"ofr20101028 - 2010 - Abundance, Timing of Migration, and Egg-to-Smolt Survival of Juvenile Chum Salmon, Kwethluk River, Alaska, 2007 and 2008 ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:04","indexId":"ofr20101028","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-06T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-1028","title":"Abundance, Timing of Migration, and Egg-to-Smolt Survival of Juvenile Chum Salmon, Kwethluk River, Alaska, 2007 and 2008 ","docAbstract":"To better understand and partition mortality among life stages of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), we used inclined-plane traps to monitor the migration of juveniles in the Kwethluk River, Alaska in 2007 and 2008. The migration of juvenile chum salmon peaked in mid-May and catch rates were greatest when water levels were rising. Movement of chum salmon was diurnal with highest catch rates occurring during the hours of low light (that is, 22:00 to 10:00). Trap efficiency ranged from 0.37 to 4.04 percent (overall efficiency = 1.94 percent). Total abundance of juvenile chum salmon was estimated to be 2.0 million fish in 2007 and 2.9 million fish in 2008. On the basis of the estimate of chum salmon females passing the Kwethluk River weir and age-specific fecundity, we estimated the potential egg deposition (PED) upstream of the weir and trapping site. Egg-to-smolt survival, calculated by dividing the estimate of juvenile chum salmon emigrating past the weir site by the estimate of PED, was 4.6 percent in 2007 and 5.2 percent in 2008. In addition to chum salmon, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), as well as ten other fish species, were captured in the traps. As with chum salmon, catch of these species increased during periods of increasing discharge and peaked during hours of low light. This study successfully determined the characteristics of juvenile salmon migrations and estimated egg-to-smolt survival for chum salmon. This is the first estimate of survival for any juvenile salmon in the Arctic-Yukon-Kuskokwim region of Alaska and demonstrates an approach that can help to partition mortality between freshwater and marine life stages, information critical to understanding the dynamics of salmon in this region.\r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20101028","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge","usgsCitation":"Burril, S., Zimmerman, C.E., Finn, J.E., Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Gillikin, D., and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010, Abundance, Timing of Migration, and Egg-to-Smolt Survival of Juvenile Chum Salmon, Kwethluk River, Alaska, 2007 and 2008 : U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1028, iv, 28 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101028.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2007-01-01","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13418,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1028/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a37c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burril, Sean E.","contributorId":56183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burril","given":"Sean E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, James E.","contributorId":11157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":304550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gillikin, Daniel","contributorId":15966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillikin","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":535022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70198312,"text":"70198312 - 2010 - Rheologic and structural controls on the deformation of Okmok volcano, Alaska: FEMs, InSAR, and ambient noise tomography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T09:39:05","indexId":"70198312","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-01T09:06:01","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"subseriesTitle":"Geodesy and Gravity/Tectonophysics","title":"Rheologic and structural controls on the deformation of Okmok volcano, Alaska: FEMs, InSAR, and ambient noise tomography","docAbstract":"

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data indicate that the caldera of Okmok volcano, Alaska, subsided more than a meter during its eruption in 1997. The large deformation suggests a relatively shallow magma reservoir beneath Okmok. Seismic tomography using ambient ocean noise reveals two low‐velocity zones (LVZs). The shallow LVZ corresponds to a region of weak, fluid‐saturated materials within the caldera and extends from the caldera surface to a depth of 2 km. The deep LVZ clearly indicates the presence of the magma reservoir beneath Okmok that is significantly deeper (>4 km depth) compared to previous geodetic‐based estimates (3 km depth). The deep LVZ associated with the magma reservoir suggests magma remains in a molten state between eruptions. We construct finite element models (FEMs) to simulate deformation caused by mass extraction from a magma reservoir that is surrounded by a viscoelastic rind of country rock embedded in an elastic domain that is partitioned to account for the weak caldera materials observed with tomography. This configuration allows us to reduce the estimated magma reservoir depressurization to within lithostatic constraints, while simultaneously maintaining the magnitude of deformation required to predict the InSAR data. More precisely, the InSAR data are best predicted by an FEM simulating a rind viscosity of 7.5 × 1016 Pa s and a mass flux of −4.2 × 109 kg/d from the magma reservoir. The shallow weak layer within the caldera provides a coeruption stress regime and neutral buoyancy horizon that support lateral magma propagation from the central magma reservoir to extrusion near the rim of the caldera.

","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/2009JB006324","usgsCitation":"Masterlark, T., Haney, M.M., Dickinson, H., Searcy, C., and Fournier, T., 2010, Rheologic and structural controls on the deformation of Okmok volcano, Alaska: FEMs, InSAR, and ambient noise tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 115, no. B2, B02409; 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006324.","productDescription":"B02409; 22 p.","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356043,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska ","otherGeospatial":"Umnak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167.7886962890625,\n 53.52071674896369\n ],\n [\n -167.783203125,\n 53.491313790532956\n ],\n [\n -167.85736083984375,\n 53.43899149184267\n ],\n [\n -167.83538818359375,\n 53.409531853086435\n ],\n [\n -167.83538818359375,\n 53.375136469342564\n ],\n [\n -167.904052734375,\n 53.35219076980275\n ],\n [\n -167.9974365234375,\n 53.322670996353274\n ],\n [\n -168.11279296874997,\n 53.28163740806336\n ],\n [\n -168.145751953125,\n 53.26357013647525\n ],\n [\n -168.26385498046875,\n 53.238920640924974\n ],\n [\n -168.3160400390625,\n 53.207677555890015\n ],\n [\n -168.3380126953125,\n 53.16982647814065\n ],\n [\n -168.37646484374997,\n 53.1237017988457\n ],\n [\n -168.4423828125,\n 53.05112003878514\n ],\n [\n -168.51654052734375,\n 53.028000167735165\n ],\n [\n -168.56597900390625,\n 53.028000167735165\n ],\n [\n -168.65386962890625,\n 52.976762037220865\n ],\n [\n -168.69232177734375,\n 52.95856614537994\n ],\n [\n -168.76647949218747,\n 52.950292753243794\n ],\n [\n -168.75,\n 52.92049543493046\n ],\n [\n -168.7774658203125,\n 52.907245596258804\n ],\n [\n -168.8104248046875,\n 52.91718335527073\n ],\n [\n -168.8653564453125,\n 52.89564866211353\n ],\n [\n -168.99169921875,\n 52.85752259337269\n ],\n [\n -169.1015625,\n 52.82766141733736\n ],\n [\n -169.07135009765625,\n 52.85752259337269\n ],\n [\n -168.97796630859375,\n 52.8757609818473\n ],\n [\n -168.95599365234375,\n 52.89564866211353\n ],\n [\n -168.97247314453125,\n 52.91883942676673\n ],\n [\n -168.96697998046875,\n 52.94201777829491\n ],\n [\n -168.92303466796872,\n 52.930430153993285\n ],\n [\n -168.85162353515625,\n 52.94201777829491\n ],\n [\n -168.86810302734375,\n 52.9751081817353\n ],\n [\n -168.87359619140625,\n 53.00321511746941\n ],\n [\n -168.85162353515625,\n 53.019740066071975\n ],\n [\n -168.79669189453125,\n 53.028000167735165\n ],\n [\n -168.76647949218747,\n 53.08082737207479\n ],\n [\n -168.78021240234375,\n 53.095673355930224\n ],\n [\n -168.804931640625,\n 53.126998061776156\n ],\n [\n -168.78295898437497,\n 53.164886917594714\n ],\n [\n -168.75274658203125,\n 53.19122467094176\n ],\n [\n -168.70880126953125,\n 53.220835317147554\n ],\n [\n -168.68957519531247,\n 53.23563296842824\n ],\n [\n -168.6566162109375,\n 53.23234504341257\n ],\n [\n -168.61541748046875,\n 53.27506837459297\n ],\n [\n -168.56597900390625,\n 53.260284357597115\n ],\n [\n -168.50830078125,\n 53.25535521592485\n ],\n [\n -168.475341796875,\n 53.27671072761385\n ],\n [\n -168.4478759765625,\n 53.27506837459297\n ],\n [\n -168.4368896484375,\n 53.258641373488096\n ],\n [\n -168.39294433593747,\n 53.261927278592474\n ],\n [\n -168.3599853515625,\n 53.25699832626436\n ],\n [\n -168.34625244140622,\n 53.26521293124656\n ],\n [\n -168.3544921875,\n 53.28820543193896\n ],\n [\n -168.37646484374997,\n 53.31282653094477\n ],\n [\n -168.43963623046872,\n 53.32431151982718\n ],\n [\n -168.44512939453125,\n 53.342353115548796\n ],\n [\n -168.41217041015625,\n 53.34399288223422\n ],\n [\n -168.39569091796875,\n 53.38169011399543\n ],\n [\n -168.4149169921875,\n 53.41280615440963\n ],\n [\n -168.3709716796875,\n 53.4471711023092\n ],\n [\n -168.3380126953125,\n 53.48150827154005\n ],\n [\n -168.3160400390625,\n 53.48314268211716\n ],\n [\n -168.2391357421875,\n 53.525615259225226\n ],\n [\n -168.09631347656247,\n 53.561520361897486\n ],\n [\n -168.0523681640625,\n 53.55825752009741\n ],\n [\n -168.00292968749997,\n 53.56478295204427\n ],\n [\n -167.96173095703125,\n 53.556626004824615\n ],\n [\n -167.9534912109375,\n 53.537042913738745\n ],\n [\n -167.91229248046875,\n 53.522349648656935\n ],\n [\n -167.7886962890625,\n 53.52071674896369\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"115","issue":"B2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98b7cae4b0702d0e844f4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":740990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haney, Matthew M. 0000-0003-3317-7884 mhaney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3317-7884","contributorId":172948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","email":"mhaney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dickinson, Haylee","contributorId":206545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dickinson","given":"Haylee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Searcy, Cheryl 0000-0002-9474-5745 csearcy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9474-5745","contributorId":4039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Searcy","given":"Cheryl","email":"csearcy@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":740993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fournier, T.","contributorId":78964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}