A special session, “Automated Parameter Identification and Sensitivity Analysis in Groundwater Flow and Transport,” was held at the Spring AGU meeting last May to explore recent scientific and technological developments in this expanding research area. The problems and approaches discussed are crucial to any field of Earth science in which models are used to represent physical processes and simulated values are compared with measured quantities. Although methods for automated parameter identification and sensitivity analysis were first developed at about the same time as numerical groundwater models, they are rarely used. Presentations at this special session clearly demonstrated the potential contributions of these methods for more insightful groundwater model development and calibration.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95EO00241","usgsCitation":"Hill, M.C., and Zheng, C., 1995, Progress made in groundwater flow and transport modeling: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 76, no. 40, 2 p. , https://doi.org/10.1029/95EO00241.","productDescription":"2 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"40","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-10-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673546e4b0d1f9f05dd7fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, Mary C. mchill@usgs.gov","contributorId":974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Mary","email":"mchill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zheng, Chunmiao","contributorId":49233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zheng","given":"Chunmiao","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39849,"text":"b2063 - 1995 - Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-28T09:33:00","indexId":"b2063","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2063","title":"Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico","docAbstract":"The sedimentary formations of the Roswell Resource Area have significant mineral and energy resources. Some of the pre-Pennsylvanian sequences in the Northwestern Shelf of the Permian Basin are oil and gas reservoirs, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Tucumcari Basin are reservoirs of oil and gas as well as source rocks for oil and gas in Triassic rocks. Pre-Permian rocks also contain minor deposits of uranium and vanadium, limestone, and gases. Hydrocarbon reservoirs in Permian rocks include associated gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen. Permian rocks are mineralized adjacent to the Lincoln County porphyry belt, and include deposits of copper, uranium, manganese, iron, polymetallic veins, and Mississippi-Valley-type lead-zinc. Industrial minerals in Permian rocks include fluorite, barite, potash, halite, polyhalite, gypsum, anhydrite, sulfur, limestone, dolomite, brine deposits (iodine and bromine), aggregate (sand), and dimension stone. Doubly terminated quartz crystals, called 'Pecos diamonds' and collected as mineral specimens, occur in Permian rocks along the Pecos River. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are hosts for copper, uranium, and small quantities of gold-silver-tellurium veins, as well as significant deposits of oil and gas, carbon dioxide, asphalt, coal, and dimension stone. Mesozoic rocks contain limited amounts of limestone, gypsum, petrified wood, and clay. Tertiary rocks host ore deposits commonly associated with intrusive rocks, including platinum-group elements, iron skarns, manganese, uranium and vanadium, molybdenum, polymetallic vein deposits, gold-silver-tellurium veins, and thorium-rare-earth veins. Museum-quality quartz crystals are associated with Tertiary intrusive rocks. Industrial minerals in Tertiary rocks include fluorite, vein- and bedded-barite, caliche, limestone, and aggregate. Tertiary and Quaternary sediments host important placer deposits of gold and titanium, and occurrences of silver and uranium. Important industrial commodities include caliche, limestone and dolomite, and aggregate. Quaternary basalt contains sub-ore-grade uranium, scoria, and clay deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2063","usgsCitation":"1995, Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2063, Report: xii, 145 p.; 15 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2063.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 145 p.; 15 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67721,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-05.pdf","text":"Plate 4 (Sheet 2 of 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67722,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-06.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67723,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-07.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67724,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-08.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67720,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-04.pdf","text":"Plate 4 (Sheet 1 of 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67725,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-09.pdf","text":"Plate 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67726,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-10.pdf","text":"Plate 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109057,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19737.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"19737"},{"id":173507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67728,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-12.pdf","text":"Plate 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67718,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-02.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67719,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-03.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67727,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-11.pdf","text":"Plate 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67729,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-13.pdf","text":"Plate 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67730,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-14.pdf","text":"Plate 13","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67731,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 14","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67732,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-16.pdf","text":"Plate 15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67717,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Roswell Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.5,32.75 ], [ -106.5,36 ], [ -103,36 ], [ -103,32.75 ], [ -106.5,32.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6357e9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bartsch-Winkler, Susan B.","contributorId":97069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch-Winkler","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726069,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donatich, Alessandro J.","contributorId":47857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donatich","given":"Alessandro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726070,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":39629,"text":"pp1565A - 1995 - Late Proterozoic diabase dikes of the New Jersey Highlands; a remnant of Iapetan rifting in the north-central Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-11-19T14:52:36","indexId":"pp1565A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1565","chapter":"A","title":"Late Proterozoic diabase dikes of the New Jersey Highlands; a remnant of Iapetan rifting in the north-central Appalachians","docAbstract":"Diabase dikes of widespread occurrence intrude only middle Proterozoic rocks in the New Jersey Highlands. These dikes are enriched in TiO2, P2O5, Zr, and light rare earth elements, and have compositions that range from tholeiitic to alkalic. Dike descriptions, field relations, petrography, geochemistry, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting are discussed. The data are consistent with emplacement in a rift-related, within-plate environment and suggest a correlation with other occurrences of late Proterozoic Appalachian basaltic magmatism.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1565A","usgsCitation":"Volkert, R., and Puffer, J., 1995, Late Proterozoic diabase dikes of the New Jersey Highlands; a remnant of Iapetan rifting in the north-central Appalachians: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1565, p. A1-A21, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1565A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":263139,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1565a/pp_1565a.jpg"},{"id":263138,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1565a/pp_1565a.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Volkert, R.A.","contributorId":90799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Volkert","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Puffer, J.H.","contributorId":6918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puffer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019070,"text":"70019070 - 1995 - High-3He plume origin and temporal-spatial evolution of the Siberian flood basalts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-12T16:19:45.616606","indexId":"70019070","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-3He plume origin and temporal-spatial evolution of the Siberian flood basalts","docAbstract":"An olivine nephelinite from the lower part of a thick alkalic ultrabasic and mafic sequence of volcanic rocks of the northeastern part of the Siberian flood basalt province (SFBP) yielded a 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 253.3 ± 2.6 million years, distinctly older than the main tholeiitic pulse of the SFBP at 250.0 million years. Olivine phenocrysts of this rock showed 3He/4He ratios up to 12.7 times the atmospheric ratio; these values suggest a lower mantle plume origin. The neodymium and strontium isotopes, rare earth element concentration patterns, and cerium/lead ratios of the associated rocks were also consistent with their derivation from a near-chondritic, primitive plume. Geochemical data from the 250-million-year-old volcanic rocks higher up in the sequence indicate interaction of this high-3He SFBP plume with a suboceanic-type upper mantle beneath Siberia.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.269.5225.822","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Basu, A.R., Poreda, R., Renne, P., Teichmann, F., Vasiliev, Y., Sobolev, N., and Turrin, B.D., 1995, High-3He plume origin and temporal-spatial evolution of the Siberian flood basalts: Science, v. 269, no. 5225, p. 822-825, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.269.5225.822.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"822","endPage":"825","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226769,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"269","issue":"5225","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30dae4b0c8380cd5d9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poreda, R.J.","contributorId":97138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poreda","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Renne, P.R.","contributorId":69312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renne","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Teichmann, F.","contributorId":87820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Teichmann","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vasiliev, Y.R.","contributorId":52455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vasiliev","given":"Y.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sobolev, N.V.","contributorId":54074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sobolev","given":"N.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70246309,"text":"70246309 - 1995 - Comparison of hydrothermal alteration of carboniferous carbonate and siliclastic rocks in the Valles caldera with outcrops from the Socorro caldera, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-30T16:58:52.684321","indexId":"70246309","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T11:42:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of hydrothermal alteration of carboniferous carbonate and siliclastic rocks in the Valles caldera with outcrops from the Socorro caldera, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP) drill hole VC-2B [total depth 1761.7 m (5780 ft); maximum temperature 295 °C] was continuously cored through the Sulphur Springs hydrothermal system in the western ring-fracture zone of the 1.14 Ma Valles caldera. Among other units, the hole penetrated 760.2 m (2494.1 ft) of Paleozoic carbonate and siliciclastic strata underlying caldera fill and precaldera volcanic and epiclastic rocks. Comparison of the VC-2B Paleozoic rocks with corresponding lithologies within and around the 32.1 Ma Socorro caldera, 192 km ( 119 miles) to the south-southwest, provides insight into the variability of alteration responses to similar caldera-related hydrothermal regimes.
The Pennsylvanian Madera Limestone and Sandia Formation from VC-2B preserve many of the sedimentological and diagenetic features observed in these units on a regional basis and where unaffected by high temperatures or hydrothermal activity. Micrites in these formations in VC-2B are generally altered and mineralized only where fractured or brecciated, that is, where hydrothermal solutions could invade carbonate rocks which were otherwise essentially impermeable. Alteration intensity (and correspondingly inferred paleopermeability) is only slightly higher in carbonate packstones and grainstones, low to intermediate in siltstones and claystones, and high in poorly cemented sandstones. Hydrothermal fracture-filling phases in these rocks comprise sericite (and phengite), chlorite, allanite, apatite, an unidentified zeolite and sphene in various combinations, locally with sphalerite, galena, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Terrigenous feldspars and clays are commonly altered to chlorite and seriate, and euhedral anhydrite “porphyroblasts” with minor chlorite occur in Sandia Formation siltstone. Fossils are typically unaltered, but the walls of some colonial bryozoans in the Madera Limestone are altered to the assemblage chlorite-sericite-epidote-allanite. La, Ce and Nd are present in an unidentified hydrothermal mineral occurring throughout much of the VC-2B Pennsylvanian sequence.
Carboniferous carbonate and siliciclastic formations within and around the Socorro caldera show a similar style of alteration and mineralization to their Valles caldera counterparts, but by contrast locally host commercial, caldera-related, base-metal sulfide deposits. As in the Valles rocks, mineralization and alteration in those of the Socorro caldera were strongly controlled by porosity. Unless disrupted by fractures, breccias, or karst cavities ( not identified in Valles caldera drill holes), the rocks remained relatively unaltered. Where these features allowed ingress of mineralizing hydrothermal solutions, base-metal sulfides and rare-earth-element-bearing minerals were precipitated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00104-O","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, A.K., Renault, J.R., and Oscarson, R.L., 1995, Comparison of hydrothermal alteration of carboniferous carbonate and siliclastic rocks in the Valles caldera with outcrops from the Socorro caldera, New Mexico: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 67, no. 1-3, p. 207-220, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00104-O.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"220","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Magdalena Mountains, Socorro Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.93797090298187,\n 34.06120001043462\n ],\n [\n -106.94039037746462,\n 34.07213233589769\n ],\n [\n -106.95006827539557,\n 34.08524926440417\n ],\n [\n -106.95182789320134,\n 34.0881638615122\n ],\n [\n -106.9540274154586,\n 34.09763560916058\n ],\n [\n -106.95666684216684,\n 34.105285093112855\n ],\n [\n -106.97844211251193,\n 34.10200682752041\n ],\n [\n -106.98921977157171,\n 34.09126051100337\n ],\n [\n -107.00725585407973,\n 34.08379192822697\n ],\n [\n -107.01363446862506,\n 34.089621122441244\n ],\n [\n -107.02023303539632,\n 34.093446313033326\n ],\n [\n -107.03452993006727,\n 34.08087718062583\n ],\n [\n -107.03914892680721,\n 34.06739516804491\n ],\n [\n -107.03716935677593,\n 34.050995234159345\n ],\n [\n -107.02221260542763,\n 34.027483129126495\n ],\n [\n -107.0178135609136,\n 34.018915083508475\n ],\n [\n -107.00549623627394,\n 34.0194620058805\n ],\n [\n -106.9900995804746,\n 34.00597022549613\n ],\n [\n -106.9531476065557,\n 34.00432918706197\n ],\n [\n -106.92301415163355,\n 34.021102751853306\n ],\n [\n -106.92873290950193,\n 34.038966599334415\n ],\n [\n -106.93797090298187,\n 34.06120001043462\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"67","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, Augustus K.","contributorId":68282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"Augustus","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Renault, Jacques R.","contributorId":315545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Renault","given":"Jacques","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oscarson, Robert L. roscarson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oscarson","given":"Robert","email":"roscarson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":876778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":6902,"text":"fs11595 - 1995 - Water Budget and Salinity of Walker Lake, western Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:58","indexId":"fs11595","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"115-95","title":"Water Budget and Salinity of Walker Lake, western Nevada","docAbstract":"Walker Lake is one of the rare perennial, terminal lakes in the Great Basin of the western United States. The lake is the terminus for all surface- water and ground-water flow in the Walker River Basin Hydrographic Region that is not consumed by evaporation, sublimation, or transpiration. The concentration of dissolved solids (salts) in the lake-surface altitude depend primarily on the amounts of water entering and evaporation from the lake. Because Walker Lake is a terminal sink--it has no documented surface- or ground-water outflow--dissolved solids that enter it accumulate as the lake water evaporates. Declining lake levels, owing to natural and anthropogenic processes, have resulted in most Great Basin terminal lakes being too saline to support fish. In Nevada, the only terminal lakes that contain fish are Pyramid Lake, Ruby Lake, and Walker Lake. Dissolved-solids concentration in Walker Lake increased from about 2,500 milligrams per liter in 1882 to 13,300 milli- grams per liter in July 1994 (U.S. Geological Survey analysis), as the lake-surface altitude declined from about 4,080 to 3,944 feet above sea level. This dramatic increase in dissolved-solids concentration threatens the Walker Lake ecosystem and the fish that depend on this ecosystem.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs11595","usgsCitation":"Thomas, J., 1995, Water Budget and Salinity of Walker Lake, western Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 115-95, [4] p. : co. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. co. ill., col. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11595.","productDescription":"[4] p. : co. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. co. ill., col. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":943,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/wid/FS_115-95/FS_115-95.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_115_95.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d3e4b07f02db548a45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, James M.","contributorId":97880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"James M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18312,"text":"ofr91596 - 1995 - An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning; an application to mantle metasomatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr91596","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-596","title":"An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning; an application to mantle metasomatism","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91596","usgsCitation":"Budahn, J.R., 1995, An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning; an application to mantle metasomatism: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-596, 44 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91596.","productDescription":"44 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47660,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0596/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33295,"text":"b2096 - 1995 - Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"b2096","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2096","title":"Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan","docAbstract":"The stratigraphic relation between the Cretaceous generally non-coal-bearing Lumshiwal Formation (64 to 150 m thick) and the Paleocene coal-bearing Hangu Formation (5 to 50 m thick) in the Surghar Range of north-central Pakistan is complex. Both formations contain remarkably similar lithofacies: one or two types of sandstone lithofacies; a combined lithofacies of mudstone, claystone, carbonaceous shale, and coal beds; and a rare carbonate lithofacies. An analysis of pollen data from rock samples collected from various stratigraphic positions indicates that the formations are separated by a disconformity and that the age of the Lumshiwal Formation is Early Cretaceous and the age of the Hangu is Paleocene. Previous workers had suggested that the age of the Lumshiwal is Late Cretaceous.\r\n\r\nAn analysis of sedimentologic, stratigraphic, and paleontologic data indicates that both the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations probably were deposited in shallow-marine and deltaic environments. The rocks of the Lumshiwal become more terrestrial in origin upward, whereas the rocks of the Hangu become more marine in origin upward. The contact between the two formations is associated with a laterally discontinuous lateritic paleosol (assigned to the Hangu Formation) that is commonly overlain by the economically important Makarwal coal bed. This coal bed averages 1.2 m in thickness. No other coal beds in the Surghar Range are as thick or as laterally continuous as the Makarwal coal bed.\r\n\r\nAnalytical data from the Makarwal and one other Hangu coal bed indicate that Surghar Range coal beds range from high-volatile B to high-volatile C bituminous in apparent rank. Averaged, as-received results of proximate and ultimate analyses of coal samples are (1) moisture content, 5.4 percent; (2) ash yield, 12.5 percent; (3) total sulfur content, 5 percent; and (4) calorific value, 11034 Btu/lb (British thermal units per pound). Minor- and trace-element analyses indicate that these coals contain relatively high concentrations of the environmentally sensitive element selenium (average 13.4 ppm (parts per million)), compared to concentrations from United States coals of similar rank.\r\n\r\nThe Makarwal coal bed represents a paleopeat that formed during changing relative ground-water base levels. Relatively low base levels were associated with periods of slow clastic deposition and lateritic paleosol development, followed by relatively high base levels that coincided with increased runoff, marine flooding, and clastic sedimentation that buried the paleopeat of the Makarwal. These environments formed along the northwestern margin of the Indian subcontinent as it drifted northward through equatorial latitudes in the Tethys Sea. The Makarwal coal bed is thin or absent in the northern part of the range where the Lumshiwal and Hangu Formations are the thinnest. Such rapid lateral changes (over about 25 km) in formation thickness and the apparent change in relative ground-water base level indicate that tectonically induced subsidence rates varied across the Surghar Range and influenced the deposition of the rocks that compose the two formations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ; For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/b2096","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., Javed, S., Mashhadi, S., Shakoor, T., Khan, A.M., and Khan, A., 1995, Lithofacies and palynostratigraphy of some Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks, Surghar and Salt Range coal fields, northern Pakistan: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2096, iii, 35 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2096.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3164,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2096/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b11e4b07f02db6a2419","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":210387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Javed, Shahid","contributorId":32934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Javed","given":"Shahid","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16954,"text":"Geological Survey of Pakistan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":210388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mashhadi, S. Tahir A.","contributorId":74424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mashhadi","given":"S. Tahir A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shakoor, Tariq","contributorId":65512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shakoor","given":"Tariq","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Khan, Asrar M.","contributorId":60279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"Asrar","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Khan, A. Latif","contributorId":78785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Khan","given":"A. Latif","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70248335,"text":"70248335 - 1995 - Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:54:39.532456","indexId":"70248335","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T13:46:34","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S)","docAbstract":"The geological evolution of the northern Peru convergent margin can be traced using samples collected during deep-sea dives of the submersible Nautile. In the Paita area (5°–6°S), the sedimentary sequence was intensively sampled along the main scarp of the middle slope area. It consists of Upper Miocene (7–9 Ma) to Pleistocene siltstone, sandstone and rare dolostone. The age distribution of these samples is the basis for a new geologic interpretation of the multichannel seismic line CDP3.
Siliceous microfossils (both diatoms and radiolarians) show influence of both cold and temperature waters (local species mixed with upwelling ones). Diatom assemblages studied from the NP1-13 and NP1-15 dives bear a strong resemblance to assemblages from the Pisco Formation of southern Peru.
Micropaleontological data from siliceous microfossils, provide evidence for two main unconformities, one is at the base of the Quaternary sequence and the other corresponds to a hiatus of 1 Myr, separating the Upper Miocene (7–8 Ma) sediments from uppermost Miocene (5–6 Ma) sediments.
During the past 400 kyr, a wide rollover fold developed in the middle slope area associated with a major seaward dipping detachment fault. A catastrophic debris a valanche occurred as the results of an oversteepening of the landward flank of the rollover fold. The gravity failure of the slope, recognized by SeaBEAM and hydrosweep mapping, displaced enough material to produce a destructive tsunami which occurred 13.8 ± 2.7 kyr ago.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(94)00014-E","usgsCitation":"De Wever, P., Bourgois, J., Caulet, J., Fourtanier, E., Barron, J., and Dumitrica, P., 1995, Stratigraphic significance of siliceous microfossils collected during NAUTIPERC dives (off Peru, 5 °-6°S): Marine Micropaleontology, v. 24, no. 3-4, p. 287-305, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)00014-E.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"305","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420642,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Peru","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Ocean","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -5.138594399665109\n ],\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -6.721676578113986\n ],\n [\n -81.1180992158362,\n -6.721676578113986\n ],\n [\n -81.1180992158362,\n -5.138594399665109\n ],\n [\n -83.60595035803571,\n -5.138594399665109\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De Wever, P.","contributorId":329533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Wever","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bourgois, J.","contributorId":83281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bourgois","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caulet, J.-P.","contributorId":329534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caulet","given":"J.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fourtanier, E.","contributorId":54361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fourtanier","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Barron, J.","contributorId":66416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dumitrica, P.","contributorId":329535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dumitrica","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207886,"text":"70207886 - 1995 - Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:18:00","indexId":"70207886","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:16:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207837,"text":"70207837 - 1995 - Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; Implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-07T15:17:02.372528","indexId":"70207837","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-15T12:48:56","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; Implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs","docAbstract":"We present a systematic investigation of the variation with depth of the frequency of earthquake occurrence vs. seismic moment based on 16 years of Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) solutions. We analyze depth variations of earthquake size distribution in terms of variations in the absolute value of the slope of the regression of the logarithm of the population vs. seismic moment, a quantity known as the β parameter. The shallowest earthquakes (0–50 km depth) exhibit a well-defined and robust size distribution regime characterized by a discontinuous increase in β with increasing moment. Others have shown that this increase probably represents the effects of a physical limit in the dimensions of the area of seismogenic slip of shallow earthquake sources. The population of deep earthquakes in the depth interval 500–600 km shows two markedly different distributions. The deep earthquakes in the Tonga region feature an initially high β value (0.92) at small moments and a lower β value (0.41) at high moments. In contrast, the size distribution of non-Tonga deep events shows the reverse of those changes (β = 0.41 at low moment and β = 1.17 at higher moment). To help explain these observations, we propose a model of deep seismogenesis that assumes three-dimensional earthquake source regions that vary principally in their transverse dimensions. The two-β segment behavior in the Tonga region and other subduction zones is thought to represent, in part, constraints owing to the threshold of completeness of the CMT catalog and to its short time interval of sampling. We interpret the differences between Tonga and other deep Wadati-Benioff zones as being a consequence of Tonga's markedly higher subduction rate and, hence, its colder thermal structure and presumably thicker region of seismogenesis. We interpret the critical moments at which β values change in terms of variations in the transverse thickness of deep seismogenic zones and estimate that it is about 11 km for the Tonga region and about 3 km for other zones at depths of 500–600 km. These results are generally consistent with deep earthquakes being restricted to wedge-shaped regions of peridotite persisting metastably to as deep as 700 km in old, rapidly descending and hence cold slabs. Failure is thought to occur in metastable peridotite by transformational faulting. Great deep earthquakes present special challenges to any theory of deep earthquakes based on slab thermal structure. For example, a continuing question is how such large events can fit in a thermally controlled seismogenic zone that is diminishing in its transverse dimensions with increasing depth. The very concept of a scale-invariant earthquake size distribution may be inappropriate for these rare events and the unusual settings in which they are found.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(95)03037-8","usgsCitation":"Okal, E., and Kirby, S.H., 1995, Frequency-moment distribution of deep earthquakes; Implications for the seismogenic zone at the bottom of slabs: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 92, no. 3-4, p. 169-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03037-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371265,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207424,"text":"70207424 - 1995 - Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:43","indexId":"70207424","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T09:59:21","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.
Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x","usgsCitation":"Roeske, S.M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Aleinikoff, J.N., Snee, L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1995, Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70039226,"text":"70039226 - 1995 - Glaciers: A water resource","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-03T01:02:04","indexId":"70039226","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T16:22:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":362,"text":"General Information Product","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Glaciers: A water resource","docAbstract":"Most Americans have never seen a glacier, and most would say that glaciers are rare features found only in inaccessible, isolated wilderness mountains. Are they really so rare? Or are they really potentially important sources of water supply?","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039226","isbn":"0-16-045543-X","usgsCitation":"Meier, M., and Post, A., 1995, Glaciers: A water resource: General Information Product, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70039226.","productDescription":"23 p.","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261406,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039226/report.pdf"},{"id":261407,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/70039226/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2925e4b0c8380cd5a6e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meier, Mark","contributorId":20594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, Austin","contributorId":90709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Post","given":"Austin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":465830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018938,"text":"70018938 - 1995 - Comparison of the petrography, palynology, and paleobotany of the Little Fire Creek coal bed, southwestern Virginia, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-12T16:40:04.112815","indexId":"70018938","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the petrography, palynology, and paleobotany of the Little Fire Creek coal bed, southwestern Virginia, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Two continuous cores that penetrated the Lower Pennsylvanian Little Fire Creek coal bed in the Southwestern coal field in southwestern Virginia were sampled and X-ray radiographed to determine subunit distinctions. Comparison of petrographic, palynologic, and paleobotanic data from the same sample sets from the two cores allowed for comparison of compositional data within the Little Fire Creek coal bed. The proximate, petrographic, palynologic, and plant tissue data from two sets of samples indicate a high ash, gelocollinite- and liptinite-rich coal consisting of a relatively diverse paleoflora, including lycopsid trees, small lycopsids, tree ferns, small ferns, pteridosperms (seed ferns), and rare calamites and cordaites. The relatively very high ash yields (3–80 wt%), the relatively thin subunits (1–28 cm), and the large scale vertical variations in palynomorph floras suggest that the study area was at the edge of the paleopea-forming environment. As a result, most of the compositional correspondences are among those components indicative of degradation or decomposition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(95)90008-X","usgsCitation":"Pierce, B., Eble, C.F., and Stanton, R., 1995, Comparison of the petrography, palynology, and paleobotany of the Little Fire Creek coal bed, southwestern Virginia, U.S.A.: Organic Geochemistry, v. 22, no. 1, p. 51-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(95)90008-X.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"71","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226715,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","county":"Lee County, Scott County","otherGeospatial":"southwestern 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Brenda","contributorId":29940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"Brenda","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eble, Cortland F.","contributorId":255518,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eble","given":"Cortland","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":51568,"text":"Kentucky Geological Survey, U. of Kentucky","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stanton, R.W.","contributorId":19164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanton","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019023,"text":"70019023 - 1995 - Mineralogical and geochemical evolution of micas from miarolitic pegmatites of the anorogenic pikes peak batholith, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70019023","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2751,"text":"Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical evolution of micas from miarolitic pegmatites of the anorogenic pikes peak batholith, Colorado","docAbstract":"A suite of 29 micas from miarolitic pegmatites associated with granitic units of the anorogenic Pikes Peak batholith (1.08-1.02 Ga), Colorado range in composition, and follow in paragenetic sequence, from 1M siderophyllite (N = 1), and 3T or 2M1 lithian biotite (N = 5) to 1M zinnwaldite (N = 20) and 1M ferroan lepidolite (N = 1). Locally, 1M (?) phlogopite (N = 1) and ferroan 2M1 muscovite (N = 1) are also present. Pervasive, late-stage hydrothermal alteration along with possible supergene weathering of many of these micas produced vermiculite. Additionally, some vugs and cavities were filled with chlorite and/or smectite. Early crystallized micas form tapered columnar crystals in graphic pegmatite, growing toward, and adjacent to the miarolitic cavity zone which contains the later crystallized micas. Principal associated minerals are quartz, microcline perthite (mostly amazonite), and albite, with local topaz or fluorite, and rarely tourmaline (schorl-elbaite). Progressively younger micas of the main crystallization sequence display increasing Si, Li, F, and Al/Ga, and decreasing total Fe, Mg, and octahedral occupancy. The zinc content of all micas is considerably elevated, whereas Mn, Rb, Cs, and Sc are moderate and T1 is very low. Early siderophyllite and lithian biotite show a narrow range of FeO/Fe2O3 (5.6-8.0), whereas later zinnwaldite is much more variable (2.4-40.3). Annite of the host granite and early graphic pegmatite is compositionally homogeneous, but most mica crystals from cavities show remarkable compositional and abrupt, sharp and distinct color zoning. Most cavity-grown zinnwaldite crystals show a decrease, from core to rim, in total Fe and Mg, whereas Si, Li and F increase and Mn, Rb, Cs and Na are essentially constant. A few to more than 100 color zones have been identified in some mica crystals. The zones are well correlated with the Ti content (<0.2 wt. % TiO2 colorless, 0.4-0.6 wt.% TiO2 red-brown). The total Fe content may or may not correlate with color zoning, whereas Zn variations (up to 1.1 wt. %) are entirely independent. The dark color zones probably reflect Fe-Ti charge transfer. The mica composition sequence described here is typical of the extreme fractionation observed in pegmatites of the NYF family, associated with anorogenec granites. Elevated Fe, Zn, and enhanced Sc contents are characteristic of this family. Strong enrichment in Li, Rb, and F is present, particularly in the micas of the miarolitic cavities. Sharp color zonation and compositional variation in cavity-grown zinnwaldite and ferroan lepidolite crystals suggest rapid changes in the intensive parameters, particularly the f(O2), of the parent fluid during the final stages of pegmatite consolidation ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralogy and Petrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/BF01162576","issn":"09300708","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Cerny, P., Jackson, L.L., Sherman, D.M., and Eby, R., 1995, Mineralogical and geochemical evolution of micas from miarolitic pegmatites of the anorogenic pikes peak batholith, Colorado: Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 55, no. 1-3, p. 1-26, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01162576.","startPage":"1","endPage":"26","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205763,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01162576"},{"id":226624,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5a94e4b0c8380cd6efa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cerny, P.","contributorId":71326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cerny","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, L. L.","contributorId":39366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sherman, David M.","contributorId":73218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eby, R.K.","contributorId":51475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eby","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1007935,"text":"1007935 - 1995 - Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-10T21:58:34.604286","indexId":"1007935","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm","docAbstract":"Multiscale patterns of spatial and temporal variation in density and population structure were used to evaluate the generality of a three—trophic—level cascade among sea otters (Enhydra lutris), invertebrate herbivores, and macroalgae in Alaska. The paradigm holds that where sea otters occur herbivores are rare and plants are abundant, whereas when sea otters are absent herbivores are relatively common and plants are rare. Spatial patterns were based on 20 randomly placed quadrats at 153 randomly selected sites distributed among five locations with and four locations without sea otters. Both sea urchin and kelp abundance differed significantly among locations with vs. without sea otters in the Aleutian Islands and southeast Alaska. There was little (Aleutian Islands) or no (southeast Alaska) overlap between sites with and without sea otters, in plots of kelp density against urchin biomass. Despite intersite variation in the abundance of kelps and herbivores, these analyses demonstrate that sea otter predation has a predictable and broadly generalizable influence on the structure of Alaskan kelp forests. The percent cover of algal turf and suspension feeder assemblages also differed significantly (although less dramatically) between locations with and without sea otters. Temporal variation in community structure was assessed over periods of from 3 to 15 yr at sites in the Aleutian Islands and southeast Alaska where sea otters were 1) continuously present, 2) continuously absent, or 3) becoming reestablished because of natural range expansion. Kelp and sea urchin abundance remained largely unchanged at most sites where sea otters were continuously present or absent, the one exception being at Torch Bay (southeast Alaska), where kelp abundance varied significantly through time and urchin abundance varied significantly among sites because of episodic and patchy disturbances. In contrast, kelp and sea urchin abundances changed significantly, and in the expected directions, at sites that were being recolonized by sea otters. Sea urchin biomass declined by 50% in the Aleutian Islands and by nearly 100% in southeast Alaska following the spread of sea otters into previously unoccupied habitats. In response to these different rates and magnitudes of urchin reduction by sea otter predation, increases in kelp abundance were abrupt and highly significant in southeast Alaska but much smaller and slower over similar time periods in the Aleutian Islands. The different kelp colonization rates between southeast Alaska and the Aleutian Islands appear to be caused by large—scale differences in echinoid recruitment coupled with size—selective predation by sea otters for larger urchins. The length of urchin jaws (correlated with test diameter, r2 = 0.968) in sea otter scats indicates that sea urchins <15—20 mm test diameter are rarely eaten by foraging sea otters. Sea urchin populations in the Aleutian Islands included high densities of small individuals (<20 mm test diameter) at all sites and during all years sampled, whereas in southeast Alaska similarly sized urchins were absent from most populations during most years. Small (<30—35 mm test diameter) tetracycline—marked urchins in the Aleutian Islands grew at a maximum rate of °10 mm/yr; thus the population must have significant recruitment annually, or at least every several years. In contrast, echinoid recruitment in southeast Alaska was more episodic, with many years to perhaps decades separating significant events. Our findings help explain regional differences in recovery rates of kelp forests following recolonization by sea otters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2937159","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., and Duggins, D., 1995, Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm: Ecological Monographs, v. 65, p. 75-100, https://doi.org/10.2307/2937159.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131311,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -139.5266472717033,\n 60.402986386324756\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 63.478207794258054\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50.18368072295371\n ],\n [\n -130.14399121638223,\n 55.21307639603333\n ],\n [\n -139.5266472717033,\n 60.402986386324756\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"65","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Estes, J. A.","contributorId":53319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duggins, D. O.","contributorId":39322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duggins","given":"D. O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019594,"text":"70019594 - 1995 - Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu-U-Au-rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-21T22:30:09.765826","indexId":"70019594","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Proterozoic low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in New York and New Jersey: Relation to Fe-oxide (Cu-U-Au-rare earth element) deposits and tectonic implications","docAbstract":"Low-Ti iron-oxide deposits in exposed Grenville-age rocks of New York and New Jersey belong to a distinct class of iron-oxide (Cu-U-Au–rare earth element [REE]) deposits that includes similar iron deposits in southeastern Missouri and the Kiruna district of Sweden, the giant Olympic Dam U-Cu-Au-Ag deposit (Australia), and the Bayan Obo REE-Nb deposit (China). Most of the New York–New Jersey deposits exhibit features consistent with a hydrothermal origin and define a regionally significant metallogenic event that provides important clues to the evolution of this part of the Grenville orogen. In the Adirondacks, the tectonic setting of these deposits is consistent with postorogenic uplift and extensive crustal melting at 1070–1050 Ma that was accompanied by late tectonic to posttectonic deposition of iron.
The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) was a charter member of endangered species lists for North America, recognized as rare long before the passage of Endangered Species Act of 1973. This member of the weasel family is closely associated with prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) of three species, a specialization that contributed to its downfall. Prairie dogs make up 90% of the ferret diet; in addition, ferrets dwell in prairie dog burrows during daylight, venturing out mostly during darkness. Trappers captured black-footed ferrets during their quests for other species of furbearers. Although the species received increased attention as it became increasingly rare, the number of documented ferrets fell steadily after 1940 (Fig. 1), and little was learned about the animals before large habitat declines made studies of them difficult. These declines were brought about mainly by prairie dog control campaigns begun before 1900 and reaching high intensity by the 1920’s and 1930’s.
\n\n
The problem of the origin of the continental crust can be resolved into two fundamental questions: (1) the location and mechanisms of initial mantle extraction of the primitive crust and (2) the processes by which this primitive crust is converted into the continental crust that presently exists. We know that Archean continental crust is compositionally distinct from younger continental crust. Archean magmatism was dominantly bimodal, mafic thoeleiitic plus dacitic, heavy rare earth element depleted, in contrast to the dominantly unimodal, roughly andesitic calc‐alkaline magmatism on younger crust [Taylor and McLennan, 1985; Condie, 1989]. The problem is whether these compositional differences are primarily due to different mechanisms of crustal extraction from the mantle or to different mechanisms of differentiation and alteration of newly formed continental crust.
There is a close phylogenetic relationship between Pelobacter species and members of the genera Desulfuromonas and Geobacter, and yet there has been a perplexing lack of physiological similarities. Pelobacter species have been considered to have a fermentative metabolism. In contrast, Desulfuromonas and Geobacter species have a respiratory metabolism with Fe(III) serving as the common terminal electron acceptor in all species. However, the ability of Pelobacter species to reduce Fe(III) had not been previously evaluated. When a culture of Pelobacter carbinolicus that had grown by fermentation of 2,3- butanediol was inoculated into the same medium supplemented with Fe(III), the Fe(III) was reduced. There was less accumulation of ethanol and more production of acetate in the presence of Fe(III). P. carbinolicus grew with ethanol as the sole electron donor and Fe(III) as the sole electron acceptor. Ethanol was metabolized to acetate. Growth was also possible on Fe(III) with the oxidation of propanol to propionate or butanol to butyrate if acetate was provided as a carbon source. P. carbinolicus appears capable of conserving energy to support growth from Fe(III) respiration as it also grew with H2 or formate as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor. Once adapted to Fe(III) reduction, P. carbinolicus could also grow on ethanol or H2 with S0 as the electron acceptor. P. carbinolicus did not contain detectable concentrations of the c-type cytochromes that previous studies have suggested are involved in electron transport to Fe(III) in other organisms that conserve energy to support growth from Fe(III) reduction. These results demonstrate that P. carbinolicus may survive in some sediments as an Fe(III) or S0 reducer rather than growing fermentatively on rare substrates or syntrophically as an ethanol-oxidizing acetogen. These studies also suggest that the ability to use Fe(III) as a terminal electron acceptor may be an important unifying feature of the Geobacter-Desulfuromonas- Pelobacter branch of the delta Proteobacteria.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","doi":"10.1128/aem.61.6.2132-2138.1995","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Lovley, D.R., Phillips, E.J., Lonergan, D., and Widma, P., 1995, Fe(III) and S0 reduction by Pelobacter carbinolicus: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 61, no. 6, p. 2132-2138, https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.6.2132-2138.1995.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2132","endPage":"2138","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479241,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.61.6.2132-2138.1995","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226858,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"61","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f2fe4b0c8380cd537ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lovley, Derek R.","contributorId":107852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovley","given":"Derek","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Elizabeth J.P.","contributorId":37475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Elizabeth","middleInitial":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lonergan, D.J.","contributorId":86110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lonergan","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Widma, P.K.","contributorId":105866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widma","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1001189,"text":"1001189 - 1995 - Using known populations of pronghorn to evaluate sampling plans and estimators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-09T16:33:20.943776","indexId":"1001189","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using known populations of pronghorn to evaluate sampling plans and estimators","docAbstract":"Although sampling plans and estimators of abundance have good theoretical properties, their performance in real situations is rarely assessed because true population sizes are unknown. We evaluated widely used sampling plans and estimators of population size on 3 known clustered distributions of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Our criteria were accuracy of the estimate, coverage of 95% confidence intervals, and cost. Sampling plans were combinations of sampling intensities (16, 33, and 50%), sample selection (simple random sampling without replacement, systematic sampling, and probability proportional to size sampling with replacement), and stratification. We paired sampling plans with suitable estimators (simple, ratio, and probability proportional to size). We used area of the sampling unit as the auxiliary variable for the ratio and probability proportional to size estimators. All estimators were nearly unbiased, but precision was generally low (overall mean coefficient of variation [CV] = 29). Coverage of 95% confidence intervals was only 89% because of the highly skewed distribution of the pronghorn counts and small sample sizes, especially with stratification. Stratification combined with accurate estimates of optimal stratum sample sizes increased precision, reducing the mean CV from 33 without stratification to 25 with stratification; costs increased 23%. Precise results (x̄ CV= 13) but poor confidence interval coverage (83%) were obtained with simple and ratio estimators when the allocation scheme included all sampling units in the stratum containing most pronghorn. Although areas of the sampling units varied, ratio estimators and probability proportional to size sampling did not increase precision, possibly because of the clumped distribution of pronghorn. Managers should be cautious in using sampling plans and estimators to estimate abundance of aggregated populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3809125","usgsCitation":"Kraft, K.M., Johnson, D.H., Samuelson, J.M., and Allen, S.H., 1995, Using known populations of pronghorn to evaluate sampling plans and estimators: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 1, p. 129-137, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809125.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"137","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133750,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","county":"Bowman County, Slope County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-102.9971,46.2808],[-102.9956,45.944],[-104.0443,45.9438],[-104.0444,46.0267],[-104.0444,46.0469],[-104.0445,46.0561],[-104.0445,46.069],[-104.0445,46.0832],[-104.0445,46.0979],[-104.0445,46.1121],[-104.0445,46.1268],[-104.0445,46.1921],[-104.0447,46.2241],[-104.0449,46.2383],[-104.0452,46.2806],[-104.0452,46.31],[-104.0448,46.4675],[-104.0447,46.4813],[-104.0446,46.5415],[-103.8036,46.5425],[-103.8034,46.631],[-103.7332,46.6299],[-103.6777,46.6303],[-103.6102,46.63],[-103.5507,46.6305],[-103.4846,46.631],[-103.3033,46.6307],[-103.2312,46.6308],[-103.0507,46.6306],[-102.9277,46.6305],[-102.9271,46.5429],[-102.9271,46.4549],[-102.9253,46.3688],[-102.9233,46.2799],[-102.9971,46.2808]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bowman\",\"state\":\"ND\"}}]}","volume":"59","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e4e4b07f02db54f434","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kraft, Kathy M.","contributorId":174611,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kraft","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samuelson, Jack M.","contributorId":11182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuelson","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, Stephen H.","contributorId":46620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014815,"text":"1014815 - 1995 - Effect of seasonally changing feeding habits on whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-22T11:11:44.228873","indexId":"1014815","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of seasonally changing feeding habits on whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)","docAbstract":"Food habits, net-spinning activity, and whole-animal mercury concentrations in Hydropsyche morosa Hagan were examined monthly over a one year period on the South River, Virginia. Gut content analysis revealed seasonal patterns in the consumption of food that was correlated with net-spinning activity. Between April and October, when feeding nets were widespread, detritus represented between 72 and 94% of the total volume of food material found in the guts, while algae represented less than 18%. However, between November and March, when feeding nets were rare or absent, the relative contribution of each of the three food types (i.e., detritus, algae, and animal) changed significantly. Detritus declined to between 51 and 60%, and algae increased to between 39 and 47% of the total food volume. Whole-animal mercury concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 1.20 µg g−1 and were significantly higher in the summer. Seasonal differences were not related to environmental mercury levels and only weakly related to body size. In contrast, whole-animal mercury levels were strongly related to seasonal changes in diet. In summer, when H. morosa larvae were filtering highly contaminated seston, whole-animal mercury levels were high. Conversely, in winter, when larvae were grazing less contaminated algae, whole-animal mercury levels were significantly lower. The primary component of seston was detritus (>81%) throughout the year. Therefore, the high mercury concentration in seston was probably associated with detritus. As a result, a significant relationship was observed between whole-animal mercury concentration and the relative amount of detritus consumed. These patterns indicate that in streams with highly productive hydropsychid populations, the rate of processing of mercury and other heavy metals may be related to seasonal changes in feeding behavior.
Dicofol is an organochlorine agricultural pesticide used to control mites. The principal commercial dicofol product is known as Kelthane TM. More than 70% of dicofol product (about 3 million Ib or 1.4 million kg) sold annually in the U.S. is applied in California, Arizona, Texas, and Florida. Florida citrus and California cotton receive more than half the total (Clark 1990). In laboratory studies, dicofol, which is structurally similar to DDT, had adverse impacts on reproduction in fish (deformed larvae, delayed hatching), birds (reduced eggshell thickness, reduced hatchability), and mammals (reduced insemination rate, reduced pregnancy rate, failure to produce young) (see Clark 1990 for review). Overall, the reproduction of birds seems less sensitive to dicofol than to DDE. However, in birds, dietary concentrations of dicofol between 1 and 10 µg/g (wet weight) fed to captive adult females caused such problems as eggshell thinning, reduced hatching success, or reduced fertility in American kestrels (Falco sparverius) (Fry et al. 1988, Clark et al. 1990) and eastern screech-owls (Otus asio) (Wiemeyer et al. 1989). In spite of these laboratory findings, there have been no intensive field investigations of possible reproductive effects of dicofol on wild birds. Such studies must wait until field residue data are sufficient to identify populations with high exposure. If dicofol accumulates in birds in the field and heavily exposed populations can be identified, then their reproduction can be studied. Residues have not been reported from reptiles. Analytical screening of wildlife tissue samples for organochlorine chemicals only rarely includes dicofol, and this may explain why the relative hazard of dicofol to wildlife populations is poorly known.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00197964","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., Flickinger, E.L., White, D.H., Hothem, R.L., and Belisle, A.A., 1995, Dicofol and DDT residues in lizard carcasses and bird eggs from Texas, Florida, and California: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 54, no. 6, p. 817-824, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197964.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"817","endPage":"824","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Florida, Texas","volume":"54","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d9e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.R.","contributorId":66654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flickinger, Edward L.","contributorId":48907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flickinger","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hothem, R. L.","contributorId":82633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hothem","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belisle, A. A.","contributorId":77897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belisle","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}