A one-dimensional model of unsteady discharge waves was applied to research flowr that were released from Glen Canyon Dam in support of the Glen Canyon Environmental Studies. These research flows extended over periods of 11 days during which the discharge followed specific, regular patterns repeated on a daily cycle that were similar to the daily releases for power generation. The model was used to produce discharge hydrographs at 38 selected sites in Marble and Grand Canyons for each of nine unsteady flows released from the dam in 1990 and 1991. In each case, the discharge computed from stage measurements and the associated stage-discharge relation at the streamflow-gaging station just below the dam (09379910 Colorado River Hlow Glen Canyon Dam) was routed to Diamond Creek, which is 386 kilometers downstream. Steady and unsteady tributary inflows downstream from the dam were included in the model calculations.
Steady inflow to the river from tributaries downstream from the dam was determined for each case by comparing the steady base flow preceding and following the unsteady flow measured at six streamflow-gaging stations between Glen Canyon Dam and Diamond Creek. During three flow periods, significant unsteady inflow was received from the Paria River, or the Little Colorado River, or both. The amount and timing of unsteady inflow was determined using the discharge computed from records of streamflow-gaging stations on the tributaries. Unsteady flow then was added to the flow calculated by the model at the appropriate location.
Hydrographs were calculated using the model at 5 streamflow-gaging stations downstream from the dam and at 33 beach study sites. Accuracy of model results was evaluated by comparing the results to discharge hydrographs computed from the records of the five streamflow-gaging stations between Lees Ferry and Lake Mead. Results show that model predictions of wave speed and shape agree well with data from the five streamflow-gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954266","usgsCitation":"Griffin, E.R., and Wiele, S.M., 1996, Calculated hydrographs for unsteady research flows at selected sites along the Colorado River downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona, 1990 and 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4266, iv, 30 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954266.","productDescription":"iv, 30 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River, Glen Canyon Dam,","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e75b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiele, Stephen M. smwiele@usgs.gov","contributorId":2199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiele","given":"Stephen","email":"smwiele@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":198093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28272,"text":"wri954178 - 1996 - Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:12:45","indexId":"wri954178","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4178","title":"Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Laboratory and quality assurance procedures for the analysis of ground-water samples for herbicides at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota are described. The target herbicides include atrazine, de-ethylatrazine, de-isopropylatrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, and metolachlor. The analytical techniques used are solid-phase extraction, and analysis by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Descriptions of cleaning procedures, preparation of standard solutions, isolation of analytes from water, sample transfer methods, instrumental analysis, and data analysis are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954178","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Capel, P., and VanderLoop, A., 1996, Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4178, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954178.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanderLoop, A.G.","contributorId":17276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderLoop","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28378,"text":"wri954077 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T19:33:55.631534","indexId":"wri954077","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4077","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Among the duties of the water managers of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in north-central Minnesota are the development and protection of the water resources of the Reservation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee, conducted a three and one half-year study (1988-91) of the ground-water resources of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. The objectives of this study were to describe the availability and quality of ground water contained in glacial-drift aquifers underlying the Reservation.
Aquifers and confining units are present throughout the entire thickness of the glacial drift in the study area, which includes the Leech Lake Indian Reservation and adjacent parts of Beltrami, Hubbard, Itasca, and Cass Counties in north-central Minnesota, an area of approximately 2,145 square miles. An unconfined aquifer underlies most of the central and north-central parts of the study area. The saturated thickness of the aquifer ranges from 0 to about 105 feet. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, estimated from 19 slug tests, ranges from 0.6 to 31 feet per day. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 19 to more than 20,000 feet squared per day and is greatest in an area from west of Cass Lake to Lake Winnibigoshish. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,000 gallons per minute. The unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers are physically and hydraulically separated by a fine-grained confining unit, consisting of till or lake deposits, that ranges in thickness from 3 to 254 feet.
The thickness of the uppermost confined aquifer ranges from 5 to about 53 feet. On the basis of specific-capacity data, the transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from less than 100 feet squared per day in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the study area to about 21,000 feet squared per day near Cass Lake. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,600 gallons per minute.
Recharge to the ground-water system is predominantly from precipitation that infiltrates to the saturated zone. An analysis of four hydrographs for observation wells screened in the unconfined aquifer indicated spring recharge amounts during 1989 of 1-4 inches.
Discharge from the ground-water system occurs by leakage to streams, lakes, and wetlands, evapotranspiration, withdrawals by wells, and underflow to the southeast within the Mississippi River Valley. Streamflow measurements indicate that ground-water discharge to the Mississippi River is greater in the western part of the study area between Cass Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish than in the eastern part downstream from Lake Winnibigoshish.
The general regional direction of ground-water flow in the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is to the east and southeast. Ground-water flow is also toward the Mississippi River and the three large lakes in the study area, Lake Winnibigoshish and Cass and Leech Lakes.
Water moves through the ground-water system predominantly horizontally in the aquifers, whereas vertical components of flow are significant in confining units. Downward leakage of water occurs in highland areas where ground water flows downward from overlying till to the uppermost confined aquifer. Water moves vertically upward from deep to shallow aquifers in areas of regional discharge, the Mississippi River, Cass Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish. and Leech Lake.
Waters from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Concentrations of iron and manganese in water from both aquifers frequently exceed levels that may impart an undesirable taste or odor to water.
Calcium and bicarbonate are the predominant ions in water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers. Water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is hard to very hard, averaging 187 and 247 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, respectively.
Differences in the mean concentrations of constituents in waters from the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers vary. The mean concentrations of chloride, manganese, dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, and dissolved iron were greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer. Conversely, the mean concentrations of calcium, potassium, silica, sodium, fluoride, and boron were greater for water from the uppermost confined aquifer than for water from the unconfined aquifer. These higher concentrations of naturally occurring constituents in waters from the uppermost confined aquifer may occur because of the longer flow paths and longer residence times of water in the uppermost confined aquifer as compared to the unconfined aquifer.
Nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorus species. The mean concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (NO2 + NO3, dissolved) and total phosphorus were about 5 and 1.5 times greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer, respectively. None of the water samples had concentrations of dissolved nitrogen greater than the maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (10 milligrams per liter) and only one water sample had a concentration greater than 3 milligrams per liter.
Water collected from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer in residential and recreational land-use areas had concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and cyanide equal to or less than 6 micrograms per liter. Concentrations of organic-acid herbicides in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer in managed-forest land-use areas were all below detection levels. Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer and from one well screened in the uppermost confined aquifer were also all below detection levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4077, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954077.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48186.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Leech Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62567f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":68528,"text":"ha737 - 1996 - Geology and ground-water resources of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, northwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-23T14:35:51.3727","indexId":"ha737","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"737","title":"Geology and ground-water resources of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, northwestern Montana","docAbstract":"Ground-water resources of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation are facing increased development for domestic and public drinking-water supplies and for industrial use. Along with the increased demand for ground-water data to address water-rights issues, water-quality concerns, and water-management decisions. The increased demand for ground water and ground-water data highlighted the need for a better understanding of the reservations’s ground-water resources. To fulfill this need, a 3-year long investigation of the geology and ground-water resources of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation was made by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Blackfeet Water Resources Department.
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ha737","isbn":"0607855401","usgsCitation":"Cannon, M.R., 1996, Geology and ground-water resources of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, northwestern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 737, 2 Plates: 39.50 x 46.00 inches and 39.50 x 45.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha737.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 39.50 x 46.00 inches and 39.50 x 45.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185710,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":90129,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/737/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":90130,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/737/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":108677,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_16206.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"16206"}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Blackfeet Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.92382337824559,\n 49.00115786005651\n ],\n [\n -113.92382337824559,\n 47.9492225969058\n ],\n [\n -111.72750252269083,\n 47.9492225969058\n ],\n [\n -111.72750252269083,\n 49.00115786005651\n ],\n [\n -113.92382337824559,\n 49.00115786005651\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685826","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, M. R.","contributorId":99140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26910,"text":"wri954290 - 1996 - Flood-plain and channel aggradation at selected bridge sites in the Iowa and Skunk River basins, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-24T19:25:44.236417","indexId":"wri954290","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4290","title":"Flood-plain and channel aggradation at selected bridge sites in the Iowa and Skunk River basins, Iowa","docAbstract":"Flood-plain and channel-aggradation rates were estimated at 10 bridge sites on the Iowa River upstream of Coralville Lake and at two bridge sites in the central part of the Skunk River Basin. Four measurement methods were used to quantify aggradation rates: (1) a dendrogeomorphic method that used tree-age data and sediment-deposition depths, (2) a bridge-opening cross-section method that compared historic and recent cross sections of bridge openings, (3) a stage-discharge rating-curve method that compared historic and recent stages for the 5-year flood discharge and the average discharge, and (4) nine sediment pads that were installed on the Iowa River flood plain at three bridge sites in the vicinity of Marshalltown. The sediment pads were installed prior to overbank flooding in 1993. Sediments deposited on the pads as a result of the 1993 flood ranged in depth from 0.004 to 2.95 feet. Measurement periods used to estimate average aggradation rates ranged from 1 to 98 years and varied among methods and sites. The highest aggradation rates calculated for the Iowa River Basin using the dendrogeomorphic and rating- curve measurement methods were for the State Highway 14 crossing at Marshalltown, where these highest rates were 0.045 and 0.124 feet per year, respectively. The highest aggradation rates calculated for the Skunk River Basin were for the U.S. Highway 63 crossing of the South Skunk River near Oskaloosa, where these highest rates were 0.051 and 0.298 feet per year, respectively.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954290","usgsCitation":"Eash, D.A., 1996, Flood-plain and channel aggradation at selected bridge sites in the Iowa and Skunk River basins, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4290, vi, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954290.","productDescription":"vi, 44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394767,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48363.htm"},{"id":55788,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4290/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4290/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Iowa and Skunk River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.9667,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -92,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -93.9667,\n 43\n ],\n [\n -93.9667,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48abe4b07f02db52d0a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25995,"text":"wri954199 - 1996 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T09:43:22","indexId":"wri954199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4199","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama","docAbstract":"Methods of estimating flood magnitudes for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,100, 200, and 500 years are described for rural streams in Alabama that are not affected by regulation or urbanization. Flood-frequency characteristics are presented for 198 gaging stations in Alabama having 10 or more years of record through September 1991, that are used in the regional analysis. Regression relations were developed using generalized least-squares regression techniques to estimate flood magnitude and frequency on ungaged streams as a function of the drainage area of a basin. Sites on gaged streams should be weighted with gaging station data that are presented in the report Graphical relations of peak discharges to drainage areas are also presented for siter along the Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Choctawhatchee, Conecuh, and Tombigbee Rivers. Equations for estimating flood magnitudes on ungaged urban streams (taken from a previous report) that use drainage area and percentage of impervious cover as independent variables also are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954199","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Atkins, J.B., 1996, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4199, Report: v, 234 p.; 1 Plate: 21.02 x 27.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954199.","productDescription":"Report: v, 234 p.; 1 Plate: 21.02 x 27.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358175,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 31.886886525780806\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 30.6662659463233\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -88.121337890625,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 30.211608223816906\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -87.396240234375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -87.38525390624999,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -87.462158203125,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -87.593994140625,\n 30.817346256492073\n ],\n [\n -87.57202148437499,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 30.968189296794247\n ],\n [\n -85.045166015625,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.287939892641734\n ],\n [\n -85.067138671875,\n 31.5504526754715\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.737511125687828\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 32.0732655510424\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.14771106595571\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -85.63842773437499,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":24711,"text":"ofr95762 - 1996 - Real-Time Mapping alert system; user's manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr95762","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-762","title":"Real-Time Mapping alert system; user's manual","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has an extensive hydrologic network that records and transmits precipitation, stage, discharge, and other water- related data on a real-time basis to an automated data processing system. Data values are recorded on electronic data collection platforms at field monitoring sites. These values are transmitted by means of orbiting satellites to receiving ground stations, and by way of telecommunication lines to a U.S. Geological Survey office where they are processed on a computer system. Data that exceed predefined thresholds are identified as alert values. These alert values can help keep water- resource specialists informed of current hydrologic conditions. The current alert status at monitoring sites is of critical importance during floods, hurricanes, and other extreme hydrologic events where quick analysis of the situation is needed. This manual provides instructions for using the Real-Time Mapping software, a series of computer programs developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for quick analysis of hydrologic conditions, and guides users through a basic interactive session. The software provides interactive graphics display and query of real-time information in a map-based, menu-driven environment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95762","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torres, L., 1996, Real-Time Mapping alert system; user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-762, vi, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95762.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0762/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0762/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres, L.A.","contributorId":19195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26032,"text":"wri954288 - 1996 - Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T19:59:19.10237","indexId":"wri954288","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4288","title":"Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992","docAbstract":"In parts of the upper reaches of the Red River Basin in Texas, streamflow is characterized by levels of salinity that limit its usefulness for most purposes. Large dissolved solids and dissolved chloride concentrations are caused primarily by flow from natural salt springs in tributaries to the Red River. To reduce downstream salinity in the Wichita River, a dam in the South Wichita River downstream of an area of salt springs (designated salinity source area VIII) diverts low flows (which are the most saline) to a manmade brine lake for evaporation.
Statistical tests on salinity data for the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River for the period October 1982–September 1992 were done to determine the effects on downstream salinity of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River that began in May 1987.
Salinity in the South Wichita River downstream of the low-flow diversion structure was (statistically) significantly less during the 65-month period of record after diversion than during the 55- month period of record before diversion. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests yielded strong evidence that discharge-weighted dissolved solids and dischargeweighted dissolved chloride concentrations, as well as discharge-weighted specific conductance, were significantly less after diversion.
Whether salinity in Lake Kemp had a significant downward trend during the period of record August 1989–August 1992 could not be determined conclusively from observed salinity data. Mann-Kendall trend tests yielded weak evidence that volume-weighted dissolved solids and dissolved chloride concentrations in Lake Kemp tended to decrease with time. However, serial correlation in the time series of salinity data could have adversely affected the test results.
The significant effects of low-flow diversions on salinity in the South Wichita River are not discernible in the Wichita River downstream from Lake Kemp. Although salinity was significantly less downstream from Lake Kemp after diversion, the decrease probably is mostly a result of dilution of Lake Kemp by large inflows of (assumed) low-salinity water that occurred in the spring of 1989 rather than an effect of diversion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Red River Authority of Texas, City of Wichita Falls, and Wichita County Water Improvement District No. 2","usgsCitation":"Baldys, S., Bush, P.W., and Kidwell, C.C., 1996, Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4288, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954288.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","temporalStart":"1982-10-01","temporalEnd":"1992-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428016,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48361.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8918,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4288.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Kemp, South Wichita River, Wichita River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.967\n ],\n [\n -100.985,\n 33.967\n ],\n [\n -100.985,\n 33.355\n ],\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.35\n ],\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, Peter W.","contributorId":57820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kidwell, Charles C.","contributorId":68353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26483,"text":"wri954141 - 1996 - Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri954141","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4141","title":"Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples","docAbstract":"Four devices for splitting water samples into representative aliquots are used by the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division. A thorough evaluation of these devices (14-liter churn, 8-liter churn, plastic cone, and Teflon cone) encompasses a wide variety of concerns, based on both chemical and physical considerations. This report surveys the existing data (as of April 1994) on cleaning efficiency and splitting capability of these devices and presents the data in a systematic framework for evaluation. From the existing data, some of these concerns are adequately or partially addressed, but the majority of concerns could not be addressed because of the lack of data. In general, the existing cleaning and transport protocols are adequate at the milligram per liter level, but the adequacy is largely unknown for trace elements and organic chemicals at lower concen- trations. The existing data indicate that better results are obtained when the splitters are cleaned in the laboratory rather than in the field. Two conclusions that can be reached on the splitting capability of solids are that more work must be done with all four devices to characterize and quantify their limitations and range of usefulness, and that the 14-liter churn (and by association, the 8-liter churn) is not useful in obtaining representative splits of sand-sized particles.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954141","usgsCitation":"Capel, P., and Larson, S., 1996, Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4141, v, 103 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954141.","productDescription":"v, 103 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23036,"text":"ofr96185 - 1996 - Survey of users of the USGS stream-gaging network in Iowa, 1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T13:55:13","indexId":"ofr96185","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-185","title":"Survey of users of the USGS stream-gaging network in Iowa, 1996","docAbstract":"A survey was sent to over 200 Federal, State, and local agencies that might use streamflow data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Iowa. A total of 181 forms were returned and 112 agencies indicated that they use streamflow data. The responses show that streamflow data from the Iowa USGS stream-gaging network, which in 1996 is composed of 117 stations, are used by many agencies for many purposes and that many stations provide streamflow data that fulfill a variety of joint purposes. The median number of respondents per station that use data from the station was 6 and the median number of data-use categories indicated per station was 9. The survey results can be used by agencies that fund the Iowa USGS stream-gaging network to help them decide which stations to continue to support if it becomes necessary to reduce the size of the stream-gaging network.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96185","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Highway Research Board (Iowa DOT Research Project HR-383)","usgsCitation":"Fischer, E., 1996, Survey of users of the USGS stream-gaging network in Iowa, 1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-185, iii, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96185.","productDescription":"iii, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":52412,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0185/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-186","title":"Time-series ground-water-level and aquifer-system compaction data, Edwards Air Force Base, Antelope Valley, California, January 1991 through September 1993","docAbstract":"As part of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, a monitoring program was implemented to collect time-series ground-water-level and aquifer-system compaction data at Edwards Air Force Base, California. The data presented in this report were collected from 18 piezometers, 3 extensometers, 1 barometer, and 1 rain gage from January 1991 through September 1993. The piezometers and extensometers are at eight sites in the study area. This report discusses the ground-water-level and aquifer-system compaction monitoring networks, and presents the recorded data in graphs. The data reported are available in the data base of the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96186","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Freeman, L., 1996, Time-series ground-water-level and aquifer-system compaction data, Edwards Air Force Base, Antelope Valley, California, January 1991 through September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-186, vi, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96186.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52436,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b4ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, L.A.","contributorId":86374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22907,"text":"ofr96125 - 1996 - Water-level data for the industrial area northwest of Delaware City, Delaware, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96125","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-125","title":"Water-level data for the industrial area northwest of Delaware City, Delaware, 1993-94","docAbstract":"Water-level data for 171 wells and one surface-water site on Red Lion Creek in the industrial area northwest of Delaware City, Delaware, are presented for 1993 and 1994. Eight sets of synoptic ground- water-level measurements collected between April 1993 and September 1994, and locations and field notes for the 171 wells are presented. A hydrograph from December 19, 1993 through November 8, 1994 is presented for one surface-water site on Red Lion Creek in the industrial area. Hydrographs from October 15, 1993 through November 8, 1994 are presented for eight wells screened in the water- table aquifer. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers collected the synoptic ground-water-level measurements. The U.S. Geological Survey collected the continuously recorded water-level data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96125","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Donnelly, C., and Hinaman, K., 1996, Water-level data for the industrial area northwest of Delaware City, Delaware, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-125, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96125.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0125/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52312,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0125/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e762e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Donnelly, C.A.","contributorId":20333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinaman, K.C.","contributorId":70012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinaman","given":"K.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24697,"text":"ofr96183 - 1996 - Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through December 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"ofr96183","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-183","title":"Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through December 1995","docAbstract":"This report contains hydrologic and climatic data that describe the status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia. Data presented are from January 1993 through December 1995, although the report focuses on hydrologic events from October through December 1995 (fourth quarter of 1995). Cumulative rainfall for October through December 1995 was about 41 inches, which is 32 percent more than the mean cumulative rainfall of about 31 inches for October through December. The period October through December is within the annual wet season. Mean cumulative rainfall is calculated for the fixed base period 1951-90. Ground-water withdrawal during October through December 1995 averaged 931,000 gallons per day. Withdrawal for the same 3 months in 1994 averaged 902,900 gallons per day. Patterns of withdrawal during the fourth quarter of 1995 did not change significantly since 1993 at all five ground-water production areas. At the end of December 1995, the chloride concentration of the composite water supply was 60 milligrams per liter, well below the 250 milligrams per liter secondary drinking-water standard established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chloride concentrations of the composite water supply from October through December 1995 ranged between 28 and 67 milligrams per liter. Chloride concentration of ground water in monitoring wells at Cantonment and Air Operations continued to decrease during the fourth quarter of 1995, with water from the deepest monitoring wells decreasing in chloride concentration by as much as 2,000 milligrams per liter. This trend follows increases in chloride concentration during the first half of 1995. A fuel leak at Air Operations caused the shutdown of ten wells in May 1991. Four of the wells resumed pumping for water-supply purposes in April 1992. The remaining six wells are being used to hydraulically divert fuel migration away from water-supply wells by recirculating about 150,000 gallons of water each day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96183","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torikai, J., 1996, Status of ground-water resources at U.S. Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia; summary of hydrologic and climatic data, January 1993 through December 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-183, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96183.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157834,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0183/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53730,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0183/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6973b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torikai, J.D.","contributorId":93926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torikai","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30623,"text":"wri954271 - 1996 - Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:00","indexId":"wri954271","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4271","title":"Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida","docAbstract":"The potential for subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent into the uppermost producing zone (zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer in St. Petersburg, Florida, is being studied by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the city of St. Petersburg and the Southwest Florida Water Management District. A measure of the success of this practice is the recovery efficiency, or the quantity of water relative to the quantity injected, that can be recovered before the water that is withdrawn fails to meet water-quality standards. The feasibility of this practice will depend upon the ability of the injected zone to receive, store, and discharge the injected fluid. A cylindrical model of ground-water flow and solute transport, incorporating available data on aquifer properties and water quality, was developed to determine the relation of recovery efficiency to various aquifer and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area. The reference case for testing was a base model considered representative of the saline aquifer underlying St. Petersburg. Parameter variations in the tests represent possible variations in aquifer conditions in the area. The model also was used to study the effect of various cyclic injection and withdrawal schemes on the recovery efficiency of the well and aquifer system. A base simulation assuming 15 days of injection of effluent at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day and 15 days of withdrawal at a rate of 1.0 million gallons per day was used as reference to compare changes in various hydraulic and chemical parameters on recovery efficiency. A recovery efficiency of 20 percent was estimated for the base simulation. For practical ranges of hydraulic and fluid properties that could prevail in the study area, the model analysis indicates that (1) the greater the density contrast between injected and resident formation water, the lower the recovery efficiency, (2) recovery efficiency decreases significantly as dispersion increases, (3) high formation permeability favors low recovery efficiencies, and (4) porosity and anisotropy have little effect on recovery efficiencies. In several hypothetical tests, the recovery efficiency fluctuated between about 4 and 76 percent. The sensitivity of recovery efficiency to variations in the rate and duration of injection (0.25, 0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 million gallons per day) and withdrawal cycles (60, 180, and 365 days) was determined. For a given operational scheme, recovery efficiency increased as the injection and withdrawal rate is increased. Model results indicate that recovery efficiencies of between about 23 and 37 percent can be obtained for different subsurface storage and recovery schemes. Five successive injection, storage, and recovery cycles can increase the recovery efficiency to about 46 to 62 percent. There is a larger rate of increase at smaller rates than at larger rates. Over the range of variables studied, recovery efficiency improved with successive cycles, increasing rapidly during initial cycles tyhen more slowly at later cycles. The operation of a single well used for subsurface storage and recovery appears to be technically feasible under moderately favorable conditions; however, the recovery efficiency is higly dependent upon local physical and operational parameters. A combination of hydraulic, chemical, and operational parameters that minimize dispersion and buoyancy flow, maximizes recovery efficiency. Recovery efficiency was optimal where resident formation water density and permeabilities were relatively similar and low.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954271","usgsCitation":"Yobbi, D.K., 1996, Simulation of subsurface storage and recovery of treated effluent injected in a saline aquifer, St. Petersburg, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4271, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954271.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2938,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954271/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1f65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yobbi, D. K.","contributorId":56622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yobbi","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44389,"text":"ofr96137 - 1996 - Feasibility of using acoustic velocity meters for estimating highly organic suspended-solids concentrations in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"ofr96137","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-137","title":"Feasibility of using acoustic velocity meters for estimating highly organic suspended-solids concentrations in streams","docAbstract":"A field experiment was conducted at the Levee 4 canal site below control structure G-88 in the Everglades agricultural area in northwestern Broward County, Florida, to study the relation of acoustic attenuation to suspended-solids concentrations. Acoustic velocity meter and temperature data were obtained with concurrent water samples analyzed for suspended-solids concentrations. Two separate acoustic velocity meter frequencies were used, 200 and 500 kilohertz, to determine the sensitivity of acoustic attenuation to frequency for the measured suspended-solids concentration range. Suspended-solids concentrations for water samples collected at the Levee 4 canal site from July 1993 to September 1994 ranged from 22 to 1,058 milligrams per liter, and organic content ranged from about 30 to 93 percent. Regression analyses showed that attenuation data from the acoustic velocity meter (automatic gain control) and temperature data alone do not provide enough information to adequately describe the concentrations of suspended solids. However, if velocity is also included as one of the independent variables in the regression model, a satisfactory correlation can be obtained. Thus, it is feasible to use acoustic velocity meter instrumentation to estimate suspended-solids concentrations in streams, even when suspended solids are primarily composed of organic material. Using the most comprehensive data set available for the study (500 kiloherz data), the best fit regression model produces a standard error of 69.7 milligrams per liter, with actual errors ranging from 2 to 128 milligrams per liter. Both acoustic velocity meter transmission frequencies of 200 and 500 hilohertz produced similar results, suggesting that transducers of either frequency could be used to collect attenuation data at the study site. Results indicate that calibration will be required for each acoustic velocity meter system to the unique suspended-solids regime existing at each site. More robust solutions may be defined in streams with suspended solids having lower percentages of organic composition.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96137","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Patino, E., 1996, Feasibility of using acoustic velocity meters for estimating highly organic suspended-solids concentrations in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-137, iv, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96137.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81678,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e4e4b07f02db54f8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59721,"text":"mf2313 - 1996 - Maps showing petroleum exploration intensity and production in major Cambrian to Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Anadarko Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-13T16:19:20.189237","indexId":"mf2313","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2313","title":"Maps showing petroleum exploration intensity and production in major Cambrian to Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Anadarko Basin","docAbstract":"The Anadarko basin is a large, deep, two-stage Paleozoic basin (Feinstein, 1981) that is petroleum rich and generally well explored. The Anadarko basin province, a geogrphic area used here mostly for the convenience of mapping and data management, is defined by political boundaries that include the Anadarko basin proper. The boundaries of the province are identical to those used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the 1995 National Assessment of United Stated Oil and Gas Resources. The data in this report, also identical to those used in the national assessment, are from several computerized data bases including Nehring Research Group (NRG) Associates Inc., Significant Oil and Gas Fields of the United States (1992); Petroleum Information (PI), Inc., Well History Control System (1991); and Petroleum Information (PI), Inc., Petro-ROM: Production data on CD-ROM (1993). Although generated mostly in response to the national assessment, the data presented here arc grouped differently and arc displayed and described in greater detail. In addition, the stratigraphic sequences discussed may not necessarily correlate with the \"plays\" of the 1995 national assessment. This report uses computer-generated maps to show drilling intensity, producing wells, major fields, and other geologic information relevant to petroleum exploration and production in the lower Paleozoic part of the Anadarko basin province as defined for the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 national petroleum assessment. Hydrocarbon accumulations must meet a minimum standard of 1 million barrels of oil (MMBO) or 6 billion cubic feet of gas (BCFG) estimated ultimate recovery to be included in this report as a major field or revoir. Mapped strata in this report include the Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Arbuckle and Low Ordovician Ellenburger Groups, the Middle Ordovician Simpson Group, and the Middle to Upper Ordovician Viola Group.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2313","usgsCitation":"Henry, M., and Hester, T., 1996, Maps showing petroleum exploration intensity and production in major Cambrian to Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Anadarko Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2313, 3 Plates: 56.00 x 40.60 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2313.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 56.00 x 40.60 inches and smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284479,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2313/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2313.jpg"},{"id":490723,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5934.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284480,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2313/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284478,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2313/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Anadarko Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,35.0 ], [ -103.0,39.0 ], [ -98.0,39.0 ], [ -98.0,35.0 ], [ -103.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd663ce4b0b290851009bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, Mitch","contributorId":63313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitch","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hester, Tim","contributorId":67804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28519,"text":"wri914035 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri914035","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-4035","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Ky., lies in a valley eroded by glacial meltwater that was later partly filled with outwash sand and gravel deposits. The aquifer is primarily unconfined, and the direction of flow is from the adjacent limestone and shale valley wall toward the Ohio River and major pumping centers. Pumpage and water-level data indicate that the alluvial aquifer was in a steady-state condition in November 1962 and again in November 1983. Between these two dates, water-level data indicate a general rise in the water table. A two-dimensional finite-element ground-water-flow model of the alluvial aquifer was calibrated for both the steady-state and the transient-state period of 1962-83. The year 1962 represented a period in time when pumping was nearly three times that in 1983. The simulated steady-state water budget for 1962 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 5.19 million feet per day, 37.2 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 28.3 percent was recharge from rainfall, 19.7 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, and 14.8 percent was upward flow from the bedrock. Discharge from the aquifer was to wells (68.9 percent) and to the Ohio River (31.1 percent). The simulated steady-state water budget for 1983 indicated that of the total recharge to the aquifer of 4.11 million feet per day, 42.6 percent was recharge from rainfall, 18.2 percent was flow across the eastern valley wall, 17.8 percent was flow from the river to pumped wells, 15.6 percent was upward flow from the bedrock, and 5.8 percent was flow from septic systems. The transient simulation resulted in an acceptable match between measured and simulated hydrographs. This gave additional confidence to the model calibration, choice of boundary conditions, and published values of specific yield. Both steady-state and transient-state models demonstrated that the main source of water needed to meet increased pumping requirements was induced flow from the Ohio River.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri914035","usgsCitation":"Lyverse, M.A., Starn, J., and Unthank, M., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer at Louisville, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4035, vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri914035.","productDescription":"vi, 41 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57319,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1991/4035/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62562d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyverse, M. A.","contributorId":89151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyverse","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unthank, M.D.","contributorId":35351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unthank","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68680,"text":"ha732A - 1996 - Hydrogeologic terranes and potential yield of water to wells in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-26T13:32:30","indexId":"ha732A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"732","chapter":"A","title":"Hydrogeologic terranes and potential yield of water to wells in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The hydrogeologic framework of the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania was analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey as part of the Appalachian Valleys— Piedmont Regional Aquifer-System Analysis project. Local differences in lithology, structure, and weathering result in large variation in the water-yielding properties of the rock that underlies the area, Selected rock types, however, can account for a substantial part of this variation because of the unique way in which these rock types deform and weather to produce secondary openings. On the basis of the relations among rock type and water-yielding openings and properties, the regolith and consolidated rock were classified and mapped as five hydrogeologic terranes—alluvium, dolomite. limestone, argillaceous carbonate rock, and siliciclastic rock.
Specific-capacity data for homogeneous data sets, which consist of all wells that have the same characteristics in regard to casing diameter, primary use of the water, and topographic setting, revealed significant differences in water-yielding properties among the five hydrogeologic terranes. According to results of Tukey tests at a probability (alpha level) of 0.10, eight out of ten pairs of hydrogeologic terranes had significantly different median specific-capacity values. Estimates of potential yields to public- and industrial-supply wells were calculated from specific-capacity data for most-productive wells—wells with casing diameter of 7 inches or more, used primarily for public or industrial supply, and in a valley—using median drawdowns for each hydrogeologic terrane, Estimated interquartile ranges in potential yields to most-productive wells in the hydrogeologic terranes, in gallons per minute, were 170 to 600 in alluvium; 280 to 1,700 in dolomite, 80 to 520 in limestone; fish to 550 in argillaceous carbonate rock; and 60 to 24s) in siliciclustic rock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha732A","usgsCitation":"Hollyday, E., Hileman, G.E., Smith, M., and Pavlicek, D., 1996, Hydrogeologic terranes and potential yield of water to wells in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province in Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 732, 2 sheets: 44.00 x 32.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ha732A.","productDescription":"2 sheets: 44.00 x 32.00 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":186435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":90390,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/732a/plate-1.pdf","text":"Sheet 1","size":"6.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 1"},{"id":90391,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/732a/plate-2.pdf","text":"Sheet 2","size":"5.90 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Sheet 2"}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -76.904296875,\n 41.623655390686395\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -79.38720703125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -80.09033203125,\n 39.85915479295669\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -83.78173828125,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -86.37451171875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -87.14355468749999,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -87.14355468749999,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -86.19873046875,\n 33.00866349457558\n ],\n [\n -86.15478515625,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -86.30859375,\n 34.75966612466248\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -84.88037109375,\n 35.764343479667176\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -78.8818359375,\n 40.027614437486655\n ],\n [\n -77.49755859375,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db6278af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollyday, E. F.","contributorId":95062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hileman, G. E.","contributorId":11639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hileman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, M.A.","contributorId":53382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pavlicek, D.J.","contributorId":23590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlicek","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":278721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":26450,"text":"wri954274 - 1996 - Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T21:44:51.983626","indexId":"wri954274","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4274","title":"Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado","docAbstract":"To decrease salt loading to the Colorado River from irrigated agriculture, salinity-control projects have been under construction since 1979 by the Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in the Grand Valley and since 1988 in the lower Gunnison River Basin of western Colorado. In 1980, a salinity-control project was initiated at Meeker Dome, which involved plugging three abandoned oil wells that were discharging saline water to the White River. Trend analysis was used to determine if the salinity-control projects had affected salinity in the Colorado and White Rivers.
The mean annual dissolved-solids load in the Colorado River near the Colorado-Utah State line for water years 1970-93 was about 3.32 million tons. About 46 percent of that load was from the Colorado River upstream from the Grand Valley and about 38 percent was from the Gunnison River. About 16 percent of the dissolved-solids load in the Colorado River near the State line was discharged from the Grand Valley, and most of the Grand Valley dissolved-solids load was from irrigation-induced sources.
Monotonic trend analysis of dissolved-solids and major-ion data for the Colorado and Gunnison Rivers was used for determining if salinity-control projects had affected salinity (dissolved solids) in the Colorado River. Data collected in water years 1970-93 at gaging stations on the Colorado River-one near Cameo and the other near the Colorado-Utah State line, and at the station on the Gunnison River near Grand Junction-were analyzed for trends. A computerized procedure developed by the U.S. Geological Survey that uses the nonparametric seasonal Kendall test with adjustment for streamflow was used for trend analysis of periodic and monthly data, and linear regression was used for trend analysis of annual data. Three time periods were tested, including periods that were concurrent with work on salinity-control projects. Many of the trends in unadjusted concentration and load data were not statistically significant. There were downward trends in flow-adjusted dissolved-solids and major-ion concentrations and in monthly dissolved-solids loads for all three stations in the 1970's, prior to the salinity-control projects. The two stations on the Colorado River also had significant downward trends in flow-adjusted concentrations and loads for water years 1986-93. The cumulative effects of salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley and in the lower Gunnison River Basin on salinity in the Colorado River would have become more substantial after the mid-1980's. Part of the decrease in dissolved solids in the Colorado River near the State line probably was related to salinity-control projects; however, there apparently are other factors that are affecting dissolved solids in the upper Colorado River in addition to salinity-control projects.
A significant decrease in chloride and sodium concentrations in the White River downstream from Meeker Dome indicated that the well plugging in 1981 was successful in stopping much of the discharge of saline water from the wells. Chloride and sodium concentrations have not changed in the White River at Meeker or downstream from Meeker during water years 1982-95, indicating that the well plugging has remained intact.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954274","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., 1996, Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4274, v, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954274.","productDescription":"v, 38 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157827,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4274/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4274/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465910,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48347.htm","text":"Grand Valley and lower Gunnison area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465911,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48348.htm","text":"Meeker Dome area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Grand Valley, lower Gunnison River basin, Meeker Dome","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -106.5,\n 39.25\n ],\n [\n -109,\n 39.25\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4880e4b07f02db515e40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, D. L.","contributorId":36967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26714,"text":"wri954279 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4279","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"The City of Columbus, Ohio, operates four radial collector wells in southern Franklin County. The 'South Well Field' is completed in permeable outwash and ice-contact deposits, upon which flow the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The wells are designed to yield approximately 42 million gallons per day; part of that yield results from induced infiltration of surface water from the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The well field supplied up to 30 percent of the water supply of southern Columbus and its suburbs in 1991. This report describes the hydrogeology of southern Franklin County and a tran sient three-dimensional, numerical ground-water- flow model of the South Well Field.\r\n\r\nThe primary source of ground water in the study area is the glacial drift aquifer. The glacial drift is composed of sand, gravel, and clay depos ited during the Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciations. In general, thick deposits of till containing lenses of sand and gravel dominate the drift in the area west of the Scioto River. The thickest and most productive parts of the glacial drift aquifer are in the buried valleys in the central and eastern parts of the study area underlying the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial drift aquifer differs spa tially and ranges from 30 to 375 feet per day. The specific yield ranges from 0.12 to 0.30.\r\n\r\nThe secondary source of ground water within the study area is the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer, which consists of Silurian and Devonian limestones, dolomites, and shales. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the carbonate bedrock aquifer ranges from 10 to 15 feet per day. The storage coefficient is about 0.0002. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow system in the South Well Field area is recharged by precipitation, regional ground-water flow, and induced stream infiltration. Yearly recharge rates varied spatially and ranged from 4.0 to 12.0 inches. \r\n\r\nThe three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model was constructed by use of the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow code. Recharge, boundary flux, and river leakage are the principal sources of water to the flow system. The study area is bounded on the north and south by streamlines, with flow entering the area from the east and west. Areal recharge is contributed throughout the study area, although a comparatively high percentage of precipitation reaches the water table in the area east of the Scioto River where little surface drain age exists. Ground-water flow is downward in the uplands of the Scioto River, and upward near the river in the glacial drift and carbonate bedrock aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe numerical model contains 53 rows, 45 columns, and 3 layers. The uppermost two layers represent the glacial drift. The bottom layer represents the carbonate bedrock. The horizontal model grid is variably spaced to account for differences in available data and to simulate heads accurately in specific areas of interest. The length and width of grid cells range from 200 to 2,000 feet; the finer spacings are designed to increase detail in the areas near the collector wells. The model uses 7,155 active nodes. \r\n\r\nMeasurements of water levels from October 1979 were used to represent steady-state conditions before municipal pumping at the well field began. Measurements made during March 1986 were used to represent steady-state conditions after commencement of pumping at the well field. Water levels measured during March 1986 - June 1991 were used for calibration targets in the transient simulations. \r\n\r\nThe transient model was discretized into eight stress periods of 93 to 487 days on the basis of recharge, well-field pumpage, and available water-level data. Transient model calibration was based on seven sets of hydraulic-head measure ments made during March 1986 - June 1991. This time period includes large-scale increases in well- field production associated with a drought in the summer of 1988, an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarch Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954279","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Bair, E., and Yost, W., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4279, iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954279.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yost, W.P.","contributorId":51791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29511,"text":"wri954251 - 1996 - Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water with emphasis on sources of sulfate in the upper Floridan Aquifer in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri954251","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4251","title":"Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water with emphasis on sources of sulfate in the upper Floridan Aquifer in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus counties, Florida","docAbstract":"In inland areas of northwest central Florida, sulfate concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer are extremely variable and sometimes exceed drinking water standards (250 milligrams per liter). This is unusual because the aquifer is unconfined and near the surface, allowing for active recharge. The sources of sulfate and geochemical processes controlling ground-water composition were evaluated in this area. Water was sampled from thirty-three wells in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus Counties, within the Southwest Florida Water Management District; these included at least a shallow and a deep well at fifteen separate locations. Ground water was analyzed for major ions, selected trace constituents, dissolved organic carbon, and stable isotopes (sulfur-34 of sulfate and sulfide, carbon-13 of inorganic carbon, deuterium, and oxygen-18). Sulfate concentrations ranged from less than 0.2 to 1,400 milligrams per liter, with higher sulfate concentrations usually in water from deeper wells. The samples can be categorized into a low sulfate group (less than 30 milligrams per liter) and a high sulfate group (greater than 30 milligrams per liter). For the high sulfate water, concentrations of calcium and magnesium increased concurrently with sulfate. Chemical and isotopic data and mass-balance modeling indicate that the composition of high sulfate waters is controlled by dedolomitization reactions (dolomite dissolution and calcite precipitation, driven by dissolution of gypsum). Gypsum occurs deeper in the aquifer than open intervals of sampled wells. Upward flow has been documented in deeper parts of the aquifer in the study area, which may be driven by localized discharge areas or rapid flow in shallow parts of the aquifer. Mixing between shallow ground water and sulfate-rich water that dissolved gypsum at the base of the aquifer is probably responsible for the range of concentrations observed in the study area. Other solutes that increased with sulfate apparently originate from the gypsum itself, from other mineral assemblages found deeper in the aquifer in association with gypsum, and from residual seawater from less- flushed, deeper parts of the aquifer. These ions are subsequently transported with sulfate to shallower parts of the aquifer where gypsum is not present. The composition of low sulfate ground water is controlled by differences in the extent of microbially mediated reactions, which produce carbon dioxide. This, in turn, influences the extent of calcite dissolution. Ground waters which underwent limited microbial reactions contained dissolved oxygen and were usually in ridge areas where recharge typically is rapid. Anaerobic waters were in lower lying areas of Sumter County, where soils are poorly drained and aquifer recharge is slow. Anaerobic waters had higher concentrations of calcium, bicarbonate, sulfide, dissolved organic carbon, iron, manganese, and silica, and had lower concentrations of nitrate than aerobic ground waters. For low sulfate waters, sulfate generally originates from meteoric sources (atmospheric precipitation), with variable amounts of oxidation of reduced sulfur and sulfate reduction. Sulfide is sometimes removed from solution, probably by precipitation of a sulfide minerals such as pyrite. In areas where deep ground water has low sulfate concentrations, the shallow flow system is apparently deeper than where high sulfate concentrations occur, and upwelling sulfate-rich water is negligible. The range of sulfate concentrations observed in the study areas and differences in sulfate concentrations with depth indicate a complex interaction between shallow and deep ground-water flow systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBooks and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954251","usgsCitation":"Sacks, L.A., 1996, Geochemical and isotopic composition of ground water with emphasis on sources of sulfate in the upper Floridan Aquifer in parts of Marion, Sumter, and Citrus counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4251, vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954251.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2502,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954251","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4251.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae6f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26388,"text":"wri954109 - 1996 - Ground-water levels and flow at selected study sites in the Walnut Creek Management System Evaluation Area, Boone and Story counties, Iowa, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-21T14:49:56","indexId":"wri954109","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4109","title":"Ground-water levels and flow at selected study sites in the Walnut Creek Management System Evaluation Area, Boone and Story counties, Iowa, 1991-93","docAbstract":"Data collected from May 1991 through September 1993 to determine seasonal fluctuations in ground-water levels and to estimate directions of ground-water flow in the saturated zone at selected study sites at the Iowa Management Systems Evaluation Area in the Walnut Creek Watershed are presented. The Walnut Creek Watershed is located on glacial deposits of Wisconsinan age in central Iowa and includes about 20 square miles. The upper glacial materials appear to be supraglacial tills rather than basal glacial tills and contain both oxidized and unoxidized zones. Water levels were measured in 102 wells from 38 locations at 7 study sites in the watershed. Water levels fluctuated in response to local climatic conditions and ranged from at or near the land surface to more than 30 feet below land surface. In general, ground water flowed towards Walnut Creek or large drainage tiles. Potentiometric-surface maps at the selected study sites can be used to determine which locations might be affected by agricultural management practices in place at each site.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954109","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","usgsCitation":"Buchmiller, R., 1996, Ground-water levels and flow at selected study sites in the Walnut Creek Management System Evaluation Area, Boone and Story counties, Iowa, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4109, iv, 69 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954109.","productDescription":"iv, 69 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4109/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55182,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.58034133911133,\n 41.96919079421467\n ],\n [\n -93.57433319091797,\n 41.964085349226664\n ],\n [\n -93.5731315612793,\n 41.95846888718632\n ],\n [\n -93.56935501098633,\n 41.95476685744922\n ],\n [\n -93.56489181518555,\n 41.94851121511038\n ],\n [\n -93.56935501098633,\n 41.94251032826124\n ],\n [\n -93.55939865112305,\n 41.936636572933864\n ],\n [\n -93.55922698974608,\n 41.93216704883793\n ],\n [\n -93.56386184692381,\n 41.92578147109541\n ],\n [\n -93.57107162475585,\n 41.923737951221014\n ],\n [\n -93.57587814331055,\n 41.925653753020825\n ],\n [\n -93.58377456665039,\n 41.93127310643353\n ],\n [\n -93.59098434448242,\n 41.93548729665268\n ],\n [\n -93.59956741333008,\n 41.9407227208705\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 41.9400842775143\n ],\n [\n -93.61295700073242,\n 41.9418719028033\n ],\n [\n -93.62308502197266,\n 41.9435317956981\n ],\n [\n -93.63046646118164,\n 41.941999588406254\n ],\n [\n -93.64299774169922,\n 41.93599808866782\n ],\n [\n -93.64969253540038,\n 41.93203934354719\n ],\n [\n -93.65484237670898,\n 41.928463491601\n ],\n [\n -93.66411209106445,\n 41.92782492551717\n ],\n [\n -93.67149353027344,\n 41.93050686011539\n ],\n [\n -93.6829948425293,\n 41.93599808866782\n ],\n [\n -93.6920928955078,\n 41.93893506336477\n ],\n [\n -93.70410919189453,\n 41.9437871600004\n ],\n [\n -93.71784210205078,\n 41.95336258301847\n ],\n [\n -93.7324333190918,\n 41.97008420502254\n ],\n [\n -93.7356948852539,\n 41.97748626968658\n ],\n [\n -93.73449325561523,\n 41.984377073824554\n ],\n [\n -93.73552322387694,\n 41.99152230528149\n ],\n [\n -93.73157501220702,\n 41.99560493460928\n ],\n [\n -93.72350692749023,\n 41.996880702568845\n ],\n [\n -93.7108039855957,\n 41.998028871866495\n ],\n [\n -93.7027359008789,\n 41.99726342796974\n ],\n [\n -93.6939811706543,\n 41.988204976126866\n ],\n [\n -93.69226455688477,\n 41.984504674276074\n ],\n [\n -93.68162155151367,\n 41.979145235130126\n ],\n [\n -93.66582870483398,\n 41.973147232665525\n ],\n [\n -93.65123748779297,\n 41.97008420502254\n ],\n [\n -93.64299774169922,\n 41.965999939043364\n ],\n [\n -93.63853454589844,\n 41.96268128012771\n ],\n [\n -93.62600326538085,\n 41.96012834795066\n ],\n [\n -93.6203384399414,\n 41.96523411002093\n ],\n [\n -93.60918045043945,\n 41.967914471324725\n ],\n [\n -93.60334396362305,\n 41.96523411002093\n ],\n [\n -93.6009407043457,\n 41.9625536359481\n ],\n [\n -93.58926773071289,\n 41.96229834682172\n ],\n [\n -93.58875274658203,\n 41.9688079000327\n ],\n [\n -93.58034133911133,\n 41.96919079421467\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668bd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buchmiller, Robert","contributorId":82742,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchmiller","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23541,"text":"ofr96126 - 1996 - Concentrations and loads of selected trace elements and other constituents in the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:16:54","indexId":"ofr96126","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-126","title":"Concentrations and loads of selected trace elements and other constituents in the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994","docAbstract":"The Pueblo of Isleta and the New Mexico Environment Department \r\nhave established water-quality standards for the Rio Grande, \r\nwhich flows through Albuquerque, New Mexico. Trace-element \r\nconcentrations historically have been greater than maximum \r\npermissible concentrations allowed by these standards. It is not \r\nknown if these concentrations are due to sources from the \r\nAlbuquerque metropolitan area or are from natural or other \r\nsources outside Albuquerque.\r\n\r\nAccurate water-quality data with lower reporting limits than \r\nhave been previously available were collected, and instantaneous \r\nconcentrations and loads were calculated for trace elements and \r\nother constituents in the Rio Grande during high-flow and low-\r\nflow conditions. Seven sampling sites were selected upstream \r\nfrom, in, and downstream from metropolitan Albuquerque. \r\nConcurrent streamflow measurements were made at the time of \r\nsampling to determine suspended-sediment loads. Samples were \r\nanalyzed separately for trace elements dissolved in water (less \r\nthan 0.4 micrometer in diameter) and for those contained in \r\nsuspended sediment (greater than 0.1 micrometer in diameter). \r\nSample collection and processing, analytical methods, and quality \r\ncontrol are discussed.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr96126","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Kelly, T., and Taylor, H.E., 1996, Concentrations and loads of selected trace elements and other constituents in the Rio Grande in the vicinity of Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-126, v, 45 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96126.","productDescription":"v, 45 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0126/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52829,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0126/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","county":"Bernalillo County","city":"Albuquerque ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-106.242,35.2147],[-106.2387,35.0549],[-106.2386,35.0408],[-106.2373,34.9568],[-106.1453,34.9547],[-106.1446,34.872],[-106.3328,34.8712],[-106.3569,34.8702],[-106.409,34.8687],[-106.4097,34.8914],[-106.417,34.8945],[-106.4221,34.9013],[-106.6755,34.9065],[-106.6838,34.9006],[-106.6917,34.901],[-106.6922,34.896],[-106.7139,34.8772],[-106.7127,34.8713],[-107.0181,34.8727],[-107.0227,34.8817],[-107.0641,34.9618],[-107.104,35.0395],[-107.1068,35.0454],[-107.1769,35.1809],[-107.1972,35.2197],[-107.1628,35.2192],[-107.1623,35.2192],[-107.1578,35.2192],[-107.1262,35.2186],[-107.1105,35.2188],[-107.0936,35.2189],[-107.0801,35.2186],[-107.0761,35.2186],[-107.0345,35.2185],[-106.9416,35.217],[-106.9337,35.2171],[-106.8808,35.2171],[-106.8622,35.2172],[-106.5955,35.2184],[-106.5645,35.2186],[-106.4964,35.2184],[-106.479,35.2176],[-106.4531,35.2172],[-106.3822,35.2175],[-106.3765,35.2175],[-106.242,35.2147]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Bernalillo\",\"state\":\"NM\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b13e4b07f02db6a3772","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Todd","contributorId":89168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}