The Virgin River contributes a substantial amount of dissolved solids (salt) to the Colorado River at Lake Mead in the lower Colorado River Basin. Degradation of Colorado River water by the addition of dissolved solids from the Virgin River affects the suitability of the water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use within the basin. Dixie Hot Springs in Utah are a major localized source of dissolved solids discharging to the Virgin River. The average measured discharge from Dixie Hot Springs during 2009–10 was 11.0 cubic feet per second (ft3/s), and the average dissolved-solids concentration was 9,220 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The average dissolved-solids load—a measurement that describes the mass of salt that is transported per unit of time—from Dixie Hot Springs during this period was 96,200 tons per year (ton/yr).
\nAnnual dissolved-solids loads were estimated at 13 monitoring sites in the Virgin River Basin from streamflow data and discrete measurements of dissolved-solids concentrations and (or) specific conductance. Eight of the sites had the data needed to estimate annual dissolved-solids loads for water years (WYs) 1999 through 2010. During 1999–2010, the smallest dissolved-solids loads in the Virgin River were upstream of Dixie Hot Springs (59,900 ton/yr, on average) and the largest loads were downstream of Littlefield Springs (298,200 ton/yr, on average). Annual dissolved-solids loads were smallest during 2002–03, which was a period of below normal precipitation. Annual dissolved-solids loads were largest during 2005—a year that included a winter rain storm that resulted in flooding throughout much of the Virgin River Basin.
\nAn average seepage loss of 26.7 ft3/s was calculated from analysis of monthly average streamflow from July 1998 to September 2010 in the Virgin River for the reach that extends from just upstream of the Utah/Arizona State line to just above the Virgin River Gorge Narrows. Seepage losses from three river reaches in the Virgin River Gorge containing known fault zones accounted for about 48 percent of this total seepage loss. An additional seepage loss of 6.7 ft3/s was calculated for the reach of the Virgin River between Bloomington, Utah, and the Utah/Arizona State line. This loss in flow is small compared to total flow in the river and is comparable to the rated error in streamflow measurements in this reach; consequently, it should be used with caution.
\nLittlefield Springs were studied to determine the fraction of its discharge that originates as upstream seepage from the Virgin River and residence time of this water in the subsurface. Geochemical and environmental tracer data from groundwater and surface-water sites in the Virgin River Gorge area suggest that discharge from Littlefield Springs is a mixture of modern (post-1950s) seepage from the Virgin River upstream of the springs and older groundwater from a regional carbonate aquifer. Concentrations of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFC-12 and CFC-113, chloride/fluoride and chloride/bromide ratios, and the stable isotope deuterium indicate that water discharging from Littlefield Springs is about 60 percent seepage from the Virgin River and about 40 percent discharge from the regional carbonate aquifer. The river seepage component was determined to have an average subsurface traveltime of about 26 ±1.6 years before discharging at Littlefield Springs. Radiocarbon data for Littlefield Springs suggest groundwater ages from 1,000 to 9,000 years. Because these are mixed waters, the component of discharge from the carbonate aquifer is likely much older than the groundwater ages suggested by the Littlefield Springs samples.
\nIf the dissolved-solids load from Dixie Hot Springs to the Virgin River were reduced, the irrigation water subsequently applied to agricultural fields in the St. George and Washington areas, which originates as water from the Virgin River downstream of Dixie Hot Springs, would have a lower dissolved-solids concentration. Dissolved-solids concentrations in excess irrigation water draining from the agricultural fields are about 1,700 mg/L higher than the concentrations in the Virgin River water that is currently (2014) used for irrigation that contains inflow from Dixie Hot Springs; this increase results from evaporative concentration and dissolution of mineral salts in the irrigated agricultural fields. The water samples collected from drains downgradient from the irrigated areas are assumed to include the dissolution of all available minerals precipitated in the soil during the previous irrigation season. Based on this assumption, a change to more dilute irrigation water will not dissolve additional minerals and increase the dissolved-solids load in the drain discharge. Following the hypothetical reduction of salts from Dixie Hot Springs, which would result in more dilute Virgin River irrigation water than is currently used, the dissolution of minerals left in the soil from the previous irrigation season would result in a net increase in dissolved-solids concentrations in the drain discharge, but this increase should only last one irrigation season. After one (or several) seasons of irrigating with more dilute irrigation water, mineral precipitation and subsequent re-dissolution beneath the agricultural fields should be greatly reduced, leading to a reduction in dissolved-solids load to the Virgin River below the agricultural drains.
\nA mass-balance model was used to predict changes in the dissolved-solids load in the Virgin River if the salt discharging from Dixie Hot Springs were reduced or removed. Assuming that 33.4 or 26.7 ft3/s of water seeps from the Virgin River to the groundwater system upstream of the Virgin River Gorge Narrows, the immediate hypothetical reduction in dissolved-solids load in the Virgin River at Littlefield, Arizona is estimated to be 67,700 or 71,500 ton/yr, respectively. The decrease in dissolved-solids load in seepage from the Virgin River to the groundwater system is expected to reduce the load discharging from Littlefield Springs in approximately 26 years, the estimated time lag between seepage from the river and discharge of the seepage water, after subsurface transport, from Littlefield Springs. At that time, the entire reduction in dissolved solids seeping from the Virgin River is expected to be realized as a reduction in dissolved solids discharging from Littlefield Springs, resulting in an additional reduction of 24,700 ton/yr (based on 33.4 ft3/s of seepage loss) or 21,000 ton/yr (based on 26.7 ft3/s of seepage loss) in the river’s dissolved-solids load at Littlefield.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145093","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation and the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Forum","usgsCitation":"Gerner, S.J., and Thiros, S.A., 2014, Hydrosalinity studies of the Virgin River, Dixie Hot Springs, and Littlefield Springs, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5093, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145093.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"58","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-039473","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292727,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145093.jpg"},{"id":292726,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5093/pdf/sir2014-5093.pdf"},{"id":292722,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5093/"}],"projection":"U.S.A. Contiguous Albers Equal Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Dixie Hot Springs, Littlefield Springs, Virgin River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.333333,36.5 ], [ -114.333333,37.5 ], [ -112.916667,37.5 ], [ -112.916667,36.5 ], [ -114.333333,36.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f6f9b7e4b05ec1f24290d9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509846,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":509845,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gerner, Steven J. 0000-0002-5701-1304 sjgerner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5701-1304","contributorId":972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerner","given":"Steven","email":"sjgerner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thiros, Susan A. 0000-0002-8544-553X sthiros@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-553X","contributorId":965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thiros","given":"Susan","email":"sthiros@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120901,"text":"ds860 - 2014 - Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Dauphin Island, Alabama, to Breton Island, Louisiana, August 8, 2012","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-21T08:30:40","indexId":"ds860","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-21T08:25:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"860","title":"Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Dauphin Island, Alabama, to Breton Island, Louisiana, August 8, 2012","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts baseline and storm response photography missions to document and understand the changes in vulnerability of the Nation's coasts to extreme storms. On August 8, 2012, the USGS conducted an oblique aerial photographic survey from Dauphin Island, Alabama, to Breton Island, Louisiana, aboard a Cessna 172 at an altitude of 500 feet (ft) and approximately 1,000 ft offshore. This mission was flown to collect baseline data for assessing incremental changes since the last survey, and the data can be used in the assessment of future coastal change.
\nThe images provided here are Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. Exiftool was used to add the following to the header of each photo: time of collection, Global Positioning System (GPS) latitude, GPS longitude, keywords, credit, artist (photographer), caption, copyright, and contact information. The photograph locations are an estimate of the position of the aircraft and do not indicate the location of any feature in the images (see the Navigation Data page). These photographs document the configuration of the barrier islands and other coastal features at the time of the survey. Pages containing thumbnail images of the photographs, referred to as contact sheets, were created in 5-minute segments of flight time. These segements can be found on the Photos and Maps page. Photographs can be opened directly with any JPEG-compatible image viewer by clicking on a thumbnail on the contact sheet.
\nTable 1 provides detailed information about the GPS location, name, date, and time each of the 1241 photographs taken along with links to each photograph. The photography is organized into segments, also referred to as contact sheets, and represent approximately 5 minutes of flight time. (Also see the Photos and Maps page).
\nIn addition to the photographs, a Google Earth Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is provided and can be used to view the images by clicking on the marker and then clicking on either the thumbnail or the link above the thumbnail. The KML files were created using the photographic navigation files.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds860","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K., and Westphal, K.A., 2014, Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Dauphin Island, Alabama, to Breton Island, Louisiana, August 8, 2012: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 860, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds860.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049766","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292725,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds860.PNG"},{"id":292724,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0860/ds860_title.html"},{"id":292721,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0860/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Breton Island;Dauphin Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.0,29.2 ], [ -90.0,30.8 ], [ -88.0,30.8 ], [ -88.0,29.2 ], [ -90.0,29.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f6f9afe4b05ec1f24290b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, Karen L.M. 0000-0002-2994-5572","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-5572","contributorId":95553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Karen L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westphal, Karen A.","contributorId":92435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westphal","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70134825,"text":"70134825 - 2014 - Book review: Spatial capture-recapture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T15:15:26","indexId":"70134825","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-21T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Spatial capture-recapture","docAbstract":"Understanding how animals use space is a vital aspect of conservation planning and wildlife management. Technological developments (e.g., increased computer power and desktop geographic information system [GIS] applications) are bringing the ability to analyze spatial data sets to the individual biologist. Therefore, it is not surprising that methodologies have been developed to incorporate space into capture-recapture models, which are some of the most fundamental models in the field of wildlife ecology. Spatial Capture-Recapture (hereafter SCR) is a timely and informative contribution that summarizes the history and motivation behind SCR models, in addition to providing details of the methodological framework that allows the reader to develop and customize SCR models to address their own ecological questions.
\nReview info: Spatial Capture-Recapture. By J. Andrew Royle, Richard B. Chandler, Rahel Sollmann, and Beth Gardner, 2014. ISBN: 978-0124059399, 577 pp.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.762","usgsCitation":"Russell, R.E., 2014, Book review: Spatial capture-recapture: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 7, p. 1319-1320, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.762.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1319","endPage":"1320","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057168","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296461,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"78","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5482e542e4b0aa6d77852ff9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Russell, Robin E. 0000-0001-8726-7303 rerussell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8726-7303","contributorId":3998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"Robin","email":"rerussell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":526491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70110382,"text":"ds857 - 2014 - Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Breton Island, Louisiana, to the Alabama-Florida border, July 13, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T14:12:20","indexId":"ds857","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T14:08:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"857","title":"Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Breton Island, Louisiana, to the Alabama-Florida border, July 13, 2013","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts baseline and storm response photography missions to document and understand the changes in vulnerability of the Nation's coasts to extreme storms. On July 13, 2013, the USGS conducted an oblique aerial photographic survey from Breton Island, Louisiana, to the Alabama-Florida border, aboard a Cessna 172 flying at an altitude of 500 feet (ft) and approximately 1,000 ft offshore. This mission was flown to collect baseline data for assessing incremental changes since the last survey, and the data can be used in the assessment of future coastal change.
\nThe images provided here are Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) images. ExifTtool was used to add the following to the header of each photo: time of collection, Global Positioning System (GPS) latitude, GPS longitude, keywords, credit, artist (photographer), caption, copyright, and contact information. The photograph locations are an estimate of the position of the aircraft and do not indicate the location of any feature in the images (see the Navigation Data page). These photographs document the configuration of the barrier islands and other coastal features at the time of the survey. Pages containing thumbnail images of the photographs, referred to as contact sheets, were created in 5-minute segments of flight time. These segements can be found on the Photos and Maps page. Photographs can be opened directly with any JPEG-compatible image viewer by clicking on a thumbnail on the contact sheet.
\nTable 1 provides detailed information about the GPS location, name, date, and time each of the 1242 photographs taken along with links to each photograph. The photography is organized into segments, also referred to as contact sheets, and represent approximately 5 minutes of flight time. (Also see the Photos and Maps page).
\nIn addition to the photographs, a Google Earth Keyhole Markup Language (KML) file is provided and can be used to view the images by clicking on the marker and then clicking on either the thumbnail or the link above the thumbnail. The KML files were created using the photographic navigation files.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ds857","usgsCitation":"Morgan, K., and Westphal, K.A., 2014, Baseline coastal oblique aerial photographs collected from Breton Island, Louisiana, to the Alabama-Florida border, July 13, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 857, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds857.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050158","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292679,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ds857.jpg"},{"id":292676,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0857/"},{"id":292677,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/0857/ds857_title.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama;Florida;Louisiana;Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Breton Island;Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -88.75,28.75 ], [ -88.75,30.25 ], [ -88.5,30.25 ], [ -88.5,28.75 ], [ -88.75,28.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5a82ee4b09d12e0e85121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, Karen L.M. 0000-0002-2994-5572","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2994-5572","contributorId":95553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"Karen L.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westphal, Karen A.","contributorId":92435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westphal","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70107926,"text":"fs20143044 - 2014 - Water resources of Caldwell Parish, Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T14:12:43","indexId":"fs20143044","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T14:07:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3044","title":"Water resources of Caldwell Parish, Louisiana","docAbstract":"Information concerning the availability, use, and quality of water in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, is critical for proper water-supply management. The purpose of this fact sheet is to present information that can be used by water managers, parish residents, and others for stewardship of this vital resource. Information on the availability, past and current use, use trends, and water quality from groundwater and surface-water sources in the parish is presented. Previously published reports and data stored in the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Information System (http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis) are the primary sources of the information presented here.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143044","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development","usgsCitation":"Prakken, L., and White, V.E., 2014, Water resources of Caldwell Parish, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3044, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143044.","productDescription":"6 p.","numberOfPages":"6","ipdsId":"IP-055490","costCenters":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292678,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3044/"},{"id":292680,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3044/pdf/fs2014-3044.pdf"},{"id":292681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143044.jpg"}],"projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","county":"Caldwell Parish","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.333333,31.916667 ], [ -92.333333,32.333333 ], [ -91.833333,32.333333 ], [ -91.833333,31.916667 ], [ -92.333333,31.916667 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5a832e4b09d12e0e85132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prakken, Lawrence B.","contributorId":73978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prakken","given":"Lawrence B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Vincent E. 0000-0002-1660-0102 vwhite@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-0102","contributorId":5388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Vincent","email":"vwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":369,"text":"Louisiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70123544,"text":"70123544 - 2014 - Utilizing hunter harvest effort to survey for wildlife disease: a case study of West Nile virus in greater sage-grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-11T16:37:44","indexId":"70123544","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T12:37:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utilizing hunter harvest effort to survey for wildlife disease: a case study of West Nile virus in greater sage-grouse","docAbstract":"Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; sage-grouse) are highly susceptible to infection with West Nile virus (WNV), with substantial mortality reported in wild populations and in experimentally infected birds. Although sage-grouse are hunted throughout much of their range, they have also recently been considered for protection under the Endangered Species Act. We used blood samples collected on filter-paper strips during the 2006–2010 Oregon, USA, annual sage-grouse hunt to survey for specific WNV-neutralizing antibodies that indicate a previous infection with WNV. During this period, hunters submitted 1,880 blood samples from sage-grouse they harvested. Samples obtained were proportional for all 12 Oregon sage-grouse hunting units. Laboratory testing of 1,839 samples by the WNV epitope-blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) followed by plaque reduction neutralization test on bELISA-positive samples yielded 19 (1%) and 1 (0.05%) positive samples, respectively. These data provided early baseline information for future comparisons regarding the prevalence of WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies in sage-grouse in Oregon. This methodology may provide other states where sage-grouse (or other species) populations are hunted and where WNV constitutes a species conservation concern with a viable option to track the relative prevalence of the virus in populations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/wsb.472","usgsCitation":"Dusek, R., Hagen, C.A., Franson, J., Budeau, D.A., and Hofmeister, E.K., 2014, Utilizing hunter harvest effort to survey for wildlife disease: a case study of West Nile virus in greater sage-grouse: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 38, no. 4, p. 721-727, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.472.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"721","endPage":"727","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2006-01-01","temporalEnd":"2010-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-040806","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":499983,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/903a10d9b61f4567b7ca7472c8671126","text":"External 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Groundwater samples collected between 2002 and 2008 in the McBee area by South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC) officials indicated that groundwater from two public-supply wells was characterized by the anthropogenic compounds ethylene dibromide (EDB) and dibromochloropropane (DBCP) at concentrations that exceeded their respective maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR). Groundwater samples from all public-supply wells in the McBee area were characterized by the naturally occurring isotopes of radium-226 and radium-228 at concentrations that approached, and in one well exceeded, the MCL for the combined isotopes. The local water utility installed granulated activated carbon filtration units at the two EDB- and DBCP-contaminated wells and has, since 2011, shut down these two wells. Groundwater pumped by the remaining public-supply wells is currently (2014) centrally treated at a water-filtration plant.
\n\n
To assess the occurrence, distribution, and potential sources of the anthropogenic and naturally occurring compounds detected in groundwater in the McBee area, samples of groundwater and spring water were collected from public-supply, domestic-supply, agricultural-supply, and monitoring wells and springs, respectively, between 2010 and 2012 by the U.S. Geological Survey. The water samples were analyzed for concentrations of EDB, DBCP, other volatile organic compounds (VOCs), radium-226 and radium-228, radon, and inorganic compounds. All wells sampled were screened in the shallow Crouch Branch aquifer, the deeper McQueen Branch aquifer, or, for most public-supply wells, both aquifers. In areas where no wells existed or wells could not be installed, passive samplers that adsorb EDB, DBCP, and various VOCs, were installed in the shallow subsurface. A representative groundwater flow pathway to each public supply well and selected other wells was determined by using a calibrated three-dimensional groundwater-flow model of the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Chesterfield County and particle-tracking analysis. The aerial extent of the groundwater flow pathway to public-supply wells was mapped by using chlorofluorocarbon-concentration based, apparent-age dates of the groundwater.
\n\n
The water-quality data collected between 2010 and 2012, in conjunction with groundwater flow pathways and historical aerial photographs of land uses near McBee, indicate an area where EDB-, DBCP-, 1,2-dichloropropane-, 1,3-dichloropropane-, and carbon disulfide-contaminated groundwater exists in the Crouch Branch aquifer in the Cedar Creek Basin and north of McBee and is most likely related to the past use of these compounds between the early 1900s and the 1980s as soil fumigants in predominately agricultural areas north of McBee. The highest EDB concentration detected (18.6 micrograms per liter) during the 3-year study was in a groundwater sample from an agricultural-supply well located north of McBee. Other VOCs, such as dichloromethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane, also were detected in groundwater samples from this EDB-contaminated agricultural-supply well but are from unknown source(s). The fact that the agricultural area north of McBee is located in a recharge area for the Crouch Branch aquifer most likely facilitated the groundwater contamination in this area. DBCP-contaminated groundwater detected in three public-supply wells south of McBee in the deeper McQueen Branch aquifer appears to be related to past soil fumigation practices that used DBCP in agricultural areas located south of McBee. One of the three DBCP-contaminated public-supply wells also contained EDB, most likely present in groundwater due to the release of leaded gasolines that contained EDB as a fuel additive between the 1940s and 1970s. A gasoline-source of EDB, rather than a soil-fumigation source, is supported by the co-detection in groundwater from the well of 1,2-dichloroethane, a lead scavenger compound also added to leaded gasoline. Groundwater pumped from two public-supply wells located within and to the east of the McBee town limits and one domestic-supply well east of McBee was characterized by the detection of 1,1-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene. Groundwater flow pathways determined for these wells indicate that the potential source(s) of these compounds detected in one public-supply well and the domestic-supply well may be located within the McBee town limits, and that the potential source(s) of these compounds detected in the public-supply well to the east of McBee may be located in an area north of McBee formerly used for agriculture, but used for industry since at least the 1970s. Radium isotopes (defined in this study as the sum of radium-226 and radium-228 concentrations) and radon were detected in all wells sampled in the McBee area between 2010 and 2012. Wells characterized by radium isotope concentrations in groundwater that exceeded the MCL of 5.0 picocuries per liter were also characterized by specific conductance values greater than 30 microsiemens per centimeter and clustered north of McBee in a predominately agricultural area, and in agricultural and urban areas located within and east of McBee. The elevated specific conductance values measured in groundwater from these wells most likely are due to recharge by water mineralized by fertilizer application in agricultural areas, or due to the recharge by water mineralized by septic-tank drain-field effluent near urban areas. Radon was detected in groundwater from all wells sampled, and radon concentrations in groundwater from three monitoring wells exceeded the proposed MCL of 300 picocuries per liter. Concentrations of uranium in groundwater in the McBee area increased with increased groundwater-sample depth, most likely due to the proximity of the sample-collection location to basement rock that contains uranium-bearing minerals.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145114","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., and Campbell, B.G., 2014, Assessment of ethylene dibromide, dibromochloropropane, other volatile organic compounds, radium isotopes, radon, and inorganic compounds in groundwater and spring water from the Crouch Branch and McQueen Branch aquifers near McBee, South Carolina, 2010-2012 (Version 1: Originally posted August 20, 2014; Version 1.1: April 30, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5114, xi, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145114.","productDescription":"xi, 94 p.","numberOfPages":"110","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-01-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-053032","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299995,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145114.jpg"},{"id":292624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5114/"},{"id":292625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5114/pdf/sir2014-5114.pdf","text":"Report","size":"12.6 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"scale":"100000","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Mcbee","otherGeospatial":"Crouch Branch Aquifer, Mcqueen Branch Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -80.6,34.333333 ], [ -80.6,34.833333 ], [ -79.9,34.833333 ], [ -79.9,34.333333 ], [ -80.6,34.333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1: Originally posted August 20, 2014; Version 1.1: April 30, 2015","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5a82ee4b09d12e0e8511e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, James 0000-0002-5640-3816 jlandmey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5640-3816","contributorId":3257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"James","email":"jlandmey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Bruce G. 0000-0003-4800-6674 bcampbel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4800-6674","contributorId":995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Bruce","email":"bcampbel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70120126,"text":"fs20143058 - 2014 - The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T15:28:20","indexId":"fs20143058","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T09:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3058","title":"The 3D Elevation Program: summary for Georgia","docAbstract":"Elevation data are essential to a broad range of applications, including forest resources management, wildlife and habitat management, national security, recreation, and many others. For the State of Georgia, elevation data are critical for infrastructure and construction management, natural resources conservation, flood risk management, agriculture and precision farming, forest resources management, water supply and quality, and other business uses. Today, high-density light detection and ranging (lidar) data are the primary sources for deriving elevation models and other datasets. Federal, State, Tribal, and local agencies work in partnership to (1) replace data that are older and of lower quality and (2) provide coverage where publicly accessible data do not exist. A joint goal of State and Federal partners is to acquire consistent, statewide coverage to support existing and emerging applications enabled by lidar data.
\nThe National Enhanced Elevation Assessment evaluated multiple elevation data acquisition options to determine the optimal data quality and data replacement cycle relative to cost to meet the identified requirements of the user community. The evaluation demonstrated that lidar acquisition at quality level 2 for the conterminous United States and quality level 5 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (ifsar) data for Alaska with a 6- to 10-year acquisition cycle provided the highest benefit/cost ratios.The 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) initiative selected an 8-year acquisition cycle for the respective quality levels. 3DEP, managed by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Office of Management and Budget Circular A–16 lead agency for terrestrial elevation data, responds to the growing need for high-quality topographic data and a wide range of other 3D representations of the Nation’s natural and constructed features.
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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5a82fe4b09d12e0e85129","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carswell, William J. Jr. carswell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carswell","given":"William J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"carswell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70116618,"text":"sir20145102 - 2014 - Hydrogeology and hydrology of the Punta Cabullones wetland area, Ponce, southern Puerto Rico, 2007-08","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-20T09:45:38","indexId":"sir20145102","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T09:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5102","title":"Hydrogeology and hydrology of the Punta Cabullones wetland area, Ponce, southern Puerto Rico, 2007-08","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Municipio Autónomo de Ponce and the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, conducted a study of the hydrogeology and hydrology of the Punta Cabullones area in Ponce, southern Puerto Rico. (Punta Cabullones is also referred to as Punta Cabullón.) The Punta Cabullones area is about 9 square miles and is an ecological system made up of a wetland, tidal flats, saltflats, mangrove forests, and a small fringing reef located a short distance offshore. The swales or depressions between successive beach ridges became development avenues for saline to hypersaline wetlands. The Punta Cabullones area was designated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a coastal barrier in the 1980s because of its capacity to act as a buffer zone to ameliorate the impacts of natural phenomenon such as storm surges. Since 2003, Punta Cabullones has been set aside for preservation as part of the mitigation effort mandated by Federal and State laws to compensate for the potential environmental effects that might be caused by the construction of the Las Américas Transshipment Port.
\nTotal rainfall measured during 2008 within the Punta Cabullones area was 36 inches, which is slightly greater than the long-term annual average of 32 inches for the coastal plain near Ponce. Two evapotranspiration estimates, 29 and 37 inches, were obtained for the subarea of the Punta Cabullones area that is underlain by fan-delta and alluvial deposits by using two variants of the Penman semi-empirical equation.
\nThe long-term water stage and chemical character of the wetland in Punta Cabullones are highly dependent on the seasonal and annual variations of both rainfall and sea-wave activity. Also, unseasonal short-term above-normal rainfall and sea-wave events resulting from passing storms may induce substantial changes in the water stage and the chemical character of the wetland. In general, tidal fluctuations exert a minor role in modifying the water quality and stage of the wetland in Punta Cabullones. The role of the tidal fluctuations becomes important during those times when the outlets/inlets to the sea are not blocked by a sand bar and is allowed to freely flow into the wetland interior. The salinity of the wetland varies from brackish to hypersaline. The hypersaline conditions, including the occurrence of saltflats, within the Punta Cabullones wetland area result from a high evapotranspiration rate. The hypersaline conditions are further enhanced by a sand bar that blocks the inlet/outlet of the wetland’s easternmost channel, particularly during the dry season.
\nGroundwater in Punta Cabullones mostly is present within beds of silisiclastic sand and gravel. During the study period, the depth to groundwater did not exceed 4 feet below land surface. The movement and direction of the groundwater flow in Punta Cabullones are driven by density variations that in turn result from the wide range of salinities in the groundwater. The salinity of the groundwater decreases within the first 60 to 100 feet of depth and decreases outward from a mound of hypersaline groundwater centered on piezometer nest PN2. The main groundwater types within the Punta Cabullones area vary from calcium-bicarbonate type in the northernmost part of the study area to a predominantly sodium-potassium-chloride groundwater type southward. According to stable-isotope data, groundwater within the study area is both modern meteoric water and seawater highly affected by evaporation. The chemical and stable-isotopic character of local groundwater is highly influenced by evapotranspiration because of its shallow depth.
\nEquivalent freshwater heads indicate groundwater moves away from a mound centered on piezometer nest PN2, in a pattern similar to the spatial distribution of groundwater salinity. Vertical groundwater flow occurs in Punta Cabullones due to local differences in density. In the wetland subarea of Punta Cabullones, groundwater and surface water are hydraulically coupled. Locally, surface-hypersaline water sinks into the aquifer, providing recharge and serving as a mechanism to redistribute salt throughout the study area. The evapotranspiration in the wetland subarea is estimated at about 11 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) that is equivalent to about 12,586 acre-feet per year. The balance of evapotranspiration, in excess of the about 0.5 Mgal/d of groundwater flow within the wetland, is supplied by saline to hypersaline surface water that may include seawater and meteoric water highly affected by evaporation with dissolved salts. In one of the extreme scenarios in which no groundwater is intercepted by pumpage at the Restaurada well field, the amount of saline to hypersaline water in the wetland consumed by evapotranspiration is about 10.5 Mgal/d. In the opposite extreme in which the entire regional groundwater flow is intercepted by pumpage in the Restaurada well field, the entire evapotranpiration requirement is met by saline to hypersaline water. Hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical data indicate that all of, or a large portion of, the historical groundwater flow to Punta Cabullones is being captured by the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewer Authority pumpage at the Restaurada well field at a rate of about 2 Mgal/d. As a consequence, seawater intrusion into the aquifer at the Punta Cabullones area seems to be occurring, while the current pumpage at the Restaurada well field is sustained by storage depletion of the aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Municipio Autónomo de Ponce and the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., and Soler-Lopez, L.R., 2014, Hydrogeology and hydrology of the Punta Cabullones wetland area, Ponce, southern Puerto Rico, 2007-08: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5102, ix, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145102.","productDescription":"ix, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"72","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-013823","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292605,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145102.jpg"},{"id":292604,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5102/pdf/sir2014-5102.pdf"},{"id":292603,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5102/"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","city":"Ponce","otherGeospatial":"Punta Cabullones Wetland Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.616667,17.958333 ], [ -66.616667,18.008333 ], [ -66.575,18.008333 ], [ -66.575,17.958333 ], [ -66.616667,17.958333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5a82fe4b09d12e0e85124","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soler-Lopez, Luis R.","contributorId":27501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soler-Lopez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70115460,"text":"sir20145127 - 2014 - Numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-13T14:34:37.078527","indexId":"sir20145127","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T08:29:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5127","title":"Numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional numerical model of groundwater flow was constructed for the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System (CPRAS), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, to evaluate and test the conceptual model of the system and to evaluate groundwater availability. The model described in this report can be used as a tool by water-resource managers and other stakeholders to quantitatively evaluate proposed alternative management strategies and assess the long‑term availability of groundwater. The numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the CPRAS was completed with support from the Groundwater Resources Program of the U.S. Geological Survey Office of Groundwater.
\nThe model was constructed using the U.S. Geological Survey modular three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater-flow model, MODFLOW-NWT. The model uses 3-kilometer (9,842.5 feet) grid cells that subdivide the model domain by 126 rows and 131 columns. Vertically, the model domain was subdivided into six geologic model units. From youngest to oldest, the units are the Overburden, the Saddle Mountains Basalt, the Mabton Interbed, the Wanapum Basalt, the Vantage Interbed, and the Grande Ronde Basalt.
\nNatural recharge was estimated using gridded historical estimates of annual precipitation for the period 1895–2007. Pre-development recharge was estimated to be the average natural recharge for this period. Irrigation recharge and irrigation pumping were estimated using a remote-sensing based soil-water balance model for the period 1985–2007. Pre-1985 irrigation recharge and pumping were estimated using previously published compilation maps and the history of large-scale irrigation projects. Pumping estimates for municipal, industrial, rural, residential, and all other uses were estimated using reported values and census data. Pumping was assumed to be negligible prior to 1920.
\nTwo models were constructed to simulate groundwater flow in the CPRAS: a steady-state predevelopment model representing conditions before large-scale pumping and irrigation altered the system, and a transient model representing the period 1900–2007. Automated parameter-estimation techniques (steady-state predevelopment model) and traditional trial-and-error (transient model) methods were used for calibration. To calibrate the steady-state and transient models, 10,525 and 46,460 water level measurements, respectively, and 50 base-flow estimates were used.
\nThe steady-state model simulated the shape, slope, and trends of a potentiometric surface that was generally consistent with mapped water levels. For the transient model, the mean and median difference between simulated and measured hydraulic heads is -10 and 4 ft, respectively, with a standard deviation of 164 ft over a 5,648 ft range of measured heads. The residuals for the simulation period show that 52 percent of the simulated heads exceeded measured heads with a median residual value of 43 ft, and 48 percent were less than measured heads with a median residual value of -76 ft.
\nThe CPRAS model was constructed to derive components of the groundwater budget and help understand the interactions of stresses, such as recharge, groundwater pumping, and commingling wells on the groundwater and surface-water system. Through these applications, the model can be used to identify trends in groundwater storage and use, and quantify groundwater availability. The annual groundwater budgets showed several patterns of change over the simulation period. Groundwater pumping was negligible until the 1950s and began to increase significantly during the 1970s and 1980s. Recharge was highly variable due to the interannual variability of precipitation, but began to increase in the late 1940s due to the increase in surface-water irrigation projects. Groundwater contributions to streamflow (base flow) followed recharge closely. However, in areas of significant groundwater-level decline, base flow is reduced.
\nGroundwater pumping had the greatest effect on water levels, followed by irrigation enhanced recharge. Commingling was a larger factor in structurally complex upland areas where hydraulic-head gradients are naturally high.
\nGroundwater pumping has increased substantially over the past 40–50 years; this increase resulted in declining water levels at depth and decreased base flows over much of the study area. The effects of pumping are mitigated somewhat by the increase of surface-water irrigation, especially in the shallow Overburden unit, and commingling wells in some areas. During dry to average years, groundwater pumping causes a net loss of groundwater in storage and current condition (2000–2007) groundwater pumping exceeds recharge in all but the wettest of years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145127","usgsCitation":"Ely, D.M., Burns, E., Morgan, D.S., and Vaccaro, J.J., 2014, Numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington (Originally posted August 19, 2014; Version 1.1: January 15, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5127, Report: viii, 89 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145127.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 89 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"102","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055329","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":438746,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q53DOD","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Wells and water levels used in the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System Study, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington"},{"id":292594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145127.jpg"},{"id":292589,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5127/"},{"id":292593,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5127/pdf/sir2014-5127.pdf","text":"Report","size":"17.9 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":415709,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7N015G7","text":"Data Release: MODFLOW-NWT model used to evaluate the groundwater availability of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.25,44.5 ], [ -122.25,48.5 ], [ -115.25,48.5 ], [ -115.25,44.5 ], [ -122.25,44.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted August 19, 2014; Version 1.1: January 15, 2015","publicComments":"Groundwater Resources Program","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f5a82fe4b09d12e0e85126","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burns, Erick R. 0000-0002-1747-0506","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1747-0506","contributorId":84802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Erick R.","affiliations":[{"id":310,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morgan, David S.","contributorId":73181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vaccaro, John J. jvaccaro@usgs.gov","contributorId":5848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaccaro","given":"John","email":"jvaccaro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70102934,"text":"ofr20131281 - 2014 - Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2013: quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-27T17:54:08","indexId":"ofr20131281","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-20T08:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1281","title":"Total dissolved gas and water temperature in the lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, water year 2013: quality-assurance data and comparison to water-quality standards","docAbstract":"An analysis of total-dissolved-gas (TDG) and water-temperature data collected at eight fixed monitoring stations on the lower Columbia River in Oregon and Washington in water year 2013 indicated the following:
\nFor migratory songbirds, breeding-grounds conservation and management plans are generally focused on habitat associated with locations of singing males and sometimes nesting females. However, habitat structure is often different in areas used for raising fledglings compared with areas used for song territories, and very little is known about habitat use by fledglings after independence from adult care. From 2010 to 2012, we used radiotelemetry to monitor 68 fledgling golden-winged warblers Vermivora chrysoptera after independence from adult care in mixed managed forests of Minnesota, US and Manitoba, Canada. This species is of high conservation concern in the US, is listed as threatened in Canada and is listed as near threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List. We assessed distance and orientation of independent fledgling movements and we used compositional analysis to test for selection among cover types. Fledglings of this species, commonly described as a shrubland specialist, selected mature forest (78% of locations) over all other cover types, and foraged in forest canopy and understory in mixed-species flocks. Fledgling golden-winged warbler movements were apparently associated with habitat optimization (although prioritizing foraging over predator avoidance), and likely not with commencement of migration, or scouting future breeding territories. Ten days after independence, fledglings were an average of 1238 m north of their nest, which may be related to homing-target formation and the species' northward range expansion. We conclude that consideration for independent fledgling habitat associations is necessary for developing full-fledged forest management plans on the breeding grounds of migratory songbirds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1111/acv.12163","usgsCitation":"Streby, H., Peterson, S., Kramer, G., and Anderson, D., 2014, Post-independence fledgling ecology in a migratory songbird: Implications for breeding-grounds conservation: Animal Conservation, v. 18, no. 3, p. 228-235, https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12163.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"228","endPage":"235","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052161","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318099,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Manitoba, Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Rice Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Sandilands Provincial Forest, Tamarac National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.2,\n 46.4\n ],\n [\n -93.2,\n 46.6\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 46.6\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 46.4\n ],\n [\n -93.2,\n 46.4\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.4,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -95.4,\n 47.1\n ],\n [\n -95.6,\n 47.1\n ],\n [\n -95.6,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -95.4,\n 47\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.1,\n 49.5\n ],\n [\n -96.1,\n 49.7\n ],\n [\n -96.3,\n 49.7\n ],\n [\n -96.3,\n 49.5\n ],\n [\n -96.1,\n 49.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"18","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c45653e4b0946c65218595","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/acv.12163","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acv.12163","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Streby H. M., Peterson S. M., Kramer G. R., Andersen D. E.","journalName":"Animal Conservation","publicationDate":"8/20/2014","auditedOn":"10/29/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Streby, H.M.","contributorId":166990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streby","given":"H.M.","affiliations":[{"id":24577,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, S.M.","contributorId":166991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24577,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kramer, G.R.","contributorId":166992,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24577,"text":"University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":620661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70119645,"text":"ofr20141169 - 2014 - Advancing geodesy in the U.S. Midcontinent: workshop report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T16:04:02","indexId":"ofr20141169","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T16:01:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1169","title":"Advancing geodesy in the U.S. Midcontinent: workshop report","docAbstract":"The workshop on “Advancing Geodesy in the U.S. Midcontinent” was held from October 31 to November 1, 2012, at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. The workshop included 28 participants from academia, government, and private-sector organizations that are involved in research on geodesy and earthquake hazards in the seismically active areas of the U.S. midcontinent (the region of relatively undeformed crust roughly between the Great Plains and Appalachian Mountains). The workshop was intended to provide guidance to the U.S. Geological Survey’s internal and external Earthquake Hazards research programs in the U.S. midcontinent. The 2012 workshop was developed as a follow-up to the “Workshop on New Madrid Geodesy and Understanding Intraplate Earthquakes,” held in Norwood, Massachusetts, in March 2011. The goal of the 2012 workshop was to provide specific recommendations to the U.S. Geological Survey on priorities for infrastructure and research investments related to geodesy in the U.S. midcontinent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141169","usgsCitation":"Hamburger, M., Boyd, O.S., Calais, E., King, N.E., and Stein, S.A., 2014, Advancing geodesy in the U.S. Midcontinent: workshop report: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1169, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141169.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-057839","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292584,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1169/pdf/ofr2014-1169.pdf"},{"id":292585,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141169.jpg"},{"id":292583,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1169/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f456ade4b073ff7739d827","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamburger, Michael W.","contributorId":77012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamburger","given":"Michael W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. olboyd@usgs.gov","contributorId":956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calais, Eric","contributorId":98838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calais","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Nancy E. nking@usgs.gov","contributorId":586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Nancy","email":"nking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stein, Seth A.","contributorId":11517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Seth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70171510,"text":"70171510 - 2014 - Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T14:21:58","indexId":"70171510","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1757,"text":"Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge","docAbstract":"Multiple geological processes affect the distribution of hydrothermal venting along a mid-ocean ridge. Deciphering the role of a specific process is often frustrated by simultaneous changes in other influences. Here we take advantage of the almost constant spreading rate (65–71 mm/yr) along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) between 77°E and 99°E to examine the spatial density of hydrothermal venting relative to regional and segment-scale changes in the apparent magmatic budget. We use 227 vertical profiles of light backscatter and (on 41 profiles) oxidation-reduction potential along 27 first and second-order ridge segments on and adjacent to the Amsterdam-St. Paul (ASP) Plateau to map ph, the fraction of casts detecting a plume. At the regional scale, venting on the five segments crossing the magma-thickened hot spot plateau is almost entirely suppressed (ph = 0.02). Conversely, the combined ph (0.34) from all other segments follows the global trend of ph versus spreading rate. Off the ASP Plateau, multisegment trends in ph track trends in the regional axial depth, high where regional depth increases and low where it decreases. At the individual segment scale, a robust correlation between ph and cross-axis inflation for first-order segments shows that different magmatic budgets among first-order segments are expressed as different levels of hydrothermal spatial density. This correlation is absent among second-order segments. Eighty-five percent of the plumes occur in eight clusters totaling ∼350 km. We hypothesize that these clusters are a minimum estimate of the length of axial melt lenses underlying this section of the SEIR.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/2014GC005344","collaboration":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington; Université de Brest, CNRS-UBO, Plouzané, France; University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Peking University, Beijing, China","usgsCitation":"Baker, E., Hemond, C., Briais, A., Maia, M., Scheirer, D., Walker, S.L., Wang, T., and Chen, Y.J., 2014, Correlated patterns in hydrothermal plume distribution and apparent magmatic budget along 2500 km of the Southeast Indian Ridge: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 15, no. 8, p. 3198-3211, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005344.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3198","endPage":"3211","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055726","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472816,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gc005344","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":322113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"8","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158aee4b053f0edd03c2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, Edward","contributorId":169923,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Edward","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25624,"text":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hemond, Christophe","contributorId":169924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hemond","given":"Christophe","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25625,"text":"Université de Brest, CNRS-UBO, Plouzané, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briais, Anne","contributorId":169925,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Briais","given":"Anne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25626,"text":"University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maia, Marcia","contributorId":169926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maia","given":"Marcia","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25625,"text":"Université de Brest, CNRS-UBO, Plouzané, France","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Scheirer, Daniel S. dscheirer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scheirer","given":"Daniel S.","email":"dscheirer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Walker, Sharon L.","contributorId":169927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walker","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25624,"text":"NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wang, Tingting","contributorId":169928,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Tingting","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25627,"text":"Peking University, Beijing, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chen, Yongshun John","contributorId":169929,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Yongshun","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[{"id":25627,"text":"Peking University, Beijing, China","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70119242,"text":"fs20143056 - 2014 - California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5547,"text":"fs10896_1997 - 1997 - Living with a restless caldera: Long Valley, California","indexId":"fs10896_1997","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Living with a restless caldera: Long Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70119242,"text":"fs20143056 - 2014 - California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera","indexId":"fs20143056","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":38094,"text":"fs10896 - 2000 - Living with a restless caldera: Long Valley, California","indexId":"fs10896","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Living with a restless caldera: Long Valley, California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70119242,"text":"fs20143056 - 2014 - California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera","indexId":"fs20143056","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera"},"id":2}],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T13:57:07","indexId":"fs20143056","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T12:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-3056","title":"California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera","docAbstract":"Scientists have monitored geologic unrest in the Long Valley, California, area since 1980. In that year, following a swarm of strong earthquakes, they discovered that the central part of the Long Valley Caldera had begun actively rising. Unrest in the area persists today. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) continues to provide the public and civil authorities with current information on the volcanic hazard at Long Valley and is prepared to give timely warnings of any impending eruption.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143056","usgsCitation":"Hill, D.P., Bailey, R.A., Hendley, J.W., Stauffer, P.H., and Marcaida, M., 2014, California's restless giant: The Long Valley Caldera: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3056, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143056.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055748","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292562,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143056.jpg"},{"id":292561,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3056/pdf/fs2014-3056.pdf"},{"id":292560,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3056/"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.1982,37.3363 ], [ -119.1982,38.1096 ], [ -118.3379,38.1096 ], [ -118.3379,37.3363 ], [ -119.1982,37.3363 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f456aee4b073ff7739d832","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, David P. hill@usgs.gov","contributorId":2600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"hill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":497603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, Roy A.","contributorId":42576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"Roy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hendley, James W. II jhendley@usgs.gov","contributorId":2547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendley","given":"James","suffix":"II","email":"jhendley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stauffer, Peter H. pstauffe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1219,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Peter","email":"pstauffe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":497601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marcaida, Mae mmarcaida@usgs.gov","contributorId":5345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcaida","given":"Mae","email":"mmarcaida@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70120953,"text":"70120953 - 2014 - Viral fitness does not correlate with three genotype displacement events involving infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T10:40:19","indexId":"70120953","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3696,"text":"Virology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viral fitness does not correlate with three genotype displacement events involving infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus","docAbstract":"Viral genotype displacement events are characterized by the replacement of a previously dominant virus genotype by a novel genotype of the same virus species in a given geographic region. We examine here the fitness of three pairs of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) genotypes involved in three major genotype displacement events in Washington state over the last 30 years to determine whether increased virus fitness correlates with displacement. Fitness was assessed using in vivo assays to measure viral replication in single infection, simultaneous co-infection, and sequential superinfection in the natural host, steelhead trout. In addition, virion stability of each genotype was measured in freshwater and seawater environments at various temperatures. By these methods, we found no correlation between increased viral fitness and displacement in the field. These results suggest that other pressures likely exist in the field with important consequences for IHNV evolution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Virology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.003","usgsCitation":"Kell, A.M., Wargo, A.R., and Kurath, G., 2014, Viral fitness does not correlate with three genotype displacement events involving infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus: Virology, v. 464-465, p. 146-155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.003.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"146","endPage":"155","numberOfPages":"10","ipdsId":"IP-054819","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472817,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4157104","text":"External Repository"},{"id":292527,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292478,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.79,44.5 ], [ -124.79,49.0 ], [ -116.92,49.0 ], [ -116.92,44.5 ], [ -124.79,44.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"464-465","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f456b0e4b073ff7739d85f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kell, Alison M. amkell@usgs.gov","contributorId":4553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kell","given":"Alison","email":"amkell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":498659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wargo, Andrew R.","contributorId":47260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wargo","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kurath, Gael 0000-0003-3294-560X gkurath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3294-560X","contributorId":2629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurath","given":"Gael","email":"gkurath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120975,"text":"70120975 - 2014 - Viability and infectivity of Ichthyophonus sp. in post-mortem Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T10:10:16","indexId":"70120975","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T10:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Viability and infectivity of Ichthyophonus sp. in post-mortem Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii","docAbstract":"Ichthyophonus-infected Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii, were allowed to decompose in ambient seawater then serially sampled for 29 days to evaluate parasite viability and infectivity for Pacific staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus. Ichthyophonus sp. was viable in decomposing herring tissues for at least 29 days post-mortem and could be transmitted via ingestion to sculpin for up to 5 days. The parasite underwent morphologic changes during the first 48 hr following death of the host that were similar to those previously reported, but as host tissue decomposition progressed, several previously un-described forms of the parasite were observed. The significance of long-term survival and continued morphologic transformation in the post-mortem host is unknown, but it could represent a saprozoic phase of the parasite life cycle that has survival value for Ichthyophonus sp.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","doi":"10.1645/14-518.1","usgsCitation":"Kocan, R.M., Hart, L.M., Lewandowski, N., and Hershberger, P., 2014, Viability and infectivity of Ichthyophonus sp. in post-mortem Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii: Journal of Parasitology, v. 100, no. 6, p. 790-796, https://doi.org/10.1645/14-518.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"790","endPage":"796","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055184","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f456b0e4b073ff7739d858","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kocan, Richard M.","contributorId":17149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kocan","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Lucas M. lhart@usgs.gov","contributorId":4829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Lucas","email":"lhart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":498672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewandowski, Naomi","contributorId":100751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewandowski","given":"Naomi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hershberger, Paul","contributorId":92557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70104613,"text":"sim3296 - 2014 - Hydrogeology of Puerto Rico and the outlying islands of Vieques, Culebra, and Mona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-19T09:51:28","indexId":"sim3296","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T09:38:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3296","title":"Hydrogeology of Puerto Rico and the outlying islands of Vieques, Culebra, and Mona","docAbstract":"The availability of hydrogeologic maps for Puerto Rico and the outlying islands of Vieques, Culebra, and Mona are important to hydrogeologists, groundwater specialists, and water resource managers and planners. These maps, in combination with the report, serve as a source of information to all users by providing basic hydrogeologic and hydrologic knowledge in a concise illustrated format.
\nPuerto Rico and the outlying islands cover a total area of 8,927 square kilometers (km2). Of this total area, about 3,500 km2 are underlain by hydrogeologic units that are classified as intergranular or fissured. These hydrogeologic units form the principal aquifer systems throughout Puerto Rico and the outlying islands.
\nIn Puerto Rico, the most extensive and intensely developed aquifers are the North Coast Limestone aquifer system and the South Coastal Alluvial Plain aquifer system. Withdrawals from these two aquifer systems constitute nearly 70 percent of the total groundwater withdrawn in Puerto Rico.
\nThe spatial extent of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system is about 2,000 km2. Within this aquifer system, groundwater development is greatest in the 800-km2 area between the Río Grande de Arecibo and the Río de la Plata. This also is the area for which concern is the highest regarding the future use of groundwater as a primary source of water for domestic and industrial use. With an estimated withdrawal of 280,000 cubic meters per day (m3/d), groundwater constituted the principal source of water within this area providing 100 percent of the water for self-supplied industries and about 85 percent for public water supplies in 1985. By 2005, groundwater withdrawals decreased to 150,000 m3/d.
\nThe spatial extent of the South Coastal Alluvial Plain aquifer system is about 470 km2. The estimated consumptive groundwater withdrawal from the aquifer system was 190,000 m3/d in 1980 and 170,000 m3/d in 2005. About 60 percent and 40 percent of the groundwater withdrawal from the South Coastal Alluvial Plain aquifer system was used for public water supply and irrigation, respectively.
\nIn the outlying islands of Vieques, Culebra, and Mona, only Vieques is underlain by aquifers of any local importance. The Resolución and Esperanza aquifers underlie an area covering 16 km2 on the island of Vieques. Prior to 1978 when an underwater public water-supply pipeline connecting Vieques to the main island of Puerto Rico was completed, groundwater withdrawal from the two aquifers was as much as 2,500 m3/d. Groundwater withdrawals in Vieques island in 2005 were estimated at less than 100 m3/d.
\nThe potential development of relatively untapped groundwater resources in Puerto Rico is limited to the Río Grande de Añasco valley and the Río Culebrinas valley in the western part of the island and to the Río Grande de Arecibo part of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system. In general, the North Coast Limestone and the South Coastal Alluvial Plain aquifer systems, which are the two principal groundwater-flow systems in Puerto Rico, show evidence of aquifer overdraft as indicated by regional increases in concentrations of dissolved solids.
\nOptimization of withdrawals through conjunctive use of both surface-water and groundwater sources and by instituting water conservation measures has the greatest potential to ensure the continued use of groundwater resources. In support of these efforts, programs also could be implemented to improve database information regarding groundwater withdrawals and the contribution of surface-water diversions to surface-water flow, especially within the southern coastal plain of Puerto Rico.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3296","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico","usgsCitation":"Gómez-Gómez, F., Rodríguez-Martínez, J., and Santiago, M., 2014, Hydrogeology of Puerto Rico and the outlying islands of Vieques, Culebra, and Mona: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3296, Report: vi, 40 p.; 2 Plates: 33.0 x 19.0 inches and 28.5 x 22.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3296.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 40 p.; 2 Plates: 33.0 x 19.0 inches and 28.5 x 22.0 inches","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-020714","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sim3296.jpg"},{"id":292515,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3296/plates/sim3296_plate2.pdf"},{"id":292514,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3296/plates/sim3296_plate1.pdf"},{"id":292513,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3296/pdf/sim3296.pdf"},{"id":292512,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3296/"}],"projection":"Lambert conformal conic projection","datum":"Puerto Rico Datum","country":"Puerto Rico","otherGeospatial":"Culebra;Mona;Vieques","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -67.966667,17.75 ], [ -67.966667,18.583333 ], [ -65.225,18.583333 ], [ -65.225,17.75 ], [ -67.966667,17.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f456afe4b073ff7739d84b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Santiago, Marilyn 0000-0002-2803-6799 msant@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-6799","contributorId":5958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago","given":"Marilyn","email":"msant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70117081,"text":"pp1806 - 2014 - Two hundred years of magma transport and storage at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1790-2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:34:25","indexId":"pp1806","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T08:22:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1806","title":"Two hundred years of magma transport and storage at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1790-2008","docAbstract":"This publication summarizes the evolution of the internal plumbing of Kīlauea Volcano on the Island of Hawaiʻi from the first documented eruption in 1790 to the explosive eruption of March 2008 in Halemaʻumaʻu Crater. For the period before the founding of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory in 1912, we rely on written observations of eruptive activity, earthquake swarms, and periodic draining of magma from the lava lake present in Kīlauea Caldera. After 1912 the written observations are supplemented by continuous measurement of tilting of the ground at Kīlauea’s summit and by a continuous instrumental record of earthquakes, both measurements made during 1912–56 by a single pendulum seismometer housed on the northeast edge of Kīlauea’s summit. Interpretations become more robust following the installation of seismic and deformation networks in the 1960s. A major advance in the 1990s was the ability to continuously record and telemeter ground deformation to allow its precise correlation with seismic activity before and after eruptions, intrusions, and large earthquakes.
We interpret specific events in Kīlauea’s 200- year written history as steps in a broad transition from summit lava-lake activity in Kīlauea Caldera to shield building on the east rift zone. The ability of the magmatic plumbing to deliver magma to eruption is critical to the history of eruption and intrusion. When the rate of magma supply equals the rate of eruption, there is little ground deformation or intrusion. When the magma supply rate is greater than the rate of eruption, then the edifice responds through any or all of summit inflation, intrusion, increased spreading rate, and large flank earthquakes.
In Kīlauea’s 200-year history we identify three regions of the volcano in which magma is stored and supplied from below. Source 1 is at 1-km depth or less beneath Kīlauea’s summit and fed Kīlauea’s summit lava lakes throughout most of the 19th century and again from 1907 to 1924. Source 1 was used up in the series of small Halemaʻumaʻu eruptions following the end of lava-lake activity in the summit collapse of 1924. Source 2 is the magma reservoir at a depth of 2–6 km beneath Kīlauea’s summit that has been imaged by seismic and deformation measurements beginning in the 1960s. This source was first identified in the summit collapses of 1922 and 1924. Source 3 is a diffuse volume of magma-permeated rock between 5 and 11 km depth beneath the east rift zone and above the near-horizontal decollement at the base of the Kīlauea edifice.
Magma distribution within source 2 has been derived by combining petrologic study of the three chemically uniform summit eruptions of 1952, 1961, and 1967–68 and the east rift eruptions within this interval with both observation of migrating centers of inflation determined from leveling surveys conducted before the 1967–68 eruption and with published models of expected deformation from different source geometries. We adopt a model of concatenated magmatic plugs with nodes beneath the inflation centers. Addition of erupted and intruded volumes of the three summit magma batches yields a liquid magma volume of about 0.2 km3, with dimensions of ~1 km by 1 km by 200 m centered at about 3-km depth within source 2. Following the Halemaʻumaʻu eruption of 1967–68, the chemistry of magma coming into Kīlauea’s summit reservoir has changed frequently, and during the eruption that began in 1983, chemical changes have been subtle and continuous. In this period we interpret changes in chemistry as related to an increase in magma supply resulting from increased partial melting in an expanding mantle source volume.
We know from instrumental recording of eruptions since the long Halemaʻumaʻu eruption in 1952 that stress in the edifice accumulates as magma is added underground and is relieved by eruption and by dilation of the rift zones associated with seaward movement (spreading) of Kīlauea’s south flank. During and after the last half of the 20th century, magma transfer to the rift zone has dominantly occurred from source 2. High rates of flank motion have been correlated with high rates of endogenous growth; alternatively, lower rates of motion have characterized periods when the underground magmatic plumbing was being refilled following lateral removal of magma, as well as periods when a more open magmatic plumbing favored continuous eruption.
Since at least 1952, source 3 has not drained during deflations, which was apparently not the case before 1924. Triangulation and leveling conducted in 1912, 1921, and 1926, combined with post-1912 tilt measurements, identified a broad regional uplift in 1918–19 and an equally broad collapse in 1924, neither of which has been seen since. We associate these elevation changes with addition or subtraction of magma from all three magma sources, dominantly source 3. We interpret the intrusion beneath the east rift zone during the 1924 collapse to have stabilized the rift zone-south flank relationship, preventing loss of magma from source 3 in subsequent collapses. Rates of seaward spreading were low until 1952, when earthquakes in 1950 and 1951 associated with surges of magma from the hotspot triggered a large offshore south flank earthquake swarm that unlocked the south flank and enabled a greatly increased rate of seaward spreading.
Magma supply rates have been derived for the entire period of study. Between 1823 and 1840, magma was supplied from source 1 at a very high rate of more than 0.2 km3/yr, which we interpret as recovery from a substantial draining of magma from beneath Kīlauea in 1790. Inferred magma supply rates diminished to one-tenth of that value after 1840, in part because of increase in the activity of Mauna Loa beginning in 1843. Magma supply rates between 1918 and 1924 were about 0.024 km3/yr, matching that of the period from 1840 to 1894. During 1950–52 the magma supply rate increased to about 0.06 km3/yr, in part because of the great reduction in Mauna Loa activity following its large eruption in June 1950. Following the summit eruption of 1967–68, magma supply increased further to ~0.1 km3/yr, and further increases to more than 0.2 km3/yr occurred during the east rift eruption that began in 1983.
Eruption at Kīlauea’s summit took place in 1952, and eruptive activity steadily increased as increased magma supply also drove increased spreading rates. The inability of magma supply to be accommodated by a combination of eruption and spreading during the 1969–74 Mauna Ulu period stressed Kīlauea’s south flank. The stress was relieved in part by the M7.2 earthquake of 29 November 1975. That earthquake, in turn, dilated Kīlauea’s east rift zone as the south flank moved seaward, producing a favorable condition for continuous east rift eruption, which began in 1983. The 1975 earthquake also resulted in the ability of the south flank to move independently under the influence of gravity, effectively decoupling the spreading rate from changes in the magma supply rate. The continuing increase in magma supply after 1983 was instead manifested in rift dilation, increased intrusion, and ultimately in the launching of a second eruption in Halemaʻumaʻu in March 2008, the first instance in Kīlauea’s recorded history of simultaneous eruption at the summit and on the east rift zone.
Kīlauea’s history can be considered in cycles of equilibrium, crisis, and recovery. The approach of a crisis is driven by a magma supply rate that greatly exceeds the capacity of the plumbing to deliver magma to the surface. Crises can be anticipated by inflation measured at Kīlauea’s summit coupled with an increase in overall seismicity, particularly manifest by intrusion and eruption in the southwest sector of the volcano. Unfortunately the nature of the crisis—for example, large earthquake, new eruption, or edifice-changing intrusion—cannot be specified ahead of time. We conclude that Kīlauea’s cycles are controlled by nonlinear dynamics, which underscores the difficulty in predicting eruptions and earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1806","usgsCitation":"Wright, T., and Klein, F.W., 2014, Two hundred years of magma transport and storage at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i, 1790-2008: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1806, Report: xiii, 240 p.; Appendixes B-I; Chapters: Contents and Abstract, Chapters 1-8, References; Appendixes: Appendixes Readme, Appendixes A-I, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1806.","productDescription":"Report: xiii, 240 p.; Appendixes B-I; Chapters: Contents and Abstract, Chapters 1-8, References; Appendixes: Appendixes Readme, Appendixes A-I","numberOfPages":"258","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1789-12-21","temporalEnd":"2008-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-035005","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science 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-154.0,18.6 ], [ -155.9,18.6 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f456afe4b073ff7739d850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Thomas L. twright@usgs.gov","contributorId":3890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Thomas L.","email":"twright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70134826,"text":"70134826 - 2014 - Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975-2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:54:12","indexId":"70134826","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Causes of mortality in eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center 1975-2013","docAbstract":"We summarized the cause of death for 2,980 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and 1,427 golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, for diagnosis between 1975 and the beginning of 2013. We compared the proportion of eagles with a primary diagnosis as electrocuted, emaciated, traumatized, shot or trapped, diseased, poisoned, other, and undetermined among the 4 migratory bird flyways of the United States (Atlantic, Mississippi, Central, and Pacific). Additionally, we compared the proportion of lead-poisoned bald eagles submitted before and after the autumn 1991 ban on lead shot for waterfowl hunting. Trauma and poisonings (including lead poisoning) were the leading causes of death for bald eagles throughout the study period, and a greater proportion of bald eagles versus golden eagles were diagnosed as poisoned. For golden eagles, the major causes of mortality were trauma and electrocution. The proportion of lead poisoning diagnoses for bald eagles submitted to the National Wildlife Health Center displayed a statistically significant increase in all flyways after the autumn 1991 ban on the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting. Thus, lead poisoning was a significant cause of mortality in our necropsied eagles, suggesting a continued need to evaluate the trade-offs of lead ammunition for use on game other than waterfowl versus the impacts of lead on wildlife populations. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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The streamflow statistics were used by the BLM to develop and file a draft, federal reserved water right claim to protect federally designated “outstanding remarkable values” in the Jarbidge River. The BLM determined that the daily mean streamflow equaled or exceeded 20, 50, and 80 percent of the time during bimonthly periods (two periods per month) and the bankfull (66.7-percent annual exceedance probability) streamflow are important thresholds for maintaining outstanding remarkable values. Although streamflow statistics for the Jarbidge River below Jarbidge, Nevada (USGS 13162225) were published previously in 2013 and used for the draft water right claim, the BLM and USGS have since recognized the need to refine streamflow statistics given the approximate 40 river mile distance and intervening tributaries between the original point of estimation (USGS 13162225) and at the mouth of the Jarbidge River, which is the downstream end of the Wild and Scenic River segment. A drainage-area-ratio method was used in 2013 to estimate bimonthly exceedance probability streamflow statistics at the mouth of the Jarbidge River based on available streamgage data on the Jarbidge and East Fork Jarbidge Rivers. The resulting bimonthly streamflow statistics were further adjusted using a scaling factor calculated from a water balance on streamflow statistics calculated for the Bruneau and East Fork Bruneau Rivers and Sheep Creek. The final, adjusted bimonthly exceedance probability and bankfull streamflow statistics compared well with available verification datasets (including discrete streamflow measurements made at the mouth of the Jarbidge River) and are considered the best available estimates for streamflow statistics in the Jarbidge Wild and Scenic River segment.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145143","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Wood, M.S., 2014, Streamflow statistics for development of water rights claims for the Jarbidge Wild and Scenic River, Owyhee Canyonlands Wilderness, Idaho, 2013-14: a supplement to Scientific Investigations Report 2013-5212: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5143, iv, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145143.","productDescription":"iv, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-056976","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292486,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145143.jpg"},{"id":292485,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5143/pdf/sir2014-5143.pdf"},{"id":292484,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5143/"}],"projection":"Transverse Mercator projection","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Jarbidge River;Owyhee Canyonlands Wilderness","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.25,42.00 ], [ -116.25,42.75 ], [ -115.50,42.75 ], [ -115.50,42.00 ], [ -116.25,42.00 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f30530e4b0094694f94571","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Molly S. 0000-0002-5184-8306 mswood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-8306","contributorId":788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Molly","email":"mswood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37786,"text":"WMA - Observing Systems Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":496739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70114465,"text":"ofr20141132 - 2014 - Metadata Wizard: an easy-to-use tool for creating FGDC-CSDGM metadata for geospatial datasets in ESRI ArcGIS Desktop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-10T16:18:55","indexId":"ofr20141132","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-18T14:56:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1132","title":"Metadata Wizard: an easy-to-use tool for creating FGDC-CSDGM metadata for geospatial datasets in ESRI ArcGIS Desktop","docAbstract":"Creating compliant metadata for scientific data products is mandated for all federal Geographic Information Systems professionals and is a best practice for members of the geospatial data community. However, the complexity of the The Federal Geographic Data Committee’s Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata, the limited availability of easy-to-use tools, and recent changes in the ESRI software environment continue to make metadata creation a challenge. Staff at the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center have developed a Python toolbox for ESRI ArcDesktop to facilitate a semi-automated workflow to create and update metadata records in ESRI’s 10.x software. The U.S. Geological Survey Metadata Wizard tool automatically populates several metadata elements: the spatial reference, spatial extent, geospatial presentation format, vector feature count or raster column/row count, native system/processing environment, and the metadata creation date. Once the software auto-populates these elements, users can easily add attribute definitions and other relevant information in a simple Graphical User Interface. The tool, which offers a simple design free of esoteric metadata language, has the potential to save many government and non-government organizations a significant amount of time and costs by facilitating the development of The Federal Geographic Data Committee’s Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata compliant metadata for ESRI software users. A working version of the tool is now available for ESRI ArcDesktop, version 10.0, 10.1, and 10.2 (downloadable at http:/www.sciencebase.gov/metadatawizard).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141132","usgsCitation":"Ignizio, D., O'Donnell, M., and Talbert, C., 2014, Metadata Wizard: an easy-to-use tool for creating FGDC-CSDGM metadata for geospatial datasets in ESRI ArcGIS Desktop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1132, iii, 14 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141132.","productDescription":"iii, 14 p.","numberOfPages":"17","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-055848","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37226,"text":"Core Science Analytics, Synthesis, and Libraries","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292471,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141132.jpg"},{"id":292470,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1132/pdf/ofr2014-1132.pdf"},{"id":292474,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1132/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f3052ee4b0094694f9456a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ignizio, Drew A. 0000-0001-8054-5139 dignizio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8054-5139","contributorId":4822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ignizio","given":"Drew A.","email":"dignizio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O'Donnell, Michael S.","contributorId":40667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Donnell","given":"Michael S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talbert, Colin B.","contributorId":101997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbert","given":"Colin B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70120843,"text":"70120843 - 2014 - Polychlorinated biphenyl congener distributions in burbot: evidence for a latitude effect","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T09:20:41","indexId":"70120843","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-18T09:16:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polychlorinated biphenyl congener distributions in burbot: evidence for a latitude effect","docAbstract":"We compared the distributions of the congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) detected in whole-body samples of burbot (Lota lota) from Great Slave Lake and Lake Erie. Total PCB concentrations in Great Slave Lake burbot were about 1/60 of the concentrations in Lake Erie burbot. Burbot from Great Slave Lake contained a higher proportion of lower-chlorinated (2-6 chlorines) congeners than did burbot from Lake Erie; the reverse occurred for more highly chlorinated (7-9 chlorines) congeners. Hexachloro congeners, followed by pentachloro congeners, dominated the proportions of total PCB in burbot from both lakes. There were no differences between sexes in whole-body samples or between gonad and somatic tissues in the proportions of the 39 congeners and three sets of co-eluters detected in burbot from Great Slave Lake. In contrast, there were distinct sex differences in congener distributions for older burbot from Lake Erie. Our results generally supported a prediction of higher proportions of lower-chlorinated PCB homologs in organisms in remote polar areas. However, the latitudinal effect on PCB congener distribution may be more complex than that portrayed in previous studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.2703","usgsCitation":"Stapanian, M.A., Madenjian, C.P., Cott, P.A., Rediske, R.R., and O'Keefe, J., 2014, Polychlorinated biphenyl congener distributions in burbot: evidence for a latitude effect: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 33, no. 11, p. 2448-2454, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2703.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"2448","endPage":"2454","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-052991","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292364,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.2703"}],"country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie;Great Slave Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.13,41.4 ], [ -117.13,63.0 ], [ -78.85,63.0 ], [ -78.85,41.4 ], [ -117.13,41.4 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"33","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53f3052fe4b0094694f9456e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapanian, Martin A. 0000-0001-8173-4273 mstapanian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-4273","contributorId":3425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"Martin","email":"mstapanian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":498451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cott, Peter A.","contributorId":64160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cott","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rediske, Richard R.","contributorId":79053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rediske","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Keefe, James P.","contributorId":99499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Keefe","given":"James P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":498455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70170793,"text":"70170793 - 2014 - Magma mixing and high fountaining during the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption, Hawai‘i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-03T18:32:05","indexId":"70170793","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-15T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma mixing and high fountaining during the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption, Hawai‘i","docAbstract":"The 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption provides a unique opportunity to investigate the process of shallow magma mixing, its impact on the magmatic volatile budget and its role in triggering and driving episodes of Hawaiian fountaining. Melt inclusions hosted by olivine record a continuous decrease in H2O concentration through the 17 episodes of the eruption, while CO2 concentrations correlate with the degree of post-entrapment crystallization of olivine on the inclusion walls. Geochemical data, when combined with the magma budget and with contemporaneous eruption observations, show complex mixing between episodes involving hot, geochemically heterogeneous melts from depth, likely carrying exsolved vapor, and melts which had erupted at the surface, degassed and drained-back into the vent. The drained-back melts acted as a coolant, inducing rapid cooling of the more primitive melts and their olivines at shallow depths and inducing crystallization and vesiculation and triggering renewed fountaining. A consequence of the mixing is that the melts became vapor-undersaturated, so equilibration pressures cannot be inferred from them using saturation models. After the melt inclusions were trapped, continued growth of vapor bubbles, caused by enhanced post-entrapment crystallization, sequestered a large fraction of CO2 from the melt within the inclusions. This study, while cautioning against accepting melt inclusion CO2 concentrations “as measured” in mixed magmas, also illustrates that careful analysis and interpretation of post-entrapment modifications can turn this apparent challenge into a way to yield novel useful insights into the geochemical controls on eruption intensity.
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