Among the duties of the water managers of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation in north-central Minnesota are the development and protection of the water resources of the Reservation. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee, conducted a three and one half-year study (1988-91) of the ground-water resources of the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. The objectives of this study were to describe the availability and quality of ground water contained in glacial-drift aquifers underlying the Reservation.
Aquifers and confining units are present throughout the entire thickness of the glacial drift in the study area, which includes the Leech Lake Indian Reservation and adjacent parts of Beltrami, Hubbard, Itasca, and Cass Counties in north-central Minnesota, an area of approximately 2,145 square miles. An unconfined aquifer underlies most of the central and north-central parts of the study area. The saturated thickness of the aquifer ranges from 0 to about 105 feet. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, estimated from 19 slug tests, ranges from 0.6 to 31 feet per day. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 19 to more than 20,000 feet squared per day and is greatest in an area from west of Cass Lake to Lake Winnibigoshish. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,000 gallons per minute. The unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers are physically and hydraulically separated by a fine-grained confining unit, consisting of till or lake deposits, that ranges in thickness from 3 to 254 feet.
The thickness of the uppermost confined aquifer ranges from 5 to about 53 feet. On the basis of specific-capacity data, the transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from less than 100 feet squared per day in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the study area to about 21,000 feet squared per day near Cass Lake. Theoretical maximum well yields range from less than 10 to about 2,600 gallons per minute.
Recharge to the ground-water system is predominantly from precipitation that infiltrates to the saturated zone. An analysis of four hydrographs for observation wells screened in the unconfined aquifer indicated spring recharge amounts during 1989 of 1-4 inches.
Discharge from the ground-water system occurs by leakage to streams, lakes, and wetlands, evapotranspiration, withdrawals by wells, and underflow to the southeast within the Mississippi River Valley. Streamflow measurements indicate that ground-water discharge to the Mississippi River is greater in the western part of the study area between Cass Lake and Lake Winnibigoshish than in the eastern part downstream from Lake Winnibigoshish.
The general regional direction of ground-water flow in the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is to the east and southeast. Ground-water flow is also toward the Mississippi River and the three large lakes in the study area, Lake Winnibigoshish and Cass and Leech Lakes.
Water moves through the ground-water system predominantly horizontally in the aquifers, whereas vertical components of flow are significant in confining units. Downward leakage of water occurs in highland areas where ground water flows downward from overlying till to the uppermost confined aquifer. Water moves vertically upward from deep to shallow aquifers in areas of regional discharge, the Mississippi River, Cass Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish. and Leech Lake.
Waters from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers generally are suitable for domestic consumption, crop irrigation, and most other uses. Concentrations of iron and manganese in water from both aquifers frequently exceed levels that may impart an undesirable taste or odor to water.
Calcium and bicarbonate are the predominant ions in water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers. Water from both the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers is hard to very hard, averaging 187 and 247 milligrams per liter as calcium carbonate, respectively.
Differences in the mean concentrations of constituents in waters from the unconfined and uppermost confined aquifers vary. The mean concentrations of chloride, manganese, dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, and dissolved iron were greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer. Conversely, the mean concentrations of calcium, potassium, silica, sodium, fluoride, and boron were greater for water from the uppermost confined aquifer than for water from the unconfined aquifer. These higher concentrations of naturally occurring constituents in waters from the uppermost confined aquifer may occur because of the longer flow paths and longer residence times of water in the uppermost confined aquifer as compared to the unconfined aquifer.
Nutrients include nitrogen and phosphorus species. The mean concentrations of dissolved nitrogen (NO2 + NO3, dissolved) and total phosphorus were about 5 and 1.5 times greater for water from the unconfined aquifer than for water from the uppermost confined aquifer, respectively. None of the water samples had concentrations of dissolved nitrogen greater than the maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (10 milligrams per liter) and only one water sample had a concentration greater than 3 milligrams per liter.
Water collected from wells completed in the unconfined aquifer in residential and recreational land-use areas had concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, and cyanide equal to or less than 6 micrograms per liter. Concentrations of organic-acid herbicides in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer in managed-forest land-use areas were all below detection levels. Concentrations of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutants in water from three wells screened in the unconfined aquifer and from one well screened in the uppermost confined aquifer were also all below detection levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Leech Lake Indian Reservation Business Committee","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1996, Hydrogeology and ground-water quality of glacial-drift aquifers, Leech Lake Indian Reservation, north-central Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4077, viii, 78 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954077.","productDescription":"viii, 78 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415725,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48186.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":57180,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4077/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Leech Lake Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.666667\n ],\n [\n -93.7,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47.2\n ],\n [\n -94.1,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47\n ],\n [\n -94.8,\n 47.666667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62567f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28272,"text":"wri954178 - 1996 - Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:12:45","indexId":"wri954178","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4178","title":"Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Laboratory and quality assurance procedures for the analysis of ground-water samples for herbicides at the Management Systems Evaluation Area near Princeton, Minnesota are described. The target herbicides include atrazine, de-ethylatrazine, de-isopropylatrazine, metribuzin, alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, and metolachlor. The analytical techniques used are solid-phase extraction, and analysis by gas chromatography with mass-selective detection. Descriptions of cleaning procedures, preparation of standard solutions, isolation of analytes from water, sample transfer methods, instrumental analysis, and data analysis are included.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954178","usgsCitation":"Larson, S., Capel, P., and VanderLoop, A., 1996, Laboratory and quality assurance protocols for the analysis of herbicides in ground water from the Management Systems Evaluation Area, Princeton, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4178, v, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954178.","productDescription":"v, 18 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":119730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57093,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4178/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Princeton","otherGeospatial":"Management Systems Evaluation Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.530222474607434 ], [ -93.6140513420105, 45.52312701460922 ], [ -93.62385749816895, 45.52312701460922 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b44ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"VanderLoop, A.G.","contributorId":17276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanderLoop","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26530,"text":"wri954261 - 1996 - Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4261","title":"Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89","docAbstract":"Natural monthly streamflows were synthesized for the years 1928-89 for 43 sites in the upper Missouri River Basin upstream from Fort Peck Lake in Montana. The sites are represented as nodes in a streamflow accounting model being developed by the Bureau of Reclamation. Recorded and historical flows at most sites have been affected by human activities including reservoir storage, diversions for irrigation, and municipal use. Natural flows at the sites were synthesized by eliminating the effects of these activities. Recorded data at some sites do not include the entire study period. The missing flows at these sites were estimated using a statistical procedure. The methods of synthesis varied, depending on upstream activities and information available. Recorded flows were transferred to nodes that did not have streamflow-gaging stations from the nearest station with a sufficient length of record. The flows at one node were computed as the sum of flows from three upstream tributaries. Monthly changes in reservoir storage were computed from monthend contents. The changes in storage were corrected for the effects of evaporation and precipitation using pan-evaporation and precipitation data from climate stations. Irrigation depletions and consumptive use by the three largest municipalities were computed. Synthesized natural flow at most nodes was computed by adding algebraically the upstream depletions and changes in reservoir storage to recorded or historical flow at the nodes.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954261","usgsCitation":"Cary, L.E., and Parrett, C., 1996, Synthesis of natural flows at selected sites in the upper Missouri River basin, Montana, 1928-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4261, v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954261.","productDescription":"v, 109 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55392,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4261/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cary, L. E.","contributorId":47369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cary","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24370,"text":"ofr95715 - 1996 - Hydrologic data at a wetland site, Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, June 1993 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"ofr95715","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-715","title":"Hydrologic data at a wetland site, Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, June 1993 through June 1994","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data at a wetland site near Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, were collected from June 1993 through June 1994. The data were collected to support the efforts of the Tennessee Department of Transportation to better understand hydrologic properties at the site prior to wetland restoration. Water levels were monitored in thirteen 8-inch- diameter wells, approximately 2 feet deep. The casing in each well was slotted and screened from land surface to a depth of about 2 feet. Water-level recorders provided continuous records of stage during periods of wetland inundation, and depth to water table during periods of noninundation. A continuous-stage recorder was installed in a pond. Precipitation data were obtained from the Naval Air Station-Memphis, Millington, Tennessee. Land surface at the wells was inundated from 0 to 56 percent of the study period. Additionally, water levels in the wells were not more than 1.5 feet below land surface for 16 to 68 percent of the study period.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95715","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Robinson, J.A., Diehl, T., and Stogner, R., 1996, Hydrologic data at a wetland site, Millington, Shelby County, Tennessee, June 1993 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-715, iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95715.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1720,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr95-715","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, T.H.","contributorId":89170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stogner, R.W.","contributorId":86378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29431,"text":"wri954222 - 1996 - Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-23T14:14:27","indexId":"wri954222","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4222","title":"Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91","docAbstract":"North Fish Creek is underused as a trout and salmon hatchery despite its excellent water quality. The shifting-sand streambed in the lower 9 miles of the stream inhibits successful spawning and is a poor habitat for macroinvertebrates, the primary food for juvenile trout and salmon. To provide data necessary for evaluation of potential sand-loading-control practices, the U.S. Geological Survey determined total-sediment transport, particle size, and loads for three sites, designated A, B, and C, on North Fish Creek during water years 1990-91.
\nAt site C, the most upstream site, all sediment was transported as suspended sediment. The average annual total-sediment load during 1990- 91 was 479 tons. About 88 percent of the load was transported during periods of snowmelt or storm runoff. About 75 percent of the sediment load was silt- and clay-size particles; the remainder was sand.
\nTotal-sediment discharge was calculated by the modified-Einstein procedure to determine total sediment transport-rate relations for site A, the most downstream site, and for site B. Annual totalsediment load was 11,960 tons in water year 1990 and 18,430 tons in water year 1991 at site B. About 97 percent of the total load was transported during periods of snowmelt and storm runoff. About 60 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.
\nAnnual total-sediment loads were 20,690 tons and 33,100 tons in water years 1990 and 1991, respectively, at site A. About 67 percent of the total-sediment load was sand-size particles.
\nAnnual average streamflow, as indicated by flow in the Bois Brule River, was about 16 percent below average in water year 1990, and about 4 percent above average in water year 1991.
\nThere was little relation between watershed area and sediment loads for the three sites. The watershed of site C is about 41 percent of that of site A, but the sand load at site C was only 1 percent of that at site A. The watershed area between sites B and C is 40 percent of that above site A, but this area yielded 49 percent of the sand load at site A. Nineteen percent of the watershed above site A is between sites A and B, yet this area yielded about 50 percent of the sand load at site A.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954222","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Rose, W.J., and Graczyk, D., 1996, Sediment transport, particle size, and loads in North Fish Creek in Bayfield County, Wisconsin, water years 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4222, iv, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954222.","productDescription":"iv, 18 p.","numberOfPages":"22","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159782,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Fish Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.645665192584936\n ],\n [\n -90.9722900390625,\n 46.645665192584936\n ],\n [\n -90.9722900390625,\n 46.32796494040748\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 46.32796494040748\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbe76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rose, W. J.","contributorId":14433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graczyk, D.J.","contributorId":108119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graczyk","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":26483,"text":"wri954141 - 1996 - Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:34","indexId":"wri954141","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4141","title":"Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples","docAbstract":"Four devices for splitting water samples into representative aliquots are used by the U.S. Geological Survey's Water Resources Division. A thorough evaluation of these devices (14-liter churn, 8-liter churn, plastic cone, and Teflon cone) encompasses a wide variety of concerns, based on both chemical and physical considerations. This report surveys the existing data (as of April 1994) on cleaning efficiency and splitting capability of these devices and presents the data in a systematic framework for evaluation. From the existing data, some of these concerns are adequately or partially addressed, but the majority of concerns could not be addressed because of the lack of data. In general, the existing cleaning and transport protocols are adequate at the milligram per liter level, but the adequacy is largely unknown for trace elements and organic chemicals at lower concen- trations. The existing data indicate that better results are obtained when the splitters are cleaned in the laboratory rather than in the field. Two conclusions that can be reached on the splitting capability of solids are that more work must be done with all four devices to characterize and quantify their limitations and range of usefulness, and that the 14-liter churn (and by association, the 8-liter churn) is not useful in obtaining representative splits of sand-sized particles.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954141","usgsCitation":"Capel, P., and Larson, S., 1996, Evaluation of selected information on splitting devices for water samples: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4141, v, 103 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954141.","productDescription":"v, 103 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4141/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4141/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fabcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, P. D. 0000-0003-1620-5185","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":95498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"P. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, S.J.","contributorId":17641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31954,"text":"ofr9662A - 1996 - Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"ofr9662A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-62","chapter":"A","title":"Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9662A","usgsCitation":"King, H.D., Fey, D., Motooka, J.M., Knight, R.J., Roushey, B.H., and McGuire, D., 1996, Analytical data and sample locality map of stream-sediment and soil samples from the Winnemucca-Surprise Resource Assessment Area, Northwest Nevada and Northeast California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-62, 341 p. 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9662A.","productDescription":"341 p. 1 over-size sheet, scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0062a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60109,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0062a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60110,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0062a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6800cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"King, Harley D. hking@usgs.gov","contributorId":4046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Harley","email":"hking@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Motooka, J. M.","contributorId":8834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, R. J.","contributorId":96255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Roushey, B. H.","contributorId":84387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roushey","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McGuire, D.J.","contributorId":80702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26193,"text":"wri954039 - 1996 - Ground-water quality assessment of the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit — Analysis of available information on nutrients, 1972-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T22:07:06.847256","indexId":"wri954039","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4039","title":"Ground-water quality assessment of the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit — Analysis of available information on nutrients, 1972-92","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting an assessment of water quality in the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. An initial activity of the program is to compile and analyze existing water-quality data for nutrients in each study unit. Ground-water quality data were compiled from three data sources, the U.S. Geological Survey, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and Georgia Geologic Survey. A total of 2,246 samples of ground water nutrient data for nitrogen and phosphorus species were compiled from these three data sources. Estimates of 1990 nitrogen and phosphorus inputs by county in the study area were calculated from livestock manure, fertilizers, septic tanks, and rainfall. Data for nitrate nitrogen concentrations in ground water were available from the greatest number of wells; samples from 1,233 wells were available in the U.S. Geological Survey, 820 wells from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and 680 wells from the Georgia Geologic Survey. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate nitrogen in drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter was exceeded in a higher percentage of samples from the U.S. Geological Survey, mostly because this data contained numerous samples near known contamination areas. The maximum contaminant level for nitrate nitrogen was exceeded in 3 percent of samples from Upper Floridan aquifer and 12 percent of samples from surficial aquifer system in U.S. Geological Survey data and less than 1 percent and 2 percent of samples from the Upper Floridan aquifer and surficial aquifer system, respectively, in Florida Department of Environmental Protection data. In Georgia Geologic Survey data, 1 percent of samples had concentrations of nitrate nitrogen exceeding 10 milligrams per liter. Nutrient concentration data were grouped into categories based on land use, hydrogeology (aquifer and confinement of the Upper Floridan aquifer), and land resource provinces (Central Florida Ridge, Coastal Flatwoods and Southern Coastal Plain) for the surficial aquifer system. The highest median nitrate nitrogen concentrations in the U.S. Geological Survey data were 0.4 milligrams per liter in ground-water samples from the unconfined Upper Floridan aquifer in agricultural areas and 9.0 milligrams per liter in samples from the surficial aquifer system in agricultural areas in the Central Florida Ridge. In Florida Department of Environmental Protection data, the highest median nitrate nitrogen concentrations were much lower and did not exceed 0.2 milligrams per liter in either the Upper Floridan aquifer or the surficial aquifer system. In Georgia Geologic Survey data the highest median nitrate nitrogen concentration was 1.4 milligrams per liter in agricultural areas in the Coastal Flatwoods. Highest median concentrations of total nitrogen of 10 milligrams per liter (includes nitrate, ammonia, and organic nitrogen) were in U.S. Geological Survey data in the surficial aquifer system in agricultural areas in the Central Florida Ridge. Median concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorus, and total phosphorus did not exceed 0.5 milligrams per liter in all categories from the Upper Floridan aquifer or the surficial aquifer system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954039","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M.P., 1996, Ground-water quality assessment of the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain study unit — Analysis of available information on nutrients, 1972-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4039, vii, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954039.","productDescription":"vii, 39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":394074,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48152.htm"},{"id":123866,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4039/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54989,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504],[-84.90234375,30.543338954230222],[-85.0177001953125,30.24957724046765],[-84.803466796875,30.164126343161097],[-84.627685546875,29.935895213372444],[-84.57275390625,29.859701442126756],[-84.44091796875,29.859701442126756],[-84.29809570312499,29.859701442126756],[-84.2926025390625,30.012030680358613],[-84.17724609375,30.035811042667792],[-83.990478515625,30.050076521698735],[-83.7322998046875,29.893043385434165],[-83.6224365234375,29.76914573606667],[-83.51806640624999,29.602118211647333],[-83.397216796875,29.415675471217877],[-83.2489013671875,29.377388403478992],[-83.1610107421875,29.233683670282787],[-83.0841064453125,29.1281717828162],[-82.8753662109375,29.10897615145302],[-82.77099609375,28.945668833650508],[-82.75451660156249,28.815799886487298],[-82.694091796875,28.671310915880834],[-82.694091796875,28.492833128965096],[-82.8094482421875,28.265682390146477],[-82.891845703125,28.164032516628076],[-82.869873046875,27.955591004642553],[-82.8973388671875,27.790491224830877],[-82.7874755859375,27.68352808378776],[-82.75451660156249,27.552111841284695],[-80.299072265625,27.571590861376308],[-80.2935791015625,27.649472352561876],[-80.37597656249999,27.848790459862073],[-80.52429199218749,28.105903469076186],[-80.540771484375,28.20760859532738],[-80.540771484375,28.318888915773826],[-80.5133056640625,28.386567819657213],[-80.46936035156249,28.44454394857482],[-80.518798828125,28.647210004919998],[-80.6341552734375,28.815799886487298],[-80.771484375,29.065772888415406],[-81.0406494140625,29.439597566602902],[-81.1614990234375,29.807284450222504],[-81.27685546875,30.107117887092357],[-81.3592529296875,30.5764500266181],[-81.34277343749999,30.873940237887624],[-81.32080078125,31.052933985705163],[-81.23291015625,31.22689446881399],[-81.19445800781249,31.358327833411312],[-81.14501953125,31.48020882071693],[-81.03515625,31.648705289976853],[-80.958251953125,31.835565983656227],[-80.85937499999999,31.94750122367064],[-80.782470703125,32.00341778396365],[-80.8978271484375,32.0732655510424],[-81.046142578125,32.115148622612445],[-81.1175537109375,32.16166284018013],[-81.112060546875,32.2546200600072],[-81.0955810546875,32.30570601389429],[-81.177978515625,32.43097672054704],[-81.1669921875,32.47732919639942],[-81.24938964843749,32.537551746769],[-81.34277343749999,32.59773394005744],[-81.4031982421875,32.648625783736726],[-81.39770507812499,32.76880048488168],[-81.4031982421875,32.86574639547474],[-81.441650390625,32.95797741405952],[-81.4801025390625,33.04550781490999],[-81.5899658203125,33.1329513125159],[-81.73278808593749,33.15594830078649],[-81.88110351562499,33.330528249028085],[-82.06787109374999,33.41310221370827],[-82.28759765625,33.348884792201694],[-82.5732421875,33.22949814144951],[-83.056640625,33.25706340236547],[-83.33129882812499,33.0178760185549],[-83.507080078125,32.80574473290688],[-83.82568359375,32.722598604044066],[-83.66638183593749,32.263910555201306],[-83.7652587890625,32.05464469054932],[-83.8421630859375,31.76086695137955],[-84.19921875,31.353636941500987],[-84.6826171875,30.869225348040825],[-84.7210693359375,30.704058230919504]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d5e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, M. P.","contributorId":74761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27233,"text":"wri964021 - 1996 - Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T10:47:10","indexId":"wri964021","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4021","title":"Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona","docAbstract":"Infiltration of effluent into the Santa Cruz River channel from water-treatment plants near Tucson, Arizona was studied from March 23, 1990, to September 30, 1993. The study reach extended along a 23-mile stream reach from the water-treatment plants, about 5 miles northwest of central Tucson, downstream to Trico Road, about 5 miles west of Marana, Arizona. Data indicate that 88.4 to 90.2 percent of the effluent discharged from the two water-treatment plants infiltrated the Santa Cruz River channel. During 1991 93, the volume of effluent discharge that flowed out of the study area was 2,880, 4,120, and 3,320 acre-feet per year, respectively, and the volume of infiltration was 41,890, 43,640, and 45,670 acre-feet per year, respectively. Intermittent rainstorms resulted in high flows that altered the composition, structure, and geometry of the channel bed and may have caused the infiltration to increase to nearly 100 percent. In comparison, variations in evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation had a minimal effect on the water budget. In the study reach, 3.2 to 3.9 percent of the effluent was lost to evapotranspiration and open-channel evaporation; 6.2 to 8.3 percent flowed through the reach.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Tuscon","usgsCitation":"Galyean, K., 1996, Infiltration of wastewater effluent in the Santa Cruz River Channel, Pima County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4021, v, 82 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964021.","productDescription":"v, 82 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56100,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4021/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pima County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.29166667\n ],\n [\n -111.04166667,\n 32.29166667\n ],\n [\n -111.04166667,\n 32.45833333\n ],\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.45833333\n ],\n [\n -111.29166667,\n 32.29166667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee81e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galyean, Ken","contributorId":212707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galyean","given":"Ken","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25829,"text":"wri954203 - 1996 - Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:04:56.036888","indexId":"wri954203","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4203","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92","docAbstract":"This retrospective report examines available nutrient, suspended sediment, and pesticide data in surface and ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic and Thames Rivers Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this study is to improve the understanding of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality in the study unit. Waterquality data were acquired from various sources, primarily, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The report examines data for water years 1972-92, focusing on 1980-92, although it also includes additional data from as early as 1905.
The study unit lies within the New England Physiographic Province and altitudes range from sea level in coastal Connecticut to 6,288 feet above sea level at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Two major aquifer types underlie the study unit unconsolidated glacial deposits and fractured bedrock. The climate generally is temperate and humid, with four distinct seasons. Average annual precipitation ranges from 34 to 65 inches. The study unit has a population of about 4.5 million, which is most highly concentrated in southwestern Connecticut and along the south-central region of the Connecticut River Valley.
Surface-water-quality data were screened to provide information about sites with adequate numbers of analyses (50) over sufficiently long periods (1980-90) to enable valid statistical analyses. In order to compare effects of different types of land use on surface-water quality, examination of data required application of several statistical and graphical techniques, including mapping, histograms, boxplots, concentration-discharge plots, trend analysis, and load estimation. Spatial and temporal analysis of surface-water-quality data indicated that, with a single exception, only stations in the Connecticut water-quality network had sufficient data collected over adequately long time periods to use in detailed analyses.
Ground-water nutrient and pesticide data were compiled from several Federal and State agencies, primarily the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Connecticut Department of Health Services. Nutrient data were available for several thousand wells; nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen was the most commonly reported constituent. Most wells with nutrient data are in Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Relative to nutrient data in ground and surface water, pesticide data are less common. Pesticide data were available for slightly more than 200 surface-water sites and less than 500 wells; about 95 percent of the wells are completed in stratified-drift or till aquifers. Data for 81 pesticide compounds were available in various data bases. 2,4-D and silvex were the most commonly detected herbicides in surface water and dieldrin and diazinon were the most commonly detected insecticides. Most surface-water pesticide samples and detections are from bed sediment, but much of the data are not recent.
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a soil fumigant used in tobacco farming was detected in 268 wells in a 50 square-mile area of north-central Connecticut; EDB contamination also was detected in wells in Massachusetts. Atrazine, an herbicide commonly used in corn farming, commonly was detected in wells installed in tilled agricultural fields. Corn herbicides were commonly detected in the northern part of the study unit, although the sampling has been less frequent than in the southern part of the study unit. Pesticides were seldom detected in public-supply wells in Connecticut.
Urban sites with relatively high population densities and high concentrations of dischargers were characterized by having the highest nutrient concentrations and loads when adjusted for differences in drainage area or population. Particularly, the Pequabuck, Naugatuck, and Quinnipiac River Basins were characterized by high nutrient concentrations median total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 4.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.8 mg/L. In contrast, the predominantly forested and low density residential land-use sites, such as Saugatuck and Salmon River Basins, were characterized by low nutrient concentrations median total nitrogen ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 mg/L and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L. Estimated total nitrogen loadings in median discharge years ranged from 940 kilograms per square mile at the Salmon River near East Hampton, Conn., to 5,800 kilograms per square mile at the Naugatuck River at Beacon Falls, Conn. Water quality, in terms of nutrient concentrations and areally adjusted loadings, for sites with large drainage basins integrating a wide variety of land-use categories fell between the extremes of the urban and forested sites total nitrogen was 1,400 kilograms per square mile per year at the Connecticut River at Thompsonville, Conn.
Nitrate concentrations in ground water occasionally exceeded the safe drinking-water standard of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. The greatest number of detections exceeding the standard, however, were not in public-water supplies but in shallow observation wells in agricultural settings (the most frequently sampled type of well). None of the public-supply wells in Massachusetts exceeded the standard. Although nitrate concentrations for Vermont and New Hampshire generally were low, few data were available and those were seldom reported on the basis of drainage basin, making analysis difficult.
Trend analysis indicated that flow-adjusted concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus generally decreased during the period of analysis, however, total nitrogen did not change substantially. Decreases in ammonia concentrations with time were usually accompanied by increases in nitrate, suggesting improvements in sewage treatment.
The lack of adequate data from more or less exclusively agricultural areas points to the need for further study of the effects of fanning on surface-water quality in the study unit. Furthermore, additional information is needed on the rates, transformations, and movements of nutrients and other materials through and between the aquatic and terrestrial components of the study unit.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954203","usgsCitation":"Zimmerman, M.J., Grady, S.J., Trench, E.C., Flanagan, S.M., and Nielson, M.G., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins study unit: Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4203, Report: x, 162 p.; 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.81 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954203.","productDescription":"Report: x, 162 p.; 1 Plate: 35.00 x 43.81 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393471,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48290.htm"},{"id":358782,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54577,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":119120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4203/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Quebec, Rhode Island, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Connecticut River Basin, Housatonic River Basin, Thames River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 45.25\n ],\n [\n -74,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zimmerman, Marc J. mzimmerm@usgs.gov","contributorId":3245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Marc","email":"mzimmerm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grady, Stephen J.","contributorId":101636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grady","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trench, Elaine C. Todd etrench@usgs.gov","contributorId":4557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trench","given":"Elaine","email":"etrench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C. Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flanagan, Sarah M. sflanaga@usgs.gov","contributorId":2666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"Sarah","email":"sflanaga@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nielson, Martha G.","contributorId":210067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":26032,"text":"wri954288 - 1996 - Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T19:59:19.10237","indexId":"wri954288","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4288","title":"Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992","docAbstract":"In parts of the upper reaches of the Red River Basin in Texas, streamflow is characterized by levels of salinity that limit its usefulness for most purposes. Large dissolved solids and dissolved chloride concentrations are caused primarily by flow from natural salt springs in tributaries to the Red River. To reduce downstream salinity in the Wichita River, a dam in the South Wichita River downstream of an area of salt springs (designated salinity source area VIII) diverts low flows (which are the most saline) to a manmade brine lake for evaporation.
Statistical tests on salinity data for the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River for the period October 1982–September 1992 were done to determine the effects on downstream salinity of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River that began in May 1987.
Salinity in the South Wichita River downstream of the low-flow diversion structure was (statistically) significantly less during the 65-month period of record after diversion than during the 55- month period of record before diversion. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests yielded strong evidence that discharge-weighted dissolved solids and dischargeweighted dissolved chloride concentrations, as well as discharge-weighted specific conductance, were significantly less after diversion.
Whether salinity in Lake Kemp had a significant downward trend during the period of record August 1989–August 1992 could not be determined conclusively from observed salinity data. Mann-Kendall trend tests yielded weak evidence that volume-weighted dissolved solids and dissolved chloride concentrations in Lake Kemp tended to decrease with time. However, serial correlation in the time series of salinity data could have adversely affected the test results.
The significant effects of low-flow diversions on salinity in the South Wichita River are not discernible in the Wichita River downstream from Lake Kemp. Although salinity was significantly less downstream from Lake Kemp after diversion, the decrease probably is mostly a result of dilution of Lake Kemp by large inflows of (assumed) low-salinity water that occurred in the spring of 1989 rather than an effect of diversion.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954288","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Red River Authority of Texas, City of Wichita Falls, and Wichita County Water Improvement District No. 2","usgsCitation":"Baldys, S., Bush, P.W., and Kidwell, C.C., 1996, Effects of low-flow diversions from the South Wichita River on downstream salinity of the South Wichita River, Lake Kemp, and the Wichita River, North Texas, October 1982-September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4288, iii, 23 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954288.","productDescription":"iii, 23 p.","temporalStart":"1982-10-01","temporalEnd":"1992-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":428016,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48361.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8918,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4288/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":126658,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4288.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lake Kemp, South Wichita River, Wichita River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.967\n ],\n [\n -100.985,\n 33.967\n ],\n [\n -100.985,\n 33.355\n ],\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.35\n ],\n [\n -99.02452397733464,\n 33.967\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611c86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, Peter W.","contributorId":57820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kidwell, Charles C.","contributorId":68353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kidwell","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":24711,"text":"ofr95762 - 1996 - Real-Time Mapping alert system; user's manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"ofr95762","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-762","title":"Real-Time Mapping alert system; user's manual","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has an extensive hydrologic network that records and transmits precipitation, stage, discharge, and other water- related data on a real-time basis to an automated data processing system. Data values are recorded on electronic data collection platforms at field monitoring sites. These values are transmitted by means of orbiting satellites to receiving ground stations, and by way of telecommunication lines to a U.S. Geological Survey office where they are processed on a computer system. Data that exceed predefined thresholds are identified as alert values. These alert values can help keep water- resource specialists informed of current hydrologic conditions. The current alert status at monitoring sites is of critical importance during floods, hurricanes, and other extreme hydrologic events where quick analysis of the situation is needed. This manual provides instructions for using the Real-Time Mapping software, a series of computer programs developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for quick analysis of hydrologic conditions, and guides users through a basic interactive session. The software provides interactive graphics display and query of real-time information in a map-based, menu-driven environment.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95762","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Torres, L., 1996, Real-Time Mapping alert system; user's manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-762, vi, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95762.","productDescription":"vi, 49 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0762/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0762/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b5ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torres, L.A.","contributorId":19195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torres","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25995,"text":"wri954199 - 1996 - Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-05T09:43:22","indexId":"wri954199","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4199","title":"Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama","docAbstract":"Methods of estimating flood magnitudes for recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50,100, 200, and 500 years are described for rural streams in Alabama that are not affected by regulation or urbanization. Flood-frequency characteristics are presented for 198 gaging stations in Alabama having 10 or more years of record through September 1991, that are used in the regional analysis. Regression relations were developed using generalized least-squares regression techniques to estimate flood magnitude and frequency on ungaged streams as a function of the drainage area of a basin. Sites on gaged streams should be weighted with gaging station data that are presented in the report Graphical relations of peak discharges to drainage areas are also presented for siter along the Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Choctawhatchee, Conecuh, and Tombigbee Rivers. Equations for estimating flood magnitudes on ungaged urban streams (taken from a previous report) that use drainage area and percentage of impervious cover as independent variables also are given.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954199","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Atkins, J.B., 1996, Magnitude and frequency of floods in Alabama: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4199, Report: v, 234 p.; 1 Plate: 21.02 x 27.36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954199.","productDescription":"Report: v, 234 p.; 1 Plate: 21.02 x 27.36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54743,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358175,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4199/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -88.48388671874999,\n 31.886886525780806\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 30.6662659463233\n ],\n [\n -88.3740234375,\n 30.363396239603716\n ],\n [\n -88.26416015625,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -88.121337890625,\n 30.240086360983426\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 30.221101852485987\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 30.211608223816906\n ],\n [\n -87.56103515625,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -87.396240234375,\n 30.372875188118016\n ],\n [\n -87.38525390624999,\n 30.5717205651999\n ],\n [\n -87.462158203125,\n 30.675715404167743\n ],\n [\n -87.593994140625,\n 30.817346256492073\n ],\n [\n -87.57202148437499,\n 30.996445897426373\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 30.968189296794247\n ],\n [\n -85.045166015625,\n 31.12819929911196\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.287939892641734\n ],\n [\n -85.067138671875,\n 31.5504526754715\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.737511125687828\n ],\n [\n -85.089111328125,\n 31.942839972853083\n ],\n [\n -85.0341796875,\n 32.0732655510424\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.14771106595571\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.287132632616384\n ],\n [\n -84.935302734375,\n 32.36140331527543\n ],\n [\n -85.078125,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -85.63842773437499,\n 35.003003395276714\n ],\n [\n -88.165283203125,\n 35.003003395276714\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635a2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Atkins, J. Brian","contributorId":49781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":59721,"text":"mf2313 - 1996 - Maps showing petroleum exploration intensity and production in major Cambrian to Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Anadarko Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-13T16:19:20.189237","indexId":"mf2313","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2313","title":"Maps showing petroleum exploration intensity and production in major Cambrian to Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Anadarko Basin","docAbstract":"The Anadarko basin is a large, deep, two-stage Paleozoic basin (Feinstein, 1981) that is petroleum rich and generally well explored. The Anadarko basin province, a geogrphic area used here mostly for the convenience of mapping and data management, is defined by political boundaries that include the Anadarko basin proper. The boundaries of the province are identical to those used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the 1995 National Assessment of United Stated Oil and Gas Resources. The data in this report, also identical to those used in the national assessment, are from several computerized data bases including Nehring Research Group (NRG) Associates Inc., Significant Oil and Gas Fields of the United States (1992); Petroleum Information (PI), Inc., Well History Control System (1991); and Petroleum Information (PI), Inc., Petro-ROM: Production data on CD-ROM (1993). Although generated mostly in response to the national assessment, the data presented here arc grouped differently and arc displayed and described in greater detail. In addition, the stratigraphic sequences discussed may not necessarily correlate with the \"plays\" of the 1995 national assessment. This report uses computer-generated maps to show drilling intensity, producing wells, major fields, and other geologic information relevant to petroleum exploration and production in the lower Paleozoic part of the Anadarko basin province as defined for the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 national petroleum assessment. Hydrocarbon accumulations must meet a minimum standard of 1 million barrels of oil (MMBO) or 6 billion cubic feet of gas (BCFG) estimated ultimate recovery to be included in this report as a major field or revoir. Mapped strata in this report include the Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician Arbuckle and Low Ordovician Ellenburger Groups, the Middle Ordovician Simpson Group, and the Middle to Upper Ordovician Viola Group.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2313","usgsCitation":"Henry, M., and Hester, T., 1996, Maps showing petroleum exploration intensity and production in major Cambrian to Ordovician reservoir rocks in the Anadarko Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2313, 3 Plates: 56.00 x 40.60 inches and smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2313.","productDescription":"3 Plates: 56.00 x 40.60 inches and smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":284479,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2313/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182610,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2313.jpg"},{"id":490723,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5934.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284480,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2313/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284478,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2313/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Anadarko Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -103.0,35.0 ], [ -103.0,39.0 ], [ -98.0,39.0 ], [ -98.0,35.0 ], [ -103.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd663ce4b0b290851009bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henry, Mitch","contributorId":63313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"Mitch","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hester, Tim","contributorId":67804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hester","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":262476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44389,"text":"ofr96137 - 1996 - Feasibility of using acoustic velocity meters for estimating highly organic suspended-solids concentrations in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"ofr96137","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-137","title":"Feasibility of using acoustic velocity meters for estimating highly organic suspended-solids concentrations in streams","docAbstract":"A field experiment was conducted at the Levee 4 canal site below control structure G-88 in the Everglades agricultural area in northwestern Broward County, Florida, to study the relation of acoustic attenuation to suspended-solids concentrations. Acoustic velocity meter and temperature data were obtained with concurrent water samples analyzed for suspended-solids concentrations. Two separate acoustic velocity meter frequencies were used, 200 and 500 kilohertz, to determine the sensitivity of acoustic attenuation to frequency for the measured suspended-solids concentration range. Suspended-solids concentrations for water samples collected at the Levee 4 canal site from July 1993 to September 1994 ranged from 22 to 1,058 milligrams per liter, and organic content ranged from about 30 to 93 percent. Regression analyses showed that attenuation data from the acoustic velocity meter (automatic gain control) and temperature data alone do not provide enough information to adequately describe the concentrations of suspended solids. However, if velocity is also included as one of the independent variables in the regression model, a satisfactory correlation can be obtained. Thus, it is feasible to use acoustic velocity meter instrumentation to estimate suspended-solids concentrations in streams, even when suspended solids are primarily composed of organic material. Using the most comprehensive data set available for the study (500 kiloherz data), the best fit regression model produces a standard error of 69.7 milligrams per liter, with actual errors ranging from 2 to 128 milligrams per liter. Both acoustic velocity meter transmission frequencies of 200 and 500 hilohertz produced similar results, suggesting that transducers of either frequency could be used to collect attenuation data at the study site. Results indicate that calibration will be required for each acoustic velocity meter system to the unique suspended-solids regime existing at each site. More robust solutions may be defined in streams with suspended solids having lower percentages of organic composition.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96137","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Patino, E., 1996, Feasibility of using acoustic velocity meters for estimating highly organic suspended-solids concentrations in streams: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-137, iv, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96137.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0137/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81678,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0137/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48e4e4b07f02db54f8bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":229687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26714,"text":"wri954279 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:30","indexId":"wri954279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4279","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"The City of Columbus, Ohio, operates four radial collector wells in southern Franklin County. The 'South Well Field' is completed in permeable outwash and ice-contact deposits, upon which flow the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The wells are designed to yield approximately 42 million gallons per day; part of that yield results from induced infiltration of surface water from the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. The well field supplied up to 30 percent of the water supply of southern Columbus and its suburbs in 1991. This report describes the hydrogeology of southern Franklin County and a tran sient three-dimensional, numerical ground-water- flow model of the South Well Field.\r\n\r\nThe primary source of ground water in the study area is the glacial drift aquifer. The glacial drift is composed of sand, gravel, and clay depos ited during the Illinoian and Wisconsinan glaciations. In general, thick deposits of till containing lenses of sand and gravel dominate the drift in the area west of the Scioto River. The thickest and most productive parts of the glacial drift aquifer are in the buried valleys in the central and eastern parts of the study area underlying the Scioto River and Big Walnut Creek. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the glacial drift aquifer differs spa tially and ranges from 30 to 375 feet per day. The specific yield ranges from 0.12 to 0.30.\r\n\r\nThe secondary source of ground water within the study area is the underlying carbonate bedrock aquifer, which consists of Silurian and Devonian limestones, dolomites, and shales. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the carbonate bedrock aquifer ranges from 10 to 15 feet per day. The storage coefficient is about 0.0002. \r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow system in the South Well Field area is recharged by precipitation, regional ground-water flow, and induced stream infiltration. Yearly recharge rates varied spatially and ranged from 4.0 to 12.0 inches. \r\n\r\nThe three-dimensional, ground-water-flow model was constructed by use of the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow code. Recharge, boundary flux, and river leakage are the principal sources of water to the flow system. The study area is bounded on the north and south by streamlines, with flow entering the area from the east and west. Areal recharge is contributed throughout the study area, although a comparatively high percentage of precipitation reaches the water table in the area east of the Scioto River where little surface drain age exists. Ground-water flow is downward in the uplands of the Scioto River, and upward near the river in the glacial drift and carbonate bedrock aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe numerical model contains 53 rows, 45 columns, and 3 layers. The uppermost two layers represent the glacial drift. The bottom layer represents the carbonate bedrock. The horizontal model grid is variably spaced to account for differences in available data and to simulate heads accurately in specific areas of interest. The length and width of grid cells range from 200 to 2,000 feet; the finer spacings are designed to increase detail in the areas near the collector wells. The model uses 7,155 active nodes. \r\n\r\nMeasurements of water levels from October 1979 were used to represent steady-state conditions before municipal pumping at the well field began. Measurements made during March 1986 were used to represent steady-state conditions after commencement of pumping at the well field. Water levels measured during March 1986 - June 1991 were used for calibration targets in the transient simulations. \r\n\r\nThe transient model was discretized into eight stress periods of 93 to 487 days on the basis of recharge, well-field pumpage, and available water-level data. Transient model calibration was based on seven sets of hydraulic-head measure ments made during March 1986 - June 1991. This time period includes large-scale increases in well- field production associated with a drought in the summer of 1988, an","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarch Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954279","usgsCitation":"Cunningham, W.L., Bair, E., and Yost, W., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4279, iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954279.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55589,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4279/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6253b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cunningham, W. L.","contributorId":22801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cunningham","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yost, W.P.","contributorId":51791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":68518,"text":"ha738C - 1996 - Quality of ground water and surface water in intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-28T11:26:22","indexId":"ha738C","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"738","chapter":"C","title":"Quality of ground water and surface water in intermontane basins of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho","docAbstract":"The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis (RASA) program is a series of studies by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to analyze regional ground-water systems that compose a major portion of the Nations water supply (Sun, 1986). The Northern Rocky Mountains Intermontane Basins is one of the study regions in this national program. The main objectives of the RASA studies are to: (1) describe the ground-water systems as they exist today, (2) analyze the known changes that have led to the system's present condition, (3) combine results of previous studies in a regional analysis, where possible, and (4) provide means by which effects of future ground-water development can be estimated.
The purpose of this study, which began in 1990, was to increase understanding of the hydrogeology of the intermontane basins of the Northern Rocky Mountains area. This report is Chapter C of a three-part series and describes the quality of ground water and surface water in the study area. Chapter A (Tuck and others, 1996) describes the geologic history and generalized hydrogeologic units. Chapter B (Briar and others, 1996) describes the general distribution of ground-water levels in basin-fill deposits.
Water-quality data illustrated in this report represent the distribution of concentrations and composition of dissolved solids in ground water and surface water in the intermontane areas. The chemistry of ground and surface water in the intermontane areas is influenced by the chemical and physical nature of the rocks in the basin deposits of the valleys and surrounding bedrock in the mountains.