Phytoplankton blooms are prominent features of biological variability in shallow coastal ecosystems such as estuaries, lagoons, bays, and tidal rivers. Long-term observation and research in San Francisco Bay illustrates some patterns of phytoplankton spatial and temporal variability and the underlying mechanisms of this variability. Blooms are events of rapid production and accumulation of phytoplankton biomass that are usually responses to changing physical forcings originating in the coastal ocean (e.g., tides), the atmosphere (wind), or on the land surface (precipitation and river runoff). These physical forcings have different timescales of variability, so algal blooms can be short-term episodic events, recurrent seasonal phenomena, or rare events associated with exceptional climatic or hydrologic conditions. The biogeochemical role of phytoplankton primary production is to transform and incorporate reactive inorganic elements into organic forms, and these transformations are rapid and lead to measurable geochemical change during blooms. Examples include the depletion of inorganic nutrients (N, P, Si), supersaturation of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, shifts in the isotopic composition of reactive elements (C, N), production of climatically active trace gases (methyl bromide, dimethylsulfide), changes in the chemical form and toxicity of trace metals (As, Cd, Ni, Zn), changes in the biochemical composition and reactivity of the suspended particulate matter, and synthesis of organic matter required for the reproduction and growth of heterotrophs, including bacteria, zooplankton, and benthic consumer animals. Some classes of phytoplankton play special roles in the cycling of elements or synthesis of specific organic molecules, but we have only rudimentary understanding of the forces that select for and promote blooms of these species. Mounting evidence suggests that the natural cycles of bloom variability are being altered on a global scale by human activities including the input of toxic contaminants and nutrients, manipulation of river flows, and translocation of species. This hypothesis will be a key component of our effort to understand global change at the land-sea interface. Pursuit of this hypothesis will require creative approaches for distinguishing natural and anthropogenic sources of phytoplankton population variability, as well as recognition that the modes of human disturbance of coastal bloom cycles operate interactively and cannot be studied as isolated processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU ","doi":"10.1029/96RG00986","usgsCitation":"Cloern, J.E., 1996, Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems: A review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 2, p. 127-168, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG00986.","productDescription":"42 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"168","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314151,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 38.14751758025121\n ],\n [\n -121.47583007812501,\n 37.41816326969145\n ],\n [\n -122.53875732421875,\n 37.41816326969145\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e04be4b039675d005e4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22926,"text":"ofr96173 - 1996 - Water-quality, streamflow, and meteorological data for the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T19:04:26.808035","indexId":"ofr96173","displayToPublicDate":"1999-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-173","title":"Water-quality, streamflow, and meteorological data for the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1991-93","docAbstract":"Surface-water-quality data, ground-water-quality data, streamflow data, field measurements, aquatic-biology data, meteorological data, and quality-assurance data were collected in the Tualatin River Basin from 1991 to 1993 by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Unified Sewerage Agency of Washington County, Oregon (USA). The data from that study, which are part of this report, are presented in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) format in subject-specific data files on a Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). The text of this report describes the objectives of the study, the location of sampling sites, sample-collection and processing techniques, equipment used, laboratory analytical methods, and quality-assurance procedures. The data files on CD-ROM contain the analytical results of water samples collected in the Tualatin River Basin, streamflow measurements of the main-stem Tualatin River and its major tributaries, flow data from the USA wastewater-treatment plants, flow data from stations that divert water from the main-stem Tualatin River, aquatic-biology data, and meteorological data from the Tualatin Valley Irrigation District (TVID) Agrimet Weather Station located in Verboort, Oregon. Specific information regarding the contents of each data file is given in the text. The data files use a series of letter codes that distinguish each line of data. These codes are defined in data tables accompanying the text. Presenting data on CD-ROM offers several advantages: (1) the data can be accessed easily and manipulated by computers, (2) the data can be distributed readily over computer networks, and (3) the data may be more easily transported and stored than a large printed report. These data have been used by the USGS to (1) identify the sources, transport, and fate of nutrients in the Tualatin River Basin, (2) quantify relations among nutrient loads, algal growth, low dissolved-oxygen concentrations, and high pH, and (3) develop and calibrate a water- quality model that allows managers to test options for alleviating water-quality problems.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96173","usgsCitation":"Doyle, M.C., and Caldwell, J.M., 1996, Water-quality, streamflow, and meteorological data for the Tualatin River Basin, Oregon, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-173, Report: v, 49 p.; 1 Plate:; 30.00 × 28.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96173.","productDescription":"Report: v, 49 p.; 1 Plate:; 30.00 × 28.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407156,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18591.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":19438,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0173/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19439,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0173/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Tualatin River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.486,\n 45.26\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 45.26\n ],\n [\n -122.625,\n 45.798\n ],\n [\n -123.486,\n 45.798\n ],\n [\n -123.486,\n 45.26\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e50f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, M. C.","contributorId":91136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, J. M.","contributorId":93934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24528,"text":"ofr9615 - 1996 - Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr9615","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-15","title":"Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed as part of a cooperative U.S. Geological Survey/Massachusetts Water Resources Authority program to study contaminated sediment accumulation and transport in Massachusetts Bay. This report details the development of the model and assesses how well the model represents observed currents and water properties in the bay. It also summarizes circulation and comparative effluent dilution simulations from existing and future Boston sewage outfalls over a three-year period from October 1, 1989 to December 31, 1992. \r\n\r\nThe ECOM-si model, a semi-implicit version of the Blumberg and Mellor (1987) Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Model, is shown to reproduce many of the important hydrodynamical features of Massachusetts Bay: the seasonal evolution of the pycnocline, the mean flow pattern, and the strength of sub-tidal current fluctuations. Throughout the simulation period, during both vertically well-mixed and stratified conditions, the seasonal statistics of observed currents are well-represented by the model. The model is therefore appropriate for studying the average dilution of sewage effluent and other continuously discharged substances over seasonal time scales. \r\n\r\nThe ability of the model to reproduce individual flow events varies with season and location within the bay. Flow events during unstratified conditions in western Massachusetts Bay are particularly well-represented, indicating that the model is appropriate for studying processes such as the transport of suspended material from the future outfall site due to winter storms. Individual flow events during stratified conditions and in the offshore Stellwagen Bank region, however, are less well-represented due to small length scales (caused by upwelling and river discharge events) coupled with insufficient data to specify open boundary forcing from the Gulf of Maine. Thus while the model might be used to answer issues such as the frequency with which Gulf of Maine river plumes visit the new outfall site, attempting to predict whether a particular plume would visit the outfall site could be problematic. \r\n\r\nComparative simulations of effluent discharged from the existing and future Boston outfalls show that the region of relatively high effluent concentrations (1 part effluent to 200 parts sea water) is significantly smaller with the future outfall and is limited to Western Massachusetts Bay during both unstratified and stratified seasons. The region of even higher concentration (1 part effluent to 50 parts sea water) that covers much of Boston Harbor with the existing outfall is non-existent in the future outfall simulation. Additional simulations of chlorination plant failure predict that the offshore location of the future outfall will lead to dramatically lower levels of pathogens at area beaches.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Woods Hole Field Center,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9615","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., Jenter, H.L., and Blumberg, A.F., 1996, Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-15, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9615.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://crusty.er.usgs.gov/mbayopen/mbayopen.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenter, Harry L. 0000-0002-1307-8785 hjenter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-8785","contributorId":228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"Harry","email":"hjenter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumberg, Alan F.","contributorId":66299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumberg","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23345,"text":"ofr96211 - 1996 - Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"ofr96211","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-211","title":"Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada","docAbstract":"A physically based flow-routing model using Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) was constructed for modeling streamflow in the Carson River at daily time intervals as part of the Truckee-Carson Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Daily streamflow data for water years 1978-92 for the mainstem river, tributaries, and irrigation ditches from the East Fork Carson River near Markleeville and West Fork Carson River at Woodfords down to the mainstem Carson River at Fort Churchill upstream from Lahontan Reservoir were obtained from several agencies and were compiled into a comprehensive data base. No previous physically based flow-routing model of the Carson River has incorporated multi-agency streamflow data into a single data base and simulated flow at a daily time interval. Where streamflow data were unavailable or incomplete, hydrologic techniques were used to estimate some flows. For modeling purposes, the Carson River was divided into six segments, which correspond to those used in the Alpine Decree that governs water rights along the river. Hydraulic characteristics were defined for 48 individual stream reaches based on cross-sectional survey data obtained from field surveys and previous studies. Simulation results from the model were compared with available observed and estimated streamflow data. Model testing demonstrated that hydraulic characteristics of the Carson River are adequately represented in the models for a range of flow regimes. Differences between simulated and observed streamflow result mostly from inadequate data characterizing inflow and outflow from the river. Because irrigation return flows are largely unknown, irrigation return flow percentages were used as a calibration parameter to minimize differences between observed and simulated streamflows. Observed and simulated streamflow were compared for daily periods for the full modeled length of the Carson River and for two major subreaches modeled with more detailed input data. Hydrographs and statistics presented in this report describe these differences. A sensitivity analysis of four estimated components of the hydrologic system evaluated which components were significant in the model. Estimated ungaged tributary streamflow is not a significant component of the model during low runoff, but is significant during high runoff. The sensitivity analysis indicates that changes in the estimated irrigation diversion and estimated return flow creates a noticeable change in the statistics. The modeling for this study is preliminary. Results of the model are constrained by current availability and accuracy of observed hydrologic data. Several inflows and outflows of the Carson River are not described by time-series data and therefore are not represented in the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96211","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hess, G.W., 1996, Progress report on daily flow-routing simulation for the Carson River, California and Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-211, iv, 41 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96211.","productDescription":"iv, 41 p. :ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157348,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19457,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":52644,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0211/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64865c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, G. W.","contributorId":43338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018448,"text":"70018448 - 1996 - Imaging surface contacts: Power law contact distributions and contact stresses in quartz, calcite, glass and acrylic plastic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:13:45.350013","indexId":"70018448","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging surface contacts: Power law contact distributions and contact stresses in quartz, calcite, glass and acrylic plastic","docAbstract":"A procedure has been developed to obtain microscope images of regions of contact between roughened surfaces of transparent materials, while the surfaces are subjected to static loads or undergoing frictional slip. Static loading experiments with quartz, calcite, soda-lime glass and acrylic plastic at normal stresses to 30 MPa yield power law distributions of contact areas from the smallest contacts that can be resolved (3.5 μm2) up to a limiting size that correlates with the grain size of the abrasive grit used to roughen the surfaces. In each material, increasing normal stress results in a roughly linear increase of the real area of contact. Mechanisms of contact area increase are by growth of existing contacts, coalescence of contacts and appearance of new contacts. Mean contacts stresses are consistent with the indentation strength of each material. Contact size distributions are insensitive to normal stress indicating that the increase of contact area is approximately self-similar. The contact images and contact distributions are modeled using simulations of surfaces with random fractal topographies. The contact process for model fractal surfaces is represented by the simple expedient of removing material at regions where surface irregularities overlap. Synthetic contact images created by this approach reproduce observed characteristics of the contacts and demonstrate that the exponent in the power law distributions depends on the scaling exponent used to generate the surface topography.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0040-1951(95)00165-4","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J.H., and Kilgore, B., 1996, Imaging surface contacts: Power law contact distributions and contact stresses in quartz, calcite, glass and acrylic plastic: Tectonophysics, v. 256, no. 1-4, p. 219-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(95)00165-4.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"239","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227605,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"256","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3885e4b0c8380cd615d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilgore, B.D.","contributorId":85728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilgore","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018972,"text":"70018972 - 1996 - Observational constraints on earthquake source scaling: Understanding the limits in resolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-14T16:54:30.189586","indexId":"70018972","displayToPublicDate":"1999-02-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observational constraints on earthquake source scaling: Understanding the limits in resolution","docAbstract":"Long-range large-scale side-scan (GLORIA) information, other seismic reflection profiling studies, and data from cores in the California Continental Borderland, have defined active levee-channel systems extending basinward from the lower fan of Hueneme-Mugu Submarine Fan, Redondo Submarine Fan, and Santa Cruz Canyon Fan in Santa Monica, San Pedro and Santa Cruz Basins, respectively. The Holocene distributaries have been created by a series of turbidity current events. These distributaries range in length from 10–25 km, and are wide (2–5 km) and low-relief (1–10 m) in their distal parts. They are also active conduits for nepheloid flows. Distributions of sedimentological parameters typically mimic the pattern of levee-channel systems. Organic carbon and biogenic carbonate content roughly outline the systems.
Channels are incised in the upper to middle fan areas, and become constructional leveed channels in the lower fan and basin plain as the channel gradient adjusts to maintain a graded profile. Thus sediment gravity flows are generally confined to channels in the upper fan zones, but deposit both channelized and over-bank deposits on the lower fan and basin floor.
The deposits show that the canyon-fan activity has continued during a rising sea level phase. It is evident that canyon headward erosion rates have been equal to or greater than the transgression rate, and that the canyon-fan systems have remained linked with their sediment sources.
Frequency of events was probably higher, and volumes of the events were often larger, during the glacially lowered sea level episodes. However, turbidity currents of sufficient volume to reach the basin floors continue to occur at century or multi-century intervals. As one progresses headward in each system, the number of flows per length of core increases. Small flows that do not pass beyond the distributaries are much more frequent, and may be decadal in frequency, or even more frequent in the Santa Monica Basin system.
These California borderland basins are probably typical of narrow active margins where rate of lateral sea level transgression is less than or equal to the rate of canyon headward erosion. The canyons maintain connections with sediment sources during sea level rise, and the systems therefore are active during the entire sea level cycle. Thus sediment supply is not a simple function of eustacy. This contrasts with the simplified sequence model developed on passive margins where canyons turn off as sea level rises.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(95)00120-4","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Schwalbach, J., Edwards, B.D., and Gorsline, D., 1996, Contemporary channel-levee systems in active borderland basin plains, California Continental Borderland: Sedimentary Geology, v. 104, no. 1-4, p. 53-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(95)00120-4.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"72","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227340,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"California Continental Borderland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77265268199858,\n 34.62012427965382\n ],\n [\n -120.85227097284806,\n 34.117432268241096\n ],\n [\n -119.74905333674383,\n 32.667862992197186\n ],\n [\n -117.26139719361237,\n 32.446676399045984\n ],\n [\n -116.94072900639466,\n 32.72850062577873\n ],\n [\n -117.61215330204129,\n 33.959668030728366\n ],\n [\n -120.77265268199858,\n 34.62012427965382\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa4ce4b0c8380cd4da1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwalbach, J.R.","contributorId":38722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwalbach","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorsline, D.S.","contributorId":56395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorsline","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4875,"text":"ds20 - 1996 - Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:06","indexId":"ds20","displayToPublicDate":"1998-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"20","title":"Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS)","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) operates the Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS), a digital system that contained 111,955 records on Sept. 1, 1995. Records describe metallic and industrial commodity deposits, mines, prospects, and occurrences in the United States and selected other countries. These records have been created over the years by USGS commodity specialists and through cooperative agreements with geological surveys of U.S. States and other countries. This CD-ROM contains the complete MRDS data base, several subsets of it, and software to allow data retrieval and display. Data retrievals are made by using GSSEARCH, a program that is included on this CD-ROM. Retrievals are made by specifying fields or any combination of the fields that provide information on deposit name, location, commodity, deposit model type, geology, mineral production, reserves, and references. A tutorial is included. Retrieved records may be printed or written to a hard disk file in four different formats: ascii, fixed, comma delimited, and DBASE compatible.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"The Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ds20","issn":"1088-1018","isbn":"0607855088","usgsCitation":"Mason, G., and Arndt, R., 1996, Mineral Resources Data System (MRDS): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 20, 1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in. Metadata available at: http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/digital-data/20/metadata.faq.html, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds20.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc ;4 3/4 in. Metadata available at: http://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/digital-data/20/metadata.faq.html","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -160.5,18.9 ], [ -160.5,71.5 ], [ -67,71.5 ], [ -67,18.9 ], [ -160.5,18.9 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc194","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mason, G.T.","contributorId":9232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arndt, R.E.","contributorId":67874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":150007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2332,"text":"wsp2470B - 1996 - Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20184,"text":"ofr94505 - 1994 - Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","indexId":"ofr94505","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2332,"text":"wsp2470B - 1996 - Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","indexId":"wsp2470B","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"B","title":"Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T13:49:38","indexId":"wsp2470B","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2470","chapter":"B","title":"Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington","docAbstract":"This report presents results derived from a numerical model of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington, that was used to test and refine the conceptual understanding of the flow system, estimate the effects of past and future human-caused changes to ground-water recharge and discharge on ground-water levels and streamflow, and determine priorities for ground-water monitoring and data collection that would facilitate improvements in the utility and accuracy of the model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wsp2470B","collaboration":"Two files available for download:\r\nFirst file contains the documents text only.\r\nSecond, larger, file contains only the plates for this document.","usgsCitation":"Morgan, D.S., and McFarland, W.D., 1996, Simulation analysis of the ground-water flow system in the Portland Basin, Oregon and Washington (Supersedes OFR 94-505): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2470, v, 83 p.; 9 plates in pocket, https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2470B.","productDescription":"v, 83 p.; 9 plates in pocket","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":28191,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28192,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-9.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":137632,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":28193,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28184,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28185,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28186,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28187,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28188,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28189,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":28190,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2470b/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 94-505","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f306e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morgan, David S.","contributorId":73181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morgan","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, William D.","contributorId":18738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22660,"text":"ofr96459 - 1996 - Determination of atrazine and its major degradation products in soil pore water by solid-phase extraction, chemical derivatization, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:51","indexId":"ofr96459","displayToPublicDate":"1997-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-459","title":"Determination of atrazine and its major degradation products in soil pore water by solid-phase extraction, chemical derivatization, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"This report describes a method for the determination of atrazine, desethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, didealkylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine from soil pore waters by use of solid-phase extractionfollowed by chemical derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The analytes are isolated from the pore-water matrix byextraction onto a graphitized carbon-black cartridge. The cartridge is dried under vacuum, and adsorbed analytes are removed by elution with ethyl acetate followed by dichloromethane/methanol (7:3, volume/volume). Water is removed from the ethyl acetate fraction on an anhydrous sodium sulfate column. The combined fractions are solvent exchanged into acetonitrile, evaporated by use of a nitrogen stream, and derivatized by use of N- methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)- trifluoroacetamide. The derivatized extracts are analyzed by capillary-column gaschromatography/electron-impact mass spectrometry in the scan mode. Estimated method detection limits range from 0.03 to 0.07 micrograms per liter. The mean recoveries of all analytes and surrogates determined at 0.74 to 0.82 micrograms per liter in reagent water in soil pore water were 94 percent and 98 percent, respectively. The mean recoveries of all analytes and surrogates determined at 7.4 to 8.2 micrograms per liter in reagent water and in soil pore water were 96 percent and 97 percent,respectively. Recoveries were 90 percent or higher, regardless of analyte concentration or matrix composition, for all compounds excepthydroxyatrazine, whose recoveries were slightly lower (77 percent) at the low concentration.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96459","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Carter, D., 1996, Determination of atrazine and its major degradation products in soil pore water by solid-phase extraction, chemical derivatization, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-459, v, 12 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96459.","productDescription":"v, 12 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0459/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52125,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0459/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db6678bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carter, D.S.","contributorId":50170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27202,"text":"wri964115 - 1996 - Geohydrology of stratified drift and streamflow in the Deerfield River basin, northwestern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri964115","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4115","title":"Geohydrology of stratified drift and streamflow in the Deerfield River basin, northwestern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"This report presents the results of a study of the geohydrology of stratified drift and streamflow in the Deerfield River Basin, northwestern Massachusetts. Detailed hydrologic information is needed to plan for the optimal use of ground-water and surface-water resources and for development of new drinking-water supplies in the basin. Sources and percentage of water available for recharge on an annual basis from October 1993 to September 1994, to the fine-grained stratified-drift in a narrow valley bordered by upland till and bedrock were: (1) direct infiltration of precipitation on the valley (30 percent); (2) tributary loss from an upland brook as it crosses the valley (7 percent); and (3) ground- and surface-water runoff from the uplands (63 percent). Seventy percent of recharge was available from upland sources. Seasonal variation in recharge caused changes in ground-water levels and flow directions. In early spring, the direction of flow is toward the valley axis, but in late summer, the direction of flow is nearly parallel to the valley axis. Field observations and results of a ground-water flow simulation indicated that water available for recharge was greater than actual recharge during the spring snowmelt and during intense precipitation events. In 1994, estimates of water available for recharge were greater than actual recharge by 10 percent in March and by 60 percent in April; actual recharge to the valley on an annual basis from October 1993 to September 1994 was 20 percent less than original estimates. A map showing thickness of stratified drift in the Connecticut Valley Lowlands indicates a deep north-south trending buried valley. Maximum thickness of the stratified drift is 385 feet. Interpretation of a seismic-reflection survey indicates fine-grained stratified drift may be underlain by coarse-grained deposits ranging in thickness from 0 to 150 feet. Hydraulic properties of the stratified drift were calculated from ground-water-level fluctuations induced by river stage changes using a ground-water-flow model for a site adjacent to the Deerfield River. A comparison of measured and simulated heads resulted in a vertical riverbed hydraulic conductivity of 3 feet per day, anisotropic ratio of horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity of 40:1, and storage of 0.040 and 0.0002 for the unconfined and confined layers of the stratified drift. Hydraulic diffusivity (transmissivity divided by the unconfined storage) at the site is about 168,000 feet squared per day. Streamflows at times of low flow were determined for 27 sites that drain areas ranging from 0.57 to 15.8 percent stratified drift. Streamflows exceeded between 80 and 99 percent of the time were determined for sites on the unregulated tributaries to the Deerfield River. Streamflows per square mile of drainage area were greatest from sites at the downstream ends of the North River-Colrain and the Deerfield River-Charlemont stratified-drift valleys. Flow-duration curves for three continuous streamflow-gaging stations on the regulated Deerfield River were compared to flow-duration curves for three continuous streamflow-gaging stations on unregulated tributaries to show the effects of dam regulation on streamflow. Flow- duration curves constructed using instantaneous discharges for the three regulated gaging stations have flat sections that correspond to the predominant streamflows when water is being released from storage from the dams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964115","usgsCitation":"Friesz, P., 1996, Geohydrology of stratified drift and streamflow in the Deerfield River basin, northwestern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4115, v, 49 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964115.","productDescription":"v, 49 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4115/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56074,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4115/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4115/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friesz, P.J.","contributorId":41041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesz","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21644,"text":"ofr9670 - 1996 - Catalog of earthquake hypocenters for Augustine, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Mount Spurr volcanoes, Alaska: January 1, 1991 - December 31, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:02:02","indexId":"ofr9670","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-70","title":"Catalog of earthquake hypocenters for Augustine, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Mount Spurr volcanoes, Alaska: January 1, 1991 - December 31, 1993","docAbstract":"The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, Fairbanks, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, has maintained a program of seismic monitoring at potentially active volcanoes in the Cook Inlet region since 1988. The principal objectives of this program include the seismic surveillance of the Cook Inlet volcanoes and the investigation of seismic processes associated with active volcanism. This catalog reflects the status and evolution of the seismic monitoring program, and presents the basic seismic data for the time interval January 1, 1991, to December 31, 1993. For an interpretation of these data the reader should refer to several recent articles on volcano related seismicity in the Cook Inlet region (e.g. Jolly and others, 1994; Power and others, 1995; and McNutt and others, 1995). A similar catalog covers the period from October 12, 1989 to December 31, 1991 (Power and others 1993).
\nThe AVO seismic monitoring program has undergone significant changes during the catalog period. The changes included 1) new seismic stations placed at Mount Spurr and Redoubt Volcano, resulting in increased earthquake detection capability and improved earthquake locations, 2) the addition of several regional stations to the seismic data acquisition system which improved location quality near the volcano and enhanced our ability to scale eruptions and measure magnitudes of the largest volcanic earthquakes, 3) installation of a new event detection algorithm XDETECT (Rogers, 1993), which offered increased data collection capabilities , 4) modifications to the earthquake location program HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1989) which now allows distinct velocity models and station corrections at each volcanic center, and 5) the addition of seismic stations at Augustine and niamna volcanoes to the data acquisition/location system.
\nThe 1992 eruptions at Mount Spurr's Crater Peak vent provided the highlight of the catalog period. The crisis included three sub-plinian eruptions, which occurred on June 27, August 18, and September 16-17, 1992. The three eruptions punctuated a complex seismic sequence which included volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquakes, tremor, and both deep and shallow long period (LP) earthquakes. The seismic sequence began on August 18, 1991, with a small swarm of volcano-tectonic events beneath Crater Peak, and spread throughout the volcanic complex by November of the same year. Elevated levels of seismicity persisted at Mount Spurr beyond the catalog time period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9670","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Jolly, A.D., Power, J.A., Stihler, S.D., Rao, L.N., Davidson, G., Paskievitch, J.F., Estes, S., and Lahr, J.C., 1996, Catalog of earthquake hypocenters for Augustine, Redoubt, Iliamna, and Mount Spurr volcanoes, Alaska: January 1, 1991 - December 31, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-70, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9670.","productDescription":"89 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51197,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0070/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.20 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":154487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.13818359375,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -154.13818359375,\n 61.695081959115974\n ],\n [\n -152.7099609375,\n 61.695081959115974\n ],\n [\n -152.7099609375,\n 59.20968817840924\n ],\n [\n -154.13818359375,\n 59.20968817840924\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f3e4b07f02db5efb11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jolly, Arthur D.","contributorId":57913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolly","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Power, John A. 0000-0002-7233-4398 jpower@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7233-4398","contributorId":2768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"John","email":"jpower@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":185035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stihler, Scott D.","contributorId":31373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rao, Lalitha N.","contributorId":174441,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rao","given":"Lalitha","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":13662,"text":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":185042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davidson, Gail","contributorId":76344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"Gail","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paskievitch, John F. jpaskie@usgs.gov","contributorId":3709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paskievitch","given":"John","email":"jpaskie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Estes, Steve","contributorId":55881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lahr, John C.","contributorId":20328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":22630,"text":"ofr96212 - 1996 - Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T13:07:03","indexId":"ofr96212","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-212","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina","docAbstract":"This report and the attached 3 1/2-inch diskette contain, in compressed format, the data sets for the model of ground-water flow in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina. The data sets can be uncompressed using a program provided with this report. The uncompressed files require approximately 3.7 megabytes of disk space on an IBM-compatible microcomputer1 using the MS-DOS operating system. All files are in American Standard Code for Information Interchange format.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96212","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Campbell, B.G., and van Heeswijk, M., 1996, Documentation of model input and output values for the simulation of the ground-water flow system in the Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina (Version 3.3.): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-212, 2 p. 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96212.","productDescription":"2 p. 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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G.","contributorId":68764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Heeswijk, Marijke heeswijk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Heeswijk","given":"Marijke","email":"heeswijk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":188601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28927,"text":"wri954282 - 1996 - Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T12:15:15","indexId":"wri954282","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4282","title":"Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94","docAbstract":"The Triangle Area Water Supply Monitoring Project was formed by a consortium of local governments and governmental agencies in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey to supplement existing data on conventional pollutants, nutrients, and metals to enable eventual determination of long-term trends; to examine spatial differences among water supplies within the region, especially differences between smaller upland sources, large multipurpose reservoirs, and run-of-river supplies; to provide tributary loading inlake data for predictive modeling of Falls of the Neuse and B. Everett Jordan reservoirs; and to establish a database for synthetic organic compounds.\r\n\r\nWater-quality sampling began in October 1988 at 35 sites located on area run-of-river and reservoir water supplies and their tributaries. Sampling has continued through 1994. Samples were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, trace metals, pesticides, and semivolatile and volatile organic compounds. Monthly concentration data, high-flow concentration data, and data on daily mean streamflow at most stream sites were used to calculate loadings of nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended sediment, and trace metals to reservoirs.\r\n\r\nStream and lake sites were assigned to one of five site categories-- (1) rivers, (2) large multipurpose reservoirs, (3) small water-supply reservoirs, (4) streams below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants, and (5) headwater streams--according to general site characteristics. Concentrations of nitrogen species, phosphorus species, and selected trace metals were compared by site category using nonparametric analysis of variance techniques and qualitatively (trace metals). Wastewater-treatment plant effluents and urban runoff had a significant impact on water quality compared to reservoirs and headwater streams. Streams draining these areas had more mineralized water than streams draining undeveloped areas. Moreover, median nitrogen and nitrite plus nitrate concentrations were significantly greater than all other site categories. Phosphorus was significantly greater than for reservoir sites or headwater streams. Few concentrations of trace metals were greater than the minimum reporting limit, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking-water standards were rarely exceeded. Detections, when they occurred, were most frequent for sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plant effluents.\r\n\r\nA small number of samples for analysis of acetanilide, triazine, carbamate, and chlorophenoxy acid pesticides indicate that some of these compounds are generally present in area waters in small concentrations. Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides are ubiquitous in the study area in very small concentrations. Trihalomethanes were detected at sites below urban areas and wastewater-treatment plants. Otherwise, volatile organic compounds and semivolatile compounds were generally not detected.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, and zinc loads into Falls Lake, Jordan Lake, University Lake, Cane Creek Reservoir, Little River Reservoir, and Lake Michie were calculated. In general, reservoirs act as traps for suspended sediment and constituents associated with suspended sediments.\r\n\r\nDuring 1989-94, annual suspended-sediment load to Falls Lake ranged from 29,500 to 88,200 tons. Because Lake Michie trapped from 83 to 93 percent of the suspended sediment delivered by Flat River, Flat River is a minor contributor of suspended sediment to Falls Lake. Yields of suspended sediment from Little River, Little Lick Creek, and Flat River Basins were between 184 and 223 tons per square mile and appear to have increased increased slightly from yields reported in a study for the period 1970-79. Annual suspended-sediment load to Jordan Lake ranged from 271,000 to 622,000 tons from 1989 through 1994 water years. The Haw River contributed more than 75 percent of the tota load to Jordan Lake. The suspended-sediment yields for Haw River and Northeast Cree","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954282","usgsCitation":"Oblinger, C.J., and Treece, M., 1996, Water and bed-material quality of selected streams and reservoirs in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, 1988-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4282, v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954282.","productDescription":"v, 79 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57800,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159158,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4282/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Upper Cape Fear River 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C. J.","contributorId":21554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oblinger","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Treece, M.W. Jr.","contributorId":60255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Treece","given":"M.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1963,"text":"wsp2477 - 1996 - Verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for the Fox River in Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2477","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2477","title":"Verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for the Fox River in Illinois","docAbstract":"The previously-calibrated application of the Full EQuations (FEQ) model of one-dimensional, unsteady flow to a 30.7-mile reach of the Fox River in northeastern Illinois was verified with discharge, stage, and dye-transport data collected during a 12-day period in October-November 1990. The period included unsteady flow induced by the operation of a sluice gate dam located at the upstream end of the reach. The model flow field was input to the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model (BLTM) for the simulation of dye transport. The results of the FEQ and BLTM model simulations are compared with the measured data and sensitivity analyses of the model parameters for this application are presented.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by the U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2477","usgsCitation":"Ishii, A., and Turner, M.J., 1996, Verification of a one-dimensional, unsteady-flow model for the Fox River in Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2477, v, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2477.","productDescription":"v, 65 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://il.water.usgs.gov/pubsearch/reports.cgi/view?series=WSP&number=2477","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":138137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2477/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27328,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2477/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db6021fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishii, Audrey L. alishii@usgs.gov","contributorId":1818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishii","given":"Audrey L.","email":"alishii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":144442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Mary J.","contributorId":91838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":6792,"text":"fs23596 - 1996 - Simulation of wastewater effects on dissolved oxygen during low streamflow in the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:50:04","indexId":"fs23596","displayToPublicDate":"1997-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"235-96","title":"Simulation of wastewater effects on dissolved oxygen during low streamflow in the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Pursuant to Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, both North Dakota and Minnesota identified part of the Red River of the North (Red River) as water-quality limited. The states are required to determine the total maximum daily load (TMDL) that can be discharged to a water-quality limited reach from various pollution sources without contravening water-quality standards (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991). A work group consisting of local, State, and Federal agency representatives that was organized in June 1994 decided that a TMDL should be developed in phases for a subreach of the Red River at Fargo, N. Dak., and Moorhead, Minn. (fig. 1). In the first phase, which is the basis for this report, the focus is on attainment of the instream dissolved-oxygen (DO) standard during low streamflows, and only Fargo and Moorhead wastewater-treatment-plant discharges and Sheyenne River inflow are considered.
The study reach begins about 0.1 mile (mi) downstream (north) of the 12th Avenue North bridge in Fargo and extends 30.8 mi downstream to a site 0.8 mi upstream of the confluence of the Buffalo and Red Rivers (fig. 1). Nitrification of total ammonia (ammonia) from Fargo and Moorhead wastewater consumes most of the DO in the study reach (Wesolowski, 1994). Because the new (1995) Fargo plant already is nitrifying its wastewater, the work group needed to determine the maximum ammonia concentration for wastewater from the nonnitrifying Moorhead plant. To accomplish this task, the Red River at Fargo Water-Quality (RRatFGO QW) model (Wesolowski, 1994, 1996b) was used to simulate the effects of various wastewater-management alternatives during low streamflow. This report presents the results of those simulations to determine the usefulness of the model for management decisions. The simulations and report were completed in cooperation with the North Dakota Department of Health.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs23596","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 1996, Simulation of wastewater effects on dissolved oxygen during low streamflow in the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 235-96, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs23596.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126498,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0235/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":807,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://nd.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs23596/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":34144,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1996/0235/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"Fargo, Moorhead","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.84997558593749,\n 46.77749276376827\n ],\n [\n -96.84997558593749,\n 46.77749276376827\n ],\n [\n -96.84997558593749,\n 46.77749276376827\n ],\n [\n -96.84997558593749,\n 46.77749276376827\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {\n \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n \"stroke-width\": 2,\n \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n \"fill-opacity\": 0.3\n },\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97.05047607421875,\n 46.64755071082884\n ],\n [\n -96.4544677734375,\n 46.64755071082884\n ],\n [\n -96.4544677734375,\n 47.19717795172789\n ],\n [\n -97.05047607421875,\n 47.19717795172789\n ],\n [\n -97.05047607421875,\n 46.64755071082884\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}\n","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1c89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28812,"text":"wri964181 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic conditions and simulation of ground-water flow in the Greater Orlando Metropolitan Area, East-Central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri964181","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4181","title":"Hydrogeologic conditions and simulation of ground-water flow in the Greater Orlando Metropolitan Area, East-Central Florida","docAbstract":"A finite-difference ground-water flow model was used to simulate the effects of both modern-day (1988) and projected 2010 ground-water withdrawals on the Floridan aquifer system in the greater Orlando metropolitan area. This area covers about 2,500 square miles and includes all of Orange and Seminole Counties and parts of Lake, Volusia, Brevard, Osceola, and Polk Counties. The hydrogeology of the area is characterized by a thin surficial aquifer underlain by the thick, highly productive rocks of the Floridan aquifer system. Water in the Upper Floridan aquifer is brackish (chloride concentrations greater than 1,000 milligrams per liter) in discharge areas beneath and near the St. Johns and Wekiva Rivers and is freshest (chloride concentrations less than 100 milligrams per liter) inrecharge areas. A slight trend toward increasing concentrations of dissolved solids, chloride, and sulfate has been observed at Upper Floridan aquifer springs. Chloride concentrations in the Upper Floridan aquifer measured between 1966 and 1993 at the Cocoa well field have increased from 50 milligrams per liter to 120 milligrams per liter; concentrations measured in the Lower Floridan aquifer between 1966 and 1993 have increasedfrom 600 milligrams per liter to 3,000 milligrams per liter. The flow model was calibrated by comparing (a) simulated and estimated Upper Floridan aquifer predevelopment (unstressed) potentiometric surfaces, (b) simulated and measured heads at 142 Upper Floridan aquifer monitoring wells in 1988 (averageabsolute error of 1.8 feet), (c) simulated and measured discharge rates at 15 Upper Floridan aquifer springs in 1988 (306 cubic feet per second), and (d) simulated and measured drawdowns at 134 Upper Floridan aquifer monitoring wells between 1988 and May 1990 (58 and 95 percent of simulated drawdowns were within plus or minus 25and 50 percent of measured drawdowns, respectively). Relative to predevelopment conditions, model simulations indicate that about half of the 305 million gallons per day of water pumped from the Floridan aquifer system in 1988 was accounted for by increased recharge from the surficial aquifer system. About 23 cubic feet persecond was derived from increased lateral inflow. A storage coefficient of 1x10-3 provided the best comparisons of measured-to-simulated data during the transient simulation from January to May 1990. This storativity probably is greater than the true storativity of the Upper Floridan aquifer because storage contributions from the intermediateconfining unit were not accounted for during model design and development. Calibrated transmissivity ranged from 10,000 to greater than 400,000 feet squared per day in the Upper Floridan aquifer, and from 5,000 to 600,000 feet squared per day in the Lower Floridan aquifer. Calibrated intermediate confining unit leakance ranged from 1x10-5 to 4x10-3 per day and was highest in areas where the unit is thin or has been breached by numerous sinkholes. In general,calibrated transmissivity and leakance values were higher than associated aquifer-test values. Simulated recharge rates to the Upper Floridan aquifer from the surficial aquifer system ranged from less than 3 to 21 inches per year. Recharge rates of greater than 10 inches per year were simulated in areas of west Seminole, west Orange, east Lake, and southwest Volusia Counties. Recharge rates of less than 3 inches per year were simulated in east Orange and northeast Osceola Counties. The calibrated model was used to simulate the effects of increased Floridan aquifer withdrawals in the year 2010 (542 million gallons per day) on water levels and spring flow. Projected effects were simulated for both "wet" conditions (using 1988 fixed-head arrays) and for "dry" conditions (using May 1990 fixed-head arrays), thus bracketing a potential range of effects. Relative to simulated 1988 conditions, simulated 2010 spring flow decreased by 43 cubic f","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964181","usgsCitation":"Murray, L., and Halford, K.J., 1996, Hydrogeologic conditions and simulation of ground-water flow in the Greater Orlando Metropolitan Area, East-Central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4181, vi, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964181.","productDescription":"vi, 100 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":118922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4181/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57677,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628b19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, L. C.","contributorId":54636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Halford, K. J. 0000-0002-7322-1846","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-1846","contributorId":61077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halford","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2263,"text":"wsp2486 - 1996 - Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Charlotte Harbor basin and estuarine system in southwestern Florida: A summary of the 1982-89 U.S. Geological Survey Charlotte Harbor assessment and other studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:43:20.280607","indexId":"wsp2486","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2486","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Charlotte Harbor basin and estuarine system in southwestern Florida: A summary of the 1982-89 U.S. Geological Survey Charlotte Harbor assessment and other studies","docAbstract":"The Charlotte Harbor estuarine system, having a surface area of about 270 square miles, averages about 7 feet in depth and is connected to deep water of the Gulf of Mexico through several passes and inlets between barrier islands. Three major rivers flow into the estuary--the Peace, the Myakka, and the Caloosahatchee. Freshwater and tidal flushing transport nutrients and other constituents from the basin through the estuary into the gulf. Flushing characteristics were evaluated using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model indicated that the time required to flush injected dye (simulated) from some subareas of the harbor was longer for reduced freshwater inflow than for typical freshwater inflow. After 30 days of simulation of reduced freshwater inflow, 42 percent of the dye injected into the upper harbor remained in the upper harbor, compared to 28 percent for typical freshwater inflow.
The Charlotte Harbor estuary is usually well mixed or partially mixed in the vertical, but vertical salinity stratification does occur, primarily during late summer when freshwater inflows are greatest. A box model was developed that incorporated vertically averaged salinities to account indirectly for three-dimensional transport processes associated with vertical stratification. The box model predicts that under high (7,592 cubic feet per second) and average (2,470 cubic feet per second) freshwater inflows from the Peace and Myakka Rivers, 50 percent of the original water (present at the start of the model run) would be flushed from the northern part of the estuarine system into the Gulf of Mexico in 10 days and 20 days, respectively.
The distribution of plant nutrients in the Charlotte Harbor Estuary is affected by nutrient inputs, freshwater and tidal flushing, mixing, and recycling processes in the estuary. The distributions of total phosphorus and orthophosphate are affected mainly by river input and physical mixing. The distribution of ammonia nitrogen is variable and is related more to recycling within the estuary than to input from the rivers. Ammonia concentrations increase in deeper water, probably in response to vertical salinity stratification and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen that foster regeneration of ammonia from bottom sediments. The distribution of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen is nonconservative--concentrations are high in the rivers and decrease more rapidly in the estuary than expected due to dilution with sea water, probably because of phytoplankton uptake.
Phytoplankton productivity and biomass are usually greatest during late summer near the mouths of the tidal rivers when freshwater inflow and nutrient loading are greatest. The highly colored freshwater runoff reduces light penetration and phytoplankton productivity in regions of the estuary where salinity is less than about 10 parts per thousand, but the nutrient-rich, colored water is diluted by seawater at midsalinities (10-20 parts per thousand) so that availability of light increases and inorganic nitrogen concentrations are still high enough to stimulate productivity and growth of phytoplankton. In much of the estuary, salinity is greater than 20 parts per thousand, and availability of inorganic nitrogen, not light, limits productivity and growth.
Although the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system is relatively undisturbed, much of its basin has been altered by human activities. Streamflow decreased substantially during 1931-84 in parts of the Peace River, probably because of ground-water withdrawals in the basin. Nutrient concentrations generally increased in the rivers during 1970-85, because of an increase in the flow of wastewater and agricultural runoff. The concentrations of phosphorus are naturally high in the Peace River because of extensive phosphate deposits in the basin. The phosphate deposits also are relatively rich in radionuclides of the uranium-238 series, including radium-226. In the upper basin, these deposits are exposed in the riverbed. Extensive phosphate mining and processing have exposed additional deposits to surface runoff. Periodic spills of phosphate sediments (slimes) have contributed additional phosphorus and radium-226 to the river and estuary. A single spill can contribute a phosphorus load equal to the annual loading in the Peace River at Arcadia.
The projected increase in population in the basin by the year 2020 would generate an additional 60 million gallons per day of domestic wastewater over that generated during 1980, which would increase nitrogen loading in the basin by more than 3 tons per day. Intensified agricultural and industrial developments, particularly expanding citrus production and phosphate mining, could generate additional loads of nutrients and a variety of inorganic and organic contaminants. Increased inputs of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, could encourage growth and increase abundance of phytoplankton and benthic and epiphytic algae. If water were less colored as a result of reduced freshwater inflow, undesirable algal growth could be exacerbated because of increased availability of light. Increased abundance of phytoplankton and other algae could likely change dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the estuary, resulting in greater day-to-night fluctuations and the possible depletion of dissolved oxygen in deep water. At the present time, near-anaerobic conditions occur for days or weeks in the deep water (more than 9 feet) of the northern harbor during late summer. These conditions could become more persistent with time and over wider areas, if phytoplankton and other algae increase in abundance and in their contribution to benthic oxygen demand. An increased abundance of phytoplankton and other algae also would reduce light penetration and adversely affect seagrasses.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2486","usgsCitation":"McPherson, B.F., Miller, R.L., and Stoker, Y.E., 1996, Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Charlotte Harbor basin and estuarine system in southwestern Florida: A summary of the 1982-89 U.S. Geological Survey Charlotte Harbor assessment and other studies: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2486, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2486.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430635,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25404.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":28,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2486/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.97584144860814,\n 27.06465970203172\n ],\n [\n -82.35886847765688,\n 27.06465970203172\n ],\n [\n -82.35886847765688,\n 26.41983792445552\n ],\n [\n -81.97584144860814,\n 26.41983792445552\n ],\n [\n -81.97584144860814,\n 27.06465970203172\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ac8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, Benjamin F.","contributorId":17965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Ronald L.","contributorId":103245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoker, Yvonne E. ystoker@usgs.gov","contributorId":5101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Yvonne","email":"ystoker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27153,"text":"wri964199 - 1996 - Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri964199","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4199","title":"Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality","docAbstract":"Bacterial injury, survival, and regrowth were investigated by use of replicate flow-through incubation chambers placed in the Cuyahoga River or Lake Erie in the greater Cleveland metropolitan area during seven 4-day field studies. The chambers contained wastewater or combined-sewer-overflow (CSO) effluents treated three ways-unchlorinated, chlorinated, and dechlorinated. At timestep intervals, the chamber contents were analyzed for concentrations of injured and healthy fecal coliforms by use of standard selective and enhanced-recovery membrane-filtration methods.\r\n\r\nMean percent injuries and survivals were calculated from the fecal-coliform concentration data for each field study. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that treatment affected mean percent injury and survival, whereas site did not. In the warm-weather Lake Erie field study, but not in the warm-weather Cuyahoga River studies, the results of ANOVA indicated that dechlorination enhanced the repair of injuries and regrowth of chlorine-injured fecal coliforms on culture media over chlorination alone. The results of ANOVA on the percent injury from CSO effluent field studies indicated that dechlorination reduced the ability of organisms to recover and regrow on culture media over chlorination alone. However, because of atypical patterns of concentration increases and decreases in some CSO effluent samples, more work needs to be done before the effect of dechlorination and chlorination on reducing fecal-coliform concentrations in CSO effluents can be confirmed. The results of ANOVA on percent survivals found statistically significant differences among the three treatment methods for all but one study. Dechlorination was found to be less effective than chlorination alone in reducing the survival of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluent, but not in CSO effluent.\r\n\r\nIf the concentration of fecal coliforms determined by use of the enhanced-recovery method can be predicted accurately from the concentration found by use of the standard method, then increased monitoring and expense to detect chlorine-injured organisms would be unnecessary. The results of linear regression analysis, however, indicated that the relation between enhanced-recovery and standard-method concentrations was best represented when the data were grouped by treatment. The model generated from linear regression of the unchlorinated data set provided an accurate estimate of enhanced-recovery concentrations from standard-method concentrations, whereas the models generated from the chlorinated and dechlorinated data sets did not. In addition, evaluation of fecal-coliform concentrations found in field studies in terms of Ohio recreational water-quality standards showed that concentrations obtained by standard and enhanced-recovery methods were not comparable. Sample treatment and analysis methods were found to affect the percentage of samples meeting and exceeding Ohio's bathing-water, primary-contact, and secondary-contact standards. Therefore, determining the health risk of swimming in receiving waters was often difficult without information on enhanced-recovery method concentrations and was especially difficult in waters receiving high proportions of chlorinated or dechlorinated effluents.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964199","usgsCitation":"Francy, D., Hart, T., and Virosteck, C., 1996, Effects of receiving-water quality and wastewater treatment on injury, survival, and regrowth of fecal-indicator bacteria and implications for assessment of recreational water quality: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4199, iii, 42 p. :ill. (1 col.), map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964199.","productDescription":"iii, 42 p. :ill. (1 col.), map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4199/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56032,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4199/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francy, D.S. 0000-0001-9229-3557","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-3557","contributorId":86809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francy","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, T.L.","contributorId":15239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Virosteck, C.M.","contributorId":18410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virosteck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":32945,"text":"pp1410E - 1996 - Hydrology of the southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in South Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:27:03","indexId":"pp1410E","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in South Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina","docAbstract":"The wedge of sediments present beneath the Coastal Plain of South Carolina and adjacent parts of Georgia and North Carolina consists of sand, silt, clay, and limestone. These strata have been subdivided into six regional aquifers: the surficial aquifer, the Floridan aquifer system, the Tertiary sand aquifer, the Black Creek aquifer, the Middendorf aquifer, and the Cape Fear aquifer. Intervening confining units separate the aquifers, except for the Floridan aquifer system and the Tertiary sand aquifer, which together function as a single hydrologic unit.
\nThe quality of ground water from the Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina generally is acceptable for most uses in most areas. The water in most aquifers under most of the Coastal Plain contains low concentrations of dissolved solids (less than 500 milligrams per liter) and no dominant constituents in the recharge areas. Downgradient, the water is a calcium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate type throughout most of the Coastal Plain. Sodium-chloride-type water is present still farther downgradient, near the coast.
\nA quasi-three-dimensional, finite-difference digital ground-water flow model was constructed to simulate flow in the Coastal Plain aquifers prior to development. The model also was used to evaluate the hydraulic responses to pumping that have occurred up to November 1982. The model consisted of five layers and a 48 by 63 node grid with a uniform square grid cell of 4 miles on a side.
\nThe Coastal Plain aquifers are recharged primarily by precipitation in their outcrop areas. Discharge is primarily as base flow to upper Coastal Plain rivers, to overlying aquifers by leakage through confining units, and to wells.
\nTotal simulated flow in the deep ground-water system was 967 cubic feet per second at the end of the transient simulation (1982). Recharge to the deep flow system simulated by the model was 793 cubic feet per second in the study area in 1982. Simulated aquifer discharge to large rivers was 660 cubic feet per second. Discharge to smaller rivers was not simulated because of the scale of the model.
\nChanges resulting from ground-water pumping were significant as of 1982. The simulated water budget indicates that in 1982, 249 cubic feet per second were discharged from the aquifer system by wells. This pumping was balanced by the following changes from predevelopment conditions: 110 cubic feet per second derived from storage, 67 cubic feet per second decrease in aquifer-to-river discharge, 44 cubic feet per second increase in net inflow from source-sinks, and a net increase in inflow of 28 cubic feet per second across boundaries. Head declines in the Black Creek and Middendorf aquifers have occurred throughout much of the eastern part of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina as a result of pumping in the Myrtle Beach and Florence areas. Simulation indicates that the dominant sources of water for upper Coastal Plain pumping centers such as the city of Florence are decrease in flow to rivers in the upper Coastal Plain and water derived from storage. The dominant sources of water for pumping centers in the Myrtle Beach area are water derived from storage, leakage from overlying aquifers, and net increases in inflow across boundaries.
\nTransmissivity values used in the flow simulation range from less than 1,000 feet squared per day near the updip limit of most aquifers to about 30,000 feet squared per day in the Middendorf aquifer in the Savannah River Plant area. Vertical hydraulic conductivity values used in simulation of confining units range from about 6x10-7 feet per day for the confining unit between the Middendorf and Black Creek aquifers in coastal areas to 3x10-2 feet per day for most of the confining units near their updip limits. Storage coefficients used in transient simulations were 0.15 where unconfined conditions exist and 0.0005 where confined conditions exist.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1410E","usgsCitation":"Aucott, W.R., 1996, Hydrology of the southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in South Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1410, vii, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1410E.","productDescription":"vii, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60848,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410e/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":121869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.87060546875,\n 34.94899072578227\n ],\n [\n -80.8154296875,\n 34.34343606848294\n ],\n [\n -81.353759765625,\n 33.706062655101206\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 33.293803558346596\n ],\n [\n -81.134033203125,\n 31.194007509998823\n ],\n [\n -79.47509765625,\n 32.26855544621479\n ],\n [\n -78.167724609375,\n 33.348884792201694\n ],\n [\n -77.838134765625,\n 33.8339199536547\n ],\n [\n -78.49731445312499,\n 34.97600151317591\n ],\n [\n -79.12353515625,\n 35.60371874069731\n ],\n [\n -79.87060546875,\n 34.94899072578227\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc79f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aucott, Walter R.","contributorId":90275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucott","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":22054,"text":"ofr96732 - 1996 - Preliminary report on the distribution of modern fauna and flora at selected sites in north-central and north-eastern Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T06:58:12","indexId":"ofr96732","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-732","title":"Preliminary report on the distribution of modern fauna and flora at selected sites in north-central and north-eastern Florida Bay","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96732","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Brewster-Wingard, G., Ishman, S., Edwards, L.E., and Willard, D., 1996, Preliminary report on the distribution of modern fauna and flora at selected sites in north-central and north-eastern Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-732, 34 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96732.","productDescription":"34 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1223,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr96732.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -85.8251953125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -83.1884765625,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 24.627044746156027\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 26.41155054662258\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 27.89734922968426\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 30.031055426540206\n ],\n [\n -81.40869140625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 30.789036751261136\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 31.109388560814963\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 30.939924331023445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66c98d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brewster-Wingard, G. L.","contributorId":102508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewster-Wingard","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ishman, S. E.","contributorId":20346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"S. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":85982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":23482,"text":"ofr96728 - 1996 - A model for grain flow and debris flow","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr96728","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-728","title":"A model for grain flow and debris flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr96728","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A., 1996, A model for grain flow and debris flow: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-728, iii, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96728.","productDescription":"iii, 41 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0728/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52786,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0728/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, A. M.","contributorId":48903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"A. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29182,"text":"wri964226 - 1996 - Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:49:55","indexId":"wri964226","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4226","title":"Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina","docAbstract":"Peak flows were simulated for Scott Creek, just upstream from Sylva, in Jackson County, North Carolina, in order to provide Jackson County officials with information that can be used to improve preparation for and response to flash floods along the reach of Scott Creek that flows through Sylva. A U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model was calibrated using observed rainfall and streamflow data collected from March 1994 through September 1995. Standard errors for calibration were 34 percent for runoff volumes and 21 percent for peak flows. The calibrated model was used to simulate peak flows resulting from syn- thetic rainfall amounts of 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 inches in 24-hour periods. For each rainfall amount, peak flows were simulated under low-, moderate-, and high-antecedent soil-moisture conditions, represented by selected 3-month periods of daily rainfall and evaporation record from nearby climatic-data measuring stations. Simulated peak flows ranged from 89 to 10,100 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\nProfiles of water-surface elevations for selected observed and simu- lated peak flows were computed for the reach of Scott Creek that flows through Sylva, North Carolina. The profiles were computed using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles computer program and channel cross-section data collected by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The stage-discharge relation for Scott Creek at the simulation site has changed since the collection of the cross-section data. These changes, however, are such that the water-surface profiles presented in this report likely overestimate the true water-surface elevations at the simulation site for a given peak flow","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nInformation Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964226","usgsCitation":"Pope, B., 1996, Simulated peak flows and water-surface profiles for Scott Creek near Sylva, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4226, iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964226.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159659,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4226/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58051,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4226/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Jackson County","city":"Sylva","otherGeospatial":"Scott Creek","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-83.1787,35.5197],[-83.1687,35.5104],[-83.1534,35.4954],[-83.1438,35.4948],[-83.1391,35.4917],[-83.1383,35.4858],[-83.1365,35.4682],[-83.1341,35.4664],[-83.1098,35.4652],[-83.0995,35.4623],[-83.0937,35.4584],[-83.0894,35.4508],[-83.0803,35.4478],[-83.0794,35.4392],[-83.0752,35.433],[-83.0654,35.4287],[-83.0546,35.4267],[-83.0529,35.4258],[-83.0451,35.4142],[-83.0446,35.4015],[-83.042,35.3943],[-83.0234,35.3807],[-83.0183,35.38],[-83.0081,35.3779],[-82.9983,35.3741],[-82.993,35.3693],[-82.9883,35.3635],[-82.9756,35.3424],[-82.9676,35.3377],[-82.9635,35.3196],[-82.9507,35.3104],[-82.9381,35.3057],[-82.9364,35.3044],[-82.9307,35.3032],[-82.9201,35.2911],[-82.9211,35.2739],[-82.9266,35.241],[-82.9318,35.2295],[-82.9384,35.2248],[-82.9578,35.2157],[-82.9608,35.2061],[-82.9859,35.1873],[-82.9875,35.1827],[-82.9836,35.1692],[-82.9951,35.163],[-82.9955,35.1566],[-82.9792,35.1448],[-82.9784,35.138],[-83.0446,35.0763],[-83.0522,35.0548],[-83.0401,35.0492],[-83.0359,35.0416],[-83.02,35.0379],[-83.0073,35.028],[-83.069,35.0118],[-83.1052,35.002],[-83.1076,35.0079],[-83.1094,35.011],[-83.1129,35.0141],[-83.1224,35.013],[-83.1314,35.0268],[-83.1341,35.0381],[-83.1499,35.054],[-83.1699,35.0608],[-83.1718,35.0671],[-83.1565,35.0775],[-83.1459,35.08],[-83.1451,35.0878],[-83.1494,35.0954],[-83.1758,35.1083],[-83.1868,35.1307],[-83.1962,35.1409],[-83.2126,35.1564],[-83.2246,35.1606],[-83.2178,35.2253],[-83.2274,35.24],[-83.2365,35.2425],[-83.2431,35.2382],[-83.2485,35.2326],[-83.272,35.2292],[-83.2862,35.2329],[-83.2898,35.236],[-83.2984,35.2548],[-83.3083,35.26],[-83.3149,35.2698],[-83.3126,35.2821],[-83.323,35.315],[-83.3317,35.3198],[-83.338,35.3336],[-83.3325,35.3515],[-83.3351,35.3596],[-83.3359,35.3637],[-83.3368,35.3718],[-83.3373,35.3841],[-83.342,35.3876],[-83.3462,35.3925],[-83.3492,35.4101],[-83.3521,35.4109],[-83.3572,35.4126],[-83.3601,35.4143],[-83.3625,35.4179],[-83.3633,35.422],[-83.3641,35.4274],[-83.3609,35.4316],[-83.3577,35.4362],[-83.3566,35.438],[-83.3573,35.4412],[-83.3566,35.4489],[-83.3506,35.4673],[-83.3467,35.4701],[-83.3412,35.4721],[-83.3384,35.4735],[-83.3367,35.4736],[-83.332,35.4701],[-83.3286,35.4683],[-83.3245,35.4666],[-83.3188,35.465],[-83.3143,35.4647],[-83.3111,35.4688],[-83.3087,35.4794],[-83.3031,35.4813],[-83.2971,35.4842],[-83.2936,35.4834],[-83.2903,35.4853],[-83.2877,35.4895],[-83.2861,35.4927],[-83.283,35.4982],[-83.2746,35.5016],[-83.2719,35.5049],[-83.2648,35.5096],[-83.2621,35.5133],[-83.257,35.513],[-83.2537,35.5145],[-83.2481,35.5164],[-83.2426,35.5189],[-83.2393,35.5221],[-83.2315,35.5251],[-83.2248,35.5262],[-83.2181,35.5277],[-83.2124,35.5261],[-83.2088,35.5212],[-83.1975,35.5215],[-83.1854,35.5177],[-83.1787,35.5197]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jackson\",\"state\":\"NC\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f323e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pope, B.F.","contributorId":10062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"B.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29505,"text":"wri964231 - 1996 - Ground-water quality in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T12:55:41","indexId":"wri964231","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4231","title":"Ground-water quality in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, Wisconsin and Michigan","docAbstract":"Ground-water samples were collected during the summer of 1995 from 29 wells in the western part of the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the National-Water Quality Assessment Program. Analyses of ground-water samples from these wells were used to provide an indication of waterquality conditions in this heavily used part of the aquifer.
\nGround-water samples from domestic, institutional, and public-supply wells were analyzed for major ions, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), radon-222, and tritium, as well as field measurements of temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and bicarbonate. The results of water-quality analyses indicate that the presence of the Maquoketa-Sinnipee confining unit has an important effect on the ground-water quality in the study area. Where the study area is overlain by the confining unit (that is, where it is regionally confined) sampled water was older (based on tritium analyses) and often contained relatively high concentrations of dissolved solids, up to 2,800 mg/L. Additionally, contaminants such as nitrate and pesticides were typically detected at lower concentrations and detected less frequently in samples from the regionally confined part of the study area.
\nThe dominant ions in samples from the study area were calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate which resulted from the dissolution of carbonate minerals such as dolomite and calcite. Sulfate was also a dominant ion in water from some of the deeper wells in the regionally confined part of the study area.
\nRadon-222 was detected in all samples and 66 percent (19 of 29) had concentrations that exceed the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) proposed maximum concentration level of 300 pCi/L. Concentrations greater than 300 pCi/L were detected in samples from wells throughout most of the study area except the southwest. The higher concentrations were found in samples from a variety of geohydrologic conditions and do not appear to correlate to a particular formation or location.
\nDissolved nitrate and ammonium were the most commonly detected nutrients. Dissolved nitrate concentrations were significantly higher in ground-water samples from the regionally unconfined part of the study area. The highest concentrations were detected in samples from the agricultural southwestern part of the study area from relatively shallow wells that produced modern water. Dissolved ammonium concentrations were significantly higher in samples from the regionally confined part of the study area and probably resulted from nitrate reduction.
\nSeven pesticides or metabolites were detected in ground-water samples, and at least one pesticide was detected in samples from 24 percent (7 of 29) of wells. Most of the pesticides were detected at low concentrations and were from wells in the regionally unconfined, agricultural, southwest part of the study area. Atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide and was typically detected in samples from wells that produced modern water.
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