{"pageNumber":"1295","pageRowStart":"32350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":25028,"text":"pp1414A - 1996 - Analysis of regional aquifers in the central Midwest of the United States in Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming: Summary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T20:57:45.682307","indexId":"pp1414A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1414","chapter":"A","title":"Analysis of regional aquifers in the central Midwest of the United States in Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming: Summary","docAbstract":"<p>Large quantities of ground water are available for use from three regional aquifer systems in the central Midwest of the United States. Parts of the lowermost aquifer contain nearly immobile brine and may be hydrologically suitable for material storage or waste disposal. Results of numerical modeling and geochemical analyses confirm general concepts of ground-water flow in the regional aquifer systems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1414A","usgsCitation":"Jorgensen, D.G., Helgesen, J.O., Signor, D., Leonard, R.B., Imes, J., and Christenson, S.C., 1996, Analysis of regional aquifers in the central Midwest of the United States in Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Arkansas, Colorado, Missouri, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming: Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1414, vii, 67 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1414A.","productDescription":"vii, 67 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410816,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4870.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54036,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1414a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.67773437499999,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.6455078125,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.294921875,\n              34.19817309627726\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.46093749999999,\n              34.66935854524543\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.56054687499999,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.1650390625,\n              37.055177106660814\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.6484375,\n              37.89219554724437\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.658203125,\n              39.639537564366684\n            ],\n            [\n              -95.8447265625,\n              40.48038142908172\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.6796875,\n              43.48481212891603\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.150390625,\n              43.389081939117496\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.1171875,\n              42.09822241118974\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.6005859375,\n              37.26530995561875\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.67773437499999,\n              36.59788913307022\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jorgensen, Donald G.","contributorId":19537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgensen","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helgesen, J. O.","contributorId":62600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helgesen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Signor, D. C.","contributorId":95100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signor","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leonard, R. B.","contributorId":32917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leonard","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Imes, J. L.","contributorId":61428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imes","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Christenson, S. C.","contributorId":98320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":2263,"text":"wsp2486 - 1996 - Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Charlotte Harbor basin and estuarine system in southwestern Florida: A summary of the 1982-89 U.S. Geological Survey Charlotte Harbor assessment and other studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-06-28T21:43:20.280607","indexId":"wsp2486","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2486","title":"Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Charlotte Harbor basin and estuarine system in southwestern Florida: A summary of the 1982-89 U.S. Geological Survey Charlotte Harbor assessment and other studies","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Charlotte Harbor estuarine system, having a surface area of about 270 square miles, averages about 7 feet in depth and is connected to deep water of the Gulf of Mexico through several passes and inlets between barrier islands. Three major rivers flow into the estuary--the Peace, the Myakka, and the Caloosahatchee. Freshwater and tidal flushing transport nutrients and other constituents from the basin through the estuary into the gulf. Flushing characteristics were evaluated using a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model indicated that the time required to flush injected dye (simulated) from some subareas of the harbor was longer for reduced freshwater inflow than for typical freshwater inflow. After 30 days of simulation of reduced freshwater inflow, 42 percent of the dye injected into the upper harbor remained in the upper harbor, compared to 28 percent for typical freshwater inflow.</span></p><p>The Charlotte Harbor estuary is usually well mixed or partially mixed in the vertical, but vertical salinity stratification does occur, primarily during late summer when freshwater inflows are greatest. A box model was developed that incorporated vertically averaged salinities to account indirectly for three-dimensional transport processes associated with vertical stratification. The box model predicts that under high (7,592 cubic feet per second) and average (2,470 cubic feet per second) freshwater inflows from the Peace and Myakka Rivers, 50 percent of the original water (present at the start of the model run) would be flushed from the northern part of the estuarine system into the Gulf of Mexico in 10 days and 20 days, respectively.</p><p>The distribution of plant nutrients in the Charlotte Harbor Estuary is affected by nutrient inputs, freshwater and tidal flushing, mixing, and recycling processes in the estuary. The distributions of total phosphorus and orthophosphate are affected mainly by river input and physical mixing. The distribution of ammonia nitrogen is variable and is related more to recycling within the estuary than to input from the rivers. Ammonia concentrations increase in deeper water, probably in response to vertical salinity stratification and low concentrations of dissolved oxygen that foster regeneration of ammonia from bottom sediments. The distribution of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen is nonconservative--concentrations are high in the rivers and decrease more rapidly in the estuary than expected due to dilution with sea water, probably because of phytoplankton uptake.</p><p>Phytoplankton productivity and biomass are usually greatest during late summer near the mouths of the tidal rivers when freshwater inflow and nutrient loading are greatest. The highly colored freshwater runoff reduces light penetration and phytoplankton productivity in regions of the estuary where salinity is less than about 10 parts per thousand, but the nutrient-rich, colored water is diluted by seawater at midsalinities (10-20 parts per thousand) so that availability of light increases and inorganic nitrogen concentrations are still high enough to stimulate productivity and growth of phytoplankton. In much of the estuary, salinity is greater than 20 parts per thousand, and availability of inorganic nitrogen, not light, limits productivity and growth.</p><p>Although the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system is relatively undisturbed, much of its basin has been altered by human activities. Streamflow decreased substantially during 1931-84 in parts of the Peace River, probably because of ground-water withdrawals in the basin. Nutrient concentrations generally increased in the rivers during 1970-85, because of an increase in the flow of wastewater and agricultural runoff. The concentrations of phosphorus are naturally high in the Peace River because of extensive phosphate deposits in the basin. The phosphate deposits also are relatively rich in radionuclides of the uranium-238 series, including radium-226. In the upper basin, these deposits are exposed in the riverbed. Extensive phosphate mining and processing have exposed additional deposits to surface runoff. Periodic spills of phosphate sediments (slimes) have contributed additional phosphorus and radium-226 to the river and estuary. A single spill can contribute a phosphorus load equal to the annual loading in the Peace River at Arcadia.</p><p>The projected increase in population in the basin by the year 2020 would generate an additional 60 million gallons per day of domestic wastewater over that generated during 1980, which would increase nitrogen loading in the basin by more than 3 tons per day. Intensified agricultural and industrial developments, particularly expanding citrus production and phosphate mining, could generate additional loads of nutrients and a variety of inorganic and organic contaminants. Increased inputs of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, could encourage growth and increase abundance of phytoplankton and benthic and epiphytic algae. If water were less colored as a result of reduced freshwater inflow, undesirable algal growth could be exacerbated because of increased availability of light. Increased abundance of phytoplankton and other algae could likely change dissolved-oxygen concentrations in the estuary, resulting in greater day-to-night fluctuations and the possible depletion of dissolved oxygen in deep water. At the present time, near-anaerobic conditions occur for days or weeks in the deep water (more than 9 feet) of the northern harbor during late summer. These conditions could become more persistent with time and over wider areas, if phytoplankton and other algae increase in abundance and in their contribution to benthic oxygen demand. An increased abundance of phytoplankton and other algae also would reduce light penetration and adversely affect seagrasses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2486","usgsCitation":"McPherson, B.F., Miller, R.L., and Stoker, Y.E., 1996, Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Charlotte Harbor basin and estuarine system in southwestern Florida: A summary of the 1982-89 U.S. Geological Survey Charlotte Harbor assessment and other studies: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2486, iv, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2486.","productDescription":"iv, 32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":430635,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25404.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":28,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2486/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Charlotte Harbor","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.97584144860814,\n              27.06465970203172\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.35886847765688,\n              27.06465970203172\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.35886847765688,\n              26.41983792445552\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.97584144860814,\n              26.41983792445552\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.97584144860814,\n              27.06465970203172\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685ac8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McPherson, Benjamin F.","contributorId":17965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPherson","given":"Benjamin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Ronald L.","contributorId":103245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stoker, Yvonne E. ystoker@usgs.gov","contributorId":5101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoker","given":"Yvonne","email":"ystoker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26773,"text":"wri964172 - 1996 - Summary of biological and contaminant investigations related to stream water quality and environmental setting in the Upper Colorado River basin, 1938-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-20T16:53:29","indexId":"wri964172","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4172","title":"Summary of biological and contaminant investigations related to stream water quality and environmental setting in the Upper Colorado River basin, 1938-95","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program, an inventory of the biological and contaminant investigations for the Upper Colorado River Basin study unit was conducted. To enhance the sampling design for the biological component of the program, previous studies about the ecology of aquatic organisms and contaminants were compiled from computerized literature searches of biological data bases and by contacting other Federal, State, and local agencies. Biological and contaminant investigations that have been conducted throughout the basin since 1938 were categorized according to four general categories of biological investigations and two categories of contaminant investigations: algal communities, macroinvertebrate communities, fish communities, habitat characterization, contaminants in organism tissue, and contaminants in bed sediment. The studies were identified by their locations in two physiographic provinces, the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau, and by the predominant land use in the area of the investigation. Studies on algal communities and contaminants in organism tissue and in bed sediment are limited throughout the basin. Studies on macroinvertebrate and fish communities and habitat characterization are the most abundant in the study unit. Natural and human factors can affect biological communities and their composition. Natural factors that affect background water-quality conditions are physiography, climate, geology, and soils. Algae, macroinvertebrates, and fish that are present in the Southern Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau physiographic provinces vary with altitude and physical environment. Green algae and diatoms are predominant in the higher altitude streams, and blue-green, golden-brown, and green algae are predominant in the lower altitude streams. Caddisflies, mayflies, and stoneflies are the dominant macroinvertebrates in the higher altitudes, whereas aquatic worms, leeches, and dragonflies are more common at lower altitudes. Cold-water species, such as trout, are present at the higher altitudes, and warmer water species, such as catfish, carp, and suckers, are predominant at the lower altitudes. Human factors that affect water-quality conditions are mining, urbanization, agriculture, and hydrologic modifications. Mining areas can be depleted of organisms or contain a low diversity of species. Acid-tolerant algae, such as certain species of green algae and diatoms, and metal-tolerant caddisflies can be present in mining areas. Urbanized areas are located in the Southern Rocky Mountains and in the Colorado Plateau and contain species characteristic of the physiographic provinces. Agricultural areas contain species, such as blue-green algae, aquatic worms, suckers, and carp, that can tolerate organic enrichment, sedimentation, and lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964172","usgsCitation":"Deacon, J.R., and Stephens, V.C., 1996, Summary of biological and contaminant investigations related to stream water quality and environmental setting in the Upper Colorado River basin, 1938-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4172, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964172.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158140,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4172/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55660,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4172/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 96-4172"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e488ee4b07f02db51e673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deacon, Jeffrey R. 0000-0001-5793-6940 jrdeacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-6940","contributorId":2786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deacon","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrdeacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":196978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, Verlin C.","contributorId":34479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"Verlin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":32945,"text":"pp1410E - 1996 - Hydrology of the southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in South Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T10:27:03","indexId":"pp1410E","displayToPublicDate":"1997-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1410","chapter":"E","title":"Hydrology of the southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in South Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>The wedge of sediments present beneath the Coastal Plain of South Carolina and adjacent parts of Georgia and North Carolina consists of sand, silt, clay, and limestone. These strata have been subdivided into six regional aquifers: the surficial aquifer, the Floridan aquifer system, the Tertiary sand aquifer, the Black Creek aquifer, the Middendorf aquifer, and the Cape Fear aquifer. Intervening confining units separate the aquifers, except for the Floridan aquifer system and the Tertiary sand aquifer, which together function as a single hydrologic unit.</p>\n<p>The quality of ground water from the Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina generally is acceptable for most uses in most areas. The water in most aquifers under most of the Coastal Plain contains low concentrations of dissolved solids (less than 500 milligrams per liter) and no dominant constituents in the recharge areas. Downgradient, the water is a calcium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate type throughout most of the Coastal Plain. Sodium-chloride-type water is present still farther downgradient, near the coast.</p>\n<p>A quasi-three-dimensional, finite-difference digital ground-water flow model was constructed to simulate flow in the Coastal Plain aquifers prior to development. The model also was used to evaluate the hydraulic responses to pumping that have occurred up to November 1982. The model consisted of five layers and a 48 by 63 node grid with a uniform square grid cell of 4 miles on a side.</p>\n<p>The Coastal Plain aquifers are recharged primarily by precipitation in their outcrop areas. Discharge is primarily as base flow to upper Coastal Plain rivers, to overlying aquifers by leakage through confining units, and to wells.</p>\n<p>Total simulated flow in the deep ground-water system was 967 cubic feet per second at the end of the transient simulation (1982). Recharge to the deep flow system simulated by the model was 793 cubic feet per second in the study area in 1982. Simulated aquifer discharge to large rivers was 660 cubic feet per second. Discharge to smaller rivers was not simulated because of the scale of the model.</p>\n<p>Changes resulting from ground-water pumping were significant as of 1982. The simulated water budget indicates that in 1982, 249 cubic feet per second were discharged from the aquifer system by wells. This pumping was balanced by the following changes from predevelopment conditions: 110 cubic feet per second derived from storage, 67 cubic feet per second decrease in aquifer-to-river discharge, 44 cubic feet per second increase in net inflow from source-sinks, and a net increase in inflow of 28 cubic feet per second across boundaries. Head declines in the Black Creek and Middendorf aquifers have occurred throughout much of the eastern part of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina as a result of pumping in the Myrtle Beach and Florence areas. Simulation indicates that the dominant sources of water for upper Coastal Plain pumping centers such as the city of Florence are decrease in flow to rivers in the upper Coastal Plain and water derived from storage. The dominant sources of water for pumping centers in the Myrtle Beach area are water derived from storage, leakage from overlying aquifers, and net increases in inflow across boundaries.</p>\n<p>Transmissivity values used in the flow simulation range from less than 1,000 feet squared per day near the updip limit of most aquifers to about 30,000 feet squared per day in the Middendorf aquifer in the Savannah River Plant area. Vertical hydraulic conductivity values used in simulation of confining units range from about 6x10<sup>-7</sup> feet per day for the confining unit between the Middendorf and Black Creek aquifers in coastal areas to 3x10<sup>-2</sup> feet per day for most of the confining units near their updip limits. Storage coefficients used in transient simulations were 0.15 where unconfined conditions exist and 0.0005 where confined conditions exist.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1410E","usgsCitation":"Aucott, W.R., 1996, Hydrology of the southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system in South Carolina and parts of Georgia and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1410, vii, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1410E.","productDescription":"vii, 83 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":60848,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410e/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"22.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":121869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1410e/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.87060546875,\n              34.94899072578227\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8154296875,\n              34.34343606848294\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.353759765625,\n              33.706062655101206\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.265625,\n              33.293803558346596\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.134033203125,\n              31.194007509998823\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.47509765625,\n              32.26855544621479\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.167724609375,\n              33.348884792201694\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.838134765625,\n              33.8339199536547\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.49731445312499,\n              34.97600151317591\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.12353515625,\n              35.60371874069731\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.87060546875,\n              34.94899072578227\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc79f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aucott, Walter R.","contributorId":90275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aucott","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23289,"text":"ofr96485 - 1996 - User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96485","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-485","title":"User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96485","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A., and McDonald, M., 1996, User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-485, vi, 56 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96485.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0485/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52574,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0485/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604034","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, M.G.","contributorId":37716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23288,"text":"ofr96486 - 1996 - Programmer's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96486","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-486","title":"Programmer's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96486","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Harbaugh, A., and McDonald, M., 1996, Programmer's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-486, vii, 220 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96486.","productDescription":"vii, 220 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0486/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52573,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0486/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e0db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harbaugh, A.W.","contributorId":15208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harbaugh","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, M.G.","contributorId":37716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26472,"text":"wri964050 - 1996 - Ground-water hydrology, historical water use, and simulated ground-water flow in Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers near Charleston and Florence, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:53:36","indexId":"wri964050","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4050","title":"Ground-water hydrology, historical water use, and simulated ground-water flow in Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers near Charleston and Florence, South Carolina","docAbstract":"A quasi-three-dimensional, transient, digital, ground-water flow model representing the Coastal Plain aquifers of South Carolina, has been constructed to assist in defining the ground- water-flow system of Cretaceous aquifers near Charleston and Florence, S.C. Both cities are near the centers of large (greater than 150 feet) potentiometric declines in the Middendorf aquifer. In 1989, the diameter of the depressions was approximately 40 miles at Charleston and 15 miles at Florence. The potentiometric decline occurred between predevelopment (1926) and 1982 near Florence, and between predevelopment (1879) and 1989 near Charleston. The city of Charleston does not withdraw water from these aquifers; however, some of the small communities in the area use these aquifers for a potable water supply. The model simulates flow in and between four aquifer systems. The model has a variable-cell-size grid, and spans the Coastal Plain from the Savannah River in the southwest to the Cape Fear Arch in the northeast, and from the Fall Line in the northwest to approximately 30 miles offshore to the southeast. Model-grid cell size is 1 by 1 mile in a 48 by 48 mile area centered in Charleston, and in a 36 by 48 mile area centered in Florence. The model cell size gradually increases to a maximum of 4 by 4 miles outside the two study areas. The entire grid consists of 115 by 127 cells and covers an area of 39,936 square miles. The model was calibrated to historical water-level data. The calibration relied on three techniques: (1) matching simulated and observed potentiometric map surfaces, (2) statistical comparison of observed and simulated heads, and (3) comparison of observed and simulated well hydrographs. Systematic changes in model parameters showed that simulated heads are most sensitive to changes in aquifer transmissivity. Eight predictive ground-water-use scenarios were simulated for the Mount Pleasant area, which presently (1993) uses the Middendorf aquifer as a sole-source of potable water. These simulations use various combinations of spatial distribution, and injection of treated wastewater effluent for existing and future Middendorf aquifer wells.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri964050","usgsCitation":"Campbell, B.G., and van Heeswijk, M., 1996, Ground-water hydrology, historical water use, and simulated ground-water flow in Cretaceous-age Coastal Plain aquifers near Charleston and Florence, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4050, viii, 100 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964050.","productDescription":"viii, 100 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55291,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4050/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4050/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston, Florence","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.18920898437499,\n              32.59310597426537\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.65087890624999,\n              32.59310597426537\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.65087890624999,\n              33.03169299978312\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.18920898437499,\n              33.03169299978312\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.18920898437499,\n              32.59310597426537\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.013427734375,\n              34.043556504127444\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6014404296875,\n              34.043556504127444\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6014404296875,\n              34.334364487026306\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.013427734375,\n              34.334364487026306\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.013427734375,\n              34.043556504127444\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b10cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, B. G.","contributorId":68764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Heeswijk, Marijke heeswijk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Heeswijk","given":"Marijke","email":"heeswijk@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":196452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22900,"text":"ofr96554 - 1996 - A modified index for assessment of potential scour at bridges over waterways","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr96554","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-554","title":"A modified index for assessment of potential scour at bridges over waterways","docAbstract":"The modified potential-scour index described in this report is based on a  potential-scour index used by the U.S. Geological Survey Maryland  District (Maryland index), and a prototype index developed by the U.S.  Geological Survey Tennessee District (Tennessee index).  The  modifications were made to (1) improve the technical content of theMaryland index, and (2) provide a more extensive set of index variables  for assessment of potential scour at bridges.  The report demonstrates  and describes problems that were encountered when using the Maryland  index in a study of county- maintained bridges in Maryland from 1993 to  1995.The modifications made to specific index variables and ranking  values in the Maryland index are presented and discussed.  A comparison  of potential-scour ratings from the modified potential- scour index, as  applied to two bridges, is presented.This comparison indicates that the  modified potential-scour index produces potential-scour ratings that most  consistently reflect scour conditions observed at these bridges.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96554","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Doheny, E.J., 1996, A modified index for assessment of potential scour at bridges over waterways: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-554, iv, 16 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96554.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0554/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52307,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0554/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doheny, Edward J. 0000-0002-6043-3241 ejdoheny@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6043-3241","contributorId":4495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doheny","given":"Edward","email":"ejdoheny@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":189099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29557,"text":"wri964039 - 1996 - Estimation of the recharge areas contributing water to the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T21:39:45.717016","indexId":"wri964039","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4039","title":"Estimation of the recharge areas contributing water to the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio","docAbstract":"The city of Columbus, Ohio, operates four radial collector wells, designed to yield 42 Mgal/d (million gallons per day), in southern Franklin County, Ohio, as part of their municipal supply of water. The collector wells are adjacent to, and designed to induce infiltration from, Big Walnut Creek and Scioto River. A previously constructed, three-dimensional, steady-state and transient ground-water-flow model of this river-aquifer system was used to estimate contributing recharge areas (CRA's) and calculate particle flowpaths in southern Franklin County. The simulations were of two steady-state periods (October 1979 and March 1986) and one 5-year transient period (March 1986---June 1991). The first simulation (1979) was of conditions before construction of the collector wells. The second simulation (1986) was of conditions when the collector wells were producing 8 Mgal/d. During the 5 years covered in the transient simulation, production at the well field averaged 18.5 Mgal/d. \r\n\r\nUnder the 1979 conditions, the largest ground-water contributing areas were of the quarries and Scioto River (41 and 47 percent of the study area, respectively). During 1986, when 8 Mgal/d was withdrawn, the primary contributing areas were of the quarries (40 percent), collector wells (34 percent), and rivers (8 percent). Travel times associated with simulated particles of water tracked from cells along Big Walnut Creek to their discharge points in cells along Scioto River were about 5 to 60 years in the 1979 simulation and about 7 to 41 years in the 1986 simulation. The endpoints of these particles varied as simulated pumping rates were increased to 22 Mgal/d. \r\n\r\nThe 1986, 10-year CRA's of the collector wells under 8 Mgal/d-conditions totalled about 4.5 mi2. As the pumping rate was increased to 22 Mgal/d in a predictive simulation, 10-year CRA's of the collector wells increased to 6.7mi2. \r\n\r\nBecause the transient simulation encompassed only 5 years, the 10-year CRA's could not be estimated from the transient simulation. However, the size of the 1- to 5-year CRA's for the transient simulation was similar to the size of the 1- to 5-year CRA's for a steady-state predictive simulation if well-field production were 16 Mgal/d. The transient simulations predicted discontinuous CRA's, especially adjacent to the rivers, due to changes in hydrologic stresses. Analyses of the steady-state and transient models showed that sizes of CRA's were most sensitive to changes in porosity, pumping rate, riverbed conductance, and horizontal hydraulic conductivity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964039","usgsCitation":"Schalk, C.W., 1996, Estimation of the recharge areas contributing water to the South Well Field, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4039, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964039.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415480,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48407.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58386,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124541,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4039/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Columbus","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.0417,\n              39.8972\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0417,\n              39.8192\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9583,\n              39.8192\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9583,\n              39.8972\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0417,\n              39.8972\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb1aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schalk, C. W.","contributorId":64286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schalk","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30305,"text":"wri964061 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow, Picatinny Arsenal and vicinity, Morris County, New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T09:48:02","indexId":"wri964061","displayToPublicDate":"1997-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4061","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow, Picatinny Arsenal and vicinity, Morris County, New Jersey","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow in glacial sediments and bedrock at Picatinny Arsenal, N.J., was simulated by use of a three-dimensional finite-difference ground- water-flow model. The modeled area includes a 4.3-square-mile area that extends from Picatinny Lake to the Rockaway River. Most of the study area is bounded by the natural hydrologic boundaries of the ground-water system. eophysical logs, lithologic logs, particle-size data, and core data from selected wells and surface geophysical data were analyzed to define the hydrogeologic framework. Hydrogeologic sections and thickness maps define six permeable and three low-permeability layers that are represented in the model as aquifers and confining units, respectively. Hydrologic data incorporated in the model include a rate of recharge from precipitation of 22 inches per year, estimated from long-term precipitation records and estimates of evapotranspiration. Additional recharge from infiltration along valleys was estimated from measured discharge of springs along the adjacent valley walls and from estimates of runoff from upland drainage that flows to the valley floor. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities of permeable and low-permeability layers were estimated from examination of aquifer-test data, gamma-ray logs, borehole cuttings, and previously published data. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities in glacial sediments range from 10 to 380 feet per day. Vertical hydraulic conductivities of the low-permeability layers range from 0.01 to 0.7 feet per day. The model was calibrated by simulating steady-state conditions during 1989-93 and by closely matching simulated and measured ground-water levels, vertical ground-water-head differences, and streamflow gain and loss. Simulated steady-state potentiometric- surface maps produced for the six permeable layers indicate that ground water in the unconfined material within Picatinny Arsenal flows predominantly toward the center of the valley, where it discharges to Green Pond Brook. Beneath the upper confining unit, ground water flows southwestward, down the valley. Between First Street and Farley Avenue, the upper confining unit pinches out near the valley walls, resulting in a major input of water to, and causing a local potentiometric high in, the underlying aquifer layers. Ground-water-flow directions southwest of the southern arsenal boundary are predominantly to the Rockaway River.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964061","usgsCitation":"Voronin, L., and Rice, D., 1996, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow, Picatinny Arsenal and vicinity, Morris County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4061, vi, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964061.","productDescription":"vi, 64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":2038,"text":"wsp2475 - 1996 - Descriptions of anisotropy and heterogeneity and their effect on ground-water flow and areas of contribution to public supply wells in a karst carbonate aquifer system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:19","indexId":"wsp2475","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2475","title":"Descriptions of anisotropy and heterogeneity and their effect on ground-water flow and areas of contribution to public supply wells in a karst carbonate aquifer system","docAbstract":"MODFLOW and MODPATH numerical models were used to generate areas of contribution to public supply wells for simulated hypothetical anisotropy and heterogeneous carbonate aquifer systems. The simulations incorporated, to varying degrees, the anisotropy and heterogeneity observed in a karst carbonate aquifer system. These include: isotropic and homogeneous single-layer system, doubly-porous single-layer system, and interconnected vertically and horizontally heterogeneous system. The study indicated that the distribution and nature of aquifer anisotropy and heterogeneity will affect the simulated size, shape, and orientation of areas of contribution in karst carbonate aquifer systems.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wsp2475","usgsCitation":"Knochenmus, L.A., and Robinson, J.L., 1996, Descriptions of anisotropy and heterogeneity and their effect on ground-water flow and areas of contribution to public supply wells in a karst carbonate aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2475, iv, 47 p. :ill., maps. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2475.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p. :ill., maps. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":25,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2475/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":137691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65df1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knochenmus, Lari A. lari@usgs.gov","contributorId":301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"Lari","email":"lari@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, James L.","contributorId":82284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1914,"text":"wsp2428 - 1996 - Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19441,"text":"ofr9339 - 1993 - Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data","indexId":"ofr9339","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":1914,"text":"wsp2428 - 1996 - Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data","indexId":"wsp2428","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:24","indexId":"wsp2428","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2428","title":"Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data","docAbstract":"Statistical operations termed model-adjustment procedures can be used to incorporate local data into existing regression modes to improve the predication of urban-runoff quality. Each procedure is a form of regression analysis in which the local data base is used as a calibration data set; the resulting adjusted regression models can then be used to predict storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites. Statistical tests of the calibration data set guide selection among proposed procedures.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O.,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2428","isbn":"0607862130","usgsCitation":"Hoos, A.B., and Lizarraga, J.S., 1996, Procedures for adjusting regional regression models of urban-runoff quality using local data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2428, iv, 33 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2428.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2428/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":27232,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2428/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db6551a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":144357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lizarraga, Joy S.","contributorId":43735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lizarraga","given":"Joy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31994,"text":"ofr9676B - 1996 - Ocean trenches; a computer animation and paper model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:09","indexId":"ofr9676B","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-76","chapter":"B","title":"Ocean trenches; a computer animation and paper model","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr9676B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Galloway, J., 1996, Ocean trenches; a computer animation and paper model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-76, One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD Macintosh compatible computer diskette. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9676B.","productDescription":"One 3 1/2 inch DS/HD Macintosh compatible computer diskette. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, T. R.","contributorId":20715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Galloway, J. P.","contributorId":19142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21710,"text":"ofr9696 - 1996 - Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21710,"text":"ofr9696 - 1996 - Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","indexId":"ofr9696","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Data Base for a National Mineral-Resource Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Conterminous United States","title":"Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":39996,"text":"ofr2002198 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178","indexId":"ofr2002198","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the United States: A Portable Document (PDF) recompilation of USGS Open-File Report 96-96 and Circular 1178"},"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-10T14:27:20.230631","indexId":"ofr9696","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-96","displayTitle":"Data Base for a National Mineral-Resource Assessment of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold, Silver, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in the Conterminous United States","title":"Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"For this assessment, the conterminous United States was divided into 12 regions Adirondack Mountains, Central and Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, East Central, Great Basin, Great Plains, Lake Superior, Northern Appalachians, Northern Rocky Mountains, Pacific Coast, Southern Appalachians, and Southern Basin and Range. The assessment, which was conducted by regional assessment teams of scientists from the USGS, was based on the concepts of permissive tracts and deposit models. Permissive tracts are discrete areas of the United States for which estimates of numbers of undiscovered deposits of a particular deposit type were made. A permissive tract is defined by its geographic boundaries such that the probability of deposits of the type delineated occurring outside the boundary is neglible. Deposit models, which are based on a compilation of worldwide literature and on observation, are sets of data in a convenient form that describe a group of deposits which have similar characteristics and that contain information on the common geologic attributes of the deposits and the environments in which they are found. Within each region, the assessment teams delineated permissive tracts for those deposit models that were judged to be appropriate and, when the amount of information warranted, estimated the number of undiscovered deposits. A total of 46 deposit models were used to assess 236 separate permissive tracts. Estimates of undiscovered deposits were limited to a depth of 1 km beneath the surface of the Earth. \r\n\r\nThe estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc were expressed in the form of a probability distribution. Commonly, the number of undiscovered deposits was estimated at the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles. A Monte Carlo simulation computer program was used to combine the probability distribution of the number of undiscovered deposits with the grade and tonnage data sets associated with each deposit model to obtain the probability distribution for undiscovered metal.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9696","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Ludington, S.D., Cox, D.P., and McCammon, R., 1996, Data base for a national mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States (Superseded by OFR 2002-198): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-96, HTML Document; CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9696.","productDescription":"HTML Document; CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological 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D.","contributorId":80682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, D. P.","contributorId":82689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCammon, R.B.","contributorId":17218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCammon","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":6227,"text":"pp1412A - 1996 - Summary of the Oahu, Hawaii, regional aquifer-system analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-22T17:50:31.462503","indexId":"pp1412A","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1412","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Oahu, Hawaii, regional aquifer-system analysis","docAbstract":"Oahu, the third largest of the Hawaiian islands, is formed by the eroded remnants of two elongated shield volcanoes with broad, low profiles. Weathering and erosion have modified the original domed surfaces of the volcanoes, leaving a landscape of deep valleys and steep interfluvial ridges in the interior highlands. The Koolau Range in eastern Oahu and the Waianae Range in western Oahu are the eroded remnants of the Koolau and Waianae Volcanoes.\r\n\r\nThe origin, mode of emplacement, texture, and composition of the rocks of Oahu affect their ability to store and transmit water. The volcanic rocks are divided into four groups: (1) lava flows, (2) dikes, (3) pyroclastic deposits, and (4) saprolite and weathered basalt. Stratified sequences of thin-bedded lava flows form the most productive aquifers in Hawaii. Dikes are near-vertical sheets of massive intrusive rock that typically contain only fracture permeability. Pyroclastic deposits include ash, cinder, and spatter; they are essentially granular, with porosity and permeability similar to those of granular sediments. Weathering of basaltic rocks in the humid, subtropical climate of Oahu alters igneous minerals to clays and oxides, reducing the permeability of the parent rock. Saprolite is weathered material that has retained textural features of the parent rock.\r\n\r\nEstimates of hydraulic conductivity along the plane of dike-free lava flows tend to fall within about one order of magnitude, from about 500 to about 5,000 feet per day. Estimates of specific yield range from about 1 to 20 percent; most of the values lie within a narrow range of about 5 to 10 percent.\r\n\r\nThe occurrence of ground water on Oahu is determined by the type and character of the rocks and by the presence of geohydrologic barriers. The primary modes of freshwater occurrence on Oahu are as a basal lens of fresh ground water floating on saltwater, as dike-impounded ground water, and as perched ground water. Saltwater occurs at depth throughout much of the island.\r\n\r\nA regional aquifer system composed of the Waianae aquifer in the Waianae Volcanics and the Koolau aquifer in the Koolau Basalt is subdivided into well-defined areas by geohydrologic barriers. The aquifers are separated by the Waianae confining unit formed by weathering along the Waianae-Koolau unconformity. In some coastal areas, a caprock of sedimentary deposits overlies and confines the aquifers.\r\n\r\nThe island of Oahu has been divided into seven major ground-water areas delineated by deep-seated structural geohydrologic barriers; these areas are further subdivided by shallower internal barriers to ground-water flow. The Koolau rift zone along the eastern (windward) side of the island and the Waianae rift zone to the west (Waianae area) constitute two of the major ground-water areas. North-central Oahu is divided into three smaller ground-water areas, Mokuleia, Waialua, and Kawailoa. The Schofield ground-water area encompasses much of the Schofield Plateau of central Oahu. Southern Oahu is divided into six areas, Ewa, Pearl Harbor, Moanalua, Kalihi, Beretania, and Kaimuki. Southeastern Oahu is divided into the Waialae and Wailupe-Hawaii Kai areas. Along the northeast coast of windward Oahu is the Kahuku ground-water area.\r\n\r\nThe aquifers of Oahu contain shallow freshwater and deeper saltwater flow systems. There are five fresh ground-water flow systems: meteoric freshwater flow diverges from ground-water divides that lie somewhere within the Waianae and Koolau rift zones, forming an interior flow system in central Oahu (which is divided into the northern and southern Oahu flow systems) and exterior flow systems in western (Waianae area) Oahu, eastern (windward) Oahu, and southeastern Oahu.\r\n\r\nDevelopment of the ground-water resources on Oahu began when the first well was drilled near Honouliuli in the summer of 1879. By 1890, 86 wells had been drilled on the island. From about 1891 to about 1910, development increased rapidly with the drilling of a","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1412A","usgsCitation":"Nichols, W., Shade, P.J., and Hunt, C.D., 1996, Summary of the Oahu, Hawaii, regional aquifer-system analysis: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1412, viii, 71 p. *MISSING PAGES*, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1412A.","productDescription":"viii, 71 p. *MISSING PAGES*","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1412a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":94746,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1412a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":486410,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4868.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Oahu","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -158.3019853212155,\n              21.587546117430605\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.12029304901154,\n              21.278411927892975\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.95027578225046,\n              21.273733453894693\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.70437098011104,\n              21.23768539325078\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.61899750281034,\n              21.284611779277185\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.7182350490743,\n              21.48980076150177\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.97800392017717,\n              21.727240606356965\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.3019853212155,\n              21.587546117430605\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6981c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hunt, Charles D. Jr. cdhunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"Charles","suffix":"Jr.","email":"cdhunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":152340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":6385,"text":"pp1412C - 1996 - Water Budget and the Effects of Land-Use Changes on Ground-Water Recharge, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:14","indexId":"pp1412C","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1412","chapter":"C","title":"Water Budget and the Effects of Land-Use Changes on Ground-Water Recharge, Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Detailed water budgets calculated for southern and southeastern Oahu are used with a geographic information system to develop simplified methods for estimating areal water budgets for predevelopment and mid-1980's land use. The methods were applied to estimate water budgets for the Waianae area of western Oahu, and for north-central, southern, and southeastern Oahu. A water budget was calculated for windward Oahu by developing a separate geographic information system model of the area. The water budgets for these areas were combined into a single water budget for the entire island. The geographic information system model was used to calculate mid-1980's ground-water recharge to small areas of specific interest and the distribution of recharge by geologic formation.\r\n\r\nThe most significant changes in the water budget and ground-water recharge have occurred in north-central and southern Oahu as a result of large-scale agricultural development and urbanization by the mid-1980's. Runoff increased by 23 million gallons per day in southern Oahu where extensive urban areas have been developed. Evapotranspiration increased by 8 million gallons per day in southern Oahu and 28 million gallons per day in north-central Oahu as result of the 146 million gallons per day of agricultural irrigation. Ground-water recharge increased in both areas: by about 56 million gallons per day in southern Oahu and by about 32 million gallons per day in north-central Oahu. Predevelopment ground-water recharge to Oahu was an estimated 792 million gallons per day. Changes in land-use practices in the mid-1980's resulted in an estimated island-wide recharge of 880 million gallons per day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/pp1412C","usgsCitation":"Shade, P.J., and Nichols, W., 1996, Water Budget and the Effects of Land-Use Changes on Ground-Water Recharge, Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1412, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1412C.","productDescription":"38 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126799,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1412c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33758,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1412c/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd474","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, William D.","contributorId":98296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":3024,"text":"wsp2487 - 1996 - Simulated three-dimensional ground-water flow in the Lockport Group, a fractured-dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:45","indexId":"wsp2487","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2487","title":"Simulated three-dimensional ground-water flow in the Lockport Group, a fractured-dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional model was developed through a parameter-estimation method based on nonlinear regression to simulate ground-water flow in the Lockport Group, a fractured dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, N.Y. Horizontal fracture zones within the Lockport Group were represented by model layers, and connections between the zones were represented by vertical leakage between the layers. Results of steady-state simulations were compared with (1) the observed potentiometric surface of the weathered bedrock surface, (2) average heads measured by piezometers in underlying fracture zones, (3) low-flow measurements of springs and streams, and (4) measurements of discharge from tunnels and excavations. Results indicated that (1) measured flow into the Falls Street tunnel, an unlined storm sewer excavated in bedrock, exceeds the amount that can be sustained by the aquifer, and, therefore, a connection between the tunnel and the Niagara River can be assumed; (2) recharge within the urban parts of the modeled area is greater than in rural areas, possibly because of losses from the municipal water supply or infiltration from unlined storm sewers that intersect the bedrock; and (3) lowlands near the Niagara River might contain widespread areas of upward flow that discharge ground water through evapotranspiration and surface drainage.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2487","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., 1996, Simulated three-dimensional ground-water flow in the Lockport Group, a fractured-dolomite aquifer near Niagara Falls, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2487, v, 42 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2487.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139470,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2487/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29855,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2487/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f30ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":146164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24690,"text":"ofr95321 - 1996 - Ground-water resources of the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin in parts of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia — Subarea 4 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-15T18:44:24.817845","indexId":"ofr95321","displayToPublicDate":"1997-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-321","title":"Ground-water resources of the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin in parts of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia — Subarea 4 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins","docAbstract":"<p>The study area is underlain by Coastal Plain sediments of pre-Cretaceous to Quaternary age consisting of alternating units of sand, clay, sandstone, dolomite, and limestone that gradually thicken and dip gently to the southeast. The Upper Floridan aquifer is composed of an off lapping sequence of clastic and carbonate sediments consisting of the Clinchfield Sand, the Ocala, Suwannee, and Tampa Limestones, and the Marianna Formation. The Intermediate system consists of the Intracoastal, Chipola, and Jackson Bluff Formations, is limited in areal extent to the southern part of the basin in Florida, and constitutes an aquifer of low yield. The aquifer-stream-reservoir (flow) system is defined by surface water in hydraulic connection with aquifers and semi-confining units.</p><p>Simulation of the flow system by using the U.S. Geological Survey’s MODular Finite-Element model (MODFE) of two-dimensional ground-water flow indicated that ground-water availability in Alabama is affected most by changes to lateral and vertical boundary conditions to the Upper Floridan aquifer that might occur in that state, and is affected minimally by changes to ground- and surface-water levels in Georgia. Incomplete hydrologic information precludes definitive assessment of ground- water-resource potential, overpumpage, and potential for additional development; however, simulated-increased pumpage at more than 3 times the October 1986 rates caused drying of the Upper Floridan aquifer in parts of Miller and Lee Counties, Ga. Evaluation of ground-water-development potential in the virtually untapped Intermediate system has questionable reliability due to the lack of data.</p><p>Increased hypothetical pumpage over October 1986 rates for the Upper Floridan aquifer, located almost entirely in Georgia, indicated reduction in ground-water discharge to streams that reduced flow in the Apalachicola River and to the Bay, especially during droughts. Water budgets prepared from simulation results indicate that discharge to streams and recharge by horizontal and vertical flow are principal hydro-logic mechanisms for moving water into, out of, or through aquifers. The Intermediate system contributes less than 2 percent of the total simulated ground-water discharge to streams; thus, it does not represent an important source of water for the Apalachicola River and Bay.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95321","usgsCitation":"Torak, L.J., and McDowell, R.J., 1996, Ground-water resources of the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin in parts of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia — Subarea 4 of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint and Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River basins: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-321, Report: ix, 145 p.: 11 Plates: 20.29 x 30.44 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95321.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 145 p.: 11 Plates: 20.29 x 30.44 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158177,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr95321.jpg"},{"id":321059,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321058,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr95321/pdf/ofr95-321.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1930,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr95321/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":321069,"rank":14,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-11.pdf","text":"Plate 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321068,"rank":13,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-10.pdf","text":"Plate 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321067,"rank":12,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-9.pdf","text":"Plate 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321066,"rank":11,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-8.pdf","text":"Plate 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321065,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-7.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321064,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-6.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321063,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321062,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321061,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":321060,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0321/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":403852,"rank":15,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18451.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.551,\n              29.556\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.549,\n              29.556\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.549,\n              32.392\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.551,\n              32.392\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.551,\n              29.556\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65a583","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDowell, Robin John","contributorId":46989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDowell","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28304,"text":"wri964194 - 1996 - Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-22T13:17:20","indexId":"wri964194","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4194","title":"Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995","docAbstract":"<p>The quality of runoff from residential lawns is a concern for municipal stormwater management programs. Land-use based computer models are increasingly being used to assess the impact of lawn runoff on urban watersheds. To accurately model the runoff for residential lawns, the variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from lawns must be understood. The study described in this report measures the runoff parameters from 20 residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, using a rainfall simulator. It was determined that the saturated hydraulic conductivity does not vary significantly within a single residential lawn, but does vary significantly from one lawn to another. This variation is recognized in the entire rainfall-runoff relation from one lawn to another. The age of a lawn, or the years since development and turf establishment, is used as a surrogate of several lawn and soil characteristics to describe the variability in lawn runoff volumes. Runoff volumes from newly developed lawns are significantly greater than runoff from older lawns. This is an important consideration when modeling runoff for new developments. For older lawns, the date since lawn establishment does not explain the variation in the rainfall-runoff relation. In order for simple land-use based computer models to adequately account for the volume of runoff from pervious landscapes, field data from individual lawns would be necessary. A more realistic, alternative method may be to consider a basin-scale analysis of runoff from pervious landscapes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964194","usgsCitation":"Legg, A., Bannerman, R., and Panuska, J., 1996, Variation in the relation of rainfall to runoff from residential lawns in Madison, Wisconsin, July and August 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4194, iii, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964194.","productDescription":"iii, 11 p.","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57116,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4194/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4194/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Dane County","city":"Madison","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              43.00665566595925\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              43.17313537107136\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.26391601562499,\n              43.17313537107136\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.26391601562499,\n              43.00665566595925\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.549560546875,\n              43.00665566595925\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602b2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Legg, A.D.","contributorId":65120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Legg","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bannerman, R.T.","contributorId":92304,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bannerman","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":199559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Panuska, John","contributorId":31025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Panuska","given":"John","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":199557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":22650,"text":"ofr92491 - 1996 - Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of pumping effects in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River, Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T19:20:49","indexId":"ofr92491","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-491","title":"Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of pumping effects in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River, Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Documentation is provided of model input and sample output used in a previous report for analysis of ground-water flow and simulated pumping scenarios in Paradise Valley, Humboldt County, Nevada.Documentation includes files containing input values and listings of sample output. The files, in American International Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) or binary format, are compressed and put on a 3-1/2-inch diskette. The decompressed files require approximately 8.4 megabytes of disk space on an International Business Machine (IBM)- compatible microcomputer using the MicroSoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) operating system version 5.0 or greater.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr92491","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Carey, A., and Prudic, D.E., 1996, Documentation of model input and output values for simulation of pumping effects in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River, Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-491, iii, 4 p. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.). Supplement to Professional Paper 1409-F, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr92491.","productDescription":"iii, 4 p. ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.). Supplement to Professional Paper 1409-F","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0491/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52118,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0491/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":270236,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1992/0491/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db6361bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carey, A.E.","contributorId":16038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":188639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28822,"text":"wri964130 - 1996 - Effects of pumping municipal wells at Junction City, Kansas, on streamflow in the Republican River, Northeast Kansas, 1992-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri964130","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4130","title":"Effects of pumping municipal wells at Junction City, Kansas, on streamflow in the Republican River, Northeast Kansas, 1992-94","docAbstract":"A digital ground-water flow model was developed to simulate steady-state and transient effects of municipal well pumping from an alluvial aquifer on streamflow in the Republican River near Junction City, Kansas. Seepage survey results indicated that streamflow loss in the vicinity of the municipal well field ranged from 1 to 5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second). Simulations of May 1993 conditions indicate that well pumping decreased simulated streamflow by an average of 3.03 ft3/s for the month, of which 2.45 ft3/s was induced infiltration from the stream and 0.58 ft3/s was intercepted baseflow. Of the total well pumpage for May 1993 (265 acre-feet), about 57 percent was from induced infiltration from the river, about 13 percent was from intercepted base flow, and about 30 percent was from decreased aquifer storage, outflow from the aquifer, evapotranspiration, and increased recharge and inflow to the aquifer. Simulations of November 1994 conditions indicate that well pumping decreased simulated streamflow by an average of 3.15 ft3/s for the month, of which 1.0 ft3/s was contributed from the stream and 2.15 ft3/s was contributed from intercepted base flow. Of the total well pumpage for November 1994 (264 acre-feet), about 22 percent was from induced infiltration from the river, about 48 percent was from intercepted base flow, and about 30 percent was from decreased aquifer storage, outflow from the aquifer, evapotranspiration, and increased recharge and inflow to the aquifer. Steady-state simulations of hypothetical conditions were conducted to develop graphs that show the relations among ground-water levels in the well field, pumping rate, and streamflow.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964130","usgsCitation":"Myers, N.C., Jian, X., and Hargadine, G., 1996, Effects of pumping municipal wells at Junction City, Kansas, on streamflow in the Republican River, Northeast Kansas, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4130, viii, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964130.","productDescription":"viii, 58 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123729,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4130/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57682,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4130/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6119f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, N. C.","contributorId":13622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jian, Xiaodong 0000-0002-9173-3482 xjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9173-3482","contributorId":1282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jian","given":"Xiaodong","email":"xjian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hargadine, G.D.","contributorId":93927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hargadine","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28072,"text":"wri964164 - 1996 - Assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T20:33:34.148393","indexId":"wri964164","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4164","title":"Assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County, Florida","docAbstract":"The city of Dunedin is enhancing their potable ground-water resources through desalination of brackish ground water. An assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources in the Upper Floridan aquifer was needed to estimate the changes that may result from brackish-water development. The complex hydrogeologic framework underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County is conceptualized as a multilayered sequence of permeable zones and confining and semiconfining units. The permeable zones contain vertically spaced, discrete, water-producing zones with differing water quality. Water levels, water-level responses, and water quality are highly variable among the different permeable zones. The Upper Floridan aquifer is best characterized as a local flow system in most of northern Pinellas County. Pumping from the Dunedin well field is probably not influencing water levels in the aquifer outside Dunedin, but has resulted in localized depressions in the potentiometric surface surrounding production-well clusters. The complex geologic layering combined with the effects of production-well distribution probably contribute to the spatial and temporal variability in chloride concentrations in the Dunedin well field. Chloride concentrations in ground water underlying the Dunedin well field vary both vertically and laterally. In general, water-quality rapidly changes below depths of 400 feet below sea level. Additionally, randomly distributed water-producing zones with higher chloride concentrations may occur at shallow, discrete intervals above 400 feet. A relation between chloride concentration and distance from St. Joseph Sound is not apparent; however, a possible relation exists between chloride concentration and production-well density. Chloride-concentration data from production wells show a consistently increasing pattern that has accelerated since the late 1980's. Chloride-concentration data from 15 observation wells show increasing trends for 6 wells, decreasing trends for 3 wells, and no trend for 6 wells. The current and future, fresh- and brackish-water resources were evaluated using a numerical ground-water flow and solute-transport model. Simulation results indicate that the hydraulic conductivity of the uppermost permeable zone (upper zone A) of the Upper Floridan aquifer is four times greater than the two underlying permeable zones (lower zone A and zone B). The simulated hydraulic conduc- tivities of the semiconfining units are four orders of magnitude less than the permeable zones. Simulation results show the importance of semiconfining units as a mechanism for retarding the vertical movement of higher salinity ground water. Simulation results indicate that pumping from the brackish-water zone does not negatively influence the chloride-concentration trends in the overlying fresh-water zone; however, chloride changes in the fresh-water zone will continue to occur due to the continuation of current fresh-water withdrawals. Chloride changes in the brackish-water zone will occur from pumping brackish water.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964164","usgsCitation":"Knochenmus, L.A., and Swenson, E.S., 1996, Assessment of the fresh- and brackish-water resources underlying Dunedin and adjacent areas of northern Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4164, vi, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964164.","productDescription":"vi, 47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":394691,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48508.htm"},{"id":56896,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4164/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Pinellas County","city":"Dunedin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.8167,\n              27.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.65,\n              27.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.65,\n              28.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8167,\n              28.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8167,\n              27.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knochenmus, L. A.","contributorId":60683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knochenmus","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swenson, E. S.","contributorId":31795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swenson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27231,"text":"wri964168 - 1996 - Factors affecting phosphorus transport at a conventionally-farmed site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1992-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-26T16:11:51","indexId":"wri964168","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4168","title":"Factors affecting phosphorus transport at a conventionally-farmed site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1992-95","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Land and Water Conservation of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection conducted a cooperative study to determine the effects of manure application and antecedent soil-phosphorus concentrations on the transport of phosphorus from the soil of a typical farm site in Lancaster County, Pa., from September 1992 to March 1995. The relation between concentrations of soil phosphorus and phosphorus transport needs to be identified because excessive phosphorus concentrations in surface-water bodies promote eutrophication.</p><p>The objective of the study was to quantify and determine the significance of chemical, physical, and hydrologic factors that affected phosphorus transport. Three study plots less than 1 acre in size were tilled and planted in silage corn. Phosphorus in the form of liquid swine and dairy manure was injected to a depth of 6-8 inches on two of the three study plots in May 1993 and May 1994. Plot 1 received no inputs of phosphorus from manure while plots 2 and 3 received an average of 56 and 126 kilograms of phosphorus per acre, respectively, from the two manure applications. No other fertilizer was applied to any of the study plots. From March 30, 1993, through December 31, 1993, and March 10, 1994, through August 31, 1994 (the study period), phosphorus and selected cations were measured in precipitation, manure, soil, surface runoff, subsurface flow (at 18 inches below land surface), and corn plants before harvest. All storm events that yielded surface runoff and subsurface flow were sampled. Surface runoff was analyzed for dissolved (filtered through a 0.45-micron filter) and total concentrations. Subsurface flow was only analyzed for dissolved constituents. Laboratory soil-flask experiments and geochemical modeling were conducted to determine the maximum phosphate retention capacity of sampled soils after manure applications and primary mineralogic controls in the soils that affect phosphate equilibrium processes.</p><p>Physical characteristics, such as particle-size distributions in soil, the suspended sediment and particle-size distribution in surface runoff, and surface topography, were quantified. Hydrologic characteristics, such as precipitation intensity and duration, volumes of surface runoff, and infiltration rates of soil, were also monitored during the study period. Volumes of surface runoff differed by plot.</p><p>Volumes of surface runoff measured during the study period from plots 1 (0.43 acres), 2 (0.23 acres), and 3 (0.28 acres) were 350,000, 350,000, and 750,000 liters per acre, respectively. About 90 percent of the volume of surface runoff occurred after October 1993 because of the lack of intense precipitation from March 30, 1993, through November 30, 1993. For any one precipitation amount, volumes of surface runoff increased with an increase in the maximum intensity of precipitation and decreased with an increase in storm duration. The significantly higher volume of surface runoff for plot 3 relative to plots 1 and 2 was probably caused by lower infiltration rates on plot 3.</p><p>Soil concentrations of plant-available phosphorus (PAP) for each study plot were high (31-60 parts per million) to excessive (greater than 60 parts per million) for each depth interval (0-6, 6-12, and 12- 24 inches) and sampling period except for some samples collected at depths of 12-24 inches. The high levels of PAP before manure applications made it difficult to detect any changes in the concentration of soil PAP caused by manure applications. Manure applications to the study area prior to this study resulted in relatively high concentrations of soil PAP; however, the manure applications to plot 3 during the study period did cause an increase in the soil concentration of PAP after the second manure application. The percentages of total phosphorus in plant-available and inorganic forms were about 5 and 80 percent, respectively, in the 0-24--inch depth interval of soil on the study plots. Concentrations of total phosphorus on sand, silt, and clay particles from soil were 700, 1,000, and 3,400 parts per million, respectively. About 70 percent of the total mass of phosphorus in soil to a depth of 24 inches was associated with silt and clay particles.</p><p>Soil-flask experiments indicated that soils from the study plots were not saturated with respect to phosphorus. Soils had the capacity to retain 694 to 1,160 milligrams of phosphorus per kilogram of soil. The measured retention capacity probably exceeded the actual retention capacity of soil because laboratory conditions optimized the contact time between soil and test solutions.</p><p>Geochemical modeling indicated that the primary mineralogical controls on the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff and subsurface flow were aluminum and iron oxides and strengite (if it exists). Aluminum and iron oxides bind phosphate in solution and strengite is an iron-phosphate mineral. The mineralization of organic phosphorus into dissolved inorganic forms could also supply phosphorus to surface runoff and subsurface flow.</p><p>Phosphorus inputs to the plots during the study period were from precipitation and manure. Phosphorus inputs from precipitation were negligible. The loads of phosphorus to the plots from manure applications in May 1993 and May 1994 were 112 and 251 kilograms per acre for plots 2 and 3, respectively; about 60 percent of the load occurred in 1994.</p><p>Phosphorus outputs in surface runoff differed between study plots. The cumulative yields of total phosphorus during the study period for plots 1, 2, and 3 were 1.12, 1.24, and 1.69 kilograms per acre, respectively. Differences between plots were primarily evident for dissolved yields of phosphorus. The percentage of the total phosphorus output in surface runoff that was in the dissolved phase varied from 6 percent for plot 1 to 26 percent for plot 3.</p><p>The cumulative yields of dissolved phosphorus from plots 2 and 3 were 135 and 500 percent greater, respectively, than the dissolved yield from plot 1. Even though volumes of surface runoff were different on the plots, the primary cause of the difference between plots in the yield of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff was differences in the concentration of dissolved phosphorus. After the second manure application, concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff on plots 2 and 3 were significantly higher than the concentration for plot 1.</p><p>An increase in the concentration of dissolved phosphorus in subsurface flow from plots 2 and 3 was measured after manure applications. The mean concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in subsurface flow after the first manure application were 0.29, 0.57, and 1.45 milligrams per liter of phosphorus for plots 1, 2, and 3, respectively.</p><p>The loss of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff was related to the soil concentration of PAP. The model relating dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff to soil PAP indicated that concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff would exceed 0.1 milligram per liter if soil concentrations of PAP exceeded 9 parts per million; this PAP concentration was exceeded by each study plot. Over 50 percent of the variation of dissolved phosphorus in surface runoff was explained by soil concentrations of PAP in the 0-6-inch depth interval.</p><p>The loss of suspended phosphorus in surface runoff was primarily affected by the particle-size distribution of suspended sediment in surface runoff. Surface runoff was enriched with fines relative to the soil matrix. Generally, over 90 percent of sediment in runoff was comprised of silt and clay particles; only 50-60 percent of particle sizes from the intact soil matrix were in the silt- to clay-size range. Concentrations of suspended phosphorus in surface runoff were not significantly related to soil concentrations of total phosphorus in the 0-6-inch depth interval.</p><p>Concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in subsurface flow were also related to soil concentrations of PAP. The relation indicated that dissolved concentrations of phosphorus in subsurface flow would exceed 0.1 milligram per liter if soil concentrations of PAP in the 0-6-inch depth interval of soil were greater than 49 parts per million; this PAP concentration was exceeded by each study plot.</p><p>The significant relation of high concentrations of dissolved phosphorus in water to soil concentrations of PAP indicated that soils with comparable concentrations of soil PAP would be potential sources of dissolved phosphorus to surface water and subsurface water tables. The percentage of the total phosphorus lost from a system in the dissolved form increased as soil concentrations of PAP increased. This indicates that best-management practices to reduce phosphorus losses from this system not only need to target suspended forms of phosphorus but also dissolved forms. Practices aimed at reducing the loss of dissolved phosphorus from the system increase in importance with an increase in soil concentrations of PAP.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964168","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Land and Water Conservation","usgsCitation":"Galeone, D.G., 1996, Factors affecting phosphorus transport at a conventionally-farmed site in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4168, vii, 93 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964168.","productDescription":"vii, 93 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56099,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4168/wri19964168.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.19 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4168"},{"id":123174,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4168/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_pa@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"https://pa.water.usgs.gov/\">Pennsylvania Water Science Center</a><br> U.S. Geological Survey<br> 215 Limekiln Road<br> New Cumberland, PA 17070</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Data collection and analysis methods</li><li>Physical and hydrologic characteristics</li><li>Soil phosphorus</li><li>Phosphorus inputs</li><li>Phosphorus outputs</li><li>Summary of phosphorus inputs, outputs, and soil concentrations</li><li>Factors affecting concentrations of phosphorus in hydrologic pathways</li><li>Summary and conclusions</li><li>References cited&nbsp;</li><li>Appendix 1. Precipitation quantity, duration, maximum intensity, and energy data at study site&nbsp;during study period and surface-runoff volumes for each study plot</li><li>Appendix 2.&nbsp;Chemistry data for soil samples</li><li>Appendix 3.&nbsp;Water-quality data for precipitation, surface-runoff, and subsurface-flow samples</li><li>Appendix 4.&nbsp;&nbsp;Chemistry data for manure samples collected during manure application and study&nbsp;plot to which manure was applied&nbsp;</li><li>Appendix 5.&nbsp;&nbsp;Chemistry data for corn-plant samples collected immediately prior to harvest from the study plots during 1993 and 1994</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f87ce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galeone, Daniel G. 0000-0002-8007-9278 dgaleone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8007-9278","contributorId":2301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galeone","given":"Daniel","email":"dgaleone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":21713,"text":"ofr96337 - 1996 - Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey national stream water-quality monitoring networks (WQN) on CD-ROM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:52","indexId":"ofr96337","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-337","title":"Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey national stream water-quality monitoring networks (WQN) on CD-ROM","docAbstract":"Data from two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) national stream water-quality monitoring networks, the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) and the Hydrologic Benchmark Network (HBN), are now available in a two CD-ROM set. These data on CD-ROM are collectively referred to as WQN, water-quality networks. Data from these networks have been used at the national, regional, and local levels to estimate the rates of chemical flux from watersheds, quantify changes in stream water quality for periods during the past 30 years, and investigate relations between water quality and streamflow as well as the relations of water quality to pollution sources and various physical characteristics of watersheds. \rThe networks include 679 monitoring stations in watersheds that represent diverse climatic, physiographic, and cultural characteristics. The HBN includes 63 stations in relatively small, minimally disturbed basins ranging in size from 2 to 2,000 square miles with a median drainage basin size of 57 square miles. NASQAN includes 618 stations in larger, more culturally-influenced drainage basins ranging in size from one square mile to 1.2 million square miles with a median drainage basin size of about 4,000 square miles. \rThe CD-ROMs contain data for 63 physical, chemical, and biological properties of water (122 total constituents including analyses of dissolved and water suspended-sediment samples) collected during more than 60,000 site visits. These data approximately span the periods 1962-95 for HBN and 1973-95 for NASQAN. The data reflect sampling over a wide range of streamflow conditions and the use of relatively consistent sampling and analytical methods. \rThe CD-ROMs provide ancillary information and data-retrieval tools to allow the national network data to be properly and efficiently used. Ancillary information includes the following: descriptions of the network objectives and history, characteristics of the network stations and water-quality data, historical records of important changes in network sample collection and laboratory analytical methods, water reference sample data for estimating laboratory measurement bias and variability for 34 dissolved constituents for the period 1985-95, discussions of statistical methods for using water reference sample data to evaluate the accuracy of network stream water-quality data, and a bibliography of scientific investigations using national network data and other publications relevant to the networks. \rThe data structure of the CD-ROMs is designed to allow users to efficiently enter the water-quality data to user-supplied software packages including statistical analysis, modeling, or geographic information systems. On one disc, all data are stored in ASCII form accessible from any computer system with a CD-ROM driver. The data also can be accessed using DOS-based retrieval software supplied on a second disc. This software supports logical queries of the water-quality data based on constituent concentrations, sample- collection date, river name, station name, county, state, hydrologic unit number, and 1990 population and 1987 land-cover characteristics for station watersheds. User-selected data may be output in a variety of formats including dBASE, flat ASCII, delimited ASCII, or fixed-field for subsequent use in other software packages. ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96337","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Alexander, R.B., Ludtke, A., Fitzgerald, K.K., and Schertz, T., 1996, Data from selected U.S. Geological Survey national stream water-quality monitoring networks (WQN) on CD-ROM: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-337, vii, 85 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96337.","productDescription":"vii, 85 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr96-337","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154545,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0337/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51240,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0337/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c645","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludtke, A. S.","contributorId":6846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludtke","given":"A. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzgerald, K. K.","contributorId":34501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzgerald","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schertz, T. L.","contributorId":65841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schertz","given":"T. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25538,"text":"wri964170 - 1996 - Geology, hydrogeology, and potential of intrinsic bioremediation at the National Park Service Dockside II site and adjacent areas, Charleston, South Carolina, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T13:35:36","indexId":"wri964170","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4170","title":"Geology, hydrogeology, and potential of intrinsic bioremediation at the National Park Service Dockside II site and adjacent areas, Charleston, South Carolina, 1993-94","docAbstract":"A long history of industrial and commercial use of the National Park Service property and adjacent properties located in downtown Charleston, South Carolina, has caused extensive contamination of the shallow subsurface soils and water-table aquifer. The National Park Service property is located adjacent to a former manufactured-gas plant site, which is the major source of the contamination. Contamination of this shallow water-table aquifer is of concern because shallow ground water discharges to the Cooper River and contains contaminants, which may affect adjacent wildlife or human populations. The geology of the National Park Service property above the Ashley Formation of the Cooper Group consists of two Quaternary lithostratigraphic marine units, the Wando Formation and Holocene deposits, overlain by artificial fill. The Wando Formation overlies the Ashley Formation, a sandy calcareous clay, and consists of soft, organic clay overlain by gray sand. The Holocene deposits are composed of clayey to silty sand and soft organic-rich clay. The artificial fill, which was placed at the site to create dry land where salt marsh existed previously, is composed of sand, silt, and various scrap materials. The shallow hydrogeology of the National Park Service property overlying the Ashley Formation can be subdivided into two sandy aquifers separated by a leaky, black, organic-rich clay. The unconfined upper surficial aquifer is primarily artificial fill. The lower surficial aquifer consists of the Wando sand unit and is confined by the leaky organic-rich clay. Aquifer tests performed on the wells screened in these aquifers resulted in hydraulic conductivities from 0.1 to 10 feet per day for the upper surficial aquifer, and 16 feet per day for the lower surficial aquifer. Vertical hydraulic gradients at the site are typically low. A downward gradient from the upper surficial aquifer to the lower surficial aquifer occurs throughout most of the year. A brick-lined storm-water-drainage archway located in the study area is a conduit for the overflow of seawater into the surficial aquifer during exceptionally high tides. The efficiency of intrinsic bioremediation to reduce contaminant migration in the upper surficial aquifer at the National Park Service site was assessed to determine if, and at what concentrations, contaminants are being transported to the Cooper River. This assessment required incorporating hydrologic, geochemical, microbiologic, and demographic information into a predictive solute-transport model to determine rates of contaminant transport to the Cooper River. The transport of toluene and naphthalene was modeled as a surrogate for the transport of aromatic and other hydrocarbon compounds at the study area. Laboratory estimates of the adsorption coefficients for sediments of the upper surficial aquifer suggest preferential adsorption of naphthalene over toluene. The adsorption coefficient of naphthalene is at least two orders of magnitude greater than that determined for toluene. Laboratory microbial-biodegradation experiments indicate that microorganisms present in the shallow aquifer have the potential to degrade toluene under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, and naphthalene primarily under aerobic conditions. Rates of microbial biodegradation are similar for both compounds under aerobic conditions. Flow-model calibration to the January 1994 water-table surface of the upper surficial aquifer was achieved by specifying appropriate hydrogeologic boundary conditions and using hydraulic conductivity values determined in the field. The brick-lined storm-water drainage archway located in the study area was modeled to account for ground-water discharge through this drain. An exploratory modeling approach was used to evaluate the range of possible solutions that approximate the transport of contaminants to the observed distributions. Approximate toluene solute-transport conditions for January 1994 were estimated using velocity dist","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri964170","usgsCitation":"Campbell, B.G., Petkewich, M., Landmeyer, J., and Chapelle, F.H., 1996, Geology, hydrogeology, and potential of intrinsic bioremediation at the National Park Service Dockside II site and adjacent areas, Charleston, South Carolina, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4170, viii, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964170.","productDescription":"viii, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54259,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4170/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4170/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Charleston","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7103271484375,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.71307373046874,\n              35.67068501330236\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.07797241210938,\n              32.594841489447816\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.07797241210938,\n              32.97583605773715\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.73533630371094,\n              32.97583605773715\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.73533630371094,\n              32.594841489447816\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.07797241210938,\n              32.594841489447816\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c656","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, B. G.","contributorId":68764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petkewich, M.D.","contributorId":89927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petkewich","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapelle, F. H.","contributorId":101697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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