The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) analyzes supply chains to identify and define major components of mineral and material flows from ore extraction, through intermediate forms, to a final product. Two major reasons necessitate these analyses: (1) to identify risks associated with the supply of critical and strategic minerals to the United States and (2) to provide greater supply chain transparency so that policymakers have the information necessary to ensure domestic legislation compliance. This fact sheet focuses on the latter. The USGS National Minerals Information Center has been asked by governmental and non-governmental organizations to provide information on tin, tantalum, tungsten, and gold (collectively known as “3TG minerals”) processing facilities worldwide in response to U.S. legislation aimed at removing the link between the trade in these minerals and civil unrest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
\nPost beneficiation processing plants (smelters and refineries) of 3TG mineral ores and concentrates were identified by company and industry association representatives as being the link in the 3TG mineral supply chain through which these minerals can be traced to their source of origin (mine); determining the point of origin is critical to establishing a transparent conflict mineral supply chain. This fact sheet, the first in a series of 3TG mineral fact sheets, focuses on the tungsten supply chain by listing plants that consume tungsten concentrates to produce ammonium paratungstate and ferrotungsten worldwide.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20143069","usgsCitation":"Bermudez-Lugo, O., 2014, Conflict minerals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo: global tungsten processing plants, a critical part of the tungsten supply chain (Originally posted August 1, 2014; Revised and reposted August 15, 2014, version 1.1): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2014-3069, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143069.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057766","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":292249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs20143069.jpg"},{"id":292248,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3069/pdf/fs2014-3069.pdf"},{"id":291527,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3069/"}],"country":"Democratic Republic Of The Congo","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 12.19,-13.46 ], [ 12.19,5.39 ], [ 31.31,5.39 ], [ 31.31,-13.46 ], [ 12.19,-13.46 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Originally posted August 1, 2014; Revised and reposted August 15, 2014, version 1.1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53dc9baee4b076157862d95d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bermudez-Lugo, Omayra obermude@usgs.gov","contributorId":60519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bermudez-Lugo","given":"Omayra","email":"obermude@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70139918,"text":"70139918 - 2014 - Adaptations of indigenous bacteria to fuel contamination in karst aquifers in south-central Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T16:46:30","indexId":"70139918","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T16:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2201,"text":"Journal of Cave and Karst Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Adaptations of indigenous bacteria to fuel contamination in karst aquifers in south-central Kentucky","docAbstract":"The karst aquifer systems in southern Kentucky can be dynamic and quick to change. Microorganisms that live in these unpredictable aquifers are constantly faced with environmental changes. Their survival depends upon adaptations to changes in water chemistry, taking advantage of positive stimuli and avoiding negative environmental conditions. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study in 2001 to determine the capability of bacteria to adapt in two distinct regions of water quality in a karst aquifer, an area of clean, oxygenated groundwater and an area where the groundwater was oxygen depleted and contaminated by jet fuel. Water samples containing bacteria were collected from one clean well and two jet fuel contaminated wells in a conduit-dominated karst aquifer. Bacterial concentrations, enumerated through direct count, ranged from 500,000 to 2.7 million bacteria per mL in the clean portion of the aquifer, and 200,000 to 3.2 million bacteria per mL in the contaminated portion of the aquifer over a twelve month period. Bacteria from the clean well ranged in size from 0.2 to 2.5 mm, whereas bacteria from one fuel-contaminated well were generally larger, ranging in size from 0.2 to 3.9 mm. Also, bacteria collected from the clean well had a higher density and, consequently, were more inclined to sink than bacteria collected from contaminated wells. Bacteria collected from the clean portion of the karst aquifer were predominantly (,95%) Gram-negative and more likely to have flagella present than bacteria collected from the contaminated wells, which included a substantial fraction (,30%) of Gram-positive varieties. The ability of the bacteria from the clean portion of the karst aquifer to biodegrade benzene and toluene was studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in laboratory microcosms. The rate of fuel biodegradation in laboratory studies was approximately 50 times faster under aerobic conditions as compared to anaerobic, sulfur-reducing conditions. The optimum pH for fuel biodegradation ranged from 6 to 7. These findings suggest that bacteria have adapted to water-saturated karst systems with a variety of active and passive transport mechanisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Speleological Society","publisherLocation":"Huntsville, AL","doi":"10.4311/2012MB0270","usgsCitation":"Byl, T.D., Metge, D.W., Agymang, D.T., Bradley, M., Hileman, G., and Harvey, R.W., 2014, Adaptations of indigenous bacteria to fuel contamination in karst aquifers in south-central Kentucky: Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 76, no. 2, p. 104-113, https://doi.org/10.4311/2012MB0270.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044923","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472828,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.4311/2012mb0270","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":297689,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ],\n [\n -89.07714843749999,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -82.9248046875,\n 38.89103282648849\n ],\n [\n -81.7822265625,\n 37.61423141542417\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -88.11035156249999,\n 36.686041276581925\n ],\n [\n -87.95654296875,\n 36.474306755095235\n ],\n [\n -89.58251953125,\n 36.50963615733049\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"76","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2b23e4b08de9379b3272","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byl, Thomas D. 0000-0001-6907-9149 tdbyl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6907-9149","contributorId":583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byl","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbyl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agymang, Daniel T.","contributorId":139007,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Agymang","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":12610,"text":"Tennesee State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":539719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Mike 0000-0002-2979-265X mbradley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2979-265X","contributorId":582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Mike","email":"mbradley@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hileman, Gregg ghileman@usgs.gov","contributorId":664,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hileman","given":"Gregg","email":"ghileman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":539721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":539722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70114991,"text":"70114991 - 2014 - What caused terrestrial dust loading and climate downturns between A.D. 533 and 540?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:43:27","indexId":"70114991","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T16:11:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What caused terrestrial dust loading and climate downturns between A.D. 533 and 540?","docAbstract":"Sn-rich particles, Ni-rich particles, and cosmic spherules are found together at four discrete stratigraphic levels within the 362-360 m depth interval of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core (72.6°N, 38.5°W, elevation: 3203 m). Using a previously derived calendar-year time scale, these particles span a time of increased dust loading of Earth's atmosphere between A.D. 533 and 540. The Sn-rich and Ni-rich particles contain an average of 10–11 wt% C. Their high C contents coupled with local enrichments in the volatile elements I, Zn, Cu, and Xe suggest a cometary source for the dust. The late spring timing of extraterrestrial input best matches the Eta Aquarid meteor shower associated with comet 1P/Halley. An increased flux of cometary dust might explain a modest climate downturn in A.D. 533. Both cometary dust and volcanic sulfate probably contributed to the profound global dimming during A.D. 536 and 537 but may be insufficient sources of fine aerosols. We found tropical marine microfossils and aerosol-sized CaCO3 particles at the end A.D. 535–start A.D. 536 level that we attribute to a low-latitude explosion in the ocean. This additional source of dust is probably needed to explain the solar dimming during A.D. 536 and 537. Although there has been no extinction documented at A.D. 536, our results are relevant because mass extinctions may also have multiple drivers. Detailed examinations of fine particles at and near extinction horizons can help to determine the relative contributions of cosmic and volcanic drivers to mass extinctions.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/2014.2505(23)","usgsCitation":"Abbott, D.H., Breger, D., Biscaye, P.E., Barron, J.A., Juhl, R.A., and McCafferty, P., 2014, What caused terrestrial dust loading and climate downturns between A.D. 533 and 540?: GSA Special Papers, v. 505, p. 421-437, https://doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(23).","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-030122","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d81v5dcr","text":"External Repository"},{"id":294949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":289248,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2014.2505(23)"}],"volume":"505","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbab6e4b092f17df61e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abbott, Dallas H.","contributorId":23870,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Dallas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Breger, Dee","contributorId":80213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breger","given":"Dee","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biscaye, Pierre E.","contributorId":65784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biscaye","given":"Pierre","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barron, John A. 0000-0002-9309-1145 jbarron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9309-1145","contributorId":2222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barron","given":"John","email":"jbarron@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Juhl, Robert A.","contributorId":8403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juhl","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McCafferty, Patrick","contributorId":43292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCafferty","given":"Patrick","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70094717,"text":"70094717 - 2014 - Implementation of NGA-West2 ground motion models in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T16:00:31","indexId":"70094717","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implementation of NGA-West2 ground motion models in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"The U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps (NSHMs) have been an important component of seismic design regulations in the United States for the past several decades. These maps present earthquake ground shaking intensities at specified probabilities of being exceeded over a 50-year time period. The previous version of the NSHMs was developed in 2008; during 2012 and 2013, scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey have been updating the maps based on their assessment of the “best available science,” resulting in the 2014 NSHMs. The update includes modifications to the seismic source models and the ground motion models (GMMs) for sites across the conterminous United States. This paper focuses on updates in the Western United States (WUS) due to the use of new GMMs for shallow crustal earthquakes in active tectonic regions developed by the Next Generation Attenuation (NGA-West2) project. Individual GMMs, their weighted combination, and their impact on the hazard maps relative to 2008 are discussed. In general, the combined effects of lower medians and increased standard deviations in the new GMMs have caused only small changes, within 5–20%, in the probabilistic ground motions for most sites across the WUS compared to the 2008 NSHMs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earthquake Spectra","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","doi":"10.1193/062913EQS177M","usgsCitation":"Rezaeian, S., Petersen, M.D., Moschetti, M.P., Powers, P., Harmsen, S., and Frankel, A.D., 2014, Implementation of NGA-West2 ground motion models in the 2014 U.S. National Seismic Hazard Maps: Earthquake Spectra, v. 30, no. 3, p. 1319-1333, https://doi.org/10.1193/062913EQS177M.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1319","endPage":"1333","numberOfPages":"15","ipdsId":"IP-054744","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294886,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294885,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1193/062913EQS177M"}],"volume":"30","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6964e4b092f17df5a8b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rezaeian, Sanaz 0000-0001-7589-7893 srezaeian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7589-7893","contributorId":4395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rezaeian","given":"Sanaz","email":"srezaeian@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petersen, Mark D. 0000-0001-8542-3990 mpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8542-3990","contributorId":1163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Mark","email":"mpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moschetti, Morgan P. 0000-0001-7261-0295 mmoschetti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7261-0295","contributorId":1662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moschetti","given":"Morgan","email":"mmoschetti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Powers, Peter","contributorId":92596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harmsen, Stephen C. harmsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":1795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"Stephen C.","email":"harmsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Frankel, Arthur D. 0000-0001-9119-6106 afrankel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":1363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"Arthur","email":"afrankel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":490829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70125279,"text":"70125279 - 2014 - Guidelines for use of fishes in research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-06T14:10:25","indexId":"70125279","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:52:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"title":"Guidelines for use of fishes in research","docAbstract":"The 2004 and 2014 Guidelines were developed to provide a structure that advances appropriate \nattention toward valid experimental designs and procedures with aquatic animals while ensuring \nhumane treatment of the experimental subjects. At a practical level, the Guidelines are intended \nto provide general recommendations on field and laboratory endeavors, such as sampling, \nholding, and handling fishes; to offer information on administrative matters, including \nregulations and permits; and to address typical ethical concerns, such as perceptions of pain or \ndiscomfort experienced by experimental subjects. These Guidelines must be recognized as \nguidelines. They are not intended to provide detailed instructions but rather to alert investigators \nto a broad array of topics and concerns to consider prior to initiating study. At a comprehensive \nlevel, the principles upon which these Guidelines are based are broadly applicable, and many of \nthe described practices and approaches can be adapted to situations involving other aquatic \nanimal species and conditions.
\nUnderstanding the differences between fishes and other vertebrates, especially mammals, is \ncritically important to conducting scientifically sound research with fishes. Disparities in life \nhistories and mortality rates in fishes versus other vertebrates are critical in designing sustainable \nsampling levels in fish populations. The UFR Committee points out that (1) compared to \nmammalian populations, adult populations of many fish species persist despite very high natural \nmortality rates in juvenile stages by virtue of the fact that most species lay thousands or tens of \nthousands of eggs; (2) because of these mortality patterns, research on fishes, especially field \nresearch or research on early life stages, can involve, and often requires, much larger numbers of \nresearch subjects than does research on mammals; and (3) the animal handling and husbandry \nrequirements for fishes are fundamentally different from those for mammals and other \nvertebrates, in general. Policies, regulations, and recommendations developed for research on \nmammals, birds, reptiles, or even amphibians are frequently inappropriate for research with \nfishes. The Guidelines also address some of the ethical concerns that motivate guidelines used \nfor research with other vertebrates, while being mindful of the unique physiology and general \nnature of fishes.
\nThe Guidelines were developed for general use by investigators within the United States; \ntherefore, the roles, responsibilities, and informational needs of Institutional Animal Care and \nUse Committees (IACUCs) were given specific attention. All United States institutions that use \nvertebrate animals for research, teaching, research training, and biological testing are required to \ncreate an IACUC to oversee and evaluate all aspects of the institution’s animal care and use \nprogram. Investigators from other nations who read this document may disregard specific \nreferences to U.S. state and federal laws and regulations, as their institutional infrastructure and \nprocesses may differ from those of an internal committee such as IACUCs. The principles described herein, however, are applicable to research on fishes regardless of geographic location. \nInvestigators in other nations may benefit by modifying any of the specific provisions pertaining \nto the United States, thereby adopting guidelines consistent with the laws and regulations of their \nown government. The UFR Committee urges that the Guidelines be endorsed and adopted \n(adapted, where necessary) by those state and federal authorities with regulatory responsibilities \nfor fishes, offices with federal oversight (e.g., National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory \nAnimal Welfare; http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm) as well as by universities and other \ninstitutions and authorities using fishes and aquatic animals within their research and teaching \nprograms.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Jenkins, J., Bart, H., Bowker, J.D., Bowser, P., MacMillan, J., Nickum, J., Rose, J.D., Sorenson, P.W., Whitledge, G., Rachlin, J., Warkentine, B., and Bart, H.L., 2014, Guidelines for use of fishes in research, xiv, 90 p.","productDescription":"xiv, 90 p.","numberOfPages":"104","ipdsId":"IP-043958","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294005,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293865,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fisheries.org/policy-media/science-guidelines/guidelines-for-the-use-of-fishes-in-research/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5419513be4b091c7ffc8e6eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jenkins, J. A. 0000-0002-5087-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5087-0894","contributorId":115368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenkins","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bart, H.L. Jr.","contributorId":42679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"H.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bowker, James D.","contributorId":51240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowker","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bowser, P.R.","contributorId":17935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowser","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"MacMillan, J.R.","contributorId":181511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacMillan","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nickum, J.G.","contributorId":58227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nickum","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rose, J. 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W.","contributorId":221595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sorenson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whitledge, G.W.","contributorId":33465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitledge","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Rachlin, J.W.","contributorId":86725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rachlin","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Warkentine, B.E.","contributorId":86298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warkentine","given":"B.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Bart, H. L.","contributorId":221597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bart","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70099348,"text":"70099348 - 2014 - Park Break: collaborative opportunity established for graduate students","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-03T13:14:58","indexId":"70099348","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:46:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Park Break: collaborative opportunity established for graduate students","docAbstract":"Among the many topics discussed during the 2007-2008 George Wright Society (GWS) board meetings was the subject of how to inspire students seeking careers in science and natural resource management to consider the Department of Interior (DOI) in general, and the National Park Service (NPS) and the US Geological Survey (USGS) in particular, as good options for future employment. Board members participating in these discussions included Suzette Kimball, now acting director of USGS, and Gillian Browser, now a research scientists with Colorado State University, who envisioned a program that would offer an alternative to the break from classes that universities typically offer students in early spring.
\nSince those initial discussions among the GWS board members, Park Break sessions have been held in eleven different NPS sites across the country. Each session has sponsored six to eight graduate students in various stages off their university programs for a week-long seminar focused on a specific theme relevant to the host park, such as conversation policy and climate change. Sessions have varied in format but all generally have been composed of a week of field and classroom activity with participation from local, state, and national experts.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"The George Wright Forum","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"White, R.P., Donahue, J., and O’Leary, D., 2014, Park Break: collaborative opportunity established for graduate students: The George Wright Forum, v. 31, no. 2, p. 215-222.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-055425","costCenters":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294915,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294914,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/node/9643"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa5e4b092f17df61d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Robin P. rpwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Robin","email":"rpwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5053,"text":"IPDS Training","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donahue, John","contributorId":94993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donahue","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Leary, Debbie","contributorId":50094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Leary","given":"Debbie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70100259,"text":"70100259 - 2014 - Spatial extent and dissipation of the deep chlorophyll layer in Lake Ontario during the Lake Ontario lower foodweb assessment, 2003 and 2008","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T11:03:46","indexId":"70100259","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:31:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial extent and dissipation of the deep chlorophyll layer in Lake Ontario during the Lake Ontario lower foodweb assessment, 2003 and 2008","docAbstract":"Increasing water clarity in Lake Ontario has led to a vertical redistribution of phytoplankton and an increased importance of the deep chlorophyll layer in overall primary productivity. We used in situ fluorometer profiles collected in lakewide surveys of Lake Ontario in 2008 to assess the spatial extent and intensity of the deep chlorophyll layer. In situ fluorometer data were corrected with extracted chlorophyll data using paired samples from Lake Ontario collected in August 2008. The deep chlorophyll layer was present offshore during the stratified conditions of late July 2008 with maximum values from 4-13 μg l-1 corrected chlorophyll a at 10 to 17 m depth within the metalimnion. Deep chlorophyll layer was closely associated with the base of the thermocline and a subsurface maximum of dissolved oxygen, indicating the feature's importance as a growth and productivity maximum. Crucial to the deep chlorophyll layer formation, the photic zone extended deeper than the surface mixed layer in mid-summer. The layer extended through most of the offshore in July 2008, but was not present in the easternmost transect that had a deeper surface mixed layer. By early September 2008, the lakewide deep chlorophyll layer had dissipated. A similar formation and dissipation was observed in the lakewide survey of Lake Ontario in 2003.
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We examined associations between mollusk assemblage metrics (richness, abundance, recruitment) and physical habitat (geomorphology, streambed composition, fish habitat, and riparian condition) at 10 sites selected to represent the range of current assemblage condition in the Clinch River. We compared similar geomorphological units among reaches, employing semi-quantitative and quantitative protocols to characterize mollusk assemblages and a mix of visual assessments and empirical measurements to characterize physical habitat. We found little to no evidence that current assemblage condition was associated with 54 analyzed habitat metrics. When compared to other sites in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB) that once supported or currently support mollusk assemblages, Clinch River sites were more similar to each other, representing a narrower range of conditions than observed across the larger geographic extent of the UTRB. A post-hoc analysis suggested stream size and average boundary shear stress at bankfull stage may have historically limited species richness in the UTRB (p < 0.001). Associations between mollusk assemblages and physical habitat in the UTRB and Clinch River currently appear obscured by other factors limiting richness, abundance, and recruitment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/jawr.12218","usgsCitation":"Ostby, B.J., Krstolic, J.L., and Johnson, G.C., 2014, Reach-scale comparison of habitat and mollusk assemblages for select sites in the Clinch River with regional context: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 50, no. 4, p. 859-877, https://doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12218.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"877","numberOfPages":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-034905","costCenters":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Clinch River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.48583984375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -80.244140625,\n 37.21283151445594\n ],\n [\n -80.48583984375,\n 36.949891786813296\n ],\n [\n -81.05712890625,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -81.71630859375,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 36.03133177633189\n ],\n [\n -83.56201171875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -84.19921875,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -84.74853515625,\n 35.35321610123821\n ],\n [\n -85.01220703125,\n 35.51434313431818\n ],\n [\n -84.88037109375,\n 35.88905007936091\n ],\n [\n -84.48486328124999,\n 36.20882309283712\n ],\n [\n -84.26513671875,\n 36.421282443649496\n ],\n [\n -83.8037109375,\n 36.54494944148322\n ],\n [\n -83.232421875,\n 36.66841891894786\n ],\n [\n -82.94677734375,\n 36.82687474287728\n ],\n [\n -82.3974609375,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -82.08984375,\n 37.07271048132943\n ],\n [\n -81.62841796875,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -80.48583984375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"50","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa9e4b092f17df61daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostby, Brett J. K.","contributorId":84294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostby","given":"Brett","email":"","middleInitial":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krstolic, Jennifer L. 0000-0003-2253-9886 jkrstoli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2253-9886","contributorId":3677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krstolic","given":"Jennifer","email":"jkrstoli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Gregory C. 0000-0003-3683-5010 gcjohnso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-5010","contributorId":1420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Gregory","email":"gcjohnso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":581,"text":"Tennessee Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168404,"text":"70168404 - 2014 - Breeding biology of the Spotted Barbtail (Premnoplex brunnescens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-15T14:35:51","indexId":"70168404","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding biology of the Spotted Barbtail (Premnoplex brunnescens)","docAbstract":"The Spotted Barbtail (Furnariidae) is poorly studied but shows some extreme traits for a tropical passerine. We located and monitored 155 nests to study this species for 7 years in an Andean cloud forest in Venezuela. Spotted Barbtails have an unusually long incubation period of 27.2 ± 0.16 days, as a result of very long (3–6 hr) off-bouts even though both adults incubate. The long off-bouts yield low incubation temperatures for embryos and are associated with proportionally large eggs (21% of adult mass). They also have a long nestling period of 21.67 ± 0.33 days, and a typical tropical brood size of two. The slow growth rate of the typical broods of two is even slower in broods artificially reduced to one young. Nonetheless, the young stay in the nest long enough to achieve wing lengths that approach adult size.
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-71.1474609375,\n 11.974844752931832\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c304c1e4b0946c65208731","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munoz, Daniel","contributorId":166884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Munoz","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70116314,"text":"70116314 - 2014 - Stream sediment sources in midwest agricultural basins with land retirement along channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-03T15:27:35","indexId":"70116314","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stream sediment sources in midwest agricultural basins with land retirement along channel","docAbstract":"Documenting the effects of agricultural land retirement on stream-sediment sources is critical to identifying management practices that improve water quality and aquatic habitat. Particularly difficult to quantify are the effects from conservation easements that commonly are discontinuous along channelized streams and ditches throughout the agricultural midwestern United States. Our hypotheses were that sediment from cropland, retired land, stream banks, and roads would be discernible using isotopic and elemental concentrations and that source contributions would vary with land retirement distribution along tributaries of West Fork Beaver Creek in Minnesota. Channel-bed and suspended sediment were sampled at nine locations and compared with local source samples by using linear discriminant analysis and a four-source mixing model that evaluated seven tracers: In, P, total C, Be, Tl, Th, and Ti. The proportion of sediment sources differed significantly between suspended and channel-bed sediment. Retired land contributed to channel-bed sediment but was not discernible as a source of suspended sediment, suggesting that retired-land material was not mobilized during high-flow conditions. Stream banks were a large contributor to suspended sediment; however, the percentage of stream-bank sediment in the channel bed was lower in basins with more continuous retired land along the riparian corridor. Cropland sediments had the highest P concentrations; basins with the highest cropland-sediment contributions also had the highest P concentrations. Along stream reaches with retired land, there was a lower proportion of cropland material in suspended sediment relative to sites that had almost no land retirement, indicating less movement of nutrients and sediment from cropland to the channel as a result of land retirement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq2013.12.0521","usgsCitation":"Williamson, T., Christensen, V.G., Richardson, W.B., Frey, J.W., Gellis, A., Kieta, K., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2014, Stream sediment sources in midwest agricultural basins with land retirement along channel: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 43, no. 5, p. 1624-1634, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.12.0521.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1624","endPage":"1634","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-051267","costCenters":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472830,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.12.0521","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294940,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.12.0521"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"West Fork Beaver Creek","volume":"43","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaaee4b092f17df61e00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williamson, Tanja N. tnwillia@usgs.gov","contributorId":452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williamson","given":"Tanja N.","email":"tnwillia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":354,"text":"Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christensen, Victoria G. 0000-0003-4166-7461 vglenn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4166-7461","contributorId":2354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Victoria","email":"vglenn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richardson, William B. 0000-0002-7471-4394 wrichardson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7471-4394","contributorId":3277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"William","email":"wrichardson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Frey, Jeffrey W. 0000-0002-3453-5009 jwfrey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3453-5009","contributorId":487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frey","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jwfrey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27231,"text":"Indiana-Kentucky Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":495752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gellis, Allen C. 0000-0002-3449-2889 agellis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-2889","contributorId":1709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellis","given":"Allen C.","email":"agellis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":375,"text":"Maryland, Delaware, and the District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kieta, K. A.","contributorId":47314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kieta","given":"K. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":495757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":495753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70108033,"text":"70108033 - 2014 - Path durations for use in the stochastic‐method simulation of ground motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-10T16:46:29","indexId":"70108033","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:13:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Path durations for use in the stochastic‐method simulation of ground motions","docAbstract":"The stochastic method of ground‐motion simulation assumes that the energy in a target spectrum is spread over a duration DT. DT is generally decomposed into the duration due to source effects (DS) and to path effects (DP). For the most commonly used source, seismological theory directly relates DS to the source corner frequency, accounting for the magnitude scaling of DT. In contrast, DP is related to propagation effects that are more difficult to represent by analytic equations based on the physics of the process. We are primarily motivated to revisit DT because the function currently employed by many implementations of the stochastic method for active tectonic regions underpredicts observed durations, leading to an overprediction of ground motions for a given target spectrum. Further, there is some inconsistency in the literature regarding which empirical duration corresponds to DT. Thus, we begin by clarifying the relationship between empirical durations and DT as used in the first author’s implementation of the stochastic method, and then we develop a new DP relationship. The new DP function gives significantly longer durations than in the previous DP function, but the relative contribution of DP to DT still diminishes with increasing magnitude. Thus, this correction is more important for small events or subfaults of larger events modeled with the stochastic finite‐fault method.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120140058","usgsCitation":"Boore, D.M., and Thompson, E., 2014, Path durations for use in the stochastic‐method simulation of ground motions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 5, p. 2541-2552, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120140058.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2541","endPage":"2552","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-054703","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294917,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294916,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120140058"}],"volume":"104","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa5e4b092f17df61d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, David M. boore@usgs.gov","contributorId":2509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"David","email":"boore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, Eric M.","contributorId":48501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Eric M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127920,"text":"70127920 - 2014 - Relaxed selection causes microevolution of seawater osmoregulation and gene expression in landlocked Alewives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-02T15:20:15","indexId":"70127920","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T15:05:24","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relaxed selection causes microevolution of seawater osmoregulation and gene expression in landlocked Alewives","docAbstract":"Ecological transitions from marine to freshwater environments have been important in the creation of diversity among fishes. Evolutionary changes associated with these transitions likely involve modifications of osmoregulatory function. In particular, relaxed selection on hypo-osmoregulation should strongly affect animals that transition into novel freshwater environments. We used populations of the Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) to study evolutionary shifts in hypo-osmoregulatory capacity and ion regulation associated with freshwater transitions. Alewives are ancestrally anadromous, but multiple populations in Connecticut have been independently restricted to freshwater lakes; these landlocked populations complete their entire life cycle in freshwater. Juvenile landlocked and anadromous Alewives were exposed to three salinities (1, 20 and 30 ppt) in small enclosures within the lake. We detected strong differentiation between life history forms: landlocked Alewives exhibited reduced seawater tolerance and hypo-osmoregulatory performance compared to anadromous Alewives. Furthermore, gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and transcription of genes for seawater osmoregulation (NKCC—Na+/K+/2Cl− cotransporter and CFTR—cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) exhibited reduced responsiveness to seawater challenge. Our study demonstrates that adaptations of marine-derived species to completely freshwater life cycles involve partial loss of seawater osmoregulatory performance mediated through changes to ion regulation in the gill.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oecologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-014-2961-3","usgsCitation":"Velotta, J.P., McCormick, S., O’Neill, R.J., and Schultz, E., 2014, Relaxed selection causes microevolution of seawater osmoregulation and gene expression in landlocked Alewives: Oecologia, v. 175, no. 4, p. 1081-1092, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2961-3.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1092","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-051427","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294880,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294879,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2961-3"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","volume":"175","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e697ce4b092f17df5aa00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Velotta, Jonathan P.","contributorId":86281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velotta","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCormick, Stephen D. 0000-0003-0621-6200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0621-6200","contributorId":84678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCormick","given":"Stephen D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Neill, Rachel J.","contributorId":78668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"Rachel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schultz, Eric T.","contributorId":77071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Eric T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70099640,"text":"70099640 - 2014 - Pulverization provides a mechanism for the nucleation of earthquakes at low stress on strong faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-30T13:44:23","indexId":"70099640","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T13:32:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5232,"text":"Frontiers in Earth Science","onlineIssn":"2296-6463","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pulverization provides a mechanism for the nucleation of earthquakes at low stress on strong faults","docAbstract":"An earthquake occurs when rock that has been deformed under stress rebounds elastically along a fault plane (Gilbert, 1884; Reid, 1911), radiating seismic waves through the surrounding earth. Rupture along the entire fault surface does not spontaneously occur at the same time, however. Rather the rupture starts in one tiny area, the rupture nucleation zone, and spreads sequentially along the fault. Like a row of dominoes, one bit of rebounding fault triggers the next. This triggering is understood to occur because of the large dynamic stresses at the tip of an active seismic rupture. The importance of these crack tip stresses is a central question in earthquake physics. The crack tip stresses are minimally important, for example, in the time predictable earthquake model (Shimazaki and Nakata, 1980), which holds that prior to rupture stresses are comparable to fault strength in many locations on the future rupture plane, with bits of variation. The stress/strength ratio is highest at some point, which is where the earthquake nucleates. This model does not require any special conditions or processes at the nucleation site; the whole fault is essentially ready for rupture at the same time. The fault tip stresses ensure that the rupture occurs as a single rapid earthquake, but the fact that fault tip stresses are high is not particularly relevant since the stress at most points does not need to be raised by much. Under this model it should technically be possible to forecast earthquakes based on the stress-renewaql concept, or estimates of when the fault as a whole will reach the critical stress level, a practice used in official hazard mapping (Field, 2008). This model also indicates that physical precursors may be present and detectable, since stresses are unusually high over a significant area before a large earthquake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Frontiers Media","doi":"10.3389/feart.2014.00020","usgsCitation":"Felzer, K., 2014, Pulverization provides a mechanism for the nucleation of earthquakes at low stress on strong faults: Frontiers in Earth Science, v. 2, Article 20; 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00020.","productDescription":"Article 20; 4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","ipdsId":"IP-051871","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472831,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00020","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294920,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2014.00020"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa7e4b092f17df61d8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Felzer, Karen R.","contributorId":87471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Felzer","given":"Karen R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70123185,"text":"70123185 - 2014 - Interagency collaboration on an active volcano: A case study at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-11T13:59:49","indexId":"70123185","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T13:23:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interagency collaboration on an active volcano: A case study at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park","docAbstract":"Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) includes two active Hawai‘i shield volcanoes – Mauna Loa, the largest active volcano on earth that most recently erupted for three weeks in 1984, and Kīlauea, which has been erupting continuously for more than 31 years. Unlike the steep-sided volcanoes around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, all Hawaiian volcanoes have gentle-sloped flanks that result from copious eruptions of fluid lavas with infrequent interludes of explosive activity. Each of the Hawaiian volcanoes erupts from its summit area – Kīlauea and Mauna Loa both have summit calderas (large subsided craters)—and from one or more rift zones (a sequence of vents aligned radially away from the summit).
\n\n
Because Kilauea and Mauna Loa are included within the National Park, there is a natural intersection of missions for the National Park Service (NPS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). HAVO staff and the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists have worked closely together to monitor and forecast multiple eruptions from each of these volcanoes since HAVO’s founding in 1916.
","language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"Kauahikaua, J.P., and Orlando, C., 2014, Interagency collaboration on an active volcano: A case study at Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park: The George Wright Forum, v. 31, no. 2, p. 149-156.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"156","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055301","costCenters":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294850,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293307,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/node/9643"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.69412231445312,\n 19.16332988930459\n ],\n [\n -155.006103515625,\n 19.16332988930459\n ],\n [\n -155.006103515625,\n 19.553319796635336\n ],\n [\n -155.69412231445312,\n 19.553319796635336\n ],\n [\n -155.69412231445312,\n 19.16332988930459\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6966e4b092f17df5a8e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kauahikaua, James P. 0000-0003-3777-503X jimk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3777-503X","contributorId":2146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauahikaua","given":"James","email":"jimk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Orlando, Cindy","contributorId":32842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlando","given":"Cindy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70155069,"text":"70155069 - 2014 - Breeding bird community response to establishing intercropped switchgrass in intensively-managed pine stands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-24T11:56:01","indexId":"70155069","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T13:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1035,"text":"Biomass and Bioenergy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Breeding bird community response to establishing intercropped switchgrass in intensively-managed pine stands","docAbstract":"Intercropping switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) between tree rows within young pine (Pinus spp.) plantations is a potential method to generate lignocellulosic biofuel feedstocks within intensively managed forests. Intensively managed pine supports a diverse avian assemblage potentially affected by establishment and maintenance of an annual biomass feedstock via changes in plant communities, dead wood resources, and habitat structure. We sought to understand how establishing switchgrass on an operational scale affects bird communities within intercropped plantations as compared to typical intensively managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forest. We conducted breeding bird point counts using distance sampling for three years (2011–2013) following establishment of intercropped switchgrass stands (6 replicates), traditionally-managed pine plantations, and switchgrass-only plots (0.1 km2 minimum) in Kemper Co., MS. We detected 59 breeding bird species from 11,195 detections. Neotropical migrants and forest-edge associated species were less abundant in intercropped plots than controls the first two years after establishment and more abundant in year three. Short distance migrants and residents were scarce in intercropped and control plots initially, and did not differ between these two treatments in any year. Species associated with pine-grass habitat structure were less abundant initially in intercropped plots, but converged with pine controls in subsequent years. Switchgrass monocultures provided minimal resources for birds. If songbird conservation is a management priority, managers should consider potential reductions of some breeding birds for one to two years following intercropping. It is unclear how these relationships may change outside the breeding season and as stands age.
","language":"English","publisher":"Pergamon","publisherLocation":"Oxford","doi":"10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.05.001","usgsCitation":"Loman, Z., Riffell, S.K., Wheat, B.R., Miller, D.A., Martin, J.A., and Vilella, F., 2014, Breeding bird community response to establishing intercropped switchgrass in intensively-managed pine stands: Biomass and Bioenergy, v. 67, p. 201-211, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.05.001.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052421","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":305969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55b361aee4b09a3b01b5da92","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loman, Zachary G.","contributorId":145932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loman","given":"Zachary G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riffell, Samuel K.","contributorId":102386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riffell","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheat, Bradley R.","contributorId":145933,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheat","given":"Bradley","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Darrin A. damiller@usgs.gov","contributorId":4356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Darrin","email":"damiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":565698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Martin, James A.","contributorId":145934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vilella, Francisco fvilella@usgs.gov","contributorId":4255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilella","given":"Francisco","email":"fvilella@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":564763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70127156,"text":"70127156 - 2014 - Valuing ecosystem services using benefit transfer: Separating credible and incredible approaches","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-03T15:41:23.879493","indexId":"70127156","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:49:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Valuing ecosystem services using benefit transfer: Separating credible and incredible approaches","docAbstract":"Ecosystem goods and services are now widely recognized as the benefits that humans derive from the natural environment around them including abiotic (e.g. atmosphere) and biotic components. The work by Costanza et al. (1997) to value the world’s ecosystem services brought the concept of ecosystem service valuation to the attention of the world press and environmental economists working in the area of non-market valuation. The article’s US \\$33 trillion estimate of these services, despite world GDP being only US \\$18 trillion, was definitely headline grabbing. This ambitious effort was undertaken with reliance on transferring existing values per unit from other (often site specific) valuation studies. Benefit transfer (see Boyle and Bergstrom, 1992; Rosenberger and Loomis, 2000, 2001) involves transfers of values per unit from an area that has been valued using primary valuation methods such as contingent valuation, travel cost or hedonic property methods (Champ et al., 2003) to areas for which values are needed. Benefit transfer often provides a reasonable approximation of the benefit of unstudied ecosystem services based on transfer of benefits estimates per unit (per visitor day, per acre) from existing studies. An appropriate benefit transfer should be performed on the same spatial scale of analysis (e.g. reservoir to reservoir, city to city) as the original study. However, the reasonableness of benefit transfer may be strained when applying locally derived per acre values from studies of several thousand acres of a resource such as wetlands to hundreds of millions of acres of wetlands.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Valuing ecosystem services: methodological issues and case studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Edward Elgar Publishing","publisherLocation":"Northampton, MA","doi":"10.4337/9781781955161.00014","usgsCitation":"Loomis, J.H., Richardson, L., Kroeger, T., and Casey, F., 2014, Valuing ecosystem services using benefit transfer: Separating credible and incredible approaches, chap. 3 of Valuing ecosystem services: methodological issues and case studies, p. 78-89, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781955161.00014.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"78","endPage":"89","numberOfPages":"12","ipdsId":"IP-053584","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294824,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e698ee4b092f17df5ab1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loomis, John H.","contributorId":97019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loomis","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, Leslie","contributorId":44847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"Leslie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kroeger, Timm","contributorId":17165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroeger","given":"Timm","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, Frank ccasey@usgs.gov","contributorId":95821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"Frank","email":"ccasey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70134275,"text":"70134275 - 2014 - Unexpected hydrogen isotope variation in oceanic pelagic seabirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-04T12:57:32.827009","indexId":"70134275","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:45:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unexpected hydrogen isotope variation in oceanic pelagic seabirds","docAbstract":"Hydrogen isotopes have significantly enhanced our understanding of the biogeography of migratory animals. The basis for this methodology lies in predictable, continental patterns of precipitation δD values that are often reflected in an organism’s tissues. δD variation is not expected for oceanic pelagic organisms whose dietary hydrogen (water and organic hydrogen in prey) is transferred up the food web from an isotopically homogeneous water source. We report a 142 ‰ range in the δD values of flight feathers from the Hawaiian petrel (Pterodroma sandwichensis), an oceanic pelagic North Pacific species, and inquire about the source of that variation. We show δD variation between and within four other oceanic pelagic species: Newell’s shearwater (Puffinus auricularis newellii), Black-footed albatross (Phoebastria nigripes), Laysan albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) and Buller’s shearwater (Puffinus bulleri). The similarity between muscle δD values of hatch-year Hawaiian petrels and their prey suggests that trophic fractionation does not influence δD values of muscle. We hypothesize that isotopic discrimination is associated with water loss during salt excretion through salt glands. Salt load differs between seabirds that consume isosmotic squid and crustaceans and those that feed on hyposmotic teleost fish. In support of the salt gland hypothesis, we show an inverse relationship between δD and percent teleost fish in diet for three seabird species. Our results demonstrate the utility of δD in the study of oceanic consumers, while also contributing to a better understanding of δD systematics, the basis for one of the most commonly utilized isotope tools in avian ecology.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-014-2985-8","usgsCitation":"Ostrom, P., Wiley, A.E., Rossman, S., Stricker, C.A., and James, H.F., 2014, Unexpected hydrogen isotope variation in oceanic pelagic seabirds: Oecologia, v. 175, no. 4, p. 1227-1235, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-014-2985-8.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1227","endPage":"1235","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055977","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296381,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"175","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"547ee2d7e4b09357f05f8a7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ostrom, Peggy H.","contributorId":55736,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ostrom","given":"Peggy H.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiley, Anne E.","contributorId":41226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiley","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rossman, Sam","contributorId":8759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rossman","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stricker, Craig A. 0000-0002-5031-9437 cstricker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5031-9437","contributorId":1097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricker","given":"Craig","email":"cstricker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"James, Helen F.","contributorId":54414,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"James","given":"Helen","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70048554,"text":"70048554 - 2014 - Multilocus phylogeography and systematic revision of North American water shrews (genus: Sorex)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-20T18:12:42","indexId":"70048554","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:41:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multilocus phylogeography and systematic revision of North American water shrews (genus: Sorex)","docAbstract":"North American water shrews, which have traditionally included Sorex alaskanus, S. bendirii, and S. palustris, are widely distributed through Nearctic boreal forests and adapted for life in semiaquatic environments. Molecular mitochondrial signatures for these species have recorded an evolutionary history with variable levels of regional divergence, suggesting a strong role of Quaternary environmental change in speciation processes. We expanded molecular analyses, including more-comprehensive rangewide sampling of specimens representing North American water shrew taxa, except S. alaskanus, and sequencing of 4 independent loci from the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. We investigated relative divergence of insular populations along the North Pacific Coast, and newly recognized diversity from southwestern montane locations, potentially representing refugial isolates. Congruent independent genealogies, lack of definitive evidence for contemporary gene flow, and high support from coalescent species trees indicated differentiation of 4 major geographic lineages over multiple glacial cycles of the late Quaternary, similar to a growing number of boreal taxa. Limited divergence of insular populations suggested colonization following the last glacial. Characterization of southwestern montane diversity will require further sampling but divergence over multiple loci is indicative of a relictual sky-island fauna. We have reviewed and revised North American water shrew taxonomy including the recognition of 3 species within what was previously known as S. palustris. The possibility of gene flow between most distantly related North American water shrew lineages coupled with unresolved early diversification of this group and other sibling species reflects a complex but potentially productive system for investigating speciation processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Mammalogy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/13-MAMM-A-196","usgsCitation":"Hope, A.G., Panter, N., Cook, J.A., Talbot, S.L., and Nagorsen, D.W., 2014, Multilocus phylogeography and systematic revision of North American water shrews (genus: Sorex): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 95, no. 4, p. 722-738, https://doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-196.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"722","endPage":"738","numberOfPages":"17","ipdsId":"IP-049371","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294911,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294910,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1644/13-MAMM-A-196"}],"country":"Canada, Mexico, United States","volume":"95","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa3e4b092f17df61d3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hope, Andrew G. 0000-0003-3814-2891 ahope@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3814-2891","contributorId":4309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hope","given":"Andrew","email":"ahope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Panter, Nicholas","contributorId":39309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panter","given":"Nicholas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cook, Joseph A.","contributorId":70318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nagorsen, David W.","contributorId":75868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagorsen","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70154746,"text":"70154746 - 2014 - Behavior of feral horses in response to culling and GnRH immunocontraception","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-29T11:29:47","indexId":"70154746","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":827,"text":"Applied Animal Behaviour Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavior of feral horses in response to culling and GnRH immunocontraception","docAbstract":"Wildlife management actions can alter fundamental behaviors of individuals and groups,which may directly impact their life history parameters in unforeseen ways. This is especially true for highly social animals because changes in one individual’s behavior can cascade throughout its social network. When resources to support populations of social animals are limited and populations become locally overabundant, managers are faced with the daunting challenge of decreasing population size without disrupting core behavioral processes. Increasingly, managers are turning to fertility control technologies to supplement culling in efforts to suppress population growth, but little is quantitatively known about how either of these management tools affects behavior. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is a small neuropeptide that performs an obligatory role in mammalian reproduction and has been formulated into the immunocontraceptive GonaCon-BTM. We investigated the influences of this vaccine on behavior of feral horses (Equus caballus) at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota, USA, for a year preceding and a year following nonlethal culling and GnRH-vaccine treatment. We observed horses during the breeding season and found only minimal differences in time budget behaviors of free-ranging female feral horses treated with GnRH and those treated with saline. The differences observed were consistent with the metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation. We observed similar social behaviors between treatment groups, reflecting limited reproductive behavior among control females due to high rates of pregnancy and suppressed reproductive behavior among treated females due to GnRH-inhibited ovarian activity. In the treatment year, band stallion age was the only supported factor influencing herding behavior (P < 0.001), harem-tending behavior (P < 0.001), and agonistic behavior (P = 0.02). There was no difference between the mean body condition of control females (4.9 (95% CI = 4.7–5.1)) and treated females(4.8 (95% CI = 4.7–4.9)). Band fidelity among all females increased 25.7% in the year fol-lowing vaccination and culling, despite the social perturbation associated with removal of conspecifics. Herding behavior by stallions decreased 50.7% following treatment and culling (P < 0.001), while harem-tending behavior increased 195.0% (P < 0.001). The amount of available forage influenced harem-tending, reproductive, and agonistic behavior in the year following culling and treatment (P < 0.04). These changes reflected the expected nexus between a species with polygynous social structure and strong group fidelity and the large instantaneous change in population density and demography coincident with culling.Behavioral responses to such perturbation may be synergistic in reducing grazing pressure by decreasing energetically expensive competitive behaviors, but further investigation is needed to explicitly test this hypothesis.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Society for Applied Ethology","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","doi":"10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.002","usgsCitation":"Ransom, J.I., Powers, J.G., Garbe, H.M., Oehler, M.W., Nett, T.M., and Baker, D.L., 2014, Behavior of feral horses in response to culling and GnRH immunocontraception: Applied Animal Behaviour Science, v. 157, p. 81-92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.002.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057674","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.05.002","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":305430,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55926c6ee4b0b6d21dd676f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ransom, Jason I. 0000-0002-5930-4004","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5930-4004","contributorId":71645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ransom","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powers, Jenny G.","contributorId":10710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Jenny","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garbe, Heidi M.","contributorId":145410,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garbe","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16116,"text":"Colorado State University Biomedical Sciences Dept.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":563905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Oehler, Michael W.","contributorId":139270,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oehler","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12714,"text":"NPS/DNR Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":563906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nett, Terry M.","contributorId":145411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nett","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16116,"text":"Colorado State University Biomedical Sciences Dept.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":563907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baker, Dan L.","contributorId":7995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Dan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":563908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70155212,"text":"70155212 - 2014 - Estimating earthquake magnitudes from reported intensities in the central and eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-09T12:17:29","indexId":"70155212","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating earthquake magnitudes from reported intensities in the central and eastern United States","docAbstract":"A new macroseismic intensity prediction equation is derived for the central and eastern United States and is used to estimate the magnitudes of the 1811–1812 New Madrid, Missouri, and 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquakes. This work improves upon previous derivations of intensity prediction equations by including additional intensity data, correcting magnitudes in the intensity datasets to moment magnitude, and accounting for the spatial and temporal population distributions. The new relation leads to moment magnitude estimates for the New Madrid earthquakes that are toward the lower range of previous studies. Depending on the intensity dataset to which the new macroseismic intensity prediction equation is applied, mean estimates for the 16 December 1811, 23 January 1812, and 7 February 1812 mainshocks, and 16 December 1811 dawn aftershock range from 6.9 to 7.1, 6.8 to 7.1, 7.3 to 7.6, and 6.3 to 6.5, respectively. One‐sigma uncertainties on any given estimate could be as high as 0.3–0.4 magnitude units. We also estimate a magnitude of 6.9±0.3 for the 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, earthquake. We find a greater range of magnitude estimates when also accounting for multiple macroseismic intensity prediction equations. The inability to accurately and precisely ascertain magnitude from intensities increases the uncertainty of the central United States earthquake hazard by nearly a factor of two. Relative to the 2008 national seismic hazard maps, our range of possible 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquake magnitudes increases the coefficient of variation of seismic hazard estimates for Memphis, Tennessee, by 35%–42% for ground motions expected to be exceeded with a 2% probability in 50 years and by 27%–35% for ground motions expected to be exceeded with a 10% probability in 50 years.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Stanford, CA","doi":"10.1785/0120120352","usgsCitation":"Boyd, O.S., and Cramer, C.H., 2014, Estimating earthquake magnitudes from reported intensities in the central and eastern United States: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 104, no. 4, p. 1709-1722, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120352.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1722","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055669","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306314,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c090ade4b033ef52104293","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyd, Oliver S. 0000-0001-9457-0407 olboyd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0407","contributorId":140739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyd","given":"Oliver","email":"olboyd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cramer, Chris H.","contributorId":32196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cramer","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":565107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70168558,"text":"70168558 - 2014 - Demography of common toads after local extirpation of co-occurring midwife toads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-19T11:05:06","indexId":"70168558","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":751,"text":"Amphibia-Reptilia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demography of common toads after local extirpation of co-occurring midwife toads","docAbstract":"Estimating demographic parameters like survival or recruitment provides insight into the state and trajectory of populations, but understanding the contexts influencing those parameters, including both biotic and abiotic factors, is particularly important for management and conservation. At a high elevation national park in Central Spain, common toads (Bufo bufo) are apparently taking advantage of the near-extirpation of the midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans), as colonization into new breeding ponds is evident. Within this scenario, we expected demographic parameters of common toad populations tobe affected favorably by the putative release from competition. However, we found the population growth rate was negative in 4 of 5 years at the long-standing population; survival probability at the long-standing population and newly-colonised breeding ponds was lower than reported for other toads living at high elevations and the probability of recruitment was inadequate to compensate for the survival rate in maintaining a positive trajectory for either of the breeding ponds. We assessed weather covariates and disease for their contribution to the context that may be limiting the common toad’s successful use of the niche vacated by the midwife toad.
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However, nearly all larval insects metamorphose from aquatic larvae to winged adults, and recent surveys indicate that adults may be a more sensitive indicator of stream metal toxicity than larvae. One hypothesis to explain this pattern is that insects exposed to elevated metal in their larval stages have a reduced ability to successfully complete metamorphosis. To test this hypothesis we exposed late-instar larvae of the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer, to an aqueous Zn gradient (32–476 μg/L) in the laboratory. After 6 days of exposure, when metamorphosis began, larval survival was unaffected by zinc. However, Zn reduced wingpad development at concentrations above 139 μg/L. In contrast, emergence of subimagos and imagos tended to decline with any increase in Zn. At Zn concentrations below 105 μg/L (hardness-adjusted aquatic life criterion), survival between the wingpad and subimago stages declined 5-fold across the Zn gradient. These results support the hypothesis that metamorphosis may be a survival bottleneck, particularly in contaminated streams. Thus, death during metamorphosis may be a key mechanism explaining how stream metal contamination can impact terrestrial communities by reducing aquatic insect emergence.","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es501914y","usgsCitation":"Wesner, J.S., Kraus, J.M., Schmidt, T., Walters, D., and Clements, W., 2014, Metamorphosis enhances the effects of metal exposure on the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 48, no. 17, p. 10415-10422, https://doi.org/10.1021/es501914y.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"10415","endPage":"10422","numberOfPages":"8","ipdsId":"IP-056567","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294906,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501914y"},{"id":294907,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542fbaa2e4b092f17df61d26","chorus":{"doi":"10.1021/es501914y","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501914y","publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","authors":"Wesner J. S., Kraus J. M., Schmidt T. S., Walters D. M., Clements W. H.","journalName":"Environmental Science & Technology","publicationDate":"9/2/2014","auditedOn":"11/1/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesner, Jeff S.","contributorId":58202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesner","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kraus, Johanna M. 0000-0002-9513-4129 jkraus@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9513-4129","contributorId":4834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kraus","given":"Johanna","email":"jkraus@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, Travis S. 0000-0003-1400-0637 tschmidt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1400-0637","contributorId":1300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"Travis S.","email":"tschmidt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":497761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walters, David M. 0000-0002-4237-2158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4237-2158","contributorId":19493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"David M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clements, William H.","contributorId":85103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clements","given":"William H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":497765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70123176,"text":"70123176 - 2014 - Synthesis of thirty years of surface water quality and aquatic biota data in Shenandoah National Park: Collaboration between the US Geological Survey and the National Park Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T13:57:08","indexId":"70123176","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T11:27:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthesis of thirty years of surface water quality and aquatic biota data in Shenandoah National Park: Collaboration between the US Geological Survey and the National Park Service","docAbstract":"The eastern United States has been the recipient of acidic atmospheric deposition (hereinafter, “acid rain”) for many decades. Deleterious effects of acid rain on natural resources have been well documented for surface water (e.g., Likens et al. 1996; Stoddard et al. 2001), soils (Bailey et al. 2005), forest health (Long et al. 2009), and habitat suitability for stream biota (Baker et al. 1993). Shenandoah National Park (SNP) is located in northern and central Virginia and consists of a long, narrow strip of land straddling the Blue Ridge Mountains (Figure 1). The park’s elevated topography and location downwind of the Ohio River valley, where many acidic emissions to the atmosphere are generated (NSTC 2005), have made it a target for acid rain. Characterizing the link between air quality and water quality as related to acid rain, contaminants, soil conditions, and forest health is a high priority for research and monitoring in SNP. The US Geological Survey (USGS) and SNP have had a long history of collaboration on documenting acid rain effects on the park’s natural resources, starting in 1985 and continuing to the present (Lynch and Dise 1985; Rice et al. 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007; Deviney et al. 2006, 2012; Jastram et al. 2013).","language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","issn":"0732-4715","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., Jastram, J.D., Wofford, J.E., and Schaberl, J.P., 2014, Synthesis of thirty years of surface water quality and aquatic biota data in Shenandoah National Park: Collaboration between the US Geological Survey and the National Park Service: The George Wright Forum, v. 31, no. 2, p. 198-204.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"204","ipdsId":"IP-055092","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":293454,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295626,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.georgewright.org/node/9643"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Shenandoah National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.20068359374999,\n 38.6275996886131\n ],\n [\n -78.1512451171875,\n 38.7283759182398\n ],\n [\n -78.12103271484375,\n 38.76693348394693\n ],\n [\n -78.1182861328125,\n 38.86109762182888\n ],\n [\n -78.19244384765625,\n 38.92522904714054\n ],\n [\n -78.25286865234375,\n 38.86965182408357\n ],\n [\n -78.24188232421875,\n 38.83756825896614\n ],\n [\n -78.30230712890624,\n 38.841846903808985\n ],\n [\n -78.3929443359375,\n 38.77121637244273\n ],\n [\n -78.4259033203125,\n 38.713375686254714\n ],\n [\n -78.3984375,\n 38.638327308061875\n ],\n [\n -78.4918212890625,\n 38.55031345037904\n ],\n [\n -78.5577392578125,\n 38.567495358827344\n ],\n [\n -78.59344482421875,\n 38.51378825951165\n ],\n [\n -78.55224609374999,\n 38.436379603\n ],\n [\n -78.607177734375,\n 38.41271038284709\n ],\n [\n -78.71429443359375,\n 38.33088431959971\n ],\n [\n -78.80218505859375,\n 38.272688535980976\n ],\n [\n -78.826904296875,\n 38.21012996629426\n ],\n [\n -78.82965087890625,\n 38.13239618602294\n ],\n [\n -78.82415771484375,\n 38.07404145941957\n ],\n [\n -78.70330810546875,\n 38.1237539824224\n ],\n [\n -78.695068359375,\n 38.201496974020806\n ],\n [\n -78.56597900390625,\n 38.28131307922966\n ],\n [\n -78.45611572265625,\n 38.34381037525605\n ],\n [\n -78.37921142578125,\n 38.371808917147554\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 38.44498466889473\n ],\n [\n -78.31054687499999,\n 38.50948995925553\n ],\n [\n -78.23638916015625,\n 38.55031345037904\n ],\n [\n -78.23638916015625,\n 38.59326051987162\n ],\n [\n -78.20068359374999,\n 38.6275996886131\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"540ace53e4b023c1f29d5913","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":499925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jastram, John D. 0000-0002-9416-3358 jdjastra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9416-3358","contributorId":3531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jastram","given":"John","email":"jdjastra@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":499926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wofford, John E. B.","contributorId":38951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wofford","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"E. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schaberl, James P.","contributorId":53903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaberl","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":499928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70204207,"text":"70204207 - 2014 - Offshore pelagic fish community","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-17T12:56:34","indexId":"70204207","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T11:23:56","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"14-01","title":"Offshore pelagic fish community","docAbstract":"Lake Ontario’s offshore zone, as defined by Stewart et al. (2013), comprises all waters of the lake where the bottom depth is greater than 15 m excluding those in embayments. When the lake is thermally stratified during June-October, the offshore pelagic zone includes the upper-warm and middle-cool layers of water which serve as important habitat for Alewife and other prey fishes, and for predators like salmon and trout. Early changes in the fish community of the offshore pelagic zone are well documented elsewhere (e.g., Smith 1972; Christie 1973) as are more recent changes (e.g., Owens et al. 2003; Mills et al. 2003). Currently the offshore fish community consists of a mix of native and non-native species. Native species are those that were present prior to European colonization and for the offshore pelagic zone, include predators like Atlantic Salmon and prey fish like Cisco, Emerald Shiner, and Threespine Stickleback. Non-native species are those that were introduced unintentionally like Alewife and Rainbow Smelt, or that were introduced intentionally like Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Rainbow Trout, and Brown Trout. Non-native salmon and trout were introduced originally by fisheries managers to provide fishing opportunities and later to reduce an overabundance of Alewife. \n\nAlewife is the most abundant prey fish in the offshore pelagic zone and it dominates the diets of native and introduced predators (Brandt 1986; Lantry 2001). Alewife can have direct and indirect negative effects on other fishes through competition for food and/or predation on their larvae (Madenjian et al. 2008). Alewife also contain thiaminase, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of thiamine, and fish that eat mainly Alewife can become thiamine deficient which impairs their reproduction (Honeyfield et al. 2005). Except for that of the Alewife, prey fish populations in the offshore pelagic zone are depressed, and not large enough to sustain the zone’s predators. Alewife remain necessary for a functional ecosystem that is required to sustain a highly-valued, trophy sport fishery (Stewart et al. 2013). Wild production of trout and salmon occurs in Lake Ontario tributaries, contributing to in-lake populations (Rand et al. 1993; Connerton et al. 2009; Connerton et al. 2014c). Stocking hatchery-reared fish (Fig. 1), however, remains an essential tool for managing Lake Ontario’s diverse trout and salmon fisheries and achieving the Offshore Pelagic Zone Goal (Stewart et al. 2013): \n \nMaintain the offshore pelagic fish community, that is characterized by a diversity of trout and salmon species including Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Rainbow Trout, Brown Trout, and Atlantic Salmon, in balance with prey-fish populations and lower trophic levels.\n\nHere we review the fish-community objectives (FCOs) for Lake Ontario’s offshore pelagic zone (Stewart et al. 2013) and evaluate whether those objectives were met during this reporting period (2008-2013) by assessing the status of the objectives’ indicators. We also compare the status of indicators in this reporting period with those in the previous reporting period (2003-2007) (Connerton et al. 2014b). Specific objectives are in italics at the start of each major section and associated indicators of progress are given in Progress and Outlook subsections.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"The State of Lake Ontario in 2008","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Great Lakes Fishery Commission","collaboration":"New York State DEC, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry","usgsCitation":"Connerton, M., Jana Lantry, Walsh, M., Daniels, M.E., Hoyle, J., Bowlby, J., Johnson, J., Bishop, D., and Schaner, T., 2014, Offshore pelagic fish community, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"59","ipdsId":"IP-074847","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":365588,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":365478,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jana Lantry","contributorId":141117,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jana Lantry","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walsh, Maureen 0000-0001-7846-5025 mwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7846-5025","contributorId":3659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Maureen","email":"mwalsh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":765985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daniels, M. E.","contributorId":217217,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Daniels","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hoyle, James","contributorId":216881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoyle","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16762,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bowlby, James","contributorId":141115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowlby","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6780,"text":"Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, James H.","contributorId":216884,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"James H.","affiliations":[{"id":39543,"text":"USGS pre-ORCID","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":765992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bishop, Daniel","contributorId":141104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bishop","given":"Daniel","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":766384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schaner, Ted","contributorId":69939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaner","given":"Ted","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":766385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70132440,"text":"70132440 - 2014 - Performance and effects of land cover type on synthetic surface reflectance data and NDVI estimates for assessment and monitoring of semi-arid rangeland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-31T16:51:48.214552","indexId":"70132440","displayToPublicDate":"2014-08-01T11:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2027,"text":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance and effects of land cover type on synthetic surface reflectance data and NDVI estimates for assessment and monitoring of semi-arid rangeland","docAbstract":"Federal land management agencies provide stewardship over much of the rangelands in the arid andsemi-arid western United States, but they often lack data of the proper spatiotemporal resolution andextent needed to assess range conditions and monitor trends. Recent advances in the blending of com-plementary, remotely sensed data could provide public lands managers with the needed information.We applied the Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) to five Landsat TMand concurrent Terra MODIS scenes, and used pixel-based regression and difference image analyses toevaluate the quality of synthetic reflectance and NDVI products associated with semi-arid rangeland. Pre-dicted red reflectance data consistently demonstrated higher accuracy, less bias, and stronger correlationwith observed data than did analogous near-infrared (NIR) data. The accuracy of both bands tended todecline as the lag between base and prediction dates increased; however, mean absolute errors (MAE)were typically ≤10%. The quality of area-wide NDVI estimates was less consistent than either spectra lband, although the MAE of estimates predicted using early season base pairs were ≤10% throughout the growing season. Correlation between known and predicted NDVI values and agreement with the 1:1regression line tended to decline as the prediction lag increased. Further analyses of NDVI predictions,based on a 22 June base pair and stratified by land cover/land use (LCLU), revealed accurate estimates through the growing season; however, inter-class performance varied. This work demonstrates the successful application of the STARFM algorithm to semi-arid rangeland; however, we encourage evaluation of STARFM’s performance on a per product basis, stratified by LCLU, with attention given to the influence of base pair selection and the impact of the time lag.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Holland","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2014.01.008","usgsCitation":"Olexa, E.M., and Lawrence, R.L., 2014, Performance and effects of land cover type on synthetic surface reflectance data and NDVI estimates for assessment and monitoring of semi-arid rangeland: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, v. 30, p. 30-41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2014.01.008.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"30","endPage":"41","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050870","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296058,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 41.4509614012039\n ],\n [\n -110.379638671875,\n 40.455307212131494\n ],\n [\n -109.302978515625,\n 42.439674178149424\n ],\n [\n -111.90673828125,\n 43.5326204268101\n ],\n [\n -112.87353515625,\n 41.4509614012039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5465d635e4b04d4b7dbd662b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olexa, Edward M. 0000-0002-2000-6798 eolexa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2000-6798","contributorId":4448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olexa","given":"Edward","email":"eolexa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":522880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Rick L","contributorId":127018,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"L","affiliations":[{"id":6765,"text":"Montana State University, Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":522881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}