Toxicity tests conducted under field conditions present an interesting challenge for statistical modelling. In contrast to laboratory tests, the concentrations of potential toxicants are not held constant over the test. In addition, the number and identity of toxicants that belong in a model as explanatory factors are not known and must be determined through a model selection process. We present one model to deal with these needs. This model takes the record of mortalities to form a multinomial distribution in which parameters are modelled as products of conditional daily survival probabilities. These conditional probabilities are in turn modelled as logistic functions of the explanatory factors. The model incorporates lagged values of the explanatory factors to deal with changes in the pattern of mortalities over time. The issue of model selection and assessment is approached through the use of generalized information criteria and power divergence goodness-of-fit tests. These model selection criteria are applied in a cross-validation scheme designed to assess the ability of a model to both fit data used in estimation and predict data deleted from the estimation data set. The example presented demonstrates the need for inclusion of lagged values of the explanatory factors and suggests that penalized likelihood criteria may not provide adequate protection against overparameterized models in model selection.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199603)7:2<215::AID-ENV206>3.0.CO;2-B","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, M.S., and Finger, S.E., 1996, A model for field toxicity tests: Environmetrics, v. 7, no. 2, p. 215-229, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199603)7:2<215::AID-ENV206>3.0.CO;2-B.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, Mark S.","contributorId":175398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaiser","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finger, Susan E. sfinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"Susan","email":"sfinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":651016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70208252,"text":"70208252 - 1996 - Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-31T13:36:55","indexId":"70208252","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T13:31:27","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","title":"Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review","docAbstract":"Organic geochemistry played a major role in the environmental assessments conducted following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which occurred on March 24, 1989, and released about 258,000 bbls (41 million liters) of Alaska North Slope crude oil into Prince William Sound. Geochemical analyses of more than 15,000 sediment, tar, and biological samples and about 5000 water samples provide the largest database yet collected on oil-spill chemistry, and we review the results here. The marine environment of the Sound has a complex background of petrogenic, pyrogenic, and biogenic hydrocarbons from natural and anthropogenic sources. Geochemical evaluation of the fate and effects of the spilled oil required that this oil and its residues be distinguished from the background. A variety of molecular and isotopic techniques were employed to identify various hydrocarbon sources and to distinguish quantitatively among mixed sources in the samples. Although the specific criteria used to distinguish multiple sources in the region affected by the Exxon Valdez spill are not necessarily applicable to all spill situations, the principles that governed their selection are.
Distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and dibenzothiophenes distinguish Exxon Valdez oil and its weathered residues from background hydrocarbons in benthic sediments. Ratios of
Results of geochemical studies suggest that the petrogenic component in the background of benthic sediments is derived from oil seeps in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. In 1990 and 1991, Exxon Valdez residues, generally forming a small increment to the pre-spill background, were found to be only sporadically distributed in some shallow, near shore sediments adjacent to shorelines that had been heavily oiled in 1989. In 1994, occurrences of Exxon Valdez tars on shoreline surfaces were rare, although residues could be found buried in shoreline sediments at some isolated locations along the spill path where they were protected from wave action. Spilled oil residues collected 16 months after the spill were degraded, on average, by nearly 50%. Shoreline residues from sources other than the spill were also identified and are widespread throughout the Sound. These residues include (1) geochemically distinct tars and oils imported from California oil fields to Alaska for fuel and construction purposes prior to the discovery of the Cook Inlet and North Slope oil fields, (2) diesel and diesel soot, and (3) more highly refined products.
Of the more than 2700 chemical analyses of biological samples of higher life forms (fish, birds, and mammals) about 150 (6%) indicate recognizable residues of Exxon Valdez oil, which were identified by their distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Most of these samples (138) were collected in 1989 and most were associated with external surfaces or the gastrointestinal tract. Rarely do internal tissues or fluids contain recognizable fingerprints of spilled oil. This observation includes samples from marine mammals that were visibly oiled externally. Other hydrocarbon sources, including diesel and a non-petroleum artifact that occurs when concentrations of individual PAH are at or near their method detection limit, are also identified in biological samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1","usgsCitation":"Bence, A., Kvenvolden, K.A., and Kennicutt, M., 1996, Organic geochemistry applied to environmental assessments of Prince William Sound, Alaska, after the Exxon Valdez oil spill—a review: Organic Geochemistry, v. 24, no. 1, p. 7-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(96)00010-1.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371827,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"South-central Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 56.511017504952136\n ],\n [\n -158.73046875,\n 54.23955053156177\n ],\n [\n -143.1298828125,\n 60.108670463036\n ],\n [\n -150.205078125,\n 62.4107287530686\n ],\n [\n -161.1474609375,\n 56.511017504952136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bence, A.E.","contributorId":101943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bence","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":781166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennicutt, M.C. II","contributorId":67665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennicutt","given":"M.C.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201858,"text":"70201858 - 1996 - Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-01T09:48:57","indexId":"70201858","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-31T12:26:56","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data","docAbstract":"Many United States federal agencies need accurate, intermediate scaled, land cover information. While many techniques and approaches have been successfully used to classify land cover in relatively small regions, there are substantial problems in applying these techniques to large multi-scene regions. An evaluation was conducted of the multiple layer land characteristics data base approach for generating large area land cover information. Mosaicked leaves-on Landsat thematic mapper scenes were used in conjunction with leaves-off thematic mapper data, digital elevation (and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief) data, population census information, defense meteorological satellite program \"city lights\" data, land use and land cover data, digital line graph data, and national wetlands inventory data to derive land cover information. This approach was evaluated for Region III of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (middle Atlantic states).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium: Remote sensing for a sustainable future","conferenceDate":"May 27-31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516305","usgsCitation":"Vogelmann, J., Howard, S.M., and Sohl, T.L., 1996, Regional land cover characterization using multiple sources of intermediate-scale data, in IGARSS '96. 1996 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Lincoln, NE, May 27-31, 1996, p. 246-247, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516305.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"246","endPage":"247","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"MacIntosh, R.E.","contributorId":212092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacIntosh","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755558,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frasier, S.J.","contributorId":212094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frasier","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755559,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swift, C.T.","contributorId":212226,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"C.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755749,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Vogelmann, James 0000-0002-0804-5823 vogel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0804-5823","contributorId":192352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogelmann","given":"James","email":"vogel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5055,"text":"Land Change Science","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, S. M.","contributorId":39153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":755542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":755543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":22578,"text":"ofr96556 - 1996 - Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T18:28:17.763852","indexId":"ofr96556","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-556","title":"Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Direct-current electrical resistivity data were collected from 109 vertical electrical sounding sites in Hendry and Collier Counties, southwestern Florida. Selected direct-current electrical resistivity surveys, together with available borehole geologic and geophysical data, were used to determine the approximate areal extent of the shallow clastic aquifers composed of thick sands and carbonate lithologies. Results indicated that a complex pattern of shallow sands, clays, and carbonate lithologies occur throughout the area. Buried channel sands were found as deep as 50 meters below land surface in some places. The channels contain unconsolidated fine- to medium-grained quartz sand interbedded with sandy limestone, shell fragments, and gray-green sandy clay.
Both surface and borehole geophysical techniques with lithologic data were necessary to approximately locate and define layers that might behave as confining layers and to locate and define the extent of any buried sand aquifers. The borehole geophysical data were used to analyze the zones of higher resistivity. Direct-current electrical resistivity data indicated the approximate location of certain layer boundaries. The conjunctive use of natural gamma and short- and long-normal resistivity logs was helpful in determining lithologic effects. Geohydrologic sections were prepared to identify potential locations of buried channels and carbonates containing freshwater. Buried channel sands and carbonate rock sections were identified in the subsurface that potentially may contain freshwater supplies.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96556","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the South Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.E., Krulikas, R.K., and Brendle, D.L., 1996, Hydrogeologic assessment of shallow clastic and carbonate rock aquifers in Hendry and Collier counties, southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-556, iv, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96556.","productDescription":"iv, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0556/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52060,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0556/ofr96556.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.10 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County, Hendry County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.36450195312499,\n 25.63657407787705\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 25.63657407787705\n ],\n [\n -80.5078125,\n 26.86328062676624\n ],\n [\n -82.36450195312499,\n 26.86328062676624\n ],\n [\n -82.36450195312499,\n 25.63657407787705\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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Carp (Cyprinus carpio) from four sites and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from one site in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for total mercury content. In carp, mercury concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole bodies (0.11, 0.31, and 0.18 µg/g wet weight, respectively), between large and small size groups, but not location. Mercury distribution in channel catfish tissues differed from that in carp. Liver and muscle tissue had similar mean concentrations; each was higher than whole-body concentrations (0.16, 0.18, and 0.11 µg/g, respectively). Mercury concentrations were not significantly different between the two size groups of channel catfish. Weighted-mean mercury concentrations from seven individual fish agreed closely (usually within 10%) with concentrations determined on physical composites of the same fish. The ratio of mercury in whole bodies to mercury in muscle was similar for both carp and channel catfish. Historical data indicate that this ratio may be applicable to other species and locations. The ratio of mercury in livers to whole bodies and muscle differed between carp and channel catfish, which may reflect physiological differences between different trophic groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Research Council Canada","doi":"10.1139/f95-203","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., Brigham, M.E., and Stauffer, J.C., 1996, Comparison of mercury concentrations in liver, muscle, whole bodies, and composites of fish from the Red River of the North: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 53, no. 2, p. 244-252, https://doi.org/10.1139/f95-203.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"252","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281260,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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M.","contributorId":68267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham, Mark E. 0000-0001-7412-6800 mbrigham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7412-6800","contributorId":1840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"Mark","email":"mbrigham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stauffer, Joseph C.","contributorId":42132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stauffer","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72575,"text":"ofr96415 - 1996 - Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18173,"text":"ofr94535 - 1994 - Directory of Member Organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","indexId":"ofr94535","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Directory of Member Organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":72575,"text":"ofr96415 - 1996 - Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)","indexId":"ofr96415","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Directory of member organizations of the National Water Data Exchange (NAWDEX)"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-28T13:30:04","indexId":"ofr96415","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:25:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File 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D.","contributorId":25562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Cassandra","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70202119,"text":"70202119 - 1996 - Decomposition of AVIRIS spectra: Extraction of spectral reflectance, atmospheric, and instrumental components","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T12:42:15","indexId":"70202119","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T12:40:41","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition of AVIRIS spectra: Extraction of spectral reflectance, atmospheric, and instrumental components","docAbstract":"Presents techniques that use only information contained within a raw, high-spectral-resolution, hyperspectral Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) scene to estimate and remove additive components (atmospheric scattering and instrument dark current). These techniques allow normalization of multiplicative components (instrument gain, topography, atmospheric transmission) and enhancement, extraction, and identification of relative-reflectance information related to surface composition and mineralogy. The authors' derivation of additive components from raw AVIRIS data is based on an adaptation of Crippen's \"regression intersection method (RIM).\" As does RIM, the authors use pairs of surface units that are spectrally homogeneous, spatially extensive, and located in rugged terrain. However, their technique utilizes the long-wavelength spectral data of AVIRIS to derive and remove atmospheric scattering components for each unit. AVIRIS data from the Kelso Dunes and Granite Mountain areas of southern California served as spectrally contrasting, topographically modulated surfaces for illustration of this technique. For a given site and wavelength pair, subtraction of the wavelength-dependent additive component from individual bands will remove topographic shading in both sites in band-to-band ratio images. Normalization of all spectra in the scene to the average scene spectrum results in cancellation of multiplicative components and produces a relative-reflectance scene. Absorption features due to mineral absorptions that depart from the average spectrum can be identified in the relative-reflectance AVIRIS product. The validity of these techniques is demonstrated by comparisons between relative-reflectance AVIRIS spectra derived from application of this technique and those derived by using the standard calibration techniques of JPL. Calibrated spectra were extracted from an AVIRIS scene of the Upheaval Dome area of Canyonlands National Park, UT. Results show that surface-reflectance information can be extracted and interpreted in terms of surface mineralogy after application of these techniques to AVIRIS data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/36.481901","issn":"1558-0644","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., Soderblom, L.A., Kieffer, H.H., Becker, K.J., Torson, J.M., and Mullins, K.F., 1996, Decomposition of AVIRIS spectra: Extraction of spectral reflectance, atmospheric, and instrumental components: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 34, no. 1, p. 163-178, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.481901.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"178","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kieffer, Hugh H.","contributorId":41137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"Hugh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Becker, Kris J. 0000-0003-1971-5957 kbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-5957","contributorId":2910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Kris","email":"kbecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Torson, James M.","contributorId":210522,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mullins, Kevin F.","contributorId":47950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70202461,"text":"70202461 - 1996 - Communicating scientific findings to the general public","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:10:40","indexId":"70202461","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T11:47:29","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Communicating scientific findings to the general public","docAbstract":"The Human Induced Land Transformation project (HILT), part of the U.S. Geological Survey Global Change Research Program, has generated considerable public interest during the first two phases of the project: the data assembly and visualization phase carried out for the San Francisco Bay area; and the model building and calibration phase. The third phase, now underway for the Washington/Baltimore region, is a large scale test of the model's portability to another urban area. The modeling community has been kept informed of progress and findings of the HILT project through conventional academic outlets such as conference and journal publications as well as through more popular outlets such as newspaper, television, and a World Wide Web site. The program, sample data and documentation of the model will be available for downloading to those with an Internet connection. While recognizing that not all research has the same degree of public appeal as this project, additional effort was invested to establish contacts, publicize, and distribute the historical visualizations and model predictions generated by this work in the media, publishing, and in education. In this paper, we will cover the lessons learned in publicizing HILT, the techniques used and the criteria evolved for successful involvement of the general public in the modeling of land cover transitions.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Conference/Workshop, 3rd, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 21–25 January 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International Conference/Workshop, 3rd","conferenceDate":"January 21-25, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis","usgsCitation":"Hoppen, S., Clarke, K.C., Gaydos, L.J., and Acevedo, W., 1996, Communicating scientific findings to the general public, in International Conference/Workshop, 3rd, Santa Fe, N. Mex., 21–25 January 1996, Proceedings, Santa Fe, New Mexico, January 21-25, 1996, p. 66-72.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"66","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361681,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361680,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43x094z3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoppen, Stacy","contributorId":213908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoppen","given":"Stacy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, Keith C.","contributorId":213907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaydos, Leonard J.","contributorId":213909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70202459,"text":"70202459 - 1996 - Design and documentation of a Baltimore-Washington regional spatial database testbed for environmental model calibration and verification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:11:31","indexId":"70202459","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T11:33:56","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Design and documentation of a Baltimore-Washington regional spatial database testbed for environmental model calibration and verification","docAbstract":"Recent efforts by scientists and managers to inventory, map, and model impacts of human activities on the environment have focused on land transformation and urbanization processes. To test the efficacy of any single model, algorithm or procedure which defines land transformation processes a standard database calibration reference resource is required. Therefore, a set of georeferenced, spatially structured and well documented data sets has been designed for the Baltimore-Washington Region as a test and evaluation resource for the community of environmental modelers and global change scientists.
Land transformation processes are being examined from a variety of perspectives and scales using a variety of indicator parameters and mensuration variables. Tools and techniques applied to land transformation assessments range from creation of simple population expansion maps to change detection calculations using remotely sensed satellite data. A variety of point and cell growth models have been applied to simulate the land transformation phenomenon. These activities have demonstrated the reality that urbanization and land transformation processes involve complex interacting variables.
A team of scientists are expanding the efforts of the USGS Human Impacts on Land Transformation (HILT) project to build an Internet accessible \"collaboratory\" containing quality controlled spatially referenced calibration and validation databases. The Baltimore-Washington Regional Testbed provides for the calibration, verification, and validation for multiple scalar, temporal, thematic, and spectral assessments or models. This design and documentation procedures for creating the Baltimore-Washington Regional \"Collaboratory\" are presented in relation to its use for environmental modeling applications.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), and the U.S. Bureau of the Census are working together as a multiagency, multidisciplinary team in developing a temporal database that documents the growth of the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan region. This database consists of urban development, principal transportation, shoreline, and population density change. The urban development theme, considered a primary data layer in the study of urban land transformation resulting from human impact on the land, is the focus of this paper.
The Baltimore-Washington Spatial Dynamics and Human Impacts Study builds on earlier research efforts that mapped urban land use change for the San Francisco Bay area (Acevedo and Bell, 1994; Bell and others, 1995; Kirtland and others, 1994). In developing a temporal database (Acevedo and others, in press), the team participants hope to provide data that can be used to study patterns of urban growth; assess ecological, environmental, and climatic impacts of urban change; and model and predict future urbanization patterns and impacts (Clarke and others, 1996). Both the San Francisco and Baltimore-Washington regions were selected because of the rapid urban growth and resulting impacts on their ecosystems. The Chesapeake Bay region in particular has undergone extensive environmental agitation due to the hydrologic problems that have arisen from the increase in impermeable surfaces and structures, that is buildings and pavement that physically cover the soil. Because of the inability of water to percolate into the ground, little purification occurs by filtration. Water runs over paved surfaces and quickly washes high levels of toxins directly into the water system. Toxins like gasoline, oil, and fertilizer have dramatically affected the local streams, rivers, and the bay.
\n\n \n\nABSTRACT
\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Maryland Baltimore County,\n\nand the U.S. Bureau of the Census are developing a temporal database to\n\nstudy urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region. The primary\n\ndata layer, the extent of urban or built-up areas, was compiled using a\n\ngeographic information system and historical maps, remotely sensed data,\n\ndigital land use data, and census information from a variety of sources. \n\nUrban land use change has been documented by the Baltimore-Washington\n\nSpatial Dynamics & Human Impact Study Team for the last 200 years. The\n\nmethods, definitions, and collection criteria used to define urban or\n\nbuilt-up areas were developed by a multi-disciplinary team that also\n\nensures consistency in collection techniques and documentation methods\n\nfor subsequent application in other regions. Animation techniques were\n\nused to visualize the database and to document the evolution of the\n\nregion's urban landscape. The database is an important tool to urban and\n\nregional planners, ecologists, and global change researchers for measuring\n\ntrends in urban sprawl, analyzing patterns of water pollution,\n\nunderstanding the impacts of development on ecosystems, and developing\n\npredictive modeling techniques to better forecast areas of urban growth.
This paper describes the techniques used to map the extent of urban areas for Phase I and does not discuss Phase II in detail because the work is still in progress. In this study, urban development is defined as areas of intensive use, with much of the land covered by structures. The built-up areas are characterized by the existence of a systematic street pattern, and the relative concentration of buildings and associated intensive use areas, such as parking lots. Using this definition, urban development does not refer to political boundaries and may include incorporated or unincorporated areas as well as military reservations.ABSTRACT
\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Maryland Baltimore County,\n\nand the U.S. Bureau of the Census are developing a temporal database to\n\nstudy urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region. The primary\n\ndata layer, the extent of urban or built-up areas, was compiled using a\n\ngeographic information system and historical maps, remotely sensed data,\n\ndigital land use data, and census information from a variety of sources. \n\nUrban land use change has been documented by the Baltimore-Washington\n\nSpatial Dynamics & Human Impact Study Team for the last 200 years. The\n\nmethods, definitions, and collection criteria used to define urban or\n\nbuilt-up areas were developed by a multi-disciplinary team that also\n\nensures consistency in collection techniques and documentation methods\n\nfor subsequent application in other regions. Animation techniques were\n\nused to visualize the database and to document the evolution of the\n\nregion's urban landscape. The database is an important tool to urban and\n\nregional planners, ecologists, and global change researchers for measuring\n\ntrends in urban sprawl, analyzing patterns of water pollution,\n\nunderstanding the impacts of development on ecosystems, and developing\n\npredictive modeling techniques to better forecast areas of urban growth.
To build the urban component of the temporal database, a multidisciplinary team was assembled and a phased approach initiated. Expanding on procedures developed for the San Francisco Regional Study (Bell and others, 1995), the team developed data definitions, a classification scheme, compilation criteria, mapping specifications, guidelines for source materials, and metadata specifications to support development of a logically consistent dataset. Extensive documentation procedures were established to ensure consistency in data collection, and for subsequent application to other regions. Phase II was the implementation of the regional mapping effort.