The U.S. Army disposed chemical agents, laboratory materials, and unexploded ordnance at O-Field in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, from before World War II until at least the 1950's. Soil, ground water, surface water, and wetland sediments in the O-Field area were contaminated from the disposal activity. A ground-water-flow model of the O-Field area was constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 1989 to simulate flow in the central and southern part of Gunpowder Neck. The USGS began an additional study of the contamination in the O-Field area in cooperation with the U.S. Army in 1990 to (1) further define the hydrogeologic framework of the O-Field area, (2) characterize the hydraulic properties of the aquifers and confining unit, and (3) define ground-water flow paths at O-Field on the basis of the current data and simulations of ground-water flow.
A water-table aquifer, an upper confining unit, and an upper confined aquifer comprise the shallow ground-water system of the O-Field area. A lower confining unit, through which ground-water movement is negligible, is considered a lower boundary to the shallow system. These units are all part of the Pleistocene Talbot Formation.
The model developed in the previous study was redesigned using the data collected during this study and emphasized New O-Field. The current steady-state model was calibrated to water levels of June 1993. The rate of ground-water flow calculated by the model was approximately 0.48 feet per day and the rate determined from chlorofluorocarbon dates was approximately 0.39 feet per day.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954248","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving Ground Support Activity Environmental Conservation and Restoration Division Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","usgsCitation":"Banks, W.S., Smith, B.S., and Donnelly, C.A., 1996, Hydrogeologic setting, hydraulic properties, and ground-water flow at the O-Field area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4248, iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954248.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4248/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54826,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4248/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.30185127258301,\n 39.33316884707227\n ],\n [\n -76.28605842590332,\n 39.33316884707227\n ],\n [\n -76.28605842590332,\n 39.34571500699714\n ],\n [\n -76.30185127258301,\n 39.34571500699714\n ],\n [\n -76.30185127258301,\n 39.33316884707227\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db6862cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Banks, William S.L.","contributorId":35281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banks","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Barry S.","contributorId":21532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Barry","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donnelly, Colleen A.","contributorId":62240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Colleen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28638,"text":"wri954181 - 1996 - Surface-water quality assessment of the Clover Creek basin, Pierce County, Washington, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T21:10:03.459147","indexId":"wri954181","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4181","title":"Surface-water quality assessment of the Clover Creek basin, Pierce County, Washington, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Increasing urbanization in the 67-square-mile Clover Creek Basin has generated interest in the effects of land-use changes on local water quality. To investigate these effects, water-quality and streamflow data were collected from 19 surface-water sites in the basin over a 16-month period from January 1991 through April 1992. These data were used to understand the effects of surficial geology, land-use practices, and wastewater disposal practices on surface-water quality within the basin. The basin was divided into four drainage subbasins with dissimilar hydrogeologic, land-use, and water-quality characteristics. In the Upper Clover Creek subbasin, the high permeability of surficial geologic materials promotes infiltration of precipitation to ground water and thus attenuates the response of streams to rainfall. Significant interaction occurs between surface and ground water in this subbasin, and nitrate concentrations and specific conductance values, similar to those found historically in local ground water, indicate that sources such as subsurface waste-disposal systems and fertilizers are affecting surface- water quality in this area. In the Spanaway subbasin, the presence of Spanaway and Tule Lakes affects water quality, primarily because of the reduced velocity and long residence time of water in the lakes. Reduced water velocity and long residence times (1) cause settling of suspended materials, thereby reducing concentrations of suspended sediment and constituents that are bound to the sediment; (2) promote biological activity, which tends to trap nutrients in the lakes; and (3) allow dispersion to attenuate peaks in discharge and water-quality constituent concentrations. In the North Fork subbasin, the low permeability of surficial geologic materials and areas of intensive land development inhibit infiltration of precipitation and thus promote surface runoff to streams. Surface pathways provide little attenuation of storm runoff and result in rapid increases in stream discharge in response to rainfall. Substantial increases in concentrations of constituents associated with surface wash off, for example, suspended sediment, ammonia, phosphorus, and fecal coliform, also were observed in this subbasin during rainfall. In the Lower Clover Creek subbasin, which is the most downstream subbasin, stream-discharge and water-quality characteristics show the integrated effects of the entire basin. The data show that further characterization of local ground water and discharge from stormwater outfalls entering Clover Creek and its tributaries would be necessary to successfully apply a numerical water-quality model to the basin.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954181","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K.A., 1996, Surface-water quality assessment of the Clover Creek basin, Pierce County, Washington, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4181, v, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954181.","productDescription":"v, 113 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391189,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48272.htm"},{"id":57474,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4181/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"Pierce County","otherGeospatial":"Clover Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.5417,\n 47.0236\n ],\n [\n -122.2456,\n 47.0236\n ],\n [\n -122.2456,\n 47.1844\n ],\n [\n -122.5417,\n 47.1844\n ],\n [\n -122.5417,\n 47.0236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbeb7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K. A.","contributorId":107309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27893,"text":"wri964013 - 1996 - Prediction of traveltime and longitudinal dispersion in rivers and streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-04-12T21:28:43","indexId":"wri964013","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4013","title":"Prediction of traveltime and longitudinal dispersion in rivers and streams","docAbstract":"The possibility of a contaminant being accidentally or intentionally spilled upstream from a water supply is a constant concern to those diverting and using water from streams and rivers. Although many excellent models are available to estimate traveltime and dispersion, none can be used with confidence before calibration and verification to the particular river reach in question. Therefore, the availability of reliable input information is usually the weakest link in the chain of events needed to predict the rate of movement, dilution, and mixing of contaminants in rivers and streams.\n\nMeasured tracer-response curves produced from the injection of a known quantity of soluble tracer provide an efficient method of obtaining the necessary data. The purpose of this report is to use previously presented concepts along with extensive data collected on time of travel and dispersion to provide guidance to water-resources managers and planners in responding to spills. This is done by providing methods to estimate (1) the rate of movement of a contaminant through a river reach, (2) the rate of attenuation of the peak concentration of a conservative contaminant with time, and (3) the length of time required for the contaminant plume to pass a point in the river. Although the accuracy of the predictions can be greatly increased by performing time-oftravel studies on the river reach in question, the emphasis of this report is on providing methods for making estimates where few data are available.\n\nResults from rivers of all sizes can be combined by defining the unit concentration as that concentration of a conservative pollutant that would result from injecting a unit of mass into a unit of flow. Unit-peak concentrations are compiled for more than 60 different rivers representing a wide range of sizes, slopes, and geomorphic types. Analyses of these data indicate that the unitpeak concentration is well correlated with the time required for a pollutant cloud to reach a specific point in the river. The variance among different rivers is, of course, larger than for a specific river reach. Other river characteristics that were compiled and included in the correlation included the drainage area, the reach slope, the mean annual discharge, and the discharge at the time of the measurement. The most significant other variable in the correlation was the ratio of the river discharge to mean annual discharge.\n\nThe prediction of the traveltime is more difficult than the prediction of unit-peak concentration; but the logarithm of stream velocity can be assumed to be linearly correlated with the logarithm of discharge. More than 980 subreaches for about 90 different rivers were analyzed and prediction equations were developed based on the drainage area, the reach slope, the mean annual discharge, and the discharge at the time of the measurement. The highest probable velocity, which will result in the highest concentration, is usually of concern after an accidental spill. Therefore, an envelope curve for which more than 99 percent of the velocities were smaller was developed to address this concern.\n\nThe time of arrival of the leading edge of the pollutant indicates when a problem will first exist and defines the overall shape of the tracer-response function. The traveltime of the leading edge is generally about 89 percent of the traveltime to the peak concentration.\n\nThe area under a tracer-response function (a known value when unit concentrations are used) can be closely approximated as the area under a triangle with a height of the peak concentration and a base extending from the leading edge to a point where the concentration has reduced to 1C percent of the peak. Knowing the time of the leading edge and the peak, the peak concentration, and the time when the response function has reduced to 10 percent of its peak value allows the complete response function to be sketched with fair accuracy.\n\nFour example applications are included to illustrate how the prediction equations developed in this report can be used either to calibrate a mathematical model or to make predictions directly.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964013","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H.E., 1996, Prediction of traveltime and longitudinal dispersion in rivers and streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4013, iv, 69 p.: ill.; 28 cm.; HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964013.","productDescription":"iv, 69 p.: ill.; 28 cm.; HTML Document","costCenters":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2178,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4013/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":158707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4013/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56713,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4013/documents/dispersion.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e5fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, Harvey E.","contributorId":27032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"Harvey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":32014,"text":"ofr96515 - 1996 - Sample analysis and modeling to determine GPR capability for mapping fluvial mine tailings in the Coeur d'Alene River channel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:10","indexId":"ofr96515","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-515","title":"Sample analysis and modeling to determine GPR capability for mapping fluvial mine tailings in the Coeur d'Alene River channel","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96515","usgsCitation":"Roth, M.L., 1996, Sample analysis and modeling to determine GPR capability for mapping fluvial mine tailings in the Coeur d'Alene River channel: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-515, 35 p.:chiefly ill. ;28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96515.","productDescription":"35 p.:chiefly ill. ;28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0515/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60172,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0515/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fdeca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roth, Michelle L.","contributorId":22814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23276,"text":"ofr96230 - 1996 - Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:03","indexId":"ofr96230","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-230","title":"Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida","docAbstract":"Kings Bay is an estuary on the gulf coast of peninsular Florida with a surface area of less than one square mile. It is a unique estuarine system with no significant inflowing rivers or streams. As much as 99 percent of the freshwater entering the bay originates from multiple spring vents at the bottom of the estuary. The circulation and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay were evaluated by applying SIMSYS2D, a two-dimensional numerical model. Field data were used to calibrate and verify the model. Lagrangian particle simulations were used to determine the circulation characteristics for three hydrologic conditions: low inflow, typical inflow, and low inflow with reduced friction from aquatic vegetation. Spring discharge transported the particles from Kings Bay through Crystal River and out of the model domain. Tidal effects added an oscillatory component to the particle paths. The mean particle residence time was 59 hours for low inflow with reduced friction; therefore, particle residence time is affected more by spring discharge than by bottom friction. Circulation patterns were virtually identical for the three simulated hydroloigc conditions. Simulated particles introduced in the southern part of Kings Bay traveled along the eastern side of Buzzard Island before entering Crystal River and existing the model domain. The flushing characteristics of Kings Bay for the three hydrodynamic conditions were determined by simulating the injection of conservative dye constituents. The average concentration of dye initially injected in Kings Bay decreased asymptotically because of spring discharge, and the tide caused some oscillation in the average dye concentration. Ninety-five percent of the injected dye exited Kings Bay and Crystal River with 94 hours for low inflow, 71 hours for typical inflow, and 94 hours for low inflow with reduced bottom friction. Simulation results indicate that all of the open waters of Kings Bay are flushed by the spring discharge. Reduced bottom friction has little effect on flushing.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr96230","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hammett, K., Goodwin, C.R., and Sanders, G., 1996, Tidal-flow, circulation, and flushing characteristics of Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-230, vi, 63 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96230.","productDescription":"vi, 63 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156051,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52563,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dc6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammett, K.M.","contributorId":59006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammett","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goodwin, C. R.","contributorId":18398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sanders, G.L.","contributorId":62622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25881,"text":"wri954066 - 1996 - Geohydrology of alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri954066","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4066","title":"Geohydrology of alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Ground water in 1,305 square miles of Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits along the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma, is used for irrigation, municipal, stock, and domestic supplies. As much as 120 feet of clay, silt, sand, and gravel form an unconfined aquifer with an average saturated thickness of 28 feet. The 1985-86 water in storage, assuming a specific yield of 0.20, was 4.47 million acre-feet. The aquifer is bounded laterally and underlain by relatively impermeable Permian geologic units. Regional ground-water flow is generally southeast to southwest toward the Cimarron River, except where the flow direction is affected by perennial tributaries.\r\nEstimated average recharge to the aquifer is 207 cubic feet per second. Estimated average discharge from the aquifer by seepage and evapotranspiration is 173 cubic feet per second. Estimated 1985 discharge by withdrawals from wells was 24.43 cubic feet per second.\r\n\r\nMost water in the terrace deposits varied from a calcium bicarbonate to mixed bicarbonate type, with median dissolved-solids concentration of 538 milligrams per liter. Cimarron River water is a sodium chloride type with up to 16,600 milligrams per liter dissolved solids.\r\n\r\nA finite-difference ground-water flow model was developed and calibrated to test the conceptual model of the aquifer under steady-state conditions. The model was calibrated to match 1985-86 aquifer heads and discharge to the Cimarron River between Waynoka and Dover.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nBranch of Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954066","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., and Bergman, D.L., 1996, Geohydrology of alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4066, vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954066.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121513,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4066/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54636,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4066/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8a7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, G. P.","contributorId":60256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bergman, D. L.","contributorId":93038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70162177,"text":"70162177 - 1996 - Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-14T07:36:46","indexId":"70162177","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves","docAbstract":"Pulse-chase experiments show that two marine bivalves take optimal advantage of different types of particulate food by varying food retention time in a flexible two-phase digestive system. For example, carbon is efficiently assimilated from bacteria by subjecting nearly all the ingested bacteria to prolonged digestion. Prolonging digestion also enhances assimilation of metals, many of which are toxic in minute quantities if they are biologically available. Detritus-feeding aquatic organisms have always lived in environments naturally rich in particle-reactive metals. We suggest that avoiding excess assimilation of metals could be a factor in the evolution of digestion strategies. We tested that suggestion by studying digestion of particles containing different Cr concentrations. We show that bivalves are capable of modifying the digestive processing of food to reduce exposure to high, biologically available, Cr concentrations. The evolution of a mechanism in some species to avoid high concentrations of metals in food could influence how effects of modern metal pollution are manifested in marine ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0568","usgsCitation":"Decho, A.W., and Luoma, S.N., 1996, Flexible digestion strategies and trace metal assimilation in marine bivalves: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 41, no. 3, p. 568-572, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0568.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"568","endPage":"572","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0568","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":314363,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5698d4c9e4b0fbd3f7fa4c38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decho, Alan W.","contributorId":22107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decho","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091 snluoma@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":2287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"snluoma@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":588770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70156949,"text":"70156949 - 1996 - San Francisco Bay salinity: observations, numerical simulation, and statistical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-02T12:27:03","indexId":"70156949","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"San Francisco Bay salinity: observations, numerical simulation, and statistical models","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"San Francisco Bay: the ecosystem","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science Pacific Division","isbn":"0-934394-11-3","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.H., Cayan, D., Dettinger, M.D., Noble, M., Riddle, L., Schemel, L., Smith, R.E., Uncles, R., and Walters, R., 1996, San Francisco Bay salinity: observations, numerical simulation, and statistical models, chap. of San Francisco Bay: the ecosystem, p. 9-34.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"34","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":307866,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307865,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://associations.sou.edu/aaaspd/WebPubs.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6f8e4b058f706e53e65","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hollibaugh, J.T.","contributorId":22886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571237,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Riddle, L.G.","contributorId":66439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"L.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Smith, R. E.","contributorId":76366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Walters, R.","contributorId":84088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":24266,"text":"ofr95765 - 1996 - Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:58:53.394521","indexId":"ofr95765","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-765","title":"Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida","docAbstract":"A series of freshwater subsurface injection, storage, and recovery tests were conducted at an injection-well site near Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee County, Florida, to assess the recoverability of injected canal water from the Lower Floridan aquifer. At the study site, the Lower Floridan aquifer is characterized as having four local, relatively independent, high-permeability flow zones (389 to 398 meters, 419 to 424 meters, 456 to 462 meters, and 472 to 476 meters below sea level). Four subsurface injection, storage, and recovery cycles were performed at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site in which volumes of water injected ranged from about 387,275 to 1,343,675 cubic meters for all the cycles, and volumes of water recovered ranged from about 106,200 to 484,400 cubic meters for cycles 1, 2, and 3. The recovery efficiency for successive cycles 2 and 3 increased from 22 to 36 percent and is expected to continue increasing with additional cycles. A comparison of chloride concentration breakthrough curves at the deep monitor well (located about 171 meters from the injection well) for cycles 1, 4, and test no. 4 (from a previous study) revealed unexpected finings. One significant result was that the concentration asymptote, expected to be reached at concentration levels equivalent or close to the injected water concentration, was instead reached at higher concentration levels. The injection to recovery rate ratio might affect the chloride concentration breakthrough curve at the deep monitor well, which could explain this unexpected behavior. Because there are four high-permeability zones, if the rate of injection is smaller than the rate of recovery (natural artesian flow), the head differential might not be transmitted through the entire open wellbore, and injected water would probably flow only through the upper high- permeability zones. Therefore, observed chloride concentration values at the deep monitor well would be higher than the concentration of the injected water and would represent a mix of water from the different high-permeability zones. A generalized digital model was constructed to simulate the subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the Lower Floridan aquifer at the Lake Okeechobee injection-well site. The model was constructed using a modified version of the Saturated-Unsaturated TRAnsport code (SUTRA), which simulates variable-density advective-dispersive solute transport and variable-density ground-water flow. Satisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the deep monitor well were obtained when using the model during the injection and recovery phases of cycle 1, but not for the injection well during the recovery phase of cycle 1 even after several attempts. This precluded the determination of the recovery efficiency values by using the model. The unsatisfactory comparisons of simulated to observed dimensionless chloride concentrations for the injection well and failure of the model to represent the field data at this well could be due to the characteristics of the Lower Floridan aquifer (at the local scale), which is cavernous or conduit in nature. To test this possibility, Reynolds numbers were estimated at varying distances from the injection well, taking into consideration two aquifer types or conceptual systems, porous media and cavernous. For the porous media conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 10 at distances less than 1.42 meters from the injection well. Thus, application of Darcy's law to ground-water flow might not be valid at this distance. However, at the deep monitor well (171 meters from the injection well), the Reynolds number was 0.08 which is indicative of laminar porous media flow. For the cavernous conceptual system, the Reynolds numbers were greater than 2,000 at distances less than 1,000 meters from the well. This number represents the upper limit of laminar flow, which is the fundamental assumption","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95765","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Quinones-Aponte, V., Kotun, K., and Whitley, J.F., 1996, Analysis of tests of subsurface injection, storage, and recovery of freshwater in the lower Floridan aquifer, Okeechobee County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-765, vi, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95765.","productDescription":"vi, 32 p.","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":53391,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0765/ofr95765.pdf","text":"Report","size":"802 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 95-765"},{"id":155007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0765/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Okeechobee County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-80.8732,27.6425],[-80.7783,27.6434],[-80.7774,27.5586],[-80.6801,27.5578],[-80.6798,27.5265],[-80.6777,27.3688],[-80.6775,27.3097],[-80.6781,27.2941],[-80.6791,27.2941],[-80.678,27.2443],[-80.6781,27.2406],[-80.6779,27.206],[-80.6777,27.1212],[-80.8855,26.9586],[-80.8689,27.1459],[-80.8865,27.1662],[-80.89,27.1682],[-80.8941,27.1669],[-80.8997,27.1684],[-80.9056,27.1723],[-80.9091,27.1756],[-80.9089,27.1798],[-80.9082,27.1862],[-80.9091,27.1886],[-80.9157,27.1901],[-80.9227,27.194],[-80.9287,27.1984],[-80.9338,27.198],[-80.9368,27.2],[-80.9381,27.2051],[-80.9435,27.2108],[-80.9489,27.2188],[-80.9539,27.2217],[-80.9596,27.2191],[-80.9658,27.2165],[-80.9733,27.2213],[-80.9806,27.2299],[-80.9824,27.2359],[-80.9826,27.2451],[-80.9871,27.248],[-80.9945,27.2552],[-80.9988,27.2654],[-80.9989,27.2751],[-80.9979,27.2903],[-80.9987,27.2968],[-81.0036,27.3006],[-81.0123,27.3009],[-81.0205,27.3016],[-81.0264,27.3063],[-81.0288,27.3119],[-81.03,27.3207],[-81.0334,27.3254],[-81.0384,27.3283],[-81.0434,27.3326],[-81.0447,27.3391],[-81.0419,27.3455],[-81.0378,27.3482],[-81.0331,27.3499],[-81.033,27.354],[-81.0393,27.3625],[-81.0494,27.3651],[-81.0523,27.3702],[-81.0572,27.3777],[-81.0677,27.3831],[-81.0835,27.3854],[-81.1044,27.386],[-81.116,27.3909],[-81.1254,27.3999],[-81.1278,27.406],[-81.1343,27.4103],[-81.1413,27.4142],[-81.1416,27.4216],[-81.1402,27.4317],[-81.142,27.44],[-81.1489,27.4489],[-81.1578,27.457],[-81.1694,27.462],[-81.1723,27.4685],[-81.1771,27.4774],[-81.183,27.484],[-81.1957,27.488],[-81.2032,27.4914],[-81.2041,27.4974],[-81.2017,27.5075],[-81.2025,27.5135],[-81.2069,27.5196],[-81.2096,27.5308],[-81.2032,27.5398],[-81.202,27.5458],[-81.2014,27.5476],[-81.1904,27.5542],[-81.1811,27.5577],[-81.1721,27.5662],[-81.1653,27.5706],[-81.1596,27.5728],[-81.1573,27.581],[-81.1544,27.5892],[-81.149,27.5969],[-81.1427,27.6027],[-81.1413,27.6137],[-81.1419,27.6253],[-81.1421,27.635],[-81.1424,27.6432],[-81.066,27.6421],[-80.8732,27.6425]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Okeechobee\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Environmental resource managers and scientists are being challenged in developing strategies to manage complex coastal systems. From an ecological perspective, there are myriad dynamic, interrelated natural and human-induced processes that affect the health and stability of coastal systems. However, the problems associated with managing coastal resources usually transcend purely ecological factors when one considers societal needs and expectations from these resources. For example, at least nine Federal, State, and local government agencies, often with widely varying responsibilities or interests, are charged with managing environmental resources and/or regulating human activities within Louisiana's coastal systems; that number may be higher in other coastal areas of the United States. In many coastal systems, a declining resource base and environmental quality combined with an expanding human population exert increased demands on those systems. This results in a number of conflicting resource management and environmental impact assessment issues. The issues include determining the most cost-effective strategies for restoring degraded natural systems, local and regional planning for future urban and commercial development in or near sensitive coastal habitats, predicting impacts from acute and chronic pollutant discharges (oil spills, fecal coliform contamination) as well as from natural hazard damages to coastal systems, and optimal partitioning of coastal resources among competing user groups (e.g., commercial and recreational fishermen).
Solving such complex environmental resource management problems often involves a multidisciplinary approach, requires computerized analytical modeling abilities to manipulate large quantities of spatial-temporal data according to a defined set of objectives or constraints, and needs a mechanism to provide quick responses for dynamic resource and environmental issues. For this, a GIS-based multifunctional Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) is being developed at the National Wetlands Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey (formerly the Southern Science Center of the US. Fish and Wildlife Service/National Biological Service).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"GIS application for fisheries and coastal resources management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission","usgsCitation":"Ji, W., and Johnston, J.B., 1996, A spatial decision support system for coastal management: A research project at the National Wetlands Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey , in GIS application for fisheries and coastal resources management, p. 91-94.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"94","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371888,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","city":"Lafayette ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.09014892578125,\n 30.151658557372997\n ],\n [\n -91.94320678710938,\n 30.151658557372997\n ],\n [\n -91.94320678710938,\n 30.294053515036044\n ],\n [\n -92.09014892578125,\n 30.294053515036044\n ],\n [\n -92.09014892578125,\n 30.151658557372997\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Wei","contributorId":218024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ji","given":"Wei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, James B.","contributorId":78039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":781216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70203831,"text":"70203831 - 1996 - The Bumpus house sparrow data: A reanalysis using structural equation models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-14T12:53:33","indexId":"70203831","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T12:45:17","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1603,"text":"Evolutionary Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Bumpus house sparrow data: A reanalysis using structural equation models","docAbstract":"We analysed the data of H.C. Bumpus on the survival of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) using structural equation modelling techniques. Using data on seven morphological variables measured by Bumpus, we tested and confirmed a three-factor model that characterized physical attributes for general size, leg size and head size. Although males were physically larger than females, we found no difference between males and females in the physical attributes as measured by the three factors. Survival increased significantly with increasing general size and was unrelated to leg size and head size. Wing length, independent of its relationship to the general size factor, was also significantly related to survival. Higher survival was found among birds with short wings. Males had a higher survival compared to females. Their higher survival was mediated, to a lesser extent indirectly, through greater size and, to a greater extent directly, through effects of unknown origin. We favour the use of structural equation modelling methods in studies of selection because of their ability to test and confirm or disconfirm hypotheses related to selection events.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01237725","usgsCitation":"Pugesek, B.H., and Tomer, A., 1996, The Bumpus house sparrow data: A reanalysis using structural equation models: Evolutionary Ecology, v. 10, no. 4, p. 387-404, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01237725.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"387","endPage":"404","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.471.3079","text":"External Repository"},{"id":364705,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pugesek, Bruce H.","contributorId":22668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugesek","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomer, Adrian","contributorId":10333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomer","given":"Adrian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":764318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70205394,"text":"70205394 - 1996 - Small watershed studies: Analytical approaches for understanding ecosystem response to environmental change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-20T10:47:25","indexId":"70205394","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T10:45:33","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Small watershed studies: Analytical approaches for understanding ecosystem response to environmental change","docAbstract":"Biogeochemical studies in small watersheds provide an analytical approach to understand how ecosystems respond to natural climatic variations and human-induced environmental change. Small watersheds, usually less than 5 km2, are small enough to permit characterization and understanding of ecosystem processes within relatively simple, homogeneous biological and physical settings; yet they are large enough to incorporate more complex processes and element cycles than can be studied at plot scales. Watersheds comprise discrete hydrochemical environments allowing quantification of hydrologic, element, and energy budgets. Element budgets, or mass balances, can be quantified as the difference between the mass of a solute that enters a watershed in wet and dry deposition and leaves a watershed in streamflow. Element budgets are primary tools used to investigate biogeochemical processes. Monitoring various aspects of element budgets to assess ecosystem health and stability is analogous to measuring the pulse or blood chemistry of a patient. Monitoring streamwater chemistry, basic climate, soil, and biotic variables provide a means to integrate complex biogeochemical processes and evaluate trends in water quality. Small watershed studies provide a scientific basis to develop predictive models of watershed function.
Major emphases of small watershed studies include investigation of hydrologic and chemical responses to natural climate variation, anthropogenic stressors, and alternate forest-management practices. The nature and significance of biogeochemical research in small watersheds is reviewed by Moldan and Cerny (1994). The U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, and other federal agencies support several long-term small watershed studies to provide insight into a variety of ecosystem processes. Long-term records are essential to distinguish trends resulting from natural climatic variations or other stressors. The following sites, with noted periods of records, are examples of intensively studied forested watersheds in eastern USA supported by federal agencies:
■ Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, (1939-present), Swank and Crossley (1988).
■ Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, (1956-present), Bormann and Likens (1979).
■ Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont, (1958-present), Shanley et al. (1995).
■ Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee, (1967-present), Johnson and Van Hook (1989).
■ Catoctin Mountains Research Site, Maryland, (1982-present), Rice and Bricker (1995).
■ Catskill Stream Network, New York, (1983- present), Murdoch and Stoddard (1992).
■ Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, (1985-present), Huntington et al. (1993).
Small watershed studies also provide essential baseline information for understanding variations in water quality and element cycling in \"pristine\" ecosystems that can be used as benchmarks to evaluate anthropogenic impacts and alternate watershed management practices. This paper provides examples of how analytical tools developed through watershed research provide insight into ecosystem processes and can contribute to the management of watershed resources.
Bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in the fish community of Pigeon River/Pigeon Lake, which receives inputs of Se from a coal fly ash disposal facility, was studied to assess potential hazards of Se to fish, wildlife, and humans. Se concentrations in fish from sites receiving seepage and effluents from fly ash disposal ponds were significantly greater than those in fish from upstream, where Se concentrations were near background concentrations. Se concentrations differed among fish species, and interspecific variation was greatest at the most contaminated locations. Differences in Se bioaccumulation among fish species were not consistently associated with differences in trophic status. Although Se concentrations in northern pike were consistently less than those in likely prey species, large yellow perch contained Se concentrations as great as those in spottail shiners, their likely prey. Se bioaccumulation may have been influenced by differences in habitat preferences, as limnetic species generally contained greater Se concentrations than benthic species. Se concentrations in fish from the lower Pigeon River and Pigeon Lake did not exceed lowest observable adverse effect concentrations (LOAECs) for Se in tissues of fish species, but exceeded LOAECs for dietary Se exposure of sensitive species of birds and mammals. Human consumption of moderate quantities of fish from the areas studied should not result in excessive Se intake.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1996.0076","usgsCitation":"Besser, J.M., Giesy, J.P., Brown, R.W., Buell, J.M., and Dawson, G.A., 1996, Selenium bioaccumulation and hazards in a fish community affected by coal fly ash effluent: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 35, no. 1, p. 7-15, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0076.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"7","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348027,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Piegon Lake, Pigeon River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.802978515625,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -85.3857421875,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -85.3857421875,\n 42.90011265525328\n ],\n [\n -86.802978515625,\n 42.90011265525328\n ],\n [\n -86.802978515625,\n 41.902277040963696\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd29e4b0531197b13d08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Besser, John M. 0000-0002-9464-2244 jbesser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9464-2244","contributorId":2073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Besser","given":"John","email":"jbesser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giesy, John P.","contributorId":57426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giesy","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Russell W.","contributorId":199434,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buell, Julie M.","contributorId":199435,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buell","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dawson, G. A.","contributorId":176720,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dawson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":719137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70182020,"text":"70182020 - 1996 - Evolution and history of incised valleys: The Mobile Bay model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-04-26T19:57:04.675648","indexId":"70182020","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Evolution and history of incised valleys: The Mobile Bay model","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"USGS Center for Coastal Geology","publisherLocation":"St. Petersburg, FL","doi":"10.3133/70182020","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J., 1996, Evolution and history of incised valleys: The Mobile Bay model, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/70182020.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335507,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":399707,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62344.htm"},{"id":335506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/incised-valleys/","linkHelpText":"(html)"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Mobile Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.0826416015625,\n 29.850173125689896\n ],\n [\n -87.42370605468749,\n 29.850173125689896\n ],\n [\n -87.42370605468749,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -89.0826416015625,\n 31.052933985705163\n ],\n [\n -89.0826416015625,\n 29.850173125689896\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a57705e4b057081a24ee7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":139030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":669290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28226,"text":"wri964026 - 1996 - Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline contamination in the shallow aquifer, Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-21T21:50:41.000691","indexId":"wri964026","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4026","title":"Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline contamination in the shallow aquifer, Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Laboratory, field, and digital solute-transport- modeling studies demonstrate that microorganisms indigenous to the shallow ground-water system at Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina, can degrade petroleum hydrocarbons in gasoline released at the site. Microorganisms in aquifer sediments incubated in the laboratory under aerobic and anaerobic conditions mineralized radiolabeled carbon 14-toluene to 14C-carbon dioxide with first-order rate constants of Kbio = -0.640 per day and Kbio = -0.003 per day, respectively. Digital solute- transport modeling using the numerical code SUTRA revealed that anaerobic biodegradation of benzene occurs with a first-order rate constant near Kbio = -0.00025 per day. Sandy aquifer material beneath Laurel Bay Exchange is characterized by relatively high hydraulic conductivities (Kaq = 8.9 to 17.3 feet per day), average ground-water flow rate of about 60 feet per year, and a relatively uniform hydraulic gradient of 0.004 feet per foot. The sandy aquifer material also has low adsorptive potentials for toluene and benzene (both about Kad = 2.0 x 10-9 cubic feet per milligram), because of the lack of natural organic matter in the aquifer. The combination of this ground-water-flow rate and absence of significant adsorptive capacity in the aquifer permits toluene and benzene concentrations to be detected downgradient from the source area in monitoring wells, even though biodegradation of these compounds has been demonstrated. Solute-transport simulations, however, indicate that toluene and benzene will not reach the Broad River, the nearest point of contact with wildlife or human populations, about 3,600 feet west of the site boundary. These simulations also show that contamination will not be transported to the nearest Marine Corps property line about 2,400 feet south of the site. This is primarily because the source of contaminants has essentially been removed, and the low adsorptive capacity of the aquifer sediments has prevented the occurrence of an adsorbed, continuous source of petroleum hydrocarbons. Therefore, digital simulations of toluene and benzene transport at Laurel Bay Exchange indicate that intrinsic bioremediation could be a successful remediation alternative for prohibiting transport of dissolved toluene and benzene to the Broad River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri964026","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Chapelle, F., and Bradley, P., 1996, Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of gasoline contamination in the shallow aquifer, Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4026, viii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964026.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57057,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":414514,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48392.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":125117,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Laurel Bay Exchange, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.7944,\n 32.4547\n ],\n [\n -80.7861,\n 32.4547\n ],\n [\n -80.7861,\n 32.4639\n ],\n [\n -80.7944,\n 32.4639\n ],\n [\n -80.7944,\n 32.4547\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis","contributorId":102922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189550,"text":"70189550 - 1996 - Oxygen transport and pyrite oxidation in unsaturated coal-mine spoil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-17T09:18:26","indexId":"70189550","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Oxygen transport and pyrite oxidation in unsaturated coal-mine spoil","docAbstract":"An understanding of the mechanisms of oxygen (02) transport in unsaturated mine spoil is necessary to design and implement effective measures to exclude 02 from pyritic materials and to control the formation of acidic mine drainage. Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2) in pore gas, chemistry of pore water, and temperature were measured at different depths in unsaturated spoil at two reclaimed surface coal mines in Pennsylvania. At mine 1, where spoil was loose, blocky sandstone, Po2 changed little with depth, decreasing from 21 volume percent (vol%) at the ground surface to a minimum of about 18 vol% at 10 m depth. At mine 2, where spoil was compacted, friable shale, Po2 decreased to less than 2 vol% at depth of about 10 m. Although pore-water chemistry and temperature data indicate that acid-forming reactions were active at both mines, the pore-gas data indicate that mechanisms for 0 2 transport were different at each mine. A numerical model was developed to simulate 02 transport and pyrite oxidation in unsaturated mine spoil. The results of the numerical simulations indicate that differences in 02 transport at the two mines can be explained by differences in the air permeability of spoil. Po2 changes little with depth if advective transport of 02 dominates as at mine 1, but decreases greatly with depth if diffusive transport of 02 dominates, as in mine 2. Model results also indicate that advective transport becomes significant if the air permeability of spoil is greater than 10-9 m2, which is expected for blocky sandstone spoil. In the advective-dominant system, thermally-induced convective air flow, as a consequence of the exothermic oxidation of pyrite, supplies the 02 to maintain high Po2 within the deep unsaturated zone.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings America Society of Mining and Recreation","conferenceTitle":"13th Annual Meeting of the ASSMR","conferenceDate":"May 18-23, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Knoxville, TN","language":"English","publisher":"America Society of Mining and Recreation","usgsCitation":"Guo, W., and Cravotta, C.A., 1996, Oxygen transport and pyrite oxidation in unsaturated coal-mine spoil, in Proceedings America Society of Mining and Recreation, Knoxville, TN, May 18-23, 1996, p. 3-14.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"14","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343920,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":343919,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference-Proceedings?y=1996"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca8e4b0d1f9f0627591","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Weixing","contributorId":28641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Weixing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":705147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193459,"text":"70193459 - 1996 - Quality control considerations for the determination of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:15:49","indexId":"70193459","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quality control considerations for the determination of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in sediments","docAbstract":"The determination of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEMs) in sediment by treatment with dilute HCl shows promise as a tool for predicting the potential for metal toxicity to sediment-dwelling organisms. Effective quality control measures must be developed if this method is to become a reliable procedure and to ensure comparability of data. However, establishing quality control measures that assess procedural errors for an operationally defined method can be problematic. For example, preextraction spikes added for assessing the accuracy of AVS and SEMs may be poorly recovered due to adsorption or reaction with sediment constituents. For a variety of sediment types, we found preextraction spikes of sulfide, mercury, and copper to be prone to variable recoveries for the AVS/SEM procedure; recoveries averaged 76.3% (SD, 20.9) for sulfide, 61.9% (39.6) for Hg, and 90.1% (12.7) for Cu. The average recovery was near 100% for preextraction spikes of sediments for Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and the recoveries of preextraction blank spikes for all analytes were consistently 95 to 105%. Binding of Cu or Hg with sulfides is sufficiently strong that 1 N hydrochloric acid will not necessarily keep the spiked metal in the dissolved state. This does not mean that the SEM procedure is invalid for these metals, only that the quality control of procedural error is difficult to assess. However, Hg will generally not be detected when measured as an SEM because of its tendency to adsorb onto sulfide minerals even at extremely low pH. Some reference sediments may be useful for assessing consistency of AVS determinations; we measured 5.97 ± 0.65 μmol/g in National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1645 and 1.34 ± 0.14 μmol/g in NIST 2704 for repeated determinations conducted over the past 3 years. Apparently, some sediments may contain an oxidation-resistant sulfide component that can release low to moderate AVS when treated with dilute HCl.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620150309","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., and Arms, J.W., 1996, Quality control considerations for the determination of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in sediments: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 3, p. 282-285, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620150309.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"285","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2ae4b0531197b13d0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, William G. 0000-0003-0081-375X bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-375X","contributorId":493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"William","email":"bbrumbaugh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arms, Jesse W. jarms@usgs.gov","contributorId":4533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arms","given":"Jesse","email":"jarms@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193441,"text":"70193441 - 1996 - Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T13:41:41","indexId":"70193441","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants","docAbstract":"We developed and evaluated a total toxic units modeling approach for predicting mean toxicity as measured in laboratory tests for Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). The approach incorporates equilibrium partitioning and organic carbon control of bioavailability for organic contaminants and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) control for metals, and includes toxic equivalency for planar organic chemicals. A toxic unit is defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to the chronic toxicity of that contaminant, as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). The toxic unit models we developed assume complete additivity of contaminant effects, are completely mechanistic in form, and were evaluated without any a posteriori modification of either the models or the data from which the models were developed and against which they were tested. A linear relationship between total toxic units, which included toxicity attributable to both iron and un-ionized ammonia, accounted for about 88% of observed variability in mean toxicity; a quadratic relationship accounted for almost 94%. Exclusion of either bioavailability components (i.e., equilibrium partitioning control of organic contaminants and AVS control of metals) or iron from the model substantially decreased its ability to predict mean toxicity. A model based solely on un-ionized ammonia accounted for about 47% of the variability in mean toxicity. We found the toxic unit approach to be a viable method for assessing and ranking the relative potential toxicity of contaminated sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00419746","usgsCitation":"Springer, 1996, Estimating aquatic toxicity as determined through laboratory tests of great lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 41, no. 3, p. 255-289, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00419746.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"255","endPage":"289","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":348019,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","volume":"41","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59fadd2ae4b0531197b13d1a"} ,{"id":70195018,"text":"70195018 - 1996 - Seafloor environments in Cape Cod Bay, a large coastal embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-02T14:37:22","indexId":"70195018","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seafloor environments in Cape Cod Bay, a large coastal embayment","docAbstract":"Cape Cod Bay is a glacial, semi-enclosed embayment that has a patchy distribution of modern seafloor sedimentary environments of erosion or nondeposition, deposition, and sediment reworking. Sidescan-sonar records and supplemental bathymetric, sedimentary, subbottom, and physical-oceanographic data indicate that the characteristics and distribution of these three categories of bottom environments are controlled by a combination of geologic and oceanographic processes that range from episodic to long-term and from regional to local. (1) Environments of erosion or nondeposition comprise exposures of bedrock, glacial drift, and coarse lag deposits that contain sediments (where present) ranging from boulder fields to gravelly coarse-to-medium sands. These environments are dominant on the shallow margins of the bay (water depths < 30 m) where they reflect sediment resuspension, winnowing, and transport during modern northerly storms. (2) Environments of deposition are blanketed by fine-grained sediments ranging from muds to muddy fine sands. These environments are dominant across the floor of the central basin (water depths = 30–60 m) where fine-grained sediments (derived from regional and local sources and emplaced primarily during episodic wind- and density-driven flow) settle through the water column and accumulate under weak bottom currents during nonstorm conditions. (3) Environments of sediment reworking contain patches with diverse textures ranging from gravelly sands to muds. These environments occupy much of the transitional slopes between the margins and the basin floor and reflect a combination of erosion and deposition.
The patchy distribution of sedimentary environments within the bay reflects not only regional changes in processes between the margins and the basin but local changes within each part of the bay as well. Small-scale patchiness is caused by local changes in the strengths of wave- and wind-driven currents and (on the margins) by local variations in the supply of fine-grained sediments.
This study indicates areas within Cape Cod Bay where fine-grained sediments and associated contaminants are likely to be either moved or deposited. It also provides a guide to the locations and variability of benthic habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0025-3227(96)00014-X","usgsCitation":"Knebel, H., Rendigs, R., List, J.H., and Signell, R.P., 1996, Seafloor environments in Cape Cod Bay, a large coastal embayment: Marine Geology, v. 133, no. 1-2, p. 11-33, https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(96)00014-X.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"33","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.71875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -68.73046875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ],\n [\n -68.73046875,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -71.71875,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -71.71875,\n 40.74725696280421\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7586e1e4b00f54eb1d8221","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rendigs, R.R.","contributorId":50506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"List, J. H.","contributorId":70406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"List","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":726583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194857,"text":"70194857 - 1996 - Three-dimensional models of deformation near strike-slip faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T08:27:04","indexId":"70194857","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional models of deformation near strike-slip faults","docAbstract":"We use three-dimensional elastic models to help guide the kinematic interpretation of crustal deformation associated with strike-slip faults. Deformation of the brittle upper crust in the vicinity of strike-slip fault systems is modeled with the assumption that upper crustal deformation is driven by the relative plate motion in the upper mantle. The driving motion is represented by displacement that is specified on the bottom of a 15-km-thick elastic upper crust everywhere except in a zone of finite width in the vicinity of the faults, which we term the “shear zone.” Stress-free basal boundary conditions are specified within the shear zone. The basal driving displacement is either pure strike slip or strike slip with a small oblique component, and the geometry of the fault system includes a single fault, several parallel faults, and overlapping en echelon faults. We examine the variations in deformation due to changes in the width of the shear zone and due to changes in the shear strength of the faults. In models with weak faults the width of the shear zone has a considerable effect on the surficial extent and amplitude of the vertical and horizontal deformation and on the amount of rotation around horizontal and vertical axes. Strong fault models have more localized deformation at the tip of the faults, and the deformation is partly distributed outside the fault zone. The dimensions of large basins along strike-slip faults, such as the Rukwa and Dead Sea basins, and the absence of uplift around pull-apart basins fit models with weak faults better than models with strong faults. Our models also suggest that the length-to-width ratio of pull-apart basins depends on the width of the shear zone and the shear strength of the faults and is not constant as previously suggested. We show that pure strike-slip motion can produce tectonic features, such as elongate half grabens along a single fault, rotated blocks at the ends of parallel faults, or extension perpendicular to overlapping en echelon faults, which can be misinterpreted to indicate a regional component of extension. Zones of subsidence or uplift can become wider than expected for transform plate boundaries when a minor component of oblique motion is added to a system of parallel strike-slip faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00877","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., Katzman, R., and Lin, J., 1996, Three-dimensional models of deformation near strike-slip faults: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B7, p. 16205-16220, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00877.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"16205","endPage":"16220","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350556,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a69a95fe4b06e28e9c81a9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katzman, Rafael","contributorId":79249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzman","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Jian","contributorId":16930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207341,"text":"70207341 - 1996 - Late Holocene alluvial geomorphology of the Virgin River in the Zion National Park area, southwest Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-03T13:53:12.371836","indexId":"70207341","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-17T12:34:25","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Holocene alluvial geomorphology of the Virgin River in the Zion National Park area, southwest Utah","docAbstract":"This study traces the geomorphic development of the alluvial valley of the Virgin River in the Zion National Park region of southwest Utah. The purpose is to identify, date, and interpret the patterns of erosion and deposition that formed the alluvial valley over the past 1,000 years. This information is a basis for understanding how the geomorphology of the alluvial valley changes under essentially natural flow conditions.
Sediment in the alluvial valley is classified as mainstem or tributary in origin. Mainstem alluvium is the largest volumetrically; it is mainly light-colored sand derived from upstream sources that accumulated on now abandoned flood plains (or terraces) by overbank deposition. Tributary sediment is typically dark colored, coarse-grained sand or gravel transported to the alluvial valley by streamflow or debris flow. Tributary and mainstem sediment are interbedded near the margin of the valley, and the older deposits are truncated parallel to the river, suggesting that in time the river removes both its own deposits and those of tributaries. In the natural flow regimen, the river probably maintains a balance between erosion and deposition of mainstem and tributary deposits.
Four terraces and the active channel and flood plain are widespread along the Virgin River; from oldest to youngest these are the prehistoric, settlement, historic, and modern terraces. Dating was done by archeologic context, tree-ring methods, historic documents, relocation of early photographs, and correlation with other streams on the southern Colorado Plateau. Results indicate that prehistoric deposition ended by about A.D. 1100–1200, deposition of the settlement alluvium was from about A.D. 1400–1880, development of the historic terrace was from after 1883 until 1926, deposition of the modern alluvium was from 1940–1980, and development of the active channel and flood plain was after about 1980.
The principal deposits (prehistoric, settlement, and modern alluviums) are separated by two periods of stream entrenchment and channel widening referred to as the prehistoric and historic arroyo cutting, respectively. Erosional activity of roughly similar age occurred in most southern Colorado Plateau streams. The early erosion is not well dated in the study area, although regional relations suggest A.D. 1200–1400, if not somewhat earlier. Historic arroyo cutting began after 1883 in the study area and continued until around 1940 when deposition of the modern alluvium began. Both erosions affected the human population of the region. Although the dating is imprecise, the Anasazi probably abandoned the region during prehistoric arroyo cutting, partly because of adverse environmental conditions. Likewise, historic arroyo cutting caused major losses of property and economic hardship among Anglo settlers.
Erosion and deposition were largely contemporaneous with variations in streamflow. Long-term streamflow of the Virgin River was estimated from calibration of annual tree growth with measured streamflow. Results indicate that erosion was during periods of unusually high streamflow and that deposition was during periods of relatively low streamflow. These relations are best illustrated by historic arroyo cutting and subsequent deposition of the modern alluvium. Precipitation and runoff immediately before and during historic arroyo cutting were the most unusual of the past 300 years; they varied from the driest immediately preceding erosion to the wettest during erosion. Deposition of the modern alluvium was during relatively low runoff after 1940. High runoff destabilizes the channel, enhancing flood erosion. Conversely, relatively low runoff increases channel stability, reducing the erosional effect of floods and enhancing flood plain deposition. Adjustments in the width and depth of the channel are frequent, even after relatively small, short-term variations of streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2310-8.1","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Jacoby, G.C., and McCord, V.A., 1996, Late Holocene alluvial geomorphology of the Virgin River in the Zion National Park area, southwest Utah: GSA Special Papers, v. 310, p. 1-41, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2310-8.1.","productDescription":"41 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"41","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Southwest Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -111.77490234375,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -111.77490234375,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -114.01611328125,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"310","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, Richard 0000-0002-0892-7367 rhereford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0892-7367","contributorId":3620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Richard","email":"rhereford@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacoby, Gordon C.","contributorId":35589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacoby","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCord, V. Alexander","contributorId":19837,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCord","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"Alexander","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207048,"text":"70207048 - 1996 - Comment on “The stress state implied by dislocation models of subduction deformation” by J. J. Douglass and B. A. Buffett","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T12:36:06.064986","indexId":"70207048","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-04T13:48:46","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comment on “The stress state implied by dislocation models of subduction deformation” by J. J. Douglass and B. A. Buffett","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96GL02374","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1996, Comment on “The stress state implied by dislocation models of subduction deformation” by J. J. Douglass and B. A. Buffett: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 19, p. 2709-2710, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02374.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"2709","endPage":"2710","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/96gl02374","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":369908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}