{"pageNumber":"1298","pageRowStart":"32425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70018491,"text":"70018491 - 1996 - Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:41:03.096522","indexId":"70018491","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","docAbstract":"Three seismic refraction-reflection profiles, part of the Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment, allow us to compare and contrast crust and upper mantle of the North American margin before and after it is modified by passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Upper crustal velocity models reveal an asymmetric Great Valley basin overlying Sierran or ophiolitic rocks at the latitude of Fort Bragg, California, and overlying Sierran or Klamath rocks near Redding, California. In addition, the upper crustal velocity structure indicates that Franciscan rocks underlie the Klamath terrane east of Eureka, California. The Franciscan complex is, on average, laterally homogeneous and is thickest in the triple junction region. North of the triple junction, the Gorda slab can be traced 150 km inboard from the Cascadia subduction zone. South of the triple junction, strong precritical reflections indicate partial melt and/or metamorphic fluids at the base of the crust or in the upper mantle. Breaks in these reflections are correlated with the Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults, suggesting that these faults extend at least to the mantle. We interpret our data to indicate tectonic thickening of the Franciscan complex in response to passage of the Mendocino triple junction and an associated thinning of these rocks south of the triple junction due to assimilation into melt triggered by upwelling asthenosphere. The region of thickened Franciscan complex overlies a zone of increased scattering, intrinsic attenuation, or both, resulting from mechanical mixing of lithologies and/or partial melt beneath the onshore projection of the Mendocino fracture zone. Our data reveal that we have crossed the southern edge of the Gorda slab and that this edge and/or the overlying North American crust may have fragmented because of the change in stress presented by the edge.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Godfrey, N.J., Klemperer, S., Lendl, C., Trehu, A., Henstock, T., Levander, A., Holl, J., Meltzer, A., Luetgert, J.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1996, Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment: Geology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California 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 \"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb710e4b08c986b327033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, B. C.","contributorId":17629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, N. J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lendl, C.","contributorId":93641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henstock, T.J.","contributorId":99713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henstock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holl, J.E.","contributorId":84519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meltzer, A.S.","contributorId":50921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70018939,"text":"70018939 - 1996 - Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:48:26.68527","indexId":"70018939","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25–100 km; layer 2, 100–200 km; layer 3, 200–300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00809","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alsina, D., Woodward, R., and Snieder, R., 1996, Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 15969-15986, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00809.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15969","endPage":"15986","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e58e4b08c986b3188a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alsina, D.","contributorId":21705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alsina","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieder, R.K.","contributorId":10560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018066,"text":"70018066 - 1996 - Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:19:31.963329","indexId":"70018066","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Missouri River floods of 1993 caused significant and widespread damage to the floodplains between Kansas City and St. Louis. Immediately downstream of levee breaks, flood waters scoured the bottoms. As the floodwaters continued, they spread laterally and deposited massive amounts of sand as crevasse splays on top of agricultural fields. We explore the use of radar interferometry and backscatter data for quantitative estimation of scour and deposition for Jameson Island/Arrow Rock Bottoms and Lisbon Bottoms, two bottoms that were heavily damaged during the floods and subsequently abandoned. Shuttle imaging radar C (SIR-C) L band (24 cm) HH (horizontally transmitted and horizontally received) radar backscatter data acquired in October 1994 were used together with a distorted Born approximation canopy scattering model to determine that the abundance of natural leafy forbs controlled the magnitude of backscatter for former agricultural fields. Forb areal density was found to be inversely correlated with thickness of sand deposited during the floods, presumably because thick sands prevented roots from reaching nutrient rich, moist bottoms soils. Using the inverse relationship, a lower bound for the mass of sand added was found to be 6.3 million metric tons over the 17 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;study area. Digital elevation data from topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) C band (5.6 cm) interferometric observations acquired in August 1994 were compared to a series of elevation profiles collected on the ground. Vertical errors in TOPSAR were estimated to range from 1 to 2 m, providing enough accuracy to generate an estimate of total mass (4.7 million metric tons) removed during erosion of levees and scour of the bottoms terrains. Net accretion of material to the study areas is consistent with the geologic record of major floods where sediment-laden floodwaters crested over natural levees, initially scoured into the bottoms, and then deposited sands as crevasse splays as the flows spread out and slowed by frictional dissipation. The addition of artificial levees to the Missouri River system has undoubtedly enhanced flood damage, although quantitative estimation of the degree of enhancement will require additional work.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JE01975","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Izenberg, N., Arvidson, R., Brackett, R., Saatchi, S., Osburn, G., and Dohrenwend, J., 1996, Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E10, p. 23149-23167, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE01975.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"23149","endPage":"23167","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a41e4b0c8380cd52288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izenberg, N.R.","contributorId":35083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izenberg","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brackett, R.A.","contributorId":38725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackett","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saatchi, S.S.","contributorId":88897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saatchi","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osburn, G.R.","contributorId":16592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osburn","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J.","contributorId":108269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018071,"text":"70018071 - 1996 - A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:55:19.219632","indexId":"70018071","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water","docAbstract":"<p><span>A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate kit for screening of cyclodiene insecticides (aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, and heptachlor) was evaluated for sensitivity, cross reactivity, and overall performance using ground-water samples from a contaminated site. Ground-water contaminants included several pesticide compounds and their manufacturing by-products, as well as many other organic and inorganic compounds. Cross-reactivity studies were carried out for the cyclodiene compounds, and results were compared to those listed by the manufacturer. Data obtained were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the ELISA kit to the cyclodiene compounds in ground water samples with a contaminated matrix. The method quantitation limit for the ELISA kit was 15 μg/L (as chlordane). Of the 56 ground-water samples analyzed using the ELISA plate kits, more than 85% showed cyclodiene insecticide contamination. The ELISA kit showed excellent potential as a screening tool for sites with suspected ground-water contamination by insecticides.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1996-0646.ch013","usgsCitation":"Dombrowski, T.R., Thurman, E., and Mohrman, G.B., 1996, A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water: ACS Symposium Series, v. 646, p. 148-154, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0646.ch013.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"646","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d9e4b0c8380cd45cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dombrowski, T. R.","contributorId":68050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dombrowski","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mohrman, G. B.","contributorId":91644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mohrman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018478,"text":"70018478 - 1996 - Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:28:47.025442","indexId":"70018478","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) profiles calibrated with core data allow accurate assessments of coastal barrier volumes. We applied this procedure successfully to the barrier system along Saco Bay, Maine (USA), as part of a sediment-budget study that focused on present-day sand volumes in various coastal, shoreface, and inner-shelf lithosomes, and on sand fluxes that have affected the volume or distribution of sand in these sediment bodies through time. On GPR profiles, the components of the barrier lithosome are readily differentiated from other facies, except where the radar signal is attenuated by brackish or salty groundwater. Significant differences between dielectric properties of the barrier lithosome and other units commonly result in strong boundary reflectors. The mostly sandy barrier sediments allow deep penetration of GPR waves, in contrast to finer-grained strata and till-covered bedrock. Within the Saco Bay barrier system,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"NLM_tex-math\"><img src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1996/i30067378/629840/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00001.gif\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1996/i30067378/629840/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00001.gif\"></span><span>&nbsp;</span>of sediment are unevenly distributed. Two-thirds of the total barrier volume is contained within the northern and southern ends of the study area, in the Pine Point spit and the Ferry Beach/Goosefare complex, respectively. The central area around Old Orchard Beach is locally covered by only a thin veneer of barrier sand, averaging &gt;3 m, that unconformably overlies shallow pre-Holocene facies. The prominence of barrier-spit facies and the distribution pattern of back-barrier sediments indicate that a high degree of segmentation, governed by antecedent topography, has affected the development of the Saco Bay barrier system. The present-day configuration of the barrier and back-barrier region along Saco Bay, however, conceals much of its early compartmentalized character.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629840","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Van Heteren, S., FitzGerald, D.M., Barber, D., Kelley, J.T., and Belknap, D.F., 1996, Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques: Journal of Geology, v. 104, no. 4, p. 471-483, https://doi.org/10.1086/629840.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc366e4b08c986b32b15f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Heteren, S.","contributorId":70131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Heteren","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"FitzGerald, D. M.","contributorId":55038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"FitzGerald","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, D.C.","contributorId":86504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018475,"text":"70018475 - 1996 - An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T16:59:39.614032","indexId":"70018475","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have conducted a paleomagnetic study of sediment cores obtained from the Selenga prodelta region of Lake Baikal, Russia. This record, which spans approximately the last 84 kyr, contributes to a better understanding of the nature of geomagnetic field behavior in Siberia and is a useful correlation and dating tool. We demonstrate that the Lake Baikal sediments are recording variations in the geomagnetic field. The directional record displays secular variation behavior with a geomagnetic excursion at 20 ka and additional excursions appearing as large-amplitude secular variation at 41, 61, and 67 ka. Smoothing of the geomagnetic excursion behavior occurs in Lake Baikal sediments owing to the intermediate sedimentation rate (13 cm kyr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). The Lake Baikal relative paleointensity record correlates to absolute paleointensity data for the last 10 kyr and to relative paleointensity records from the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean for the last 84 kyr. This correlation suggests a strong global (i.e., dipole) component to these records and further supports the reliability of sediments as recorders of relative geomagnetic paleointensity. We show that a relative geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy has a potential resolution of 7 kyr by correlating continental and marine records. The geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy helps constrain the age of the difficult to date Lake Baikal sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00328","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Peck, J., King, J., Colman, S.M., and Kravchinsky, V., 1996, An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11365-11385, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00328.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"11365","endPage":"11385","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1756","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cde4b0c8380cd4847a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kravchinsky, V.A.","contributorId":90475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kravchinsky","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1012978,"text":"1012978 - 1996 - Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:23:54.602693","indexId":"1012978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method of comparing data on habitat use and availability that allows availability to differ among observations. This method is applicable when habitats change over time and when animals are unable to move throughout a predetermined study area between observations. We used maximum—likelihood techniques to derive an index that estimates the probability that each habitat type would be used if all were equally available. We also demonstrate how these indices can be used to compare relative use of available habitats, assign them ranks, and assess statistical differences between pairs of indices. The set of these indices for all habitats can be compared between groups of animals that represent different seasons, sex or age classes, or experimental treatments. This method allows quantitative comparisons among types and is not affected by arbitrary decisions about which habitats to include in the study. We provide an example by comparing the availability of four categories of sea ice concentration to their use by adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus), whose movements were monitored by satellite radio tracking in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during 1990. Use of ice categories by bears was nonrandom, and the pattern of use differed between spring and late summer seasons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265671","usgsCitation":"Arthur, S.M., Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Assessing habitat selection when availability changes: Ecology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 215-227, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265671.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6582ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Stephen M.","contributorId":189438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthur","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F. J.","contributorId":332478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018670,"text":"70018670 - 1996 - Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:22:41.111667","indexId":"70018670","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A proposed high-altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic-anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER-2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. The collection of total and vector magnetic field data would be a secondary objective of the flight. Through this “piggyback approach,” the geomagnetic community would inherit invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These data would provide insight on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and upper mantle.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96EO00187","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Blakely, R., Hinze, W.J., Keller, G.R., Langel, R., Nabighian, M., and Roest, W., 1996, Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 77, no. 28, p. 265-268, https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00187.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8b7e4b0c8380cd47e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langel, R.A.","contributorId":20918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langel","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nabighian, M.","contributorId":83286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nabighian","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roest, W.","contributorId":17382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1008650,"text":"1008650 - 1996 - Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:45:33.404174","indexId":"1008650","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","docAbstract":"<p><span>Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation, and meteorological factors. These patterns are detected and mapped using satellite data. Other ecological information can be abstracted from satellite data regarding rates of recovery of vegetation foliage and variation of burn severity on different vegetation types. Middle infrared wavelengths are useful for burn severity mapping because the land cover changes associated with burning increase reflectance in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Simple stratification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data define varying classes of burn severity because of changes in canopy cover, biomass removal, and soil chemical composition. Reasonable maps of burn severity are produced when the class limits of burn severity reflectance are applied to the entire satellite data. Changes in satellite reflectance over multiple years reveal the dynamics of vegetation and fire severity as low burn areas have lower changes in reflectance relative to high burn areas. This results as a consequence of how much the site was altered due to the burn and how much space is available for vegetation recovery. Analysis of change in reflectance across steppe, riparian, and forested vegetation types indicate that fires potentially increase biomass in steppe areas, while riparian and forested areas are slower to regrow to pre-fire conditions. This satellite-based technology is useful for mapping severely burned areas by exploring the ecological manifestations before and after fire.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF9960125","usgsCitation":"White, J., Ryan, K., Key, C., and Running, S.W., 1996, Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 6, no. 3, p. 125-136, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9960125.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132147,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, K.C.","contributorId":34455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, C.H.","contributorId":74343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018244,"text":"70018244 - 1996 - Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018244","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data","docAbstract":"The Ice River Alkaline Complex is a late Paleozoic intrusion of mafic alkaline rocks, syenite, and carbonatite exposed in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The complex intrudes Cambrian and Ordovician shales, slates, and limestones of the Chancellor and Ottertail Formations and the McKay Group. We examined the alkaline complex and adjacent country rocks using Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. The data were first calibrated to relative reflectance and then used to spectrally map mineralogies in the study area by using a linear spectral unmixing program. This technique models each pixel spectrum in an AVIRIS image as a linear combination of unique endmember spectra. We selected endmember spectra from well-exposed and spectrally distinct mineralogic units, vegetation, and snow. Four of the endmembers reflect mineralogic variations within the McKay group in the study area, and may represent lateral and vertical variations of sedimentary or metamorphic facies. Otherwise, the resultant spatial distribution of endmembers shows generally close agreement with the published geologic map, although, in several places, our image-map is more accurate than the published map.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Bowers, T.L., and Rowan, L.C., 1996, Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 12, p. 1379-1385.","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1385","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6ebe4b0c8380cd85105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, T. L.","contributorId":62647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019261,"text":"70019261 - 1996 - Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-23T11:18:55.759909","indexId":"70019261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults","docAbstract":"<div id=\"136982809\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The peak accelerations recorded on alluvial sites during the Northridge earthquake were about 50% larger than the median value predicted by current empirical attenuation relations at distances less than about 30 km. This raises the question of whether the ground motions from the Northridge earthquake are anomalous for thrust events or are representative of ground motions expected in future thrust earthquakes. Since the empirical data base contains few strong-motion records close to large-thrust earthquakes, it is difficult to assess whether the Northridge ground motions are anomalous based on recorded data alone. For this reason, we have used a broadband strong-motion simulation procedure to help assess whether the ground motions were anomalous. The simulation procedure has been validated against a large body of strong-motion data from California earthquakes, and so we expect it to produce accurate estimates of ground motions for any given rupture scenario, including blind-thrust events for which no good precedent existed in the strong-motion data base until the occurrence of the Northridge earthquake. The ground motions from the Northridge earthquake and our simulations of these ground motions have a similar pattern of departure from empirical attenuation relations for thrust earthquakes: the peak accelerations are at about the 84th percentile level for distances within 20 to 30 km and follow the median level for larger distances. This same pattern of departure from empirical attenuation relations was obtained in our simulations of the peak accelerations of an Elysian Park blind-thrust event prior to the occurrence of the Northridge earthquake. Since we are able to model this pattern with broadband simulations, and had done so before the Northridge earthquake occurred, this suggests that the Northridge strong-motion records are not anomalous and are representative of ground motions close to thrust faults. Accordingly, it seems appropriate to include these recordings in strong-motion data sets that are used to develop empirical ground-motion attenuation relations for thrust faults and to use this augmented data set as the basis for evaluating the need for modifications in design coefficients in the seismic provisions of building codes.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08601BS115","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Somerville, P., Saikia, C., Wald, D., and Graves, R., 1996, Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 1B, p. S115-S125, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08601BS115.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"S115","endPage":"S125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.88042975841473,\n              34.3841704408905\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88042975841473,\n              34.06168547205796\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.11138678966469,\n              34.06168547205796\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.11138678966469,\n              34.3841704408905\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88042975841473,\n              34.3841704408905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a392de4b0c8380cd61825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Somerville, P.","contributorId":41158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somerville","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saikia, C.","contributorId":72142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saikia","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wald, D. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":37866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graves, R.","contributorId":86910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017692,"text":"70017692 - 1996 - Results of a detailed infill lake-sediment survey in the Snow Lake area: Evaluation and comparison of grab sample and short core data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017692","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1126,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Results of a detailed infill lake-sediment survey in the Snow Lake area: Evaluation and comparison of grab sample and short core data","docAbstract":"As part of the Exploration Science and Technology Initiative (EXTECH) program a detailed infill lake-sediment and water survey was undertaken in the Snow Lake area during the fall of 1991. This involved the collection of 346 lake sediment grab samples and concomitant waters. In 1993, additional work was undertaken involving the collection of 23 short cores from selected grab sample sites. The primary objectives of the infill survey and short core work were to: 1) evaluate the effectiveness of lake sediment geochemistry in detecting known mineralization in the Snow Lake area; 2) evaluate and develop new approaches in the use of lake sediment geochemistry; and, 3) define, if possible, new exploration targets. At most sites, data from the cores verify the original grab sample results. However, at a few sites the original anomalous grab sample results are interpreted as being related to contamination as opposed to naturally elevated levels. An unusually thick sequence of contaminated surface sediments with extremely high concentrations of trace metals is a likely contributing factor, a condition which is restricted to lakes in the immediate vicinity of local anthropogenic activity. Collection of lake cores provides a useful new approach to the follow-up of grab sample data and to the application of lake sediment geochemistry, particularly in areas with significant local contamination. Much of the known mineralization in the area is clearly reflected by the lake sediment data. Character of the anomalies mirror the composition of the nearby mineralization. The lake sediment data also identify a number of areas that warrant further investigation, several of which are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00687626","usgsCitation":"Friske, P., 1996, Results of a detailed infill lake-sediment survey in the Snow Lake area: Evaluation and comparison of grab sample and short core data: Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Canada, no. 426, p. 257-277.","startPage":"257","endPage":"277","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"426","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aab17e4b0c8380cd8668b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friske, P.W.B.","contributorId":18125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friske","given":"P.W.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018643,"text":"70018643 - 1996 - Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018643","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1423,"text":"Earth Observation Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska","docAbstract":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of the Westdahl, Veniaminof, and Novarupta volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc of Alaska were analysed to investigate recent surface volcanic processes. These studies support ongoing monitoring and research by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) in the North Pacific Ocean Region. Landforms and possible crustal deformation before, during, or after eruptions were detected and analysed using data from the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS), the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) and the US Seasat platforms. Field observations collected by scientists from the AVO were used to verify the results from the analysis of SAR data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Observation Quarterly","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0256596X","usgsCitation":"Dean, K., Engle, K., Lu, Z., Eichelberger, J., Near, T., and Doukas, M., 1996, Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska: Earth Observation Quarterly, no. 53, p. 21-23.","startPage":"21","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe88e4b08c986b329637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, K.G.","contributorId":64402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engle, K.","contributorId":10176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eichelberger, J.","contributorId":107442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichelberger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Near, T.","contributorId":55162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Near","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doukas, M.","contributorId":68900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018411,"text":"70018411 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:14:12","indexId":"70018411","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A series of downhole and surface water samples were taken from the 1‐km‐deep KP‐1 borehole located on the eastern flank of the island of Hawaii. Early samples from depths of more than 700 m showed salinities nearly equivalent to seawater but having anomalous cation concentrations that are attributed to ion exchange between formation fluids and residual drilling mud clays. Later deep samples found only minor variations from seawater cation chemistry that are consistent with low‐temperature weathering of basalts; δ<sup>18</sup>O values are equivalent to seawater values and are consistent with this interpretation. Carbon 14 activities of dissolved inorganic carbonate indicate a water age ranging from 5890 to 7170 years B.P. and fluid transport rates of 1.8 to 2.2 m/yr. Fluid samples from perforations at 310 m in the borehole demonstrate that a freshwater aquifer is present at the Mauna Kea/Mauna Loa interface; borehole resistivity logs indicate that it is ∼200 m thick. Although it has not yet been possible to obtain samples of the freshwater zone without contamination from the deep saline fluids, the chloride concentrations of the low‐salinity zone are estimated using a mixing enthalpy calculation to be less than 100 mg/L. Light stable isotope data indicate that the fresh water at 320 m is derived from recharge entering the island at an average elevation of 2000 m. Inferred<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C activities of the dissolved bicarbonate in the freshwater zone indicate an average calibrated age of 2200 years B.P. and an average fluid velocity of at least 14 m/yr. A regional water flow model is proposed that suggests that the fresh water found at the 320‐m depth is derived from rainfall recharge from the middle elevations of Mauna Kea volcano. This rainfall is channeled beneath the Mauna Loa lavas by the thick soil layer separating the two volcanoes. A second shallow fresh‐to‐brackish water zone, derived from Mauna Loa recharge, is also inferred to exist below the carbonate formation that underlies the shallow basal lens. The results of our preliminary study of the groundwater system below the KP‐1 drill site demonstrate that intervolcano and interflow aquicludes can have a substantial impact on water circulation and discharge from young island volcanoes.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95JB03845","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Thomas, D.M., Paillet, F.L., and Conrad, M., 1996, Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11683-11694, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03845.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"11683","endPage":"11694","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34a2e4b0c8380cd5f902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, D. M.","contributorId":8827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conrad, M.E.","contributorId":26088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018612,"text":"70018612 - 1996 - Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:01:06.435766","indexId":"70018612","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2429,"text":"Journal of Physics of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Near-source ground motions, teleseismic body waveforms, and geodetic displacements produced by the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake have been used to determine the spatial and temporal dislocation pattern on the faulting surfaces. A linear, least-squares approach was used to invert the data sets both independently and in unison in order to investigate the resolving power of each data set and to determine a model most consistent with all the available data. A two-fault model was used, with a single rupture plane representing faulting beneath Kobe and a second plane representing slip underneath Awaji Island. The total seismic moment is estimated to be 2.4×10</span><sup>19</sup><span>Nm (M</span><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;6.9), with rupture partitioned such that about 40% of the slip was relatively deep (5-20 km) and northeast of the epicenter toward Kobe, and about 60% was toward the southwest and shallower (mostly 0-10 km) beneath Awaji Island. Analysis of the slip model indicates that the ground motions recorded within the severely damaged region of Kobe originated from the region of relatively low slip (about 1 m) deep beneath Kobe and not from the shallow, higher slip regions (about 3 m) beneath Awaji Island. Although the slip was relatively low beneath Kobe, the combined effects of source rupture directivity, a short slip duration, and site amplification conspired to generate very damaging ground motions within the city.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Seismological Society of Japan, The Volcanological Society of Japan, The Geodetic Society of Japan","doi":"10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","issn":"00223743","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., 1996, Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data: Journal of Physics of the Earth, v. 44, no. 5, p. 489-503, https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9148e4b08c986b3197ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70187657,"text":"70187657 - 1996 - Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T16:14:29","indexId":"70187657","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset","docAbstract":"<p><span>Large datasets, such as the Global Land 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Data Set (Eidenshink and Faundeen 1994), require compression methods that provide efficient storage and quick access to portions of the data. A method of lossless compression is described that provides multiresolution decompression within geographic subwindows of multi-spectral, global, 1-km, AVHRR images. The compression algorithm segments each image into blocks and compresses each block in a hierarchical format. Users can access the data by specifying either a geographic subwindow or the whole image and a resolution (1,2,4, 8, or 16 km). The Global Land 1-km AVHRR data are presented in the Interrupted Goode's Homolosine map projection. These images contain masked regions for non-land areas which comprise 80 per cent of the image. A quadtree algorithm is used to compress the masked regions. The compressed region data are stored separately from the compressed land data. Results show that the masked regions compress to 0·143 per cent of the bytes they occupy in the test image and the land areas are compressed to 33·2 per cent of their original size. The entire image is compressed hierarchically to 6·72 per cent of the original image size, reducing the data from 9·05 gigabytes to 623 megabytes. These results are compared to the first order entropy of the residual image produced with lossless Joint Photographic Experts Group predictors. Compression results are also given for Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) and LZ77, the algorithms used by UNIX </span><i>compress</i><span> and GZIP respectively. In addition to providing multiresolution decompression of geographic subwindows of the data, the hierarchical approach and the use of quadtrees for storing the masked regions gives a marked improvement over these popular methods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431169608949121","usgsCitation":"Kess, B.L., Steinwand, D., and Reichenbach, S., 1996, Compression of the Global Land 1-km AVHRR dataset: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 17, no. 15, p. 2955-2969, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608949121.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2955","endPage":"2969","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341199,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-04-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kess, B. L.","contributorId":191985,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kess","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steinwand, D.R.","contributorId":84806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steinwand","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichenbach, S.E.","contributorId":113015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichenbach","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":27118,"text":"wri944181 - 1996 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Connecticut River basin, west-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T21:06:38.391798","indexId":"wri944181","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4181","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Connecticut River basin, west-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"A study was done by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, Water Resources Division, to describe the geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Middle Connecticut River Basin, west-central New Hampshire Stratified-drift aquifers discontinuously underlie 123 mi2 (square miles) of the Middle Connecticut River Basin, which has a total drainage area of 987 mi 2. Saturated thicknesses of stratified drift in the study area are locally greater than 500 feet but generally are less than 100 feet. Aquifer transmissivity locally exceeds 4,000 ft2/d (feet squared per day) but is generally less than 1,000 ft2/d. In only 17.2 mi2 of the study area are the aquifers identified as having a transmissivity greater than 1,000 ft2/d. As of 1990, total groundwater withdrawals from stratified drift for municipal supply were about 1.5 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in the study area. Many of the stratified-drift aquifers underlying the study area are not developed to their fullest potential.  The geohydrologic investigation of the stratified-drift aquifers focused on aquifer properties, including aquifer boundaries; recharge, discharge, and direction of ground-water flow; saturated thickness and storage; and transmissivity. Surficial-geologic mapping assisted in the determination of aquifer boundaries. Data from more than 1,000 wells, test borings, and springs were used to prepare maps of water-table altitude, saturated thickness, and transmissivity of stratified drift. More than 11 miles of seismic-refraction profiling at 95 sites was used in the preparation of the water-table-altitude and saturated-thickness maps. Seismic-reflection data collected along 1.6 miles of Mascoma Lake also were used in preparation of the saturated-thickness maps.  Four stratified-drift aquifers in the towns of Franconia, Haverhill, and Lisbon were analyzed to estimate the water availability on the basis of analytical ground-water model simulation based on the Theis confined-flow equation adjusted to account for boundary effects commonly associated with stratified-drift aquifers. Conservative estimates of water availability during a 180-day period of no recharge were estimated to be 1.9 Mgal/d for the Meadow Brook aquifer; 1.8 Mgal/d for the Ham Branch Brook aquifer; 1.5 Mgal/d for the Salmon Hole aquifer; and 1.4 Mgal/d for the Haverhill-French Pond aquifer. Water-availability estimates would be higher if periods of recharge were accounted for and if less conservative boundary conditions were used in the model.  Results of analysis of water samples from 26 observation wells, 3 municipal water-supply wells, and 1 public-supply spring show that, with the exception of dissolved iron and manganese in some samples, water in the stratified-drift aquifers generally meets the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's primary and secondary drinking-water standards.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944181","usgsCitation":"Flanagan, S.M., 1996, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Connecticut River basin, west-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4181, Report: vi, 224 p.; 8 Plates: 35.00 x 39.83 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944181.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 224 p.; 8 Plates: 35.00 x 39.83 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":415543,"rank":11,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48056.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":55979,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55977,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55975,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55982,"rank":10,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55981,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55980,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55978,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":55976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123612,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4181/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"middle Connecticut River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.3,\n              44.4578\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.35,\n              44.4578\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.35,\n              43.5222\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3,\n              43.5222\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.3,\n              44.4578\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flanagan, S. M.","contributorId":12523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flanagan","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017775,"text":"70017775 - 1996 - Extension across Tempe Terra, Mars, from measurements of fault scarp widths and deformed craters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-01T13:28:57.358214","indexId":"70017775","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extension across Tempe Terra, Mars, from measurements of fault scarp widths and deformed craters","docAbstract":"<p><span>Two independent methods, with no common assumptions, have been used to estimate the extension across the heavily deformed Tempe Terra province of the Tharsis region of Mars. One method uses measurements of normal fault scarp width with average scarp slope data for simple grabens and rifts on Mars to estimate the fault throw, which, combined with sparse fault dip data, can be used to estimate extension. Formal uncertainties in this method are only slightly greater than those in other methods, given that the total uncertainty is dominated by the likely uncertainty in the fault dip (assumed to be 60° ± 15°). Measurement of normal fault scarp widths along two N25°–50°W directed traverses across Tempe Terra both yield about 22 ± 16 km of extension (or ∼2% strain across the northern traverse and nearly 3% across the southern one). About three quarters of the extension has occurred during the two main phases of Tharsis-related deformation from Middle/Late Noachian to Early Hesperian and from Late Hesperian to Early Amazonian, with more extension closer to the center of Tharsis during the first phase. Extension across the region was also determined by measuring the elongation and elongation direction of all ancient Noachian impact craters without ejecta blankets, which predate most of the deformation. Results have been corrected for initial non circularity of craters, established from similar measurements of young (post deformation) impact craters, yielding a statistically significant mean strain of 1.96 ± 0.35% in a N38° ± 10°W direction across Tempe Terra (extension of ∼20 ± 4, comparable in magnitude and direction to the average result from the scarp measurement method). Both methods indicate an average extension for single normal fault scarps (and shortening across wrinkle ridges for the crater method) of ∼100 m. The agreement between the results of the two independent methods in overall extension and average single normal fault extension argues that the average scarp slope and fault dip data in the fault scarp width method accurately represent the actual extension across the observed structures. This conclusion supports existing geometric and kinematic models for structural features on Mars. A preliminary estimate of the total circumferential extension around Tharsis (at a radius of ∼2500 km) is roughly 60 ± 42 km; total hoop strain is about 0.4% distributed heterogeneously (Tempe Terra is the most highly strained region on Mars).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JE02709","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Golombek, M., Tanaka, K.L., and Franklin, B., 1996, Extension across Tempe Terra, Mars, from measurements of fault scarp widths and deformed craters: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E11, p. 26119-26130, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE02709.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"26119","endPage":"26130","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228772,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"101","issue":"E11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0e41e4b0c8380cd53384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Golombek, M.P.","contributorId":52696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golombek","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franklin, B.J.","contributorId":48358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70194939,"text":"70194939 - 1996 - Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70194939,"text":"70194939 - 1996 - Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","indexId":"70194939","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in <i>Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)</i>","title":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":27920,"text":"wri954015 - 1996 - Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings","indexId":"wri954015","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":27920,"text":"wri954015 - 1996 - Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings","indexId":"wri954015","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T18:16:03","indexId":"70194939","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"displayTitle":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in <i>Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)</i>","title":"Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","docAbstract":"<p>Disposal of low-level radioactive wastes has been a concern since the 1950's. These wastes commonly are buried in shallow trenches (Fischer, 1986, p. 2). Water infiltrating into the trenches is considered the principal process by which contaminants are transported away from the buried wastes, although gaseous transport in some areas may be important. Arid regions in the western United States have been suggested as places that could provide safe containment of the wastes, because little or no water would infiltrate into the trenches (Richardson, 1962), and because thick unsaturated zones would slow contaminant movement. Although burial in arid regions may greatly reduce the amount of water coming in contact with the waste and consequently may provide longterm containment, insufficient data are available on the effectiveness of burial in such regions. Of particular interest is the potential for contaminant movement, either as liquid or vapor, through unsaturated sediments to land surface or to underlying ground water.</p><p>Since 1962, low-level radioactive wastes have been buried at a disposal facility in the Amargosa Desert, about 17 km south of Beatty, Nevada (fig. 50). This facility is in one of the most arid regions of the United States. Annual precipitation at the disposal facility averaged 82 mm for 1985-92; the minimum was 14 mm, recorded for 1989 (Wood and Andraski, 1992, p. 12).</p><p>Investigations to determine the hydrogeology, water movement, and potential for contaminant movement at the facility began in 1976. Results from an initial study indicated that a potential exists for deep percolation of infiltrated water at the burial site (Nichols, 1987), assuming that the only water loss is by evaporation because the trenches are kept clear of vegetation. Results from a subsequent study of water movement beneath an undisturbed, vegetated site indicate that percolation of infiltrated water may be limited to the uppermost 9 m of sediments, on the basis of water potentials, subsurface temperatures, water content, and sodium chloride content of the sediments (Fischer, 1992, p. 1). One objective of a third study that began in 1987 is to determine how the typical procedure of burying wastes alters water movement and affects the potential for deep percolation of infiltrated water (Andraski, these proceedings). In addition to these studies, a fourth began in 1992 to determine the importance of vapor movement through the unsaturated zone.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to summarize the current understanding of water movement (as liquid and vapor) through the upper 13 m of unsaturated sediments beneath the undisturbed, vegetated site and to present plans for determining the importance of watervapor movement from land surface to the water table.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal","conferenceDate":" May 4-6, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., 1996, Water-vapor movement through unsaturated alluvium in Amargosa Desert near Beatty, Nevada - Current understanding and continuing studies: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015), 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"166","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350823,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350822,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4015/report.pdf#page=170","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a9e4b0a9a2e9dbe033","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stevens, Peter R.","contributorId":66239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726221,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Thomas J.","contributorId":77790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726222,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018486,"text":"70018486 - 1996 - Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T18:01:55.779258","indexId":"70018486","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Colorado Plateau is a large crustal block in the southwestern United States that has been raised intact nearly 2 km above sea level since Cretaceous marine sediments were deposited on its surface. Controversy exists concerning the thickness of the plateau crust and the source of its buoyancy. Interpretations of seismic data collected on the plateau vary as to whether the crust is closer to 40 or 50 km thick. A thick crust could support the observed topography of the Colorado Plateau isostatically, while a thinner crust would indicate the presence of an underlying low-density mantle. This paper reports results on long-offset seismic data collected during the 1989 segment of the U.S. Geological Survey Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment that extended from the Transition Zone into the Colorado Plateau in northwest Arizona. We apply two new methods to analyze long-offset data that employ finite difference travel time calculations: (1) a first-arrival time inverter to find upper crustal velocity structure and (2) a forward-modeling technique that allows the direct use of the inverted upper crustal solution in modeling secondary reflected arrivals. We find that the crustal thickness increases from 30 km beneath the metamorphic core complexes in the southern Basin and Range province to about 42 km beneath the northern Transition Zone and southern Colorado Plateau margin. We observe some crustal thinning (to ∼37 km thick) and slightly higher lower crustal velocities farther inboard; beneath the Kaibab uplift on the north rim of the Grand Canyon the crust thickens to a maximum of 48 km. We observe a nonuniform crustal thickness beneath the Colorado Plateau that varies by ∼15% and corresponds approximately to variations in topography with the thickest crust underlying the highest elevations. Crustal compositions (as inferred from seismic velocities) appear to be the same beneath the Colorado Plateau as those in the Basin and Range province to the southwest, implying that the plateau crust represents an unextended version of the Basin and Range. Some of the variability in crustal structure appears to correspond to preserved lithospheric discontinuities that date back to the Proterozoic Era.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03742","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., McCarthy, J., Kohler, W., Ammon, C., Benz, H., Hole, J., and Criley, E., 1996, Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11173-11194, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03742.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"11173","endPage":"11194","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227648,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcede4b0c8380cd4e50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ammon, C.J.","contributorId":28389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammon","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Criley, E.E.","contributorId":79498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70018455,"text":"70018455 - 1996 - The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:24:37.200255","indexId":"70018455","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Information from seismic-reflection profiles, outcrops, boreholes, and potential field surveys is used to interpret the structure and history of the southern Whidbey Island fault in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. This northwest-trending fault comprises a broad (as wide as 6–11 km), steep, northeast-dipping zone that includes several splays with inferred strike-slip, reverse, and thrust displacement. Transpressional deformation along the southern Whidbey Island fault is indicated by along-strike variations in structural style and geometry, positive flower structure, local unconformities, out-of-plane displacements, and juxtaposition of correlative sedimentary units with different histories.</p><p>The southern Whidbey Island fault represents a segment of a boundary between two major crustal blocks. The Cascade block to the northeast is floored by diverse assemblages of pre-Tertiary rocks; the Coast Range block to the southwest is floored by lower Eocene marine basaltic rocks of the Crescent Formation. The fault probably originated during the early Eocene as a dextral strike-slip fault along the eastern side of a continental-margin rift. Bending of the fault and transpressional deformation began during the late middle Eocene and continues to the present. Oblique convergence and clockwise rotation along the continental margin are the inferred driving forces for ongoing deformation.</p><p>Evidence for Quaternary movement on the southern Whidbey Island fault includes (1) offset and disrupted upper Quaternary strata imaged on seismic-reflection profiles; (2) borehole data that suggests as much as 420 m of structural relief on the Tertiary-Quaternary boundary in the fault zone; (3) several meters of displacement along exposed faults in upper Quaternary sediments; (4) late Quaternary folds with limb dips of as much as ≈9°; (5) large-scale liquefaction features in upper Quaternary sediments within the fault zone; and (6) minor historical seismicity. The southern Whidbey Island fault should be considered capable of generating large earthquakes (M<sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≥7) and represents a potential seismic hazard to residents of the Puget Lowland.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0334:TSWIFA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Potter, C., Armentrout, J., Miller, J.J., Finn, C.A., and Weaver, C., 1996, The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 3, p. 334-354, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0334:TSWIFA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Southern Whidbey Island Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.06525828676914,\n              48.43268440330638\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06525828676914,\n              47.816407388473664\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18715952639644,\n              47.816407388473664\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18715952639644,\n              48.43268440330638\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06525828676914,\n              48.43268440330638\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb053e4b08c986b324dae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, C. J. 0000-0002-2300-6670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":89925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armentrout, J.M.","contributorId":16176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armentrout","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018404,"text":"70018404 - 1996 - A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T07:55:59","indexId":"70018404","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","docAbstract":"Quantitative analysis of geophysical logs in ground-water studies often involves at least as broad a range of applications and variation in lithology as is typically encountered in petroleum exploration, making such logs difficult to calibrate and complicating inversion problem formulation. At the same time, data inversion and analysis depend on inversion model formulation and refinement, so that log interpretation cannot be deferred to a geophysical log specialist unless active involvement with interpretation can be maintained by such an expert over the lifetime of the project. We propose a generalized log-interpretation procedure designed to guide hydrogeologists in the interpretation of geophysical logs, and in the integration of log data into ground-water models that may be systematically refined and improved in an iterative way. The procedure is designed to maximize the effective use of three primary contributions from geophysical logs: (1) The continuous depth scale of the measurements along the well bore; (2) The in situ measurement of lithologic properties and the correlation with hydraulic properties of the formations over a finite sample volume; and (3) Multiple independent measurements that can potentially be inverted for multiple physical or hydraulic properties of interest. The approach is formulated in the context of geophysical inversion theory, and is designed to be interfaced with surface geophysical soundings and conventional hydraulic testing. The step-by-step procedures given in our generalized interpretation and inversion technique are based on both qualitative analysis designed to assist formulation of the interpretation model, and quantitative analysis used to assign numerical values to model parameters. The approach bases a decision as to whether quantitative inversion is statistically warranted by formulating an over-determined inversion. If no such inversion is consistent with the inversion model, quantitative inversion is judged not possible with the given data set. Additional statistical criteria such as the statistical significance of regressions are used to guide the subsequent calibration of geophysical data in terms of hydraulic variables in those situations where quantitative data inversion is considered appropriate.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Crowder, R., 1996, A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 5, p. 883-898, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"898","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2dfe4b0c8380cd45cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowder, R.E.","contributorId":80836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018574,"text":"70018574 - 1996 - Estimation of the potential for atrazine transport in a silt loam soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T16:57:00.061972","indexId":"70018574","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of the potential for atrazine transport in a silt loam soil","docAbstract":"<p><span>The transport potential of the herbicide atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethyl-6-isopropyl-</span><i>s</i><span>-triazine) through a 1-meter-thick root zone of corn (</span><i>Zea mays</i><span>&nbsp;L.) in a silty-loam soil in Kansas was estimated for a 22-year period (1972-93) using the one-dimensional water-flow and solute-transport model LEACHM. Results demonstrate that, for this soil, atrazine transport is directly related to the amount and timing of rain that follows spring applications of atrazine. Two other critical transport factors were important in wet years — [1] variability in atrazine application rate, and [2] atrazine degradation rates below the root zone. Results demonstrate that the coincidence of heavy rain soon after atrazine application can cause herbicide to move below the rooting zone into depths at which biodegradation rates are assumed to be low but are often unknown. Atrazine that reaches below the rooting zone and persists in the underlying soil can subsequently be transported into ground water as soil water drains, typically after the growing season. A frequency analysis of atrazine concentrations in subsurface drainage, combined with field data, demonstrates the relative importance of critical transport factors and confirms a need for definitive estimates of atrazine-degradation rates below the root zone. The analysis indicates that periodic leaching of atrazine can be expected for this soil when rainfall that exceeds 20 cm/mo coincides with atrazine presence in soil.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch009","usgsCitation":"Eckhardt, D.A., and Wagenet, R.J., 1996, Estimation of the potential for atrazine transport in a silt loam soil: ACS Symposium Series, v. 630, p. 101-116, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch009.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"116","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"630","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bb5e4b0c8380cd52837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eckhardt, D. A. V.","contributorId":31127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eckhardt","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A. V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagenet, R. J.","contributorId":55584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagenet","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018571,"text":"70018571 - 1996 - Locating VOC contamination in a fractured-rock aquifer at the ground-water/surface-water interface using passive vapor collectors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T01:21:17.075693","indexId":"70018571","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Locating VOC contamination in a fractured-rock aquifer at the ground-water/surface-water interface using passive vapor collectors","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-group \"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Chlorinated organic solvents introduced to unlined lagoons at an industrial waste-water treatment plant in the Inner Piedmont of South Carolina resulted in ground-water contamination of a fractured-rock aquifer. Part of the ground-water contamination discharges to Little Rocky Creek, downgradient from the waste-water treatment plant. Passive vapor collectors were buried in the bottom sediment of the creek to locate areas where ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds was discharging to the creek. High concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were found in passive vapor collectors in an area where VOCs were known to be discharging from ground water to surface water. This area was also a site where very low frequency electromagnetic anomalies (interpreted as fracture zones) intersected the creek or converged near the creek. The data show that passive vapor collectors in bottom sediment of Little Rocky Creek provided information on the location of fractures that were discharging contaminated ground water to surface water.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01882.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Rhodes, L., Robertson, J., and Harrigan, J., 1996, Locating VOC contamination in a fractured-rock aquifer at the ground-water/surface-water interface using passive vapor collectors: Groundwater, v. 34, no. 2, p. 223-230, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01882.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227653,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a48fce4b0c8380cd682a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhodes, L.C.","contributorId":43925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhodes","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robertson, J. F.","contributorId":11194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robertson","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harrigan, J.A.","contributorId":33072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrigan","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018512,"text":"70018512 - 1996 - Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:53:45","indexId":"70018512","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion","docAbstract":"Much of our knowledge of the worldwide distribution of submarine gas hydrates comes from seismic observations of Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Full waveform inversion has proven to be a reliable technique for studying the fine structure of BSRs using the compressional wave velocity. We applied a non-linear full waveform inversion technique to a BSR at a location offshore Peru. We first determined the large-scale features of seismic velocity variations using a statistical inversion technique to maximise coherent energy along travel-time curves. These velocities were used for a starting velocity model for the full waveform inversion, which yielded a detailed velocity/depth model in the vicinity of the BSR. We found that the data are best fit by a model in which the BSR consists of a thin, low-velocity layer. The compressional wave velocity drops from 2.15 km/s down to an average of 1.70 km/s in an 18m thick interval, with a minimum velocity of 1.62 km/s in a 6 m interval. The resulting compressional wave velocity was used to estimate gas content in the sediments. Our results suggest that the low velocity layer is a 6-18 m thick zone containing a few percent of free gas in the pore space. The presence of the BSR coincides with a region of vertical uplift. Therefore, we suggest that gas at this BSR is formed by a dissociation of hydrates at the base of the hydrate stability zone due to uplift and subsequently a decrease in pressure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pecher, I., Minshull, T., Singh, S., and von Huene, R.E., 1996, Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 139, no. 3-4, p. 459-469, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5.","startPage":"459","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5"}],"volume":"139","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1fce4b08c986b32a87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minshull, T.A.","contributorId":75815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshull","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, S.C.","contributorId":106380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}