Post-fledging dispersal and site fidelity are poorly understood, particularly for sea ducks that spend the majority of their annual cycle at sea. This is the first description of movements and their timing for first-year (juvenile) and second-year (subadult) King Eiders Somateria spectabilis in relation to their attendant females. We fitted satellite transmitters that operated for 2 years to 63 hatch-year birds and 17 attendant females at breeding areas in northern Alaska in 2006–2009. Our goals were to describe the spatio-temporal distribution of pre-breeding individuals and adult females that had been successful breeders. We also examined fidelity to wing moulting and wintering areas as well as natal philopatry. Juveniles did not appear to follow attendant adults, although they did winter in the same three general wintering areas, suggesting that genetic inheritance and social factors may have roles in the initial migration from the breeding area. Additionally, juveniles were more variable in the timing and duration of migration, moved longer distances during the winter, and were less faithful to moulting and wintering areas than adults, indicating that individual exploration and acquired navigational memory played a role in subsequent migrations. Most (75%) subadult females returned to natal areas, probably prospecting for future nesting sites, whereas subadult males were widely dispersed at sea. Timing and duration of moult migration and wing moult of adult females that were presumed to be successful breeders differed from those of unsuccessful breeders due to the extended time that the former spent on the breeding grounds. Temporal and spatial segregation of post-fledging King Eiders from adults has direct management implications in terms of resource development and population dynamics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/ibi.12217","usgsCitation":"Bentzen, R., and Powell, A.N., 2015, Dispersal, movements and site fidelity of post-fledging King Eiders Somateria spectabilis and their attendant females: Ibis, v. 157, no. 1, p. 133-146, https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12217.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"146","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037664","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323516,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"157","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-11-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575fd92ce4b04f417c2baa0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bentzen, Rebecca L.","contributorId":62070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bentzen","given":"Rebecca L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Powell, Abby N. 0000-0002-9783-134X abby_powell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9783-134X","contributorId":171426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"Abby","email":"abby_powell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70138628,"text":"70138628 - 2015 - Getting out of harm's way - evacuation from tsunamis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-08T09:28:56","indexId":"70138628","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3431,"text":"Sound Waves: Coastal science and research news from across the USGS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Getting out of harm's way - evacuation from tsunamis","docAbstract":"Scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have developed a new mapping tool, the Pedestrian Evacuation Analyst, for use by researchers and emergency managers to estimate how long it would take for someone to travel on foot out of a tsunami-hazard zone. The ArcGIS software extension, released in September 2014, allows the user to create maps showing travel times out of hazard zones and to determine the number of people that may or may not have enough time to evacuate. The maps take into account the elevation changes and the different types of land cover that a person would encounter along the way.
\nMaps of travel time can be used by emergency managers and community planners to identify where to focus evacuation training and tsunami education. The tool can also be used to examine the potential benefits of vertical-evacuation structures, which are buildings or berms designed to provide a local high ground in low-lying areas of the hazard zone.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Jones, J.M., Wood, N.J., and Gordon, L.C., 2015, Getting out of harm's way - evacuation from tsunamis: Sound Waves: Coastal science and research news from across the USGS, v. 2015, no. Jan/Feb, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-062204","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":309758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":309757,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2015/02/outreach2.html"}],"volume":"2015","issue":"Jan/Feb","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"561793b5e4b0cdb063e3fb3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Jeanne M. 0000-0001-7549-9270 jmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7549-9270","contributorId":4676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Jeanne","email":"jmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Nathan J. 0000-0002-6060-9729 nwood@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6060-9729","contributorId":3347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Nathan","email":"nwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":538878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gordon, Leslie C. lgordon@usgs.gov","contributorId":4872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gordon","given":"Leslie","email":"lgordon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5072,"text":"Office of Communication and Publishing","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70171569,"text":"70171569 - 2015 - Micrometer-scale U–Pb age domains in eucrite zircons, impact re-setting, and the thermal history of the HED parent body","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T10:12:41","indexId":"70171569","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Micrometer-scale U–Pb age domains in eucrite zircons, impact re-setting, and the thermal history of the HED parent body","docAbstract":"Meteoritic zircons are rare, but some are documented to occur in asteroidal meteorites, including those of the howardite–eucrite–diogenite (HED) achondrite clan (Rubin, A. [1997]. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, 231–247). The HEDs are widely considered to originate from the Asteroid 4 Vesta. Vesta and the other large main belt asteroids record an early bombardment history. To explore this record, we describe sub-micrometer distributions of trace elements (U, Th) and 235,238U–207,206Pb ages from four zircons (>7–40 μm ∅) separated from bulk samples of the brecciated eucrite Millbillillie. Ultra-high resolution (∼100 nm) ion microprobe depth profiles reveal different zircon age domains correlative to mineral chemistry and to possible impact scenarios. Our new U–Pb zircon geochronology shows that Vesta’s crust solidified within a few million years of Solar System formation (4561 ± 13 Ma), in good agreement with previous work (e.g. Carlson, R.W., Lugmair, G.W. [2000]. Timescales of planetesimal formation and differentiation based on extinct and extant radioisotopes. In: Canup, R., Righter, K. (Eds.), Origin of the Earth and Moon. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 25–44). Younger zircon age domains (ca. 4530 Ma) also record crustal processes, but these are interpreted to be exogenous because they are well after the effective extinction of 26Al (t1/2 = 0.72 Myr). An origin via impact-resetting was evaluated with a suite of analytical impact models. Output shows that if a single impactor was responsible for the ca. 4530 Ma zircon ages, it had to have been ⩾10 km in diameter and at high enough velocity (>5 km s−1) to account for the thermal field required to re-set U–Pb ages. Such an impact would have penetrated at least 10 km into Vesta’s crust. Later events at ca. 4200 Ma are documented in HED apatite 235,238U–207,206Pb ages (Zhou, Q. et al. [2011]. Early basaltic volcanism and Late Heavy Bombardment on Vesta: U–Pb ages of small zircons and phosphates in eucrites. Lunar Planet. Sci. 42. Abstract #2575) and 40–39Ar age spectra (Bogard, D.D. [2011]. Chem. Erde 71, 207–226). Yet younger ages, including those coincident with the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB; ca. 3900 Ma), are absent from Millbillillie zircon. This is attributable to primordial changes to the velocity distributions of impactors in the asteroid belt, and differences in mineral closure temperatures (Tc zircon ≫ apatite).
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.025","usgsCitation":"Hopkins, M., Mojzsis, S., Bottke, W., and Abramov, O., 2015, Micrometer-scale U–Pb age domains in eucrite zircons, impact re-setting, and the thermal history of the HED parent body: Icarus, v. 245, p. 367-378, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.025.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"378","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042684","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322188,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"245","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eb4e4b023b96ec28473","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hopkins, M.D.","contributorId":170051,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopkins","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12481,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mojzsis, S.J.","contributorId":170052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mojzsis","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[{"id":12481,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bottke, W.F.","contributorId":170053,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bottke","given":"W.F.","affiliations":[{"id":25663,"text":"Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colo.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abramov, Oleg oabramov@usgs.gov","contributorId":604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abramov","given":"Oleg","email":"oabramov@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70192722,"text":"70192722 - 2015 - Biodiversity influences plant productivity through niche–efficiency","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T13:45:31","indexId":"70192722","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biodiversity influences plant productivity through niche–efficiency","docAbstract":"The loss of biodiversity is threatening ecosystem productivity and services worldwide, spurring efforts to quantify its effects on the functioning of natural ecosystems. Previous research has focused on the positive role of biodiversity on resource acquisition (i.e., niche complementarity), but a lack of study on resource utilization efficiency, a link between resource and productivity, has rendered it difficult to quantify the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. Here we demonstrate that biodiversity loss reduces plant productivity, other things held constant, through theory, empirical evidence, and simulations under gradually relaxed assumptions. We developed a theoretical model named niche–efficiency to integrate niche complementarity and a heretofore-ignored mechanism of diminishing marginal productivity in quantifying the effects of biodiversity loss on plant productivity. Based on niche–efficiency, we created a relative productivity metric and a productivity impact index (PII) to assist in biological conservation and resource management. Relative productivity provides a standardized measure of the influence of biodiversity on individual productivity, and PII is a functionally based taxonomic index to assess individual species’ inherent value in maintaining current ecosystem productivity. Empirical evidence from the Alaska boreal forest suggests that every 1% reduction in overall plant diversity could render an average of 0.23% decline in individual tree productivity. Out of the 283 plant species of the region, we found that large woody plants generally have greater PII values than other species. This theoretical model would facilitate the integration of biological conservation in the international campaign against several pressing global issues involving energy use, climate change, and poverty.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1409853112","usgsCitation":"Liang, J., Zhou, M., Tobin, P.C., McGuire, A.D., and Reich, P., 2015, Biodiversity influences plant productivity through niche–efficiency: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 112, no. 18, p. 5738-5743, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409853112.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"5738","endPage":"5743","ipdsId":"IP-049472","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472444,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409853112","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":348464,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"18","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-04-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a0425c4e4b0dc0b45b4540f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liang, Jingjing","contributorId":189197,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Liang","given":"Jingjing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhou, Mo","contributorId":189200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Mo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tobin, Patrick C.","contributorId":200172,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tobin","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McGuire, A. David 0000-0003-4646-0750 ffadm@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4646-0750","contributorId":166708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A.","email":"ffadm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":716773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reich, Peter B.","contributorId":75835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reich","given":"Peter B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70144605,"text":"70144605 - 2015 - Evaluating nurse plants for restoring native woody species to degraded subtropical woodlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:49:06","indexId":"70144605","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating nurse plants for restoring native woody species to degraded subtropical woodlands","docAbstract":"Harsh habitats dominated by invasive species are difficult to restore. Invasive grasses in arid environments slow succession toward more desired composition, yet grass removal exacerbates high light and temperature, making the use of “nurse plants” an appealing strategy. In this study of degraded subtropical woodlands dominated by alien grasses in Hawai'i, we evaluated whether individuals of two native (Dodonaea viscosa, Leptocophylla tameiameia) and one non-native (Morella faya) woody species (1) act as natural nodes of recruitment for native woody species and (2) can be used to enhance survivorship of outplanted native woody species. To address these questions, we quantified the presence and persistence of seedlings naturally recruiting beneath adult nurse shrubs and compared survival and growth of experimentally outplanted seedlings of seven native woody species under the nurse species compared to intact and cleared alien-grass plots. We found that the two native nurse shrubs recruit their own offspring, but do not act as establishment nodes for other species. Morella faya recruited even fewer seedlings than native shrubs. Thus, outplanting will be necessary to increase abundance and diversity of native woody species. Outplant survival was the highest under shrubs compared to away from them with few differences between nurse species. The worst habitat for native seedling survival and growth was within the unmanaged invasive grass matrix. Although the two native nurse species did not differentially affect outplant survival, D. viscosa is the most widespread and easily propagated and is thus more likely to be useful as an initial nurse species. The outplanted species showed variable responses to nurse habitats that we attribute to resource requirements resulting from their typical successional stage and nitrogen fixation capability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1294","usgsCitation":"Yelenik, S.G., DiManno, N., and D’Antonio, C.M., 2015, Evaluating nurse plants for restoring native woody species to degraded subtropical woodlands: Ecology and Evolution, v. 5, no. 2, p. 300-313, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1294.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"300","endPage":"313","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060038","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1294","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":299194,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.6927490234375,\n 19.028366797457245\n ],\n [\n -155.6927490234375,\n 19.537789922238208\n ],\n [\n -155.04867553710938,\n 19.537789922238208\n ],\n [\n -155.04867553710938,\n 19.028366797457245\n ],\n [\n -155.6927490234375,\n 19.028366797457245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551bc52be4b0323842783a45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yelenik, Stephanie G. 0000-0002-9011-0769 syelenik@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-0769","contributorId":5251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yelenik","given":"Stephanie","email":"syelenik@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":543749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DiManno, Nicole","contributorId":140013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"DiManno","given":"Nicole","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13357,"text":"Hawaiʻi Cooperative Studies Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Antonio, Carla M.","contributorId":140014,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Antonio","given":"Carla","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13358,"text":"Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":543751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70155117,"text":"70155117 - 2015 - An integrated approach to conjunctive-use analysis with the one-water hydrologic flow model, MODFLOW-OWHM","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-17T12:11:59","indexId":"70155117","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An integrated approach to conjunctive-use analysis with the one-water hydrologic flow model, MODFLOW-OWHM","docAbstract":"The MODFLOW-2005 (MF) family of hydrologic simulators has diverged into multiple versions designed for specific needs, thus limiting their use to their respective designs. The One-Water Hydrologic Flow Model (MF-OWHM v1.0) is an integrated hydrologic flow model that is an enhanced fusion of multiple MF versions. While maintaining compatibility with existing MF versions, MF-OWHM includes: linkages for coupled heads, flows, and deformation; facilitation of self-updating models, additional observation and parameter options for higher-order calibrations; and redesigned code for faster simulations. This first release of MF-OWHM incorporates MODFLOW-2005 and the Farm Process (MF-FMP2), with new features (FMP3), combined with Local Grid Refinement (MF-LGR), Streamflow Routing (SFR), Surfacewater Routing Process (SWR), Seawater Intrusion (SWI), Riparian Evapotranspiration (RIP-ET), the Newton Formulation (MF-NWT), and more. MF-OWHM represents a complete integrated hydrologic model that fully links the movement and use of groundwater, surface water, and imported water for consumption by agriculture and natural vegetation on the landscape, and for potable and other uses. By retaining and keeping track of the water during simulation of the hydrosphere, MF-OWHM accounts for “all of the water everywhere and all of the time.” This provides the foundation needed to address integrated hydrologic problems such as evaluation of conjunctive-use alternatives and sustainability analysis, including potential adaptation and mitigation strategies, and best management practices.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: MODFLOW and more 2015: Modeling a complex world","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"MODFLOW and More 2015: Modeling a Complex World","conferenceDate":"May 31 - June 3, 2015","conferenceLocation":"Golden, CO","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado School of Mines","usgsCitation":"Boyce, S.E., and Hanson, R.T., 2015, An integrated approach to conjunctive-use analysis with the one-water hydrologic flow model, MODFLOW-OWHM, in Proceedings: MODFLOW and more 2015: Modeling a complex world, Golden, CO, May 31 - June 3, 2015, p. 6-10.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"10","ipdsId":"IP-064540","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341437,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341445,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://igwmc.mines.edu/conference/modflow2015.html"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"593e26ede4b0764e6c61b765","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyce, Scott E. 0000-0003-0626-9492 seboyce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-9492","contributorId":4766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyce","given":"Scott","email":"seboyce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T. 0000-0002-9819-7141 rthanson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9819-7141","contributorId":801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall","email":"rthanson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193124,"text":"70193124 - 2015 - Groundwater conditions in Utah, spring of 2015","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-22T09:35:44","indexId":"70193124","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":110,"text":"Cooperative Investigations Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"56","title":"Groundwater conditions in Utah, spring of 2015","docAbstract":"This is the fifty-second in a series of annual reports that describe groundwater conditions in Utah. Reports in this series, published cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality, provide data to enable interested parties to maintain awareness of changing groundwater conditions.
This report, like the others in the series, contains information on well construction, groundwater withdrawals from wells, water-level changes, precipitation, streamflow, and chemical quality of water. Information on well construction included in this report refers only to new wells constructed for withdrawal of groundwater. Supplementary data are included in reports of this series only for those years or areas that are important to a discussion of changing groundwater conditions and for which applicable data are available.
This report includes individual discussions of selected significant areas of groundwater development in the State for calendar year 2014. Most of the reported data were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights, and the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Water Quality. This report is also available online at http://www.waterrights.utah.gov/techinfo/ and http://ut.water.usgs.gov/publications/GW2015.pdf. Groundwater conditions in Utah for calendar year 2013 are reported in Burden and others (2014) and are available online at http://ut.water.usgs.gov/publications/GW2014.pdf.
The water-level change maps in this report show the difference between water levels measured in the same well at two distinct times: in the spring of 1985 and the spring of 2015. Throughout the state, many groundwater levels were near their peak in or around 1985 following a multiple-year period of above average precipitation in the early 1980s. Conversely, consecutive years of significant drought have contributed to low groundwater levels in 2015. For these reasons, the difference between 1985 and 2015 groundwater levels may not accurately portray long-term changes in an aquifer. An evaluation of water-level trends should also include consideration of the annual water-level measurement plots provided for each of the major areas of groundwater development in this report.
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\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fec8e4b06e28e9c2535d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burden, Carole B. cburden@usgs.gov","contributorId":852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burden","given":"Carole","email":"cburden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193301,"text":"70193301 - 2015 - Copper toxicity and organic matter: Resiliency of watersheds in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-14T11:20:21","indexId":"70193301","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Copper toxicity and organic matter: Resiliency of watersheds in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"We estimated copper (Cu) toxicity in surface water with high dissolved organic matter (DOM) for unmined mineralized watersheds of the Duluth Complex using the Biotic Ligand Model (BLM), which evaluates the effect of DOM, cation competition for biologic binding sites, and metal speciation. A sediment-based BLM was used to estimate stream-sediment toxicity; this approach factors in the cumulative effects of multiple metals, incorporation of metals into less bioavailable sulfides, and complexation of metals with organic carbon.
For surface water, the formation of Cu-DOM complexes significantly reduces the amount of Cu available to aquatic organisms. The protective effects of cations, such as calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), competing with Cu to complex with the biotic ligand is likely not as important as DOM in water with high DOM and low hardness. Standard hardness-based water quality criteria (WQC) are probably inadequate for describing Cu toxicity in such waters and a BLM approach may yield more accurate results. Nevertheless, assumptions about relative proportions of humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) in DOM significantly influence BLM results; the higher the HA fraction, the higher calculated resiliency of the water to Cu toxicity. Another important factor is seasonal variation in water chemistry, with greater resiliency to Cu toxicity during low flow compared to high flow.
Based on generally low total organic carbon and sulfur content, and equivalent metal ratios from total and weak partial extractions, much of the total metal concentration in clastic streambedsediments may be in bioavailable forms, sorbed on clays or hydroxide phases. However, organicrich fine-grained sediment in the numerous wetlands may sequester significant amount of metals, limiting their bioavailability. A high proportion of organic matter in waters and some sediments will play a key role in the resiliency of these watersheds to potential additional metal loads associated with future mining operations.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage and IMWA Annual Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"International Mine Water Association","usgsCitation":"Piatak, N.M., Seal, R.R., Jones, P.M., and Woodruff, L.G., 2015, Copper toxicity and organic matter: Resiliency of watersheds in the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA, in Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage and IMWA Annual Conference, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-059790","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351595,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":347876,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.imwa.info/imwaconferencesandcongresses/proceedings/293-proceedings-2015.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.22610473632811,\n 47.46059403884124\n ],\n [\n -91.58752441406249,\n 47.46059403884124\n ],\n [\n -91.58752441406249,\n 47.92830585913796\n ],\n [\n -92.22610473632811,\n 47.92830585913796\n ],\n [\n -92.22610473632811,\n 47.46059403884124\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afeebeee4b0da30c1bfc69c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatak, Nadine M. 0000-0002-1973-8537 npiatak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1973-8537","contributorId":193010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatak","given":"Nadine","email":"npiatak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, Robert R. 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":193011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"Robert","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":250,"text":"Eastern Water Science Field Team","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, Perry M. 0000-0002-6569-5144 pmjones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6569-5144","contributorId":2231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Perry","email":"pmjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193473,"text":"70193473 - 2015 - Continuous monitoring of meteorological conditions and movement of a deep-seated, persistently moving rockslide along Interstate Route 79 near Pittsburgh","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-11T13:38:27","indexId":"70193473","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3029,"text":"Pennsylvania Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Continuous monitoring of meteorological conditions and movement of a deep-seated, persistently moving rockslide along Interstate Route 79 near Pittsburgh","docAbstract":"Rapid land subsidence was recently measured using multiple methods in two areas of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV): between Merced and Fresno (El Nido), and between Fresno and Bakersfield (Pixley). Recent land-use changes and diminished surface-water availability have led to increased groundwater pumping, groundwater-level declines, and land subsidence. Differential land subsidence has reduced the flow capacity of water-conveyance systems in these areas, exacerbating flood hazards and affecting the delivery of irrigation water.
Vertical land-surface changes during 2007–2014 were determined by using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS), and extensometer data. Results of the InSAR analysis indicate that about 7600 km2 subsided 50–540 mm during 2008–2010; CGPS and extensometer data indicate that these rates continued or accelerated through December 2014. The maximum InSAR-measured rate of 270 mm yr−1 occurred in the El Nido area, and is among the largest rates ever measured in the SJV. In the Pixley area, the maximum InSAR-measured rate during 2008–2010 was 90 mm yr−1. Groundwater was an important part of the water supply in both areas, and pumping increased when land use changed or when surface water was less available. This increased pumping caused groundwater-level declines to near or below historical lows during the drought periods 2007–2009 and 2012–present.
Long-term groundwater-level and land-subsidence monitoring in the SJV is critical for understanding the interconnection of land use, groundwater levels, and subsidence, and evaluating management strategies that help mitigate subsidence hazards to infrastructure while optimizing water supplies.
The term “rangeland” is rather nebulous, and there is no single definition of rangeland that is universally accepted by land managers, scientists, or international bodies (Lund, 2007; Reeves and Mitchell, 2011). Dozens and possibly hundreds (Lund, 2007) of definitions and ideologies exist because various stakeholders often have unique objectives requiring different information. For the purpose of describing the role of remote sensing in a global context, it is, however, necessary to provide definitions to orient the reader. The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations convened a conference in 2002 and again in 2013 to begin addressing the issue of harmonizing definitions of forest- related activities. Based on this concept, here rangelands are considered lands usually dominated by nonforest vegetation. The Society for Range Management defines rangelands as (SRM, 1998)
Land on which the indigenous vegetation (climax or natural potential) is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs and is managed as a natural ecosystem. If plants are introduced, they are managed similarly. Rangelands include natural grasslands, savannas, shrublands, many deserts, tundra, alpine communities, marshes, and wet meadows.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote sensing handbook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","usgsCitation":"Reeves, M., Washington-Allen, R.A., Angerer, J., Hunt, E.R., Wasantha Kulawardhana, R., Kumar, L., Loboda, T., Loveland, T., Metternicht, G., and Ramsey, R.D., 2015, Global view of remote sensing of rangelands: Evolution, applications, future pathways, chap. 10 of Remote sensing handbook, v. 2, p. 237-275.","productDescription":"39 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"275","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056556","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325008,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.1201/b19322-13/global-view-remote-sensing-rangelands-evolution-applications-future-pathways-matthew-reeves-robert-washington-allen-jay-angerer-raymond-hunt-jr-ranjani-wasantha-kulawardhana-lalit-kumar-tatiana-loboda-thomas-loveland-graciela-metternicht-douglas-ramsey?context=ubx&refId=530aa9f9-5624-48f3-b33e-01f0265858dd","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":325009,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c33be4b0e02680be593b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Thenkabail, Prasad S. 0000-0002-2182-8822 pthenkabail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2182-8822","contributorId":570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenkabail","given":"Prasad","email":"pthenkabail@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642111,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Reeves, Matthew","contributorId":95437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reeves","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Washington-Allen, Robert A.","contributorId":172793,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Washington-Allen","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angerer, Jay","contributorId":172794,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Angerer","given":"Jay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunt, E. 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DI events consist of transient, days-long deflations and subsequent reinflations of the summit region, accompanied since 2008 by fluctuations in the surface height of Kīlauea's summit lava lake. After a delay of minutes to hours, these events also often appear along the volcano's East Rift Zone in ground deformation data and as temporary reductions in eruption rate (sometimes followed by brief surges). Notable pauses in DI activity have preceded many eruptive events at Kīlauea. We analyzed more than 500 DI events recorded by borehole tiltmeters at the summit during 2000–2013. Inverse modeling suggests that DI-related ground deformation at the summit is generated by pressure transients in a shallow magma reservoir located beneath the east margin of Halema‘uma‘u Crater and that this reservoir has remained remarkably stable for more than a decade. Utilizing tilt data and variation in the level of the summit lava lake during a large DI event, we estimate a reservoir volume of approximately 1 km3 (0.2–5.5 km3 at 95% confidence).
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaiian volcanoes: From source to surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"AGU Chapman Conference","conferenceDate":"August 20-24, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Waikoloa, Hawai'i","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union; John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.ch11","isbn":"978-1-118-87204-8","usgsCitation":"Anderson, K.R., Poland, M.P., Johnson, J.H., and Miklius, A., 2015, Episodic deflation-inflation events at Kīlauea Volcano and implications for the shallow magma system, chap. 11 of Hawaiian volcanoes: From source to surface: Geophysical Monograph, v. 208, p. 229-250, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch11.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"250","ipdsId":"IP-048860","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27217864990232,\n 19.43195295046888\n ],\n [\n -155.2943229675293,\n 19.425153718960157\n ],\n [\n -155.30960083007812,\n 19.41317342829991\n ],\n [\n -155.29912948608396,\n 19.391477141932167\n ],\n [\n -155.27441024780273,\n 19.39261060164696\n ],\n [\n -155.24368286132812,\n 19.40119225476861\n ],\n [\n -155.23492813110352,\n 19.410097265263875\n ],\n [\n -155.24282455444336,\n 19.418192306194864\n ],\n [\n -155.2562141418457,\n 19.427905823139497\n ],\n [\n -155.26565551757812,\n 19.43227671629882\n ],\n [\n -155.269775390625,\n 19.43243859897175\n ],\n [\n -155.27217864990232,\n 19.43195295046888\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"208","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58edbb68e4b0eed1ab8c6f5b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carey, Rebecca","contributorId":121557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Rebecca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690636,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayol, Valerie","contributorId":121509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayol","given":"Valerie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690637,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":127857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":690638,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weis, Dominique","contributorId":121531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Dominique","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690639,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Kyle R. 0000-0001-8041-3996 kranderson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8041-3996","contributorId":3522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Kyle","email":"kranderson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":146118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Jessica H. jessjohnson@usgs.gov","contributorId":3523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jessica","email":"jessjohnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miklius, Asta 0000-0002-2286-1886 asta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-1886","contributorId":2060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miklius","given":"Asta","email":"asta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185008,"text":"70185008 - 2015 - Mobilization of microspheres from a fractured soil during intermittent infiltration events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:04:40","indexId":"70185008","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobilization of microspheres from a fractured soil during intermittent infiltration events","docAbstract":"Pathogens or biocolloids mobilized in the vadose zone may consequently contaminate groundwater. We found that microspheres were mobilized from a fractured soil during intermittent rainfall and the mobilization was greater when the microsphere size was larger and when the soil had greater water permeability.
The vadose zone filters pathogenic microbes from infiltrating water and consequently protects the groundwater from possible contamination. In some cases, however, the deposited microbes may be mobilized during rainfall and migrate into the groundwater. We examined the mobilization of microspheres, surrogates for microbes, in an intact core of a fractured soil by intermittent simulated rainfall. Fluorescent polystyrene microspheres of two sizes (0.5 and 1.8 mm) and Br− were first applied to the core to deposit the microspheres, and then the core was subjected to three intermittent infiltration events to mobilize the deposited microspheres. Collecting effluent samples through a 19-port sampler at the base of the core, we found that water flowed through only five ports, and the flow rates varied among the ports by a factor of 12. These results suggest that flow paths leading to the ports had different permeabilities, partly due to macropores. Although 40 to 69% of injected microspheres were retained in the core during their application, 12 to 30% of the retained microspheres were mobilized during three intermittent infiltration events. The extent of microsphere mobilization was greater in flow paths with greater permeability, which indicates that macropores could enhance colloid mobilization during intermittent infiltration events. In all ports, the 1.8-mm microspheres were mobilized to a greater extent than the 0.5-mm microspheres, suggesting that larger colloids are more likely to mobilize. These results are useful in assessing the potential of pathogen mobilization and colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in the subsurface under natural infiltration events.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2136/vzj2014.05.0058","usgsCitation":"Mohanty, S., Bulicek, M., Metge, D.W., Harvey, R.W., Ryan, J.N., and Boehm, A., 2015, Mobilization of microspheres from a fractured soil during intermittent infiltration events: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 14, no. 1, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2014.05.0058.","ipdsId":"IP-060563","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1582084","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337644,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52cfe4b0849ce97c86b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mohanty, Sanjay","contributorId":189137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mohanty","given":"Sanjay","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bulicek, Mark","contributorId":189138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bulicek","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metge, David W. dwmetge@usgs.gov","contributorId":663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metge","given":"David","email":"dwmetge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harvey, Ronald W. 0000-0002-2791-8503 rwharvey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Ronald","email":"rwharvey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":683944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":683945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Boehm, Alexandria B.","contributorId":51616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boehm","given":"Alexandria B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":683946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70138857,"text":"70138857 - 2015 - Determining origin in a migratory marine vertebrate: a novel method to integrate stable isotopes and satellite tracking","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-09T10:43:19","indexId":"70138857","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Determining origin in a migratory marine vertebrate: a novel method to integrate stable isotopes and satellite tracking","docAbstract":"Stable isotope analysis is a useful tool to track animal movements in both terrestrial and marine environments. These intrinsic markers are assimilated through the diet and may exhibit spatial gradients as a result of biogeochemical processes at the base of the food web. In the marine environment, maps to predict the spatial distribution of stable isotopes are limited, and thus determining geographic origin has been reliant upon integrating satellite telemetry and stable isotope data. Migratory sea turtles regularly move between foraging and reproductive areas. Whereas most nesting populations can be easily accessed and regularly monitored, little is known about the demographic trends in foraging populations. The purpose of the present study was to examine migration patterns of loggerhead nesting aggregations in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), where sea turtles have been historically understudied. Two methods of geographic assignment using stable isotope values in known-origin samples from satellite telemetry were compared: 1) a nominal approach through discriminant analysis and 2) a novel continuous-surface approach using bivariate carbon and nitrogen isoscapes (isotopic landscapes) developed for this study. Tissue samples for stable isotope analysis were obtained from 60 satellite-tracked individuals at five nesting beaches within the GoM. Both methodological approaches for assignment resulted in high accuracy of foraging area determination, though each has advantages and disadvantages. The nominal approach is more appropriate when defined boundaries are necessary, but up to 42% of the individuals could not be considered in this approach. All individuals can be included in the continuous-surface approach, and individual results can be aggregated to identify geographic hotspots of foraging area use, though the accuracy rate was lower than nominal assignment. The methodological validation provides a foundation for future sea turtle studies in the region to inexpensively determine geographic origin for large numbers of untracked individuals. Regular monitoring of sea turtle nesting aggregations with stable isotope sampling can be used to fill critical data gaps regarding habitat use and migration patterns. Probabilistic assignment to origin with isoscapes has not been previously used in the marine environment, but the methods presented here could also be applied to other migratory marine species.
In order to identify the origin of Mauna Loa volcano's Nīnole Hills, Bouguer gravity was used to delineate density contrasts within the edifice. Our survey identified two residual anomalies beneath the Southwest Rift Zone (SWRZ) and the Nīnole Hills. The Nīnole Hills anomaly is elongated, striking northeast, and in inversions both anomalies merge at approximately −7 km above sea level. The positive anomaly, modeled as a rock volume of ~1200 km3 beneath the Nīnole Hills, is associated with old eruptive vents. Based on the geologic and geophysical data, we propose that the gravity anomaly under the Nīnole Hills records an early SWRZ orientation, now abandoned due to geologically rapid rift-zone reorganization. Catastrophic submarine landslides from Mauna Loa's western flank are the most likely cause for the concurrent abandonment of the Nīnole Hills section of the SWRZ. Rift zone reorganization induced by mass wasting is likely more common than currently recognized.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2015GL065863","usgsCitation":"Zurek, J., Williams-Jones, G., Trusdell, F., and Martin, S., 2015, The origin of Mauna Loa's Nīnole Hills: Evidence of rift zone reorganization: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 20, p. 8358-8366, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065863.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"8358","endPage":"8366","ipdsId":"IP-066614","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015gl065863","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340000,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Mauna Loa, Nīnole Hills","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.1871337890625,\n 18.851711132087274\n ],\n [\n -154.75067138671875,\n 18.851711132087274\n ],\n [\n -154.75067138671875,\n 19.84939395842279\n ],\n [\n -156.1871337890625,\n 19.84939395842279\n ],\n [\n -156.1871337890625,\n 18.851711132087274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f877bae4b0b7ea54521c26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zurek, Jeffrey","contributorId":191169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zurek","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams-Jones, Glyn","contributorId":147765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams-Jones","given":"Glyn","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16928,"text":"Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":692111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trusdell, Frank A. 0000-0002-0681-0528 trusdell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0681-0528","contributorId":754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trusdell","given":"Frank A.","email":"trusdell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Martin, Simon","contributorId":191170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Simon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159524,"text":"ofr20131280A2 - 2015 - Structure map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 52a and 52b)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159524,"text":"ofr20131280A2 - 2015 - Structure map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 52a and 52b)","indexId":"ofr20131280A2","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"A2","title":"Structure map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 52a and 52b)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T16:46:56.782656","indexId":"ofr20131280A2","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"A2","title":"Structure map of Mauritania (phase V, deliverables 52a and 52b)","docAbstract":"In 1996, at the request of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, a team of U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists produced a strategic plan for the acquisition, improvement and modernization of multidisciplinary sets of data to support the growth of the Mauritanian minerals sector and to highlight the geological and mineral exploration potential of the country. In 1999, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania implemented a program for the acquisition of the recommended basic geoscientific information, termed the first Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (Project for Institutional Capacity Building in the Mining Sector, PRISM-I). As a result of the PRISM-I efforts, a great deal of new geological, geophysical, geochemical, remote sensing, and hydrological data became available for evaluation and synthesis. However, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines recognized that additional work was required to extract the full benefit of the data before it could be of greatest use to the international community and of benefit to the Mauritanian minerals and development sector.
\nTo achieve this benefit, the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines implemented a second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier (PRISM-II) in 2006 to consolidate, synthesize, and interpret all of the existing data, create a new 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map, and define the mineral resource potential of the country. A consortium in which the USGS was the lead scientific agency carried out the majority of the PRISM-II work. In 2008, the USGS Mauritania Minerals Project was interrupted due to political changes in Mauritania. PRISM-II work resumed in 2011, and was completed in 2013 with the delivery of over 40 separate written reports and plates, an access file containing the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database, and an interactive GIS containing all of the multi-disciplinary data and interpretive areas of mineral resource potential in Mauritania.
\nThis report contains the USGS results of the PRISM-II Mauritania Minerals Project and is presented in cooperation with the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. The Report is composed of separate chapters consisting of multidisciplinary interpretive reports with accompanying plates on the geology, structure, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geochemistry, remote sensing (Landsat TM and ASTER), and SRTM and ASTER digital elevation models of Mauritania. The syntheses of these multidisciplinary data formed the basis for additional chapters containing interpretive reports on 12 different commodities and deposit types known to occur in Mauritania, accompanied by countrywide mineral resource potential maps of each commodity/deposit type. The commodities and deposit types represented include: (1) Ni, Cu, PGE, and Cr deposits hosted in ultramafic rocks; (2) orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits; (3) polymetallic Pb-Zn-Cu vein deposits; (4) sediment-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of the SEDEX and Mississippi Valley-type; (5) sediment-hosted copper deposits; ( 6) volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; (7) iron oxide copper-gold deposits; (8) uranium deposits; (9) Algoma-, Superior-, and oolitic-type iron deposits; (10) shoreline Ti-Zr placer deposits; (11) incompatible element deposits hosted in pegmatites, alkaline rocks, and carbonatites, and; (12) industrial mineral deposits. Additional chapters include the Mauritanian National Mineral Deposits Database are accompanied by an explanatory text and the Mauritania Minerals Project GIS that contains all of the interpretive layers created by USGS scientists. Raw data not in the public domain may be obtained from the Ministry of Petroleum, Energy, and Mines in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Sufficient precipitation and suitable temperature during the growing season (i.e., not too hot or too cold) are favorable for switchgrass growth. Elevation and soil characteristics (e.g., soil available water capacity) are also an important factor impacting switchgrass productivity. An anticipated switchgrass biomass productivity map for the entire GP based on site environmental and climate conditions and switchgrass productivity model was generated. Highly productive switchgrass areas are mainly located in the eastern part of the GP. Results from this study can help land managers and biofuel plant investors better understand the general environmental and climate conditions influencing switchgrass growth and make optimal land use decisions regarding switchgrass development in the GP.
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Spawning was inferred from the location, behavior, and sexual status of the fish and from season, water temperature, and discharge, and was confirmed by the capture of larvae in some years. Tagged fish went to a known spawning area in the upper Kennebec Estuary (16 events) or the Androscoggin Estuary (14 events), an historical spawning habitat in the restored Kennebec River (8 events), or two spawning areas in a single year (7 events). We have provided the first evidence indicating that Shortnose Sturgeon spawn in the restored Kennebec River in an historical habitat that became accessible in 1999 when Edwards Dam was removed, 162 years after it was constructed. These results highlight the importance of the Kennebec System to Shortnose Sturgeon throughout the Gulf of Maine.
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Section 1 contains explanatory information for these two digital maps. Section 2 covers the analytical methods used in obtaining new U-Pb ages from 9 igneous rock samples, new detrital zircon ages from 40 sedimentary or metasedimentary rock samples, and new 40Ar/39Ar ages from 12 samples of metamorphic rocks and veins. Sections 3 through 6 present the new geochronological results, organized by region. In Section 7, we discuss implications of the new ages for the regional geology and discuss problematic results. Finally, in Section 8, we summarize the geology and tectonic evolution of Mauritania in narrative form, drawing on new and published information, in the context of global tectonics. The report is being released in both English and French. In both versions, we use the French-language names for formal stratigraphic units.
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This report and accompanying maps constitute project deliverables 60–64. All digital data for use in Geographic Information System (GIS) and image processing software will be included in the GIS deliverable 92. Image maps in PDF format of the processed Landsat and ASTER scenes are referenced in the appendixes.
\nSamples of rock, alluvium, colluvium, and (or) eolian sediments were collected at 41 locations during the 2007 field campaign. A point shapefile (“IRM07_sample_gps_points.shp”) containing these locations will be included in GIS deliverable 92. Most of the samples were characterized in the laboratory using a full-range ASD™ (Analytical Spectral Devices) FieldSpec II spectrometer.
\nThe image products derived from Landsat TM and ASTER data enable the delineation of mineral groups across wide areas based on color response. Guides are provided that allow users to interpret these colors as to mineral group occurrence over lithologic units and known deposits. This information can be extrapolated to other geologically permissive tracts for various deposit types in the search for similar mineralogic responses that may be indicative of concealed deposits.
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In addition, because of significant recent advancements of availability, seamlessness, and validity of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) global elevation data, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) extended its efforts to include a higher resolution countrywide ASTER DEM as value added to the required Deliverable 63, which was limited to five areas within the country. Both SRTM and ASTER countrywide DEMs have been provided in ERDAS Imagine (.img) format that is also directly compatible with ESRI ArcMap, ArcGIS Explorer, and other GIS applications.
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Permissive geologic settings generally include greenstone belts of any age, layered mafic-ultramafic and unlayered gabbro-anorthosite intrusive complexes in cratonic settings, ophiolite complexes, flood basalt provinces, and fluid-rich shear zones cutting accumulations of mafic-ultramafic rocks. Regions of Mauritania having these characteristics that are discussed in PRISM-I texts include the Mesoarchean greenstone belts of the TasiastTijirit terrane in the southwestern Rgueïbat Shield, two separate layered ultramafic complexes in the Amsaga Complex west of Atar, serpentinized metadunites in Mesoarchean rocks of the Rgueïbat Shield in the Zednes map sheet, several lateritized annular mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Paleoproterozoic northwestern portion of the Rgueïbat Shield, and the serpentinized ophiolitic segments of the Gorgol Noir Complex in the axial portion of the southern Mauritanides. Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) work in the “Extreme Sud” zone also suggests that small copper occurrences associated with the extensive Jurassic microgabbroic intrusive rocks in the Taoudeni Basin of southeastern Mauritania could have potential for magmatic Cu-Ni (PGE, Co, Au) sulfide mineralization. Similarly, Jurassic mafic intrusive rocks in the northeastern Taoudeni Basin may be permissive. Known magmatic Cu-Ni deposits of these types in Mauritania are few in number and some uncertainty exists as to the nature of several of the more important ones.
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2015 - Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159512,"text":"ofr20131280H - 2015 - Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)","indexId":"ofr20131280H","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"chapter":"H","title":"Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70160523,"text":"ofr20131280 - 2015 - Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V","indexId":"ofr20131280","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"title":"Second Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du Secteur Minier de la République Islamique de Mauritanie (PRISM-II) Phase V"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-08T16:58:34.262515","indexId":"ofr20131280H","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2013-1280","chapter":"H","title":"Mineral potential tracts for orogenic, Carlin-like, and epithermal gold deposits in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, (phase V, deliverable 69)","docAbstract":"The gold resources of Mauritania presently include two important deposits and a series of poorly studied prospects. The Tasiast belt of deposits, which came into production in 2007, is located in the southwestern corner of the Rgueïbat Shield and defines a world-class Paleoproterozoic(?) orogenic gold ore system. The producing Guelb Moghrein deposit occurs along a shear zone in Middle Archean rocks at the bend in the Northern Mauritanides and is most commonly stated to be an iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type of deposit, although it also has some important characteristics of orogenic gold and skarn deposits. Both major deposits are surrounded by numerous prospects that show similar mineralization styles. The Guelb Moghrein deposit, and IOCG deposit types in general are discussed in greater detail in a companion report by Fernette (2015). In addition, many small gold prospects, which are probably orogenic gold occurrences and are suggested to be early Paleozoic in age, occur along the length of Southern Mauritanides. Existing data indicate the gold deposits and prospects in Mauritania have a sulfide assemblage most commonly dominated by pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, and have ore-related fluids with apparently high salinities.
\nA preliminary evaluation of these gold data can be used to develop broad, firstorder tracts defining favorable and permissive areas for gold resources; detailed metamorphic and structural maps are required for more detailed future tract definition. Such a first-order assessment can, nonetheless, broadly identify four tracts of gold resource potential. Three of these are favorable for discovery of new orogenic gold deposits. One tract, although not favorable, is nevertheless permissive for discovery of epithermal gold deposits. Tract 1 is defined by favorable medium metamorphic grade greenstone belts within vast areas of unfavorable high metamorphic grade, Mesoarchean and Paleoproterozoic granite-gneiss basement of the Rgueïbat Shield. Faults >200 km in length following the general strike of the greenstone belts; lineament intersections with both exposed and buried parts of greenstone belts within 500 m of the surface, as defined by aeromagnetic data (Finn and Anderson, 2015); and areas of banded iron formation (BIF) in the belts are particularly favorable areas for hosting gold resources in orogenic gold deposits within and along the margins of the greenstone belts. Tracts 2 and 3, also for orogenic gold, reflect the favorable Proterozoic-Cambrian metamorphic rocks of the Northern and Southern Mauritanides, with >200-km-long faults following the general strike of the range, and areas underlain by ultramafic and BIF rocks being particularly favorable. Outcrops of Triassic-Jurassic igneous rocks along the margins of the Taoudeni Basin define tract 4, which is permissive for epithermal gold deposits. Although extensive data are lacking for the area, carbonate units along the northern side of the Taoudeni Basin could be considered permissive host rocks for Carlin-type mineralization, but the deep-water carbonate lithologies are typically not favorable for such.
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