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The series presents new and sometimes preliminary findings that are of interest to earth scientists in academia, government, and industry; to land and resource managers; and to the general public. Reports presented in Geologic Studies in Alaska cover a broad spectrum of topics from various parts of the State (fig. 1), serving to emphasize the diversity of USGS efforts to meet the Nation's needs for earth-science information in Alaska.</p>\n<p>The papers in this volume are organized under the topics: Hazards, Geologic Framework, Environment and Climate, and Resources. This organization is intended to reflect the scope and objectives of USGS geologic programs currently active in Alaska. The two Hazards studies discuss volcano-related topics in the seismically active southcentral Alaska region. The first paper revisits the eruptive events of Redoubt Volcano that occurred more than a decade ago and the subsequent development of the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO). This treatise documents the historic impact of this eruption and briefly summarizes the state of our knowledge of the other Cook Inlet, Alaska Peninsula, and Aleutian Island volcanoes. Finally, it discusses the recent role that AVO has had in seismic station installation and hazard assessment at volcanically active sites throughout the world. The second paper discusses the eruptive history of Snowy Mountain in the upper Alaska Peninsula. Because subsets of its 25-30 lava flows erupted as packages in short episodes, calculation of the volcano's lifetime average volumetric eruption rate is problematic. A portion of the cone was hydrothermally weakened and collapsed in the late Holocene producing a 22-km2 debris avalanche.</p>\n<p>Geologic Framework studies provide background information that is the scientific basis for present and future earth science investigations. The first paper compares and contrasts the Insular-Intermontane suture zone (IISZ) of southeast Alaska with the Adria-Europe suture zone (AESZ) of Switzerland and Hungary. The study develops the hypothesis that the zones have distinct differences as well as similarities and neither is a simple lithotectonic terrane boundary. The second paper discusses the relation among volcanic, glacial, and tectonic activity in the Cold Bay and False Pass 1 :250,000-scale quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula. During Pleistocene time, continental-shelf glaciations and two massive volcanic centers were the dominant controls over landscape development. The third paper gives detailed geologic information for Paleozoic rocks within the Taylor Mountains D-1 quadrangle portion of the Holitna Lowland of southwestern Alaska. Because of the excellent preservation of megafossils, these Silurian and Ordovician strata lend themselves to detailed statigraphic investigations. Further, low thermal alteration indices of this area have made them a potential target of petroleum exploration. The final report in this section discusses the development of a new spectral enhancement approach for interpreting Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) satellite images. This technique enhances the use of remote sensing data in identifying geologic units in areas that have been poorly investigated. This study used this technique to better define the distribution of a JMtu (mafic, ultramafic, and sedimentary) unit and a PzZrqs (pelitic and quartzitic schist) unit.</p>\n<p>Environment and climate studies are the emphasis of two papers. One presents the first radiocarbon-dated postglacial vegetation history of the Kenai Mountains of southcentral Alaska. This reconstruction is the result of the analysis of pollen assemblages and peat from sediments collected in Tern Lake and presents a minimum age for deglaciation of these interior valleys at 9,31 0&plusmn;200 yr B .P. Current vegetation, however, developed within the past ca. 2,500 years. A second study discusses the cycling of arsenic and cadmium in sub-arctic boreal forest ecosystems typical of interior Alaska and defines the importance of various natural (geogenic) sources. The transport and uptake into vegetation of these elements from soils developed from loess as well as soils developed from the major rock units is presented. The bioaccumulation of cadmium in willow (Salix sp.) and its potential consequence to the health of browsing animals is discussed.</p>\n<p>Papers related to resource issues comprise the topic of the final report. This paper presents a brief statistical summary of the geochemistry of rock samples collected in the east-central portion of the Eagle 1 :250,000-scale quadrangle. This study helps define the rock unit source of both resource- and environmental-based chemical elements of interest in the Fortymile mining district.</p>\n<p>Two bibliographies at the end of the volume list reports covering Alaska earth science topics in USGS publications during 1999 and reports about Alaska by USGS authors in non-USGS publications during the same period.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/pp1633","usgsCitation":"2001, Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1633, v, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1633.","productDescription":"v, 142 p.","numberOfPages":"150","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":491949,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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,{"id":70180468,"text":"70180468 - 2001 - Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70180468,"text":"70180468 - 2001 - Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","indexId":"70180468","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":38272,"text":"pp1633 - 2001 - Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","indexId":"pp1633","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-30T21:03:50.009945","indexId":"70180468","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"subseriesTitle":"1633","title":"Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula","docAbstract":"<p><span>Recent mapping and interpretation of Quaternary geologic features has improved our understanding of the interaction between volcanic, glacial, and tectonic activity in the Cold Bay and False Pass 1:250,000-scale quadrangles on the Alaska Peninsula. The glacial and volcanic record of the map area strongly suggests that continental-shelf glaciations and two massive volcanic centers were the dominant controls over landscape development during Pleistocene time. Ancestral Morzhovoi and Emmons Volcanoes were major impediments to flow of shelf glaciers during much of the Pleistocene. Our mapping suggests that the area around Emmons Volcano may have also been an important source area for glaciers during this period. Our data further indicate that Frosty Volcano developed late in the Pleistocene, having had no apparent impact on early Brooks Lake glacial advances but serving as a source area for later glacial advances during late Brooks Lake time. We also believe that major Holocene eruptions of Frosty Volcano have yielded multiple debris and ash flows resulting in the construction of a new south summit cone that filled an earlier crater. Frosty Volcano was the source area for multiple Holocene glacial advances, and its flanks preserve the best record of Neoglacial activity in the map area.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1999","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/70180468","usgsCitation":"Wilson, F.H., and Weber, F.R., 2001, Quaternary geology, Cold Bay and False Pass quadrangles, Alaska Peninsula: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/70180468.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"71","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334363,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1633/pp1633_report.pdf#page=59","text":"Start page in larger work"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Alaska Peninsula, Cold Bay quadrangle, False Pass quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -153.72070312499997,\n              59.17592824927136\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.060546875,\n              58.768200159239576\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.609375,\n              56.70450561416937\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.388671875,\n              55.32914440840507\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.158203125,\n              54.67383096593114\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.85156249999997,\n              55.97379820507658\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.6328125,\n              58.722598828043374\n            ],\n            [\n              -153.72070312499997,\n              59.17592824927136\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58905ef4e4b072a7ac0cad53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":661721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Florence R.","contributorId":17621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Florence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":661722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023049,"text":"70023049 - 2001 - Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T17:57:49.126068","indexId":"70023049","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) investigation on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is aimed at determining (1) the composition of surface minerals, rocks, and ices; (2) the temperature and dynamics of the atmosphere; (3) the properties of the atmospheric aerosols and clouds; (4) the nature of the polar regions; and (5) the thermophysical properties of the surface materials. These objectives are met using an infrared (5.8- to 50-μm) interferometric spectrometer, along with broadband thermal (5.1- to 150-μm) and visible/near-IR (0.3- to 2.9-μm) radiometers. The MGS TES instrument weighs 14.47 kg, consumes 10.6 W when operating, and is 23.6×35.5×40.0 cm in size. The TES data are calibrated to a 1-σ precision of 2.5</span><sup>−6</sup><span>×10</span><sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, 1.6×10</span><sup>−6</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and ∼0.5 K in the spectrometer, visible/near-IR bolometer, and IR bolometer, respectively. These instrument subsections are calibrated to an absolute accuracy of ∼4×10</span><sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(0.5 K at 280 K), 1–2%, and ∼1–2 K, respectively. Global mapping of surface mineralogy at a spatial resolution of 3 km has shown the following: (1) The mineralogic composition of dark regions varies from basaltic, primarily plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene, in the ancient, southern highlands to andesitic, dominated by plagioclase feldspar and volcanic glass, in the younger northern plains. (2) Aqueous mineralization has produced gray, crystalline hematite in limited regions under ambient or hydrothermal conditions; these deposits are interpreted to be in-place sedimentary rock formations and indicate that liquid water was stable near the surface for a long period of time. (3) There is no evidence for large-scale (tens of kilometers) occurrences of moderate-grained (&gt;50-μm) carbonates exposed at the surface at a detection limit of ∼10%. (4) Unweathered volcanic minerals dominate the spectral properties of dark regions, and weathering products, such as clays, have not been observed anywhere above a detection limit of ∼10%; this lack of evidence for chemical weathering indicates a geologic history dominated by a cold, dry climate in which mechanical, rather than chemical, weathering was the significant form of erosion and sediment production. (5) There is no conclusive evidence for sulfate minerals at a detection limit of ∼15%. The polar region has been studied with the following major conclusions: (1) Condensed CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;has three distinct end-members, from fine-grained crystals to slab ice. (2) The growth and retreat of the polar caps observed by MGS is virtually the same as observed by Viking 12 Martian years ago. (3) Unique regions have been identified that appear to differ primarily in the grain size of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>; one south polar region appears to remain as black slab CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;ice throughout its sublimation. (4) Regional atmospheric dust is common in localized and regional dust storms around the margin and interior of the southern cap. Analysis of the thermophysical properties of the surface shows that (1) the spatial pattern of albedo has changed since Viking observations, (2) a unique cluster of surface materials with intermediate inertia and albedo occurs that is distinct from the previously identified low-inertia/bright and high-inertia/dark surfaces, and (3) localized patches of high-inertia material have been found in topographic lows and may have been formed by a unique set of aeolian, fluvial, or erosional processes or may be exposed bedrock.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001370","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Christensen, P.R., Bandfield, J., Hamilton, V., Ruff, S.W., Kieffer, H.H., Titus, T., Malin, M.C., Morris, R., Lane, M.D., Clark, R., Jakosky, B., Mellon, M.T., Pearl, J., Conrath, B., Smith, M.D., Clancy, R., Kuzmin, R., Roush, T., Mehall, G., Gorelick, N., Bender, K., Murray, K., Dason, S., Greene, E., Silverman, S., and Greenfield, M., 2001, Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E10, p. 23823-23871, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001370.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"23823","endPage":"23871","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"106","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a520fe4b0c8380cd6c11d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bandfield, J. L.","contributorId":59990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bandfield","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, V.E.","contributorId":92024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruff, S. W.","contributorId":63136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Malin, M. C.","contributorId":68830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lane, M. D.","contributorId":94826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lane","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Clark, R.L.","contributorId":106767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jakosky, B. M.","contributorId":103003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jakosky","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mellon, M. T.","contributorId":82833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Pearl, J.C.","contributorId":45074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearl","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Conrath, B.J.","contributorId":34286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrath","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Smith, M. 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,{"id":70022794,"text":"70022794 - 2001 - Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70022794","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research","docAbstract":"Remarkable advances in age dating Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) lead-zinc deposits provide a new opportunity to understand how and where these deposits form in the Earth's crust. These dates are summarized and examined in a framework of global tectonics, paleogeography, fluid migration, and paleoclimate. Nineteen districts have been dated by paleomagnetic and/or radiometric methods. Of the districts that have both paleomagnetic and radiometric dates, only the Pine Point and East Tennessee districts have significant disagreements. This broad agreement between paleomagnetic and radiometric dates provides added confidence in the dating techniques used. The new dates confirm the direct connection between the genesis of MVT lead-zinc ores with global-scale tectonic events. The dates show that MVT deposits formed mainly during large contractional tectonic events at restricted times in the history of the Earth. Only the deposits in the Lennard Shelf of Australia and Nanisivik in Canada have dates that correspond to extensional tectonic events. The most important period for MVT genesis was the Devonian to Permian time, which corresponds to a series of intense tectonic events during the assimilation of Pangea. The second most important period for MVT genesis was Cretaceous to Tertiary time when microplate assimilation affected the western margin of North America and Africa-Eurasia. There is a notable paucity of MVT lead-zinc ore formation following the breakup of Rodinia and Pangea. Of the five MVT deposits hosted in Proterozoic rocks, only the Nanisivik deposit has been dated as Proterozoic. The contrast in abundance between SEDEX and MVT lead-zinc deposits in the Proterozoic questions the frequently suggested notion that the two types of ores share similar genetic paths. The ages of MVT deposits, when viewed with respect to the orogenic cycle in the adjacent orogen suggest that no single hydrologic model can be universally applied to the migration of the ore fluids. However, topographically driven models best explain most MVT districts. The migration of MVT ore fluids is not a natural consequence of basin evolution; rather, MVT districts formed mainly where platform carbonates had some hydrological connection to orogenic belts. There may be a connection between paleoclimate and the formation of some MVT deposits. This possible relationship is suggested by the dominance of evaporated seawater in fluid inclusions in MVT ores, by hydrological considerations that include the need for multiple-basin volumes of ore fluid to form most MVT districts, and the need for adequate precipitation to provide sufficient topographic head for topographically-driven fluid migration. Paleoclimatic conditions that lead to formation of evaporite conditions but yet have adequate precipitation to form large hydrological systems are most commonly present in low latitudes. For the MVT deposits and districts that have been dated, more than 75% of the combined metal produced are from deposits that have dates that correspond to assembly of Pangea in Devonian through Permian time. The exceptional endowment of Pangea and especially, North America with MVT lead-zinc deposits may be explained by the following: (1) Laurentia, which formed the core of North America, stayed in low latitudes during the Paleozoic, which allowed the development of vast carbonate platforms; (2) intense orogenic activity during the assembly of Pangea created ground preparation for many MVT districts through far-field deformation of the craton; (3) uplifted orogenic belts along Pangean suture zones established large-scale migration of basin fluids; and (4) the location of Pangea in low latitudes with paleoclimates with high evaporation rates led to the formation of brines by the evaporation of seawater and infiltration of these brines into deep basin aquifers during Pangean orogenic events.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s001260100208","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Leach, D.L., Bradley, D., Lewchuk, M.T., Symons, D.T., De Marsily, G., and Brannon, J., 2001, Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 8, p. 711-740, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260100208.","startPage":"711","endPage":"740","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208061,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260100208"},{"id":233456,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b5ae4b0c8380cd6f4ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leach, D. L.","contributorId":18758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, D.","contributorId":20087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewchuk, Michael T.","contributorId":74890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewchuk","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Symons, David T. A.","contributorId":26824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"De Marsily, G.","contributorId":8262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Marsily","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brannon, J.","contributorId":33890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brannon","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70073913,"text":"70073913 - 2000 - A paleolatitude approach to assessing surface temperature history for use in burial heating models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-23T15:36:21","indexId":"70073913","displayToPublicDate":"2014-01-01T15:16:48","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A paleolatitude approach to assessing surface temperature history for use in burial heating models","docAbstract":"Calculations using heat flow theory as well as case histories show that over geologic time scales (10<sup>6</sup> years), changes in mean annual surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>) on the order of 10°C penetrate kilometers deep into the crust. Thus, burial heating models of sedimentary basins, which typically span kilometers in depth and persist over geological time frames, should consider T<sub>s</sub> history to increase their accuracy. In any case, T<sub>s</sub> history becomes important when it changes enough to be detected by a thermal maturation index like vitrinite reflectance, a parameter widely used to constrain burial heating models. Assessment of the general temperature conditions leading to petroleum generation indicates that changes in T<sub>s</sub> as small as 6°C can be detected by vitrinite reflectance measurements. This low temperature threshold indicates that oil and gas windows can be significantly influenced by T<sub>s</sub> history. A review of paleoclimatic factors suggests the significant and geologically resolvable factors affecting T<sub>s</sub> history are paleolatitude, long-term changes between cool and warm geological periods (climate mode), the degree to which a basin is removed from the sea (geographic isolation), and elevation or depth relative to sea level. Case studies using geologically realistic data ranges or different methods of estimating T<sub>s</sub> in a burial heating model indicate a significant impact of Ts when: (1) continental drift, subduction, tectonism and erosion significantly change paleolatitude, paleoaltitude, or paleogeography; (2) strata are at, or near, maximum burial, and changes in T<sub>s</sub> directly influence maximum burial temperature; and (3), when a significant change in T<sub>s</sub> occurs near the opening or closing of the oil or gas windows causing petroleum generation to begin or cease. Case studies show that during the burial heating and petroleum generation phase of basin development changes in climate mode alone can influence T<sub>s</sub> by about 15°C. At present, T<sub>s</sub> changes from the poles to the equator by about 50°C. Thus, in extreme cases, continental drift alone can seemingly produce T<sub>s</sub> changes on the order of 50°C over a time frame of 107 years.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00057-9","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., 2000, A paleolatitude approach to assessing surface temperature history for use in burial heating models: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 43, no. 1-4, p. 121-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00057-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"135","costCenters":[{"id":585,"text":"Thermal Maturity LaboratoryU.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281433,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(99)00057-9"},{"id":281434,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4a40e4b0b290850efa73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, Charles E.","contributorId":93070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"Charles E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30853,"text":"wri004000 - 2000 - Delineation of groundwater recharge areas, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-23T17:55:50","indexId":"wri004000","displayToPublicDate":"2001-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2000-4000","title":"Delineation of groundwater recharge areas, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"<p>The unconfined sand-and-gravel aquifer in western Cape Cod, Massachusetts, which is the sole source of water supply for the communities in the area, is recharged primarily from precipitation. The rate of recharge from precipitation is estimated to be about 26 inches per year (in/yr), or about 60 percent of the precipitation rate. This recharge rate yields a flow through the aquifer of about 180 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Groundwater flows radially outward from the top of the water-table mound in the north-central part of the flow system toward the coast, as indicated by the water-table contours on the large map on this sheet. Recharge that reaches the water table near the top of the mound travels deeper through the aquifer than recharge that reaches the water table closer to the coast. All recharge to the aquifer ultimately discharges to pumping wells, streams, or coastal areas; however, some of this recharge may flow first through kettle ponds before eventually reaching these discharge points.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Continued land development and population growth on western Cape Cod, and activities related to the operation of the Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR), have created concerns regarding the supply of potable water in western Cape Cod and the quality and quantity of water discharging to ponds, streams, and coastal areas. Recent investigations estimated the future demand for drinking water in western Cape Cod, as well as the areas that contribute water to existing and proposed public-supply wells. Determining the source of freshwater that discharges to ponds, streams, and coastal areas is of critical importance in the protection of these natural resources for the communities of western Cape Cod.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The purpose of this report is to illustrate concepts of ground-water recharge areas under average pumping and recharge conditions. This report presents results of an investigation conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE), to delineate the areas that contribute recharge to public-supply wells, ponds, streams, and coastal areas on western Cape Cod for average annual pumping and recharge rates for the period of 1994&ndash;1996.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The time period of 1994&ndash;1996 was selected for this analysis because it represents the average stress conditions prior to large-scale pumping, treatment, and reinjection of water from the MMR Installation Restoration Program's ground-water remediation systems. The pumping and reinjection of large amounts of water from these remediation systems would complicate greatly the delineation of ground-water recharge areas and therefore is beyond the scope of this analysis. The Chemical Spill-4 plume-containment system, however, is included in the simulation since it has been operating since 1993 and has been pumping, treating, and reinjecting only about 0.2 Mgal/d of water.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Since 1996, however, AFCEE has constructed remediation systems for seven additional contaminant plumes that are not included in this analysis. Currently (1999), these systems are pumping, treating, and reinjecting about 9.7 Mgal/d. By 2002, when all of these systems, including those being designed, are expected to be operating, it is estimated that they will be pumping, treating, and reinjecting as much as 15.6 Mgal/d of water in the western Cape Cod aquifer.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>For additional information on the hydrology and geology of western Cape Cod, the reader is referred to the following reports: LeBlanc and others (1986), Barlow and Hess (1993), Masterson and others (1997a), Masterson and others (1997b), Masterson and others (1998), Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Inc. (1998) and Jacobs Engineering Group, Inc. (1999).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri004000","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence","usgsCitation":"Masterson, J., and Walter, D.A., 2000, Delineation of groundwater recharge areas, western Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2000-4000, Report: 47.00 x 33.22 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri004000.","productDescription":"Report: 47.00 x 33.22 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296657,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri004000.jpg"},{"id":296655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4000/"},{"id":296656,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2000/4000/pdf/wrir2000-4000.pdf","size":"2.88 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.71281433105469,\n              41.51526153886555\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.71281433105469,\n              41.78206502192826\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3186798095703,\n              41.78206502192826\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.3186798095703,\n              41.51526153886555\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.71281433105469,\n              41.51526153886555\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab4e4b07f02db670036","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterson, John P. 0000-0003-3202-4413 jpmaster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-4413","contributorId":1865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masterson","given":"John P.","email":"jpmaster@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":204206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walter, Donald A. 0000-0003-0879-4477 dawalter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0879-4477","contributorId":1101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"Donald","email":"dawalter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25776,"text":"wri994139 - 2000 - Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T19:55:56.107022","indexId":"wri994139","displayToPublicDate":"2001-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"99-4139","title":"Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96","docAbstract":"<div><p class=\"AbstractBody\">In 1997, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) began an assessment of the lower Tennessee River Basin as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Existing nutrient and sediment data from 1980 to 1996 were compiled, screened, and interpreted to estimate watershed inputs from nutrient sources, provide a general description of the distribution and transport of nutrients and sediments in surface water, and evaluate trends in nutrient and sediment concentrations in the lower Tennessee (LTEN) River Basin.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Nitrogen inputs from major sources varied widely among tributary basins in the LTEN River Basin. Point source wastewater discharges contributed between 0 and 0.61 tons per square mile per year [(tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr]. Of the nonpoint sources of nitrogen for which inputs were estimated (atmospheric deposition, nitrogen fixation, fertilizer application, and livestock waste) livestock waste contributed the largest input in about two-thirds (7 out of 11) of the tributary basins, and fertilizer application contributed the largest input in the remaining 4 basins. Nitrogen input from fertilizer application was the most variable spatially among the nonpoint sources of nitrogen, ranging from 1.5 to 23 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr. Atmospheric deposition estimates varied the least from basin to basin, ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr. Estimates of nitrogen input from livestock waste ranged between 2.0 to 13 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr. The percentage of the input from each of these nonpoint sources that entered the surface-water system is not known.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Wastewater discharge contributed between 0 and 0.14 (ton/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr of phosphorus to tributary basins. Livestock waste contributed most of the input in 8 out of the 11 basins, and fertilizer application contributed the most in the remaining 3 basins. Estimates of phosphorus input for fertilizer application ranged from 0.35 to 5.1 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr and from 0.62 to 4.3 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr from livestock waste.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Reservoirs on the main stem of the Tennessee River and on the Duck and Elk Rivers affect nutrient transport because hydrodynamic conditions in the reservoirs promote assimilation by aquatic plants and deposition of particulate matter. Observed decreases in total nitrite plus nitrate and dissolved-orthophosphorus concentrations in reservoirs or at sites downstream of reservoirs during summer months were probably related to seasonality of plant growth.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Nutrient and sediment data used to estimate annual instream loads and yields were compiled from various water-quality monitoring programs and represent the best available data in the LTEN River Basin, but these data have several characteristics that limit accuracy of load estimates. Many of the monitoring programs were not designed with the objective of annual load estimation, and data representing storm transport are, therefore, sparse; sampling and analytical methods varied through time and among the monitoring programs, hampering spatial and temporal comparisons. The load estimates computed from these data are useful for evaluating broad spatial patterns of instream load, and comparisons of instream load to inputs, but may not be sufficiently accurate for local-scale evaluations of water quality.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Estimates of the mean annual instream load of total nitrogen entering (Chattanooga, Tenn.) and leaving (Paducah, Ky.) the LTEN River Basin were 29,000 and 60,000 tons per year (tons/yr), respectively. These estimates represent a gain of 31,000 tons/yr, on average, across the area (18,930 mi<sup>2</sup>) between these inlet and outlet sites. The sum of the mean annual instream load from gaged tributaries to the main stem within the study unit was 14,000 tons/yr; however, this number cannot be directly compared with the gain between the inlet and outlet sites because (1) the gaged area represents only 30 percent of the total area and (2) the period of record at many tributary sites did not correspond with the period of record at the inlet or outlet sites.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Estimates of mean annual instream load of total phosphorus at the inlet and outlet sites of the LTEN River Basin were 1,300 and 5,000 tons/yr, respectively, representing a gain of 3,700 tons/yr, on average, across the study unit. The sum of the gaged tributary load, representing only 28 percent of the area contributing to the main stem, was 4,300 tons/yr. Although this number cannot be closely compared with the gain throughout the study unit, for the same reasons given for total nitrogen, a general comparison suggests that the main stem of the Tennessee River and the tributary embayments along the main stem function as a sink for total phosphorus, removing a substantial amount from the water column through deposition or assimilation.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">The estimates of inputs can be compared and correlated with yields (area-normalized instream loads); significant correlations between estimates of inputs and yields might be useful as predictive tools for instream water quality where monitoring data are not available. Yields of nitrogen correlated moderately well with inputs from nonpoint sources, based on 1992 estimates. Nitrogen yield was highest [3.5 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr] for Town Creek, for which the balance of nonpoint-source inputs to agricultural lands (fertilizer application plus nitrogen fixation plus livestock waste minus harvest) was also the highest [15 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr]. Nitrogen yield was low [1.0 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr] for the Buffalo River, for which the balance of agricultural nonpoint-source input was correspondingly low [3.2 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr, the second lowest]. Correlation of wastewater discharge with yield was poor, and contrasted with the significant correlation between wastewater discharge and median nitrogen concentration during low streamflow. The poor correlation between wastewater discharge and annual yield was expected, however, as wastewater discharge is a small fraction compared with annual yield.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">In contrast with nitrogen, phosphorus yield did not correlate well with any estimated inputs or land-use types for the tributary basins. Phosphorus yield was highest [1.1 and 0.93 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr] at two sites along the Duck River and at Elk River near Prospect [0.89 (ton/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr]; however, estimates of inputs at these sites were in the middle of their respective ranges. The influence of the outcrop of phosphatic limestone formations of the brown-phosphate districts in the lower Duck and lower Elk River Basins might be responsible for the poor correlation between estimated inputs and yields of phosphorus. The outcrop pattern of these phosphatic limestones are an important factor to consider as regional boundaries are established for attainable, region-specific water-quality criteria for total phosphorus.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Estimates of sediment input from cropland soil erosion in 1992 ranged from 51 to 540 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr among the major hydrologic units in the LTEN River Basin. Information was not available to estimate this input for individual tributaries. Sediment yield estimates ranged from 65 to 263 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr for the three tributary monitoring basins for which instream data were available, and from 17 to 26 (tons/mi<sup>2</sup>)/yr for the Tennessee River at South Pittsburg and at Pickwick Landing Dam, respectively. Lower sediment yields for the main stem sites compared with the tributary sites is probably due to sediment deposition in the main stem of the Tennessee River and tributary embayments along the main stem.</p><p class=\"AbstractBody\">Most of the significant trends in nutrient concentrations from about 1985 to about 1995 were decreasing trends, except for total nitrite plus nitrate, which increased at one site on the Elk River. The spatial distribution of decreasing trends of total nitrogen and total ammonia corresponds with the spatial variation among basins in wastewater loading rate. The time period of observed trends corresponds to the period of improvements in municipal treatment, thus decreases in wastewater effluent concentrations of nitrogen might be responsible for the decreasing trend in instream concentrations at these sites. Concentrations of total phosphorus did not decrease during this period at these sites, as might have been expected considering the reductions in wastewater input of phosphorus during this period.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri994139","usgsCitation":"Hoos, A.B., Robinson, J.A., Aycock, R.A., Knight, R., and Woodside, M.D., 2000, Sources, instream transport, and trends of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment in the lower Tennessee River basin, 1980-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4139, viii, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri994139.","productDescription":"viii, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157651,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407476,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25796.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":1879,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri994139","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"Tennessee River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.467,\n              34.142\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.05,\n              34.142\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.05,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.467,\n              37\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.467,\n              34.142\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoos, Anne B. abhoos@usgs.gov","contributorId":2236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"Anne","email":"abhoos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robinson, J. A.","contributorId":57417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aycock, R. A.","contributorId":8138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aycock","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, R.R.","contributorId":59063,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Woodside, M. D.","contributorId":98722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022085,"text":"70022085 - 2000 - Use of chlorine-36 to determine regional-scale aquifer dispersivity, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho/USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-06T19:51:35","indexId":"70022085","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2909,"text":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of chlorine-36 to determine regional-scale aquifer dispersivity, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho/USA","docAbstract":"Chlorine-36 (36Cl) derived from processed nuclear waste that was disposed at the US Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) through a deep injection well in 1958, was detected 24-28 yr later in groundwater monitoring wells approximately 26 km downgradient from the source. Groundwater samples covering the period 1966-1995 were selected from the US Geological Survey's archived-sample library at the INEEL and analyzed for 36Cl by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The smaller 36Cl peak concentrations in water from the far-field monitoring wells relative to the input suggest that aquifer dispersivity may be large. However, the sharpness of the 1958 disposal peak of 36Cl is matched by the measured 36Cl concentrations in water from these wells. This implies that a small aquifer dispersivity may be attributed to preferential groundwater flowpaths. Assuming that tracer arrival times at monitoring wells are controlled by preferential flow, a 1-D system-response model was used to estimate dispersivity by comparing the shape of predicted 36Cl-concentration curves to the shape of 36Cl-concentration curves measured in water from these observation wells. The comparisons suggest that a 1-D dispersivity of 5 m provides the best fit to the tracer data. Previous work using a 2-D equivalent porous-media model concluded that longitudinal dispersivity (equivalent to 1-D dispersivity in our model) was 90 m (Ackerman, 1991). A 90 m dispersivity value eliminates the 1958 disposal peak in our model output curves. The implications of the arrival of 36Cl at downgradient monitoring wells are important for three reasons: (1) the arrival times and associated 36Cl concentrations provide quantitative constraints on residence times, velocities, and dispersivities in the aquifer; (2) they help to refine our working hypotheses of groundwater flow in this aquifer and (3) they may suggest a means of estimating the distribution of preferential flowpaths in the aquifer. ?? 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00216-0","issn":"0168583X","usgsCitation":"Cecil, L., Welhan, J., Green, J., Grape, S., and Sudicky, E., 2000, Use of chlorine-36 to determine regional-scale aquifer dispersivity, eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, Idaho/USA: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, v. 172, no. 1-4, p. 679-687, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00216-0.","startPage":"679","endPage":"687","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230554,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":268854,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00216-0"}],"volume":"172","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbed5e4b08c986b3297e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, L.D.","contributorId":62616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Welhan, J.A.","contributorId":34281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welhan","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, J.R.","contributorId":31146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grape, S.K.","contributorId":29601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grape","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sudicky, E.R.","contributorId":75295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sudicky","given":"E.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022467,"text":"70022467 - 2000 - Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-10T10:27:13","indexId":"70022467","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents","docAbstract":"<p>A fundamental issue in aquifer biogeochemistry is the means by which solute transport, geochemical processes, and microbiological activity combine to produce spatial and temporal variations in redox zonation. In this paper, we describe the temporal variability of TEAP conditions in shallow groundwater contaminated with both waste fuel and chlorinated solvents. TEAP parameters (including methane, dissolved iron, and dissolved hydrogen) were measured to characterize the contaminant plume over a 3-year period. We observed that concentrations of TEAP parameters changed on different time scales and appear to be related, in part, to recharge events. Changes in all TEAP parameters were observed on short time scales (months), and over a longer 3-year period.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>The results indicate that (1) interpretations of TEAP conditions in aquifers contaminated with a variety of organic chemicals, such as those with petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents, must consider additional hydrogen-consuming reactions (e.g., dehalogenation); (2) interpretations must consider the roles of both in situ (at the sampling point) biogeochemical and solute transport processes; and (3) determinations of microbial communities are often necessary to confirm the interpretations made from geochemical and hydrogeological measurements on these processes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"McGuire, J., Smith, E.W., Long, D.T., Hyndman, D.W., Haack, S.K., Klug, M.J., and Velbel, M.A., 2000, Temporal variations in parameters reflecting terminal-electron-accepting processes in an aquifer contaminated with waste fuel and chlorinated solvents: Chemical Geology, v. 169, no. 3-4, p. 471-485, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":206637,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00223-0"},{"id":230428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan ","otherGeospatial":"Wurtsmith Air Force Base ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.47171783447264,\n              44.34644018791789\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.31722259521484,\n              44.34644018791789\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.31722259521484,\n              44.50899337263551\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.47171783447264,\n              44.50899337263551\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.47171783447264,\n              44.34644018791789\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"169","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba52ce4b08c986b320878","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, Jennifer T.","contributorId":53979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"Jennifer T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Erik W.","contributorId":104659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, David T.","contributorId":20364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hyndman, David W.","contributorId":7868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haack, Sheridan K. skhaack@usgs.gov","contributorId":1982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"Sheridan","email":"skhaack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klug, Michael J.","contributorId":20930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Velbel, Michael A.","contributorId":88520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Velbel","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70022369,"text":"70022369 - 2000 - The statistics and kinematics of transverse sand bars on an open coast","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:42","indexId":"70022369","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The statistics and kinematics of transverse sand bars on an open coast","docAbstract":"Ten years (1987-1996) of time exposure video images of the nearshore region at Duck, NC were used to study transverse sand bars, bathymetric features of intermediate length scales (10-200 m) oriented oblique or perpendicular to the shoreline. These transverse sand bars extend seaward from both the shoreline (trough transverse bars) and the shore-parallel sand bar (offshore transverse bars). Transverse bars had not previously been observed in an energetic Coastal environment such as that at Duck, and their dynamics and role in nearshore processes is unknown. Frequency of occurrence statistics and length scales of the transverse bars were calculated using the video images. Trough and offshore transverse bars appeared a mean of 39 and 73 days per year, respectively. The offshore bars were found to be much larger features than the trough bars, with mean wavelengths (alongshore spacing between consecutive crests) of 79 and 172 m for trough and offshore bars, respectively. Both the trough and offshore bars were found to persist for periods of days to months. The alongshore movement of the bars was measured and compared to estimates of surf zone longshore currents which were calculated from wave height and wave angle data. Both sets of bars were observed to move at rates up to 40 m/day. At times, both trough and offshore bars were observed shifting in the same direction as the current was flowing, and at other times, both sets of bars remained stationary, even under relatively strong longshore currents. Trough bars were also observed moving against the current. An hypothesis, proposed by Barcilon and Lau (1973) [J. Geophys. Res. 78(15): 2656-2664], that the transverse bars were created as a sea bed instability under longshore currents, was tested by comparing the magnitude of estimated surf zone longshore currents with times of formation or presence of transverse bars. There was no evidence to suggest that the bars were formed by this simple longshore current instability mechanism. Instead, it is plausible that the combined effects of waves and currents may drive the formation of these features. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00057-8","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Konicki, K., and Holman, R., 2000, The statistics and kinematics of transverse sand bars on an open coast: Marine Geology, v. 169, no. 1-2, p. 69-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00057-8.","startPage":"69","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206738,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00057-8"},{"id":230676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb069e4b08c986b324e46","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Konicki, K.M.","contributorId":19325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konicki","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holman, R.A.","contributorId":73751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022186,"text":"70022186 - 2000 - Isotope evidence of paleo-El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles in loess-paleosol record in the central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-21T16:46:14.636004","indexId":"70022186","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope evidence of paleo-El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles in loess-paleosol record in the central United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>The δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of soil carbonate in rhizoconcretions collected from a loess-paleosol sequence in the central United States indicates that growing-season C</span><sub>3</sub><span>/C</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;plant ratio oscillated by 35% on a 900 ± 200 yr time scale during the late Wisconsinan glaciation. The pattern appears in phase with advance and retreat of the southern margin of the Laurentide ice sheet, suggesting influence by paleo–El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycles. The δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C of soil organic matter indicates that the annual average C</span><sub>3</sub><span>/C</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;plant ratio oscillated only by 18%, with a periodicity of 450 ± 100 yr, and closely matched the cyclic pattern of loess-paleosol layers. It suggests a periodic enhancement of the penetration of the Gulf of Mexico air over the region during this time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<771:IEOPNO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Wang, H., Follmer, L., and Chao-li, L.J., 2000, Isotope evidence of paleo-El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycles in loess-paleosol record in the central United States: Geology, v. 28, no. 9, p. 771-774, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<771:IEOPNO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"771","endPage":"774","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North 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America\"}}]}","volume":"28","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f86e4b0c8380cd645c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, Hongfang","contributorId":92635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Hongfang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Follmer, L.R.","contributorId":19294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Follmer","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chao-li, Liu J. J.","contributorId":24519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao-li","given":"Liu","suffix":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":392658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5601,"text":"fs18999 - 1999 - High-Resolution Land Use and Land Cover Mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-29T17:02:31","indexId":"fs18999","displayToPublicDate":"2000-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"189-99","title":"High-Resolution Land Use and Land Cover Mapping","docAbstract":"As the Nation?s population grows, quantifying, monitoring, and managing land use becomes increasingly important. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has a long heritage of leadership and innovation in land use and land cover (LULC) mapping that has been the model both nationally and internationally for over 20 years. At present, the USGS is producing high-resolution LULC data for several watershed and urban areas within the United States. This high-resolution LULC mapping is part of an ongoing USGS Land Cover Characterization Program (LCCP). The four components of the LCCP are global (1:2,000,000-scale), national (1:100,000-scale), urban (1:24,000-scale), and special projects (various scales and time periods). Within the urban and special project components, the USGS Rocky Mountain Mapping Center (RMMC) is collecting historical as well as contemporary high-resolution LULC data. RMMC?s high-resolution LULC mapping builds on the heritage and success of previous USGS LULC programs and provides LULC information to meet user requirements.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/fs18999","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, High-Resolution Land Use and Land Cover Mapping: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 189-99, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs18999.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":387,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0189/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32112,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1999/0189/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688a38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70195491,"text":"70195491 - 1999 - Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-16T14:14:52","indexId":"70195491","displayToPublicDate":"1999-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment","docAbstract":"<p>The northern California continental margin is periodically impacted by geologically significant storms, which have a marked influence on terrigenous sediment supply, flood deposition, and long-term accumulation of fine-grained sediment on the Eel shelf. Accumulation of Eel River muds on the adjacent shelf was investigated using 210Pb and 137Cs geochronologies, in order to understand the fate of sediment discharged by the Eel River and to relate patterns of net sediment accumulation (100-yr time scale) to sediment dynamics. 210Pb data demonstrate that modern accumulation of river mud occurs from the 50-m isobath seaward. Across-shelf accumulation rates decrease from maximum mid-shelf values of 0.6–1.7 g cm2 yr1 to values of 0.2–0.4 g cm2 yr1 at the shelf break, with a spatially weighted mean of 0.5 g cm2 yr1 (0.4 cm=yr) for the entire shelf. 210Pbxs sediment-depth profiles from the region of highest accumulation rate are characterized by subsurface intervals of low and uniform activity, which are produced by flood deposition. In some cores, particular 210Pbxs activity intervals may be associated with major Eel River floods of 1955, 1964, and 1974. It is postulated that, because of the coincidence of high-river-flow events and southerly winds during cyclonic winter storms, net northward transport allows for preferential deposition of fine-grained sediment north of the river mouth. Over the past ¾100 years, fluvial sediment input combined with marine dispersal processes have produced a mid-shelf depocenter, evident by both the spatial distribution of 210Pb accumulation rates and by clay-rich flood layers partially preserved in shelf deposits. A fine-grained sediment budget for the dispersal system, based on hydrological data and 210Pb geochronologies, demonstrates that a maximum of ¾20% (3 ð 109 kg=yr) of the mean annual supply of fluvial mud (14 ð 109 kg=yr) is trapped on the shelf. The results of this study demonstrate that: (1) short-term sedimentation processes associated with floods can influence sediment accumulation on longer time scales; and (2) a major fraction of fine-grained sediment supplied to tectonically active margins by flood-prone mountainous rivers bypasses narrow continental shelves.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00115-7","usgsCitation":"Sommerfield, C.K., and Nittrouer, C.A., 1999, Modern accumulation rates and a sediment budget for the Eel shelf: a flood-dominated depositional environment: Marine Geology, v. 154, p. 227-241, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(98)00115-7.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"227","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351742,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff12bbe4b0da30c1bfd317","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sommerfield, Christopher K.","contributorId":9820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommerfield","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nittrouer, Charles A.","contributorId":51218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nittrouer","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13553,"text":"University of Washington-Seattle","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":728881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021551,"text":"70021551 - 1999 - Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:50:28.484573","indexId":"70021551","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15009462\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Rainfall at the site of Union City, California, during early Holocene time appears to have been about half that of today, 470 mm/yr. We base this conclusion on detailed descriptions and particle-size analyses of 12 soil profiles and 1:20 scale logs of the fluvial stratigraphy in two 100-m-long, 5-m-deep excavations dug perpendicular to the axis of an alluvial fan along the Hayward fault. Subsidence and right-lateral movement along the fault allowed an offset stream to produce a nearly continuous alluvial record documented by 35<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C ages on detrital charcoal. Bk (calcitic) horizons in paleosols developed in the fan suggest that a relatively dry climatic period occurred from 10 to 7 ka (calendar-corrected ages). The pedogenic calcite exists primarily as vertically oriented filaments and fine, cavernous nodules formed at ped intersections. Soils and paleosols formed before 10 ka or since 7 ka did not have Bk horizons. Bk horizons that were buried suddenly at 7 ka were overlain by leached zones averaging 41 ± 3 cm thick—about half the current depth of leaching.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0906:PCAEFA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Borchardt, G., and Lienkaemper, J.J., 1999, Pedogenic calcite as evidence for an early Holocene dry period in the San Francisco Bay area, California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 6, p. 906-918, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0906:PCAEFA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"906","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229506,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.20345505492553,\n              38.56384123647774\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.20345505492553,\n              37.23754129459307\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44564255492568,\n              37.23754129459307\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.44564255492568,\n              38.56384123647774\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.20345505492553,\n              38.56384123647774\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7628e4b0c8380cd77f68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Borchardt, G.","contributorId":18909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borchardt","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70021542,"text":"70021542 - 1999 - Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-20T00:51:52.336799","indexId":"70021542","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1999","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane","docAbstract":"The 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake (Ms 7.2) was one of the largest historical events in the Walker Lane region of western Nevada, and it produced a complicated strike-slip rupture pattern on multiple Quaternary faults distributed through three valleys. Primary, right-lateral surface ruptures occurred on north-striking faults in Monte Cristo Valley; small-scale lateral and normal offsets occurred in Stewart Valley; and secondary, normal faulting occurred on north-northeast-striking faults in the Gabbs Valley epicentral region. A reexamination of the surface ruptures provides new displacement and fault-zone data: maximum cumulative offset is estimated to be 2.7 m, and newly recognized faults extend the maximum width and end-to-end length of the rupture zone to 17 and 75 km, respectively. A detailed Quaternary allostratigraphic chronology based on regional alluvialgeomorphic relationships, tephrochronology, and radiocarbon dating provides a framework for interpreting the paleoseismic history of the fault zone. A late Wisconsinan alluvial-fan and piedmont unit containing a 32-36 ka tephra layer is a key stratigraphic datum for paleoseismic measurements. Exploratory trenching and radiocarbon dating of tectonic stratigraphy provide the first estimates for timing of late Quaternary faulting along the Cedar Mountain fault zone. Three trenches display evidence for six faulting events, including that in 1932, during the past 32-36 ka. Radiocarbon dating of organic soils interstratified with tectonically ponded silts establishes best-fit ages of the pre-1932 events at 4, 5,12,15, and 18 ka, each with ??2 ka uncertainties. On the basis of an estimated cumulative net slip of 6-12 m for the six faulting events, minimum and maximum late Quaternary slip rates are 0.2 and 0.7 mm/yr, respectively, and the preferred rate is 0.4-0.5 mm/yr. The average recurrence (interseismic) interval is 3600 yr. The relatively uniform thickness of the ponded deposits suggests that similar-size, characteristic rupture events may characterize late Quaternary slip on the zone. A comparison of event timing with the average late Quaternary recurrence interval indicates that slip has been largely regular (periodic) rather than temporally clustered. To account for the spatial separation of the primary surface faulting in Monte Cristo Valley from the epicenter and for a factor-of-two-to-three disparity between the instrumentally and geologically determined seismic moments associated with the earthquake, we hypothesize two alternative tectonic models containing undetected subevents. Either model would adequately account for the observed faulting on the basis of wrench-fault kinematics that may be associated with the Walker Lane. The 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake is considered an important modern analogue for seismotectonic modeling and estimating seismic hazard in the Walker Lane region. In contrast to most other historical events in the Basin and Range province, the 1932 event did not occur along a major range-bounding fault, and no single, throughgoing basement structure can account for the observed rupture pattern. The 1932 faulting supports the concept that major earthquakes in the Basin and Range province can exhibit complicated distributive rupture patterns and that slip rate may not be a reliable criterion for modeling seismic hazard.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Bell, J.W., DePolo, C., Ramelli, A., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., and Meyer, C., 1999, Surface faulting and paleoseismic history of the 1932 Cedar Mountain earthquake area, west-central Nevada, and implications for modern tectonics of the Walker Lane: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 111, no. 6, p. 791-807.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"791","endPage":"807","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229353,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"111","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9faae4b08c986b31e778","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bell, J. W.","contributorId":54288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DePolo, C.M.","contributorId":74533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DePolo","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramelli, A. R.","contributorId":100564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramelli","given":"A. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meyer, C.E.","contributorId":104023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":390252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":24265,"text":"ofr98522 - 1998 - Diatom paleoecology Pass Key core 37, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:00","indexId":"ofr98522","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-522","title":"Diatom paleoecology Pass Key core 37, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","docAbstract":"During the 20th century, there have been large-scale anthropogenic modifications to the South Florida ecosystem. The effects of these changes on Florida Bay and its biological communities are currently of political and scientific interest. This study is part of a larger effort to reconstruct the history of environmental changes in the bay, using paleoecological techniques. We are using diatom indicators preserved in Florida Bay sediments to infer long-term water quality, productivity, nutrient, and salinity changes. We are also obtaining information concerning the natural variability of the ecosystem. \r\n\r\nDiatoms are microscopic algae, the remains of which are generally well preserved in sediments, and their distributions are closely linked to water quality. Diatoms were extracted from a 70-cm sediment core collected from the Pass Key mudbank of Florida Bay by the U.S. Geological Survey. Between 300-500 diatom valves from each of 15 core samples were identified and counted. Estimates of absolute abundance, species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and centric:pennate ratios were calculated for each sample that was counted. Information on the ecology of the diatom species is presented, and changes in diatom community composition are evaluated. \r\n\r\nSamples contained an average of four million diatom valves per gram of sediment. Major changes in the diatom community are evident down core. These include increases in the percent abundance of marine diatoms in the time period represented by the core, probably the result of increasing salinity at Pass Key. Benthic diatoms become less abundant in the top half of the core. This may be related to a number of factors including the die-off of sea grass beds or increased turbidity of the water column. \r\n\r\nOnce the chronology of the Pass Key core 37 is established, these down-core changes can be related to historical events and compared with other indicators in the sedimentary record that are currently being investigated by U.S Geological Survey researchers. \r\n\r\nThis report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr98522","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Pyle, L., Cooper, S.R., and Huvane, J., 1998, Diatom paleoecology Pass Key core 37, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-522, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98522.","productDescription":"37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1653,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/of/ofr98522.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":154986,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65db15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyle, Laura","contributorId":67545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyle","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, S. R.","contributorId":104092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cooper","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huvane, J.K.","contributorId":70009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huvane","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21646,"text":"ofr98582 - 1998 - Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:36:23","indexId":"ofr98582","displayToPublicDate":"1999-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"98-582","title":"Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>Alaska hosts within its borders over 80 major volcanic centers that have erupted during Holocene time (&lt; 10,000 years). At least 29 of these volcanic centers (table 1) had historical eruptions and 12 additional volcanic centers may have had historical eruptions. Historical in Alaska generally means the period since 1760 when explorers, travelers, and inhabitants kept written records. These 41 volcanic centers have been the source for &gt;265 eruptions reported from Alaska volcanoes. </p><p>With the exception of Wrangell volcano, all the centers are in, or near, the Aleutian volcanic arc, which extends 2500 km from Hayes volcano 145 km west of Anchorage in the Alaska-Aleutian Range to Buldir Island in the western Aleutian Islands (fig. 1). The volcanic arc, a&nbsp;subduction-related feature associated with underthrusting of the Pacific plate beneath the North American plate is divided between oceanic island arc and continental margin segments, the boundary occurring at about 165° W longitude (fig. 1). An additional 7 volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc (table 2; fig. 1 A) have active fumarole fields but no reported historical eruptions.</p><p>This report discusses the location, physiography and structure, eruptive history, and geology of those volcanoes in Alaska that have experienced one or more eruptions that have been recorded in the written history (i.e., in historical time). It is part of the group of catalogs entitled Catalogue of Active Volcanoes of the World published beginning in 1951 under the auspices of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI). A knowledge of the information contained in such catalogs aids in understanding the type and scale of activity that might be expected during a particular eruption, the hazards the eruption may pose, and even the prediction of eruptions. The catalog will thus be of value not only to the inhabitants of Alaska but to government agencies concerned with emergency response, air traffic&nbsp;operations, and weather, as well as to industry and scientists. The combination of the hazard posed by volcanic ash to jet aircraft and the heavy use of international air routes located parallel to, and on either side of, the Aleutian volcanic arc means that even remote volcanoes in Alaska now pose significant hazards to life and property.</p><p>Although this report is concerned with historical eruptions from Alaskan volcanoes, other volcanoes in&nbsp;Alaska have erupted in the past 10,000 years and might therefore be expected to erupt again. Several Holocene volcanic centers in the Aleutian arc have no reported historical activity. Elsewhere in Alaska the Bering Sea basalt fields cover large areas of the Yukon Delta, Seward Peninsula, and several of the islands of the Bering Sea. Holocene centers also occur in the Wrangell Mountains and in isolated occurrences in the interior and southeastern Alaska. Eruptions from these centers have occurred within the past several hundred years but none were transcribed in the written record. Moodie and others (1992), however, report oral traditions among the Northern Athapaskan Indians of the southwestern Yukon Territory that may record the second and younger deposition of the White River Ash circa A.D. 720. This lobe of the White River Ash was deposited during the paroxysmal eruption of Churchill volcano in the Wrangell Mountains of eastcentral Alaska (McGimsey and others, 1992; Richter and others, 1995).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr98582","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Miller, T.P., McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D., Riehle, J., Nye, C., Yount, M.E., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1998, Catalog of the historically active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-582, v, 104 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98582.","productDescription":"v, 104 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0582/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51198,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/0582/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -184.1748046875,\n              51.15178610143037\n            ],\n            [\n              -138,\n              51.15178610143037\n            ],\n            [\n              -138,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.1748046875,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -184.1748046875,\n              51.15178610143037\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e7088","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, T. P.","contributorId":49345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, D.H.","contributorId":43325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nye, C.J.","contributorId":42734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nye","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yount, M. E.","contributorId":76748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yount","given":"M.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70020366,"text":"70020366 - 1998 - Holocene geologic and climatic history around the Gulf of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70020366","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":896,"text":"Arctic Anthropology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene geologic and climatic history around the Gulf of Alaska","docAbstract":"Though not as dramatic as during the last Ice Age, pronounced climatic changes occurred in the northeastern Pacific over the last 10,000 years. Summers warmer and drier than today's accompanied a Hypsithermal interval between 9 and 6 ka. Subsequent Neoglaciation was marked by glacier expansion after 5-6 ka and the assembly of modern-type plant communities by 3-4 ka. The Neoglacial interval contained alternating cold and warm intervals, each lasting several hundred years to one millennium, and including both the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 900-1350) and the Little Ice Age (ca. AD 1350-1900). Salmon abundance fluctuated during the Little Ice Age in response to local glaciation and probably also to changes in the intensity of the Aleutian Low. Although poorly understood at present, climate fluctuations at all time scales were intimately connected with oceanographic changes in the North Pacific Ocean. The Gulf of Alaska region is tectonically highly active, resulting in a history of frequent geological catastrophes during the Holocene. Twelve to 14 major volcanic eruptions occurred since 12 ka. At intervals of 20-100 years, large earthquakes have raised and lowered sea level instantaneously by meters and generated destructive tsunamis. Sea level has often varied markedly between sites only 50-100 km apart due to tectonism and the isostatic effects of glacier fluctuations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic Anthropology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00666939","usgsCitation":"Mann, D., Crowell, A., Hamilton, T.D., and Finney, B.P., 1998, Holocene geologic and climatic history around the Gulf of Alaska: Arctic Anthropology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 112-131.","startPage":"112","endPage":"131","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231480,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31e6e4b0c8380cd5e324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mann, D.H.","contributorId":23282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mann","given":"D.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowell, A.L.","contributorId":38441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowell","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, T. D.","contributorId":36921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finney, B. P.","contributorId":93643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Finney","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":385977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70021160,"text":"70021160 - 1998 - Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:40","indexId":"70021160","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim","docAbstract":"More than 420 million oz of gold were concentrated in circum-Pacific synorogenic quartz loades mainly during two periods of continental growth, one along the Gondwanan margin in the Palaeozoic and the other in the northern Pacific basin between 170 and 50 Ma. These ores have many features in common and can be grouped into a single type of lode gold deposit widespread throughout clastic sedimentary-rock dominant terranes. The auriferous veins contain only a few percent sulphide minerals, have gold:silver ratios typically greater than 1:1, show a distinct association with medium grade metamorphic rocks, and may be associated with large-scale fault zone. Ore fluids are consistently of low salinity and are CO2-rich. In the early and middle Palaeozoic in the southern Pacific basin, a single immense turbidite sequence was added to the eastern margin of Gondwanaland. Deformation of these rocks in southeastern Australia was accompanied by deposition of at least 80 million oz of gold in the Victorian sector of the Lachlan fold belt mainly during the Middle and Late Devonian. Lesser Devonian gold accumulations characterized the more northerly parts of the Gondwanan margin within the Hodgkinson-Broken River and Thomson fold belts. Additional lodes were emplaced in this flyschoid sequence in Devonian or earlier Palaeozoic times in what is now the Buller Terrane, Westland, New Zealand. Minor post-Devonian growth of Gondwanaland included terrane collision and formation of gold-bearing veins in the Permian in Australia's New England fold belt and in the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous in New Zealand's Otago schists. Collision and accretion of dozens of terranes for a 100-m.y.-long period against the western margin of North America and eastern margin of Eurasia led to widespread, lattest Jurassic to Eocene gold veining in the northern Pacific basin. In the former location, Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous veins and related placer deposits along the western margin of the Sierra Nevada batholith have yielded more than 100 million oz of gold. Additional significant ore-forming events during the development of North America's Cordilleran orogen included those in the Klamath Mountains region, California in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous; the Klondike district, Yukon by the Early Cretaceous; the Nome and Fairbanks districts, Alaska, and the Bridge River district, British Columbia in the middle Cretaceous; and the Juneau gold belt, Alaska in the Eocene. Gold-bearing veins deposited during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous terrane collision that formed the present-day Russian Far East have been the source for more than 130 million oz of placer gold. The abundance of gold-bearing quartz-carbonate veins throughout the Gondwanan, North American and Eurasian continental margins suggests the migration and concentration of large fluid volumes during continental growth. Such volumes could be released during orogenic heating of hydrous silicate mineral phases within accreted marine strata. The common temporal association between gold veining and magmatism around the Pacific Rim reflects these thermal episodes. Melting of the lower thickened crust during arc formation, slab rollback and extensional tectonism, and subduction of a slab window beneath the seaward part of the forearc region can all provide the required heat for initation of the ore-forming processes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ore Geology Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00018-8","issn":"01691368","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., Phillips, G., and Nokleberg, W., 1998, Tectonic setting of synorogenic gold deposits of the Pacific Rim: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 13, no. 1-5, p. 185-218, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00018-8.","startPage":"185","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206422,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(97)00018-8"},{"id":229699,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1-5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba47be4b08c986b32037d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, G.N.","contributorId":96439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"G.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":388837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70020603,"text":"70020603 - 1998 - Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70020603","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?","docAbstract":"Over the last 25 yr, considerable debate has continued about the future supply of fossil fuel. On one side are those who believe we are rapidly depleting resources and that the resulting shortages will have a profound impact on society. On the other side are those who see no impending crisis because long-term trends are for cheaper prices despite rising production. The concepts of resources and reserves have historically created considerable misunderstanding in the minds of many nongeologists. Hubbert-type predictions of energy production assume that there is a finite supply of energy that is measurable; however, estimates of resources and reserves are inventories of the amounts of a fossil fuel perceived to be available over some future period of time. As those resources/reserves are depleted over time, additional amounts of fossil fuels are inventoried. Throughout most of this century, for example, crude oil reserves in the United States have represented a 10-14-yr supply. For the last 50 yr, resource crude oil estimates have represented about a 60-70-yr supply for the United States. Division of reserve or resource estimates by current or projected annual consumption therefore is circular in reasoning and can lead to highly erroneous conclusions. Production histories of fossil fuels are driven more by demand than by the geologic abundance of the resource. Examination of some energy resources with well-documented histories leads to two conceptual models that relate production to price. The closed-market model assumes that there is only one source of energy available. Although the price initially may fall because of economies of scale long term, prices rise as the energy source is depleted and it becomes progressively more expensive to extract. By contrast, the open-market model assumes that there is a variety of available energy sources and that competition among them leads to long-term stable or falling prices. At the moment, the United States and the world approximate the open-market model, but in the long run the supply of fossil fuel is finite, and prices inevitably will rise unless alternate energy sources substitute for fossil energy supplies; however, there appears little reason to suspect that long-term price trends will rise significantly over the next few decades.Over the last 25 years, considerable debate has continued about the future supply of fossil fuel. On one side are those who believe that resources are rapidly depleting and that the resulting shortages will have a profound impact on society. On the other side are those who see no impending crisis because longterm trends are for cheaper prices despite rising production. This paper examines historic trends and clarify the foundations on which one may build one's predictions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK, United States","issn":"01491423","usgsCitation":"McCabe, P., 1998, Energy resources - cornucopia or empty barrel?: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 82, no. 11, p. 2110-2134.","startPage":"2110","endPage":"2134","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231497,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a094de4b0c8380cd51e70","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, P.J.","contributorId":57608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":386835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23683,"text":"ofr97571 - 1997 - Documentation of computer program (FHB1) for assignment of transient specified-flow and specified-head boundaries in applications of the modular finite-diference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:15","indexId":"ofr97571","displayToPublicDate":"1998-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"97-571","title":"Documentation of computer program (FHB1) for assignment of transient specified-flow and specified-head boundaries in applications of the modular finite-diference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW)","docAbstract":"A computer program called the Flow and Head Boundary Package (FHB1) was developed for the U.S. Geological Survey three-dimensional finite-difference modular ground-water flow model, commonly referred to as MODFLOW. FHB1 allows MODFLOW users to specify flow or head boundary conditions that vary at times other than starting and ending times of stress periods and associated time steps. Values of flow and (or) head at each time step are calculated by linear interpolation of user- specified values. The ability to assign variable flow and head conditions defined at times not corresponding with the model stress periods allows greater flexibility in simulating natural geohydrologic systems and, at the same time, improves the efficiency of the methods used to represent these systems. The package also provides a way to apply specified-flow and specified-head boundaries in embedded, or nested, smaller-scale models using flow and (or) head values from larger-scale models. Using FHB1, the two models can have different simulation stress periods and time steps. Specification of variable-flow pumped wells in ground-water models is another example application.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr97571","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Leake, S.A., and Lilly, M.R., 1997, Documentation of computer program (FHB1) for assignment of transient specified-flow and specified-head boundaries in applications of the modular finite-diference ground-water flow model (MODFLOW): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-571, 50 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97571.","productDescription":"50 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156686,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0571/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52937,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/0571/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a62e4b07f02db636231","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leake, Stanley A. 0000-0003-3568-2542 saleake@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3568-2542","contributorId":1846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley","email":"saleake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":190541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lilly, Michael R.","contributorId":65494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lilly","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129403,"text":"70129403 - 1997 - The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T14:21:45","indexId":"70129403","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-21T14:19:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3279,"text":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations","docAbstract":"<p>Fishing gear alters seafloor habitats, but the extent of these alterations, and their effects, have not been quantified extensively in the northwest Atlantic. Understanding the extent of these impacts, and their effects on populations of living marine resources, is needed to properly manage current and future levels of fishing effort and fishing power. For example, the entire U.S. side of the Gulf of Maine was impacted annually by mobile fishing gear between 1984 and 1990, based on calculations of area swept by trawl and dredge gear. Georges Bank was imparted three to nearly four times annually during the same period.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Studies at three sites in the Gulf of Maine (off Swans Island, Jeffreys Bank, and Stellwagen Bank) showed that mobile fishing gear altered the physical structure (=complexity) of benthic habitats. Complexity was reduced by direct removal of biogenic (e.g., sponges, hydrozoans, bryozoans, amphipod tubes, holothurians, shell aggregates) and‐ sedimentary (e.g., sand waves, depressions) structures. Also, removal of organisms that create.structures (e.g., crabs, scallops) indirectly reduced complexity. Reductions in habitat complexity may lead to increased predation on juveniles of harvested species and ultimately recruitment to the harvestable stock. Because of a lack of reference sites, where use of mobile fishing is prohibited, no empirical studies have yet been conducted on a scale that could demonstrate population level effects of habitat‐management options. If marine fisheries management is to evolve toward an ecosystem or habitat management approach, experiments are required on the effects of habitat change, both anthropogenic and natural.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Fisheries Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/10641269609388584","usgsCitation":"Auster, P.J., Malatesta, R.J., Langton, R.W., Watting, L., Valentine, P.C., Donaldson, C.L., Langton, E.W., Shepard, A.N., and Babb, W.G., 1997, The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations: Reviews in Fisheries Science, v. 4, no. 2, p. 185-202, https://doi.org/10.1080/10641269609388584.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"185","endPage":"202","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295591,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295590,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10641269609388584"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Maine","volume":"4","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-12-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775d3e4b0f888a81b8351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Auster, Peter J.","contributorId":52907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Auster","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malatesta, Richard J.","contributorId":35252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malatesta","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langton, Richard W.","contributorId":32462,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Langton","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watting, Les","contributorId":11528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watting","given":"Les","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Donaldson, Carol Lee S.","contributorId":85899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donaldson","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Langton, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":98240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langton","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Shepard, Andrew N.","contributorId":87081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":503685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Babb, War G.","contributorId":55758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Babb","given":"War","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70231434,"text":"70231434 - 1997 - Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","indexId":"70231434","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70231435,"text":"70231435 - 1997 - An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","indexId":"70231435","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-10T16:18:53.238498","indexId":"70231434","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T11:08:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92","docAbstract":"<p>During much of the late Quaternary, Owens Lake overflowed into one or more of four successively lower-elevation basins. Most of the water came from the high, eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and changes in the volumes of that water reflect a dominant climatic cycle of ~100 k.y. </p><p>Variations in the inflow to, and outflow from, Owens Lake since ca. 800 ka left biological, chemical, mineralogical, and geophysical evidence in the sediments of those changes. Biological evidence includes fossil ostracodes, diatoms, fish, and mollusks (and δ<sup>18</sup>O data from their shells) which indicate fresh or brackish lake water on the basis of their modern habitats. Fossil pollens indicate ~20 regional vegetation cycles during the same period. Chemical evidence of high inflow and, commonly, outflow volumes is provided by the low inorganic- and organic-C content of some sediments, reflecting short lake-water residence times; long residence times produced higher and more variable quantities of these components. Mineralogical variations in illite/smectite ratios indicate changes in weathering processes and glacial comminution. High magnetic susceptibility correlates with other criteria that indicate high runoff. </p><p>Between 810 ka and 645 ka, Owens Lake was fresh, several meters deep, and depositing silt with a few beds of sand; it supported a flora and fauna now found in fresh, sometimes very cool, waters. (Note that most geologic ages describing the OL-92 chronology have been rounded to the nearest 5 or 10 ka.) A shallow-but-freshwater lake may have been the result of accelerated sedimentation during an earlier (&gt;800 ka) glaciation in the Sierra Nevada, choking the basin with sediment nearly to its spillway level. Between 645 ka and 450 ka, the lake was probably even shallower, depositing beds of coarse to fine sand, but overflowing periodically allowing its water to remain fresh. Between 450 ka and 5 ka, Owens Lake was mostly deep, alternating between spilling and being closed part of the time. It deposited silt and clay on its floor, yet underwent detectable variations in salinity caused by climate changes; this part of the record is the most easily interpreted and constitutes the main basis for comparing this paleoclimatic record with other long records. From 5 ka to A.D. 1913, when the Owens River was diverted into an aqueduct, Owens Lake was shallow (~2 m to ~15 m), moderately saline (~5% to &lt;15% salts), and depositing oolites. After 1913, the lake desiccated. </p><p>Comparison of the Owens Lake water-depth record with that of Searles Lake, two-basins downstream during much of late Pleistocene time, shows that they underwent similar responses to climate, but sedimentation changes documenting those responses commenced thousands of years apart, apparently because changes in precipitation volumes occurred gradually. Owens Lake, at the base of high mountains, was the first to reflect increasing amounts of regional precipitation; Searles, in a more arid environment, was the first to reflect decreasing amounts of precipitation. </p><p>Devils Hole, 150 km east of Owens Lake, has a well dated isotopic-temperature record that resembles the Owens Lake-depth record. Marine records of Pleistocene glacial fluctuations, which measure high-latitude ice-sheet volumes and thus both precipitation and temperature at those latitudes, also resemble the Owens Lake history. There are, however, differences between the ages of the maxima and minima of climatic events as reconstructed from the Owens Lake core and similar-appearing inflections in the other two records; the differences range from 0 to 33 k.y. and average ~15 k.y. </p><p>The question arises whether the differences between those ages are results of errors in the time-scale used for the Owens Lake record, or were there significant differences in the times when atmospheric climate change began to affect its different elements. The three records compared here are measurements of different elements and combinations of elements in two latitude belts: the deep-sea marine records measure combinations of temperature and precipitation that determined global ice volumes (at mostly high latitudes), the Devils Hole record measures atmospheric temperatures (in its mid-latitude region), and the Owens Lake record measures effective precipitation (in the same mid-latitude region).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143","usgsCitation":"Smith, G., Bischoff, J.L., and Bradbury, J.P., 1997, Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92, chap. <i>of</i> An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California, v. 317, p. 143-160, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2317-5.143.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"160","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":400426,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.81463623046875,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.641977814705946\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.15246582031249,\n              36.27085020723902\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"317","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, George I.","contributorId":57096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"George I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, James L. jbischoff@usgs.gov","contributorId":1389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"James","email":"jbischoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":842597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":842598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019779,"text":"70019779 - 1997 - The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:04:56","indexId":"70019779","displayToPublicDate":"1997-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments","docAbstract":"We report SHRIMP U-Pb ages of 49 zircons from a sand sample from the lower Orinoco River, Venezuela, and Nd model ages of the fine sediment load from the main river and tributaries. The U-Pb ages reflect individual magmatic or metamorphic events, the Sm-Nd model ages reflect average crustal-residence ages of the sediment sources. Together they allow delineation of the crust-formation history of the basement precursors of the sediments. The U-Pb ages range from 2.83 to 0.15 Ga, and most are concordant or nearly so. Discrete age groupings occur at ??? 2.8, ??? 2.1, and ??? 1.1 Ga. The oldest group contains only three samples but is isolated from its closest neighbors by a ??? 600 Ma age gap. Larger age groupings at ??? 2.1 and ??? 1.1 Ga make up about a third and a quarter of the total number of analyses, respectively. The remaining analyses scatter along concordia, and most are younger than 1.6 Ga. The ??? 2.8 and ??? 2.1 Ga ages correspond to periods of crust formation of the Imataca and Trans-Amazonian provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, and record intervals of short but intensive continental growth. These ages coincide with ??? 2.9 and ??? 2.1 Ga Nd model ages of sediments from tributaries draining the Archean and Proterozoic provinces of the Guyana Shield, respectively, indicating that the U-Pb ages record the geological history of the crystalline basement of the Orinoco basin. Zircons with ages corresponding to the major orogenies of the North Atlantic continents (the Superior at ??? 2.7 Ga and Hudsonian at 1.7-1.9 Ga) were not found in the Orinoco sample. The age distribution may indicate that South and North America were separated throughout their history. Nd model ages of sediments from the lower Orinoco River and Andean tributaries are ??? 1.9 Ga, broadly within the range displayed by major rivers and dusts. This age does not coincide with known thermal events in the region and reflects mixing of sources with different crust-formation ages. The igneous and metamorphic history of these sources, as recorded by the detrital zircons, is that of the Orinoco basin basement. This implies that, despite evidence of fast sedimentary recycling, global similarities in Nd crustal-residence ages, and the probability of cross-continent mixing through continental drift, the sedimentary material carried by individual rivers is mainly derived from the crystalline basement in the basin. The global semblance in Nd isotope ratios in major river sediments and atmospheric dusts results from the averaging effect of large-scale sampling of the continents, which are heterogeneous in age on smaller regional scales. A large portion of the continental crust in the Orinoco basin formed during the Trans-Amazonian orogeny at 2.0-2.1 Ga, and smaller portions formed both earlier, at ??? 2.8 Ga, and later, after 1.6 Ga. These observations, which are consistent with the relative sizes of crustal age provinces in the Orinoco basin, indicate that sediments from the lower Orinoco and Andean tributaries contain 25-35% of material added to the crust since Trans-Amazonian times. Nd model ages of these sediments underestimate the average crust-formation age of the basement of the Orinoco basin by only about 10%. If this relationship holds in other river basins, then Nd model ages of major rivers and wind blown particulates indicate that the mean age of the continental crust is ??? 1.9-2 Ga. ?? 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, S., Arndt, N., and Stallard, R., 1997, The history of a continent from U-Pb ages of zircons from Orinoco River sand and Sm-Nd isotopes in Orinoco basin river sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 139, no. 1-4, p. 271-286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9.","startPage":"271","endPage":"286","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(97)00039-9","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":266041,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00039-9"},{"id":228020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"139","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacbbe4b08c986b3236da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, S.L.","contributorId":40357,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arndt, N.T.","contributorId":95887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arndt","given":"N.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":24528,"text":"ofr9615 - 1996 - Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:09","indexId":"ofr9615","displayToPublicDate":"1999-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-15","title":"Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed as part of a cooperative U.S. Geological Survey/Massachusetts Water Resources Authority program to study contaminated sediment accumulation and transport in Massachusetts Bay. This report details the development of the model and assesses how well the model represents observed currents and water properties in the bay. It also summarizes circulation and comparative effluent dilution simulations from existing and future Boston sewage outfalls over a three-year period from October 1, 1989 to December 31, 1992. \r\n\r\nThe ECOM-si model, a semi-implicit version of the Blumberg and Mellor (1987) Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Model, is shown to reproduce many of the important hydrodynamical features of Massachusetts Bay: the seasonal evolution of the pycnocline, the mean flow pattern, and the strength of sub-tidal current fluctuations. Throughout the simulation period, during both vertically well-mixed and stratified conditions, the seasonal statistics of observed currents are well-represented by the model. The model is therefore appropriate for studying the average dilution of sewage effluent and other continuously discharged substances over seasonal time scales. \r\n\r\nThe ability of the model to reproduce individual flow events varies with season and location within the bay. Flow events during unstratified conditions in western Massachusetts Bay are particularly well-represented, indicating that the model is appropriate for studying processes such as the transport of suspended material from the future outfall site due to winter storms. Individual flow events during stratified conditions and in the offshore Stellwagen Bank region, however, are less well-represented due to small length scales (caused by upwelling and river discharge events) coupled with insufficient data to specify open boundary forcing from the Gulf of Maine. Thus while the model might be used to answer issues such as the frequency with which Gulf of Maine river plumes visit the new outfall site, attempting to predict whether a particular plume would visit the outfall site could be problematic. \r\n\r\nComparative simulations of effluent discharged from the existing and future Boston outfalls show that the region of relatively high effluent concentrations (1 part effluent to 200 parts sea water) is significantly smaller with the future outfall and is limited to Western Massachusetts Bay during both unstratified and stratified seasons. The region of even higher concentration (1 part effluent to 50 parts sea water) that covers much of Boston Harbor with the existing outfall is non-existent in the future outfall simulation. Additional simulations of chlorination plant failure predict that the offshore location of the future outfall will lead to dramatically lower levels of pathogens at area beaches.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, Woods Hole Field Center,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9615","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Signell, R.P., Jenter, H.L., and Blumberg, A.F., 1996, Circulation and effluent dilution modeling in Massachusetts Bay : model implementation, verification and results: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-15, 121 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9615.","productDescription":"121 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1622,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://crusty.er.usgs.gov/mbayopen/mbayopen.html ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":156500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0015/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672cc5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Signell, Richard P. rsignell@usgs.gov","contributorId":1435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"Richard","email":"rsignell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":192087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jenter, Harry L. 0000-0002-1307-8785 hjenter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-8785","contributorId":228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jenter","given":"Harry","email":"hjenter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":192086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blumberg, Alan F.","contributorId":66299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blumberg","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}