Stable isotope analysis is a useful tool to track animal movements in both terrestrial and marine environments. These intrinsic markers are assimilated through the diet and may exhibit spatial gradients as a result of biogeochemical processes at the base of the food web. In the marine environment, maps to predict the spatial distribution of stable isotopes are limited, and thus determining geographic origin has been reliant upon integrating satellite telemetry and stable isotope data. Migratory sea turtles regularly move between foraging and reproductive areas. Whereas most nesting populations can be easily accessed and regularly monitored, little is known about the demographic trends in foraging populations. The purpose of the present study was to examine migration patterns of loggerhead nesting aggregations in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), where sea turtles have been historically understudied. Two methods of geographic assignment using stable isotope values in known-origin samples from satellite telemetry were compared: 1) a nominal approach through discriminant analysis and 2) a novel continuous-surface approach using bivariate carbon and nitrogen isoscapes (isotopic landscapes) developed for this study. Tissue samples for stable isotope analysis were obtained from 60 satellite-tracked individuals at five nesting beaches within the GoM. Both methodological approaches for assignment resulted in high accuracy of foraging area determination, though each has advantages and disadvantages. The nominal approach is more appropriate when defined boundaries are necessary, but up to 42% of the individuals could not be considered in this approach. All individuals can be included in the continuous-surface approach, and individual results can be aggregated to identify geographic hotspots of foraging area use, though the accuracy rate was lower than nominal assignment. The methodological validation provides a foundation for future sea turtle studies in the region to inexpensively determine geographic origin for large numbers of untracked individuals. Regular monitoring of sea turtle nesting aggregations with stable isotope sampling can be used to fill critical data gaps regarding habitat use and migration patterns. Probabilistic assignment to origin with isoscapes has not been previously used in the marine environment, but the methods presented here could also be applied to other migratory marine species.
Inputs of nutrients, sediments and detritus from catchments can promote selected components of reservoir fish assemblages, while hindering others. However, investigations linking these catchment subsidies to fish assemblages have generally focussed on one or a handful of species. Considering this paucity of community-level awareness, we sought to explore the association between land use and fish assemblage composition in reservoirs. To this end, we compared fish assemblages in reservoirs of two sub-basins of the Tennessee River representing differing intensities of agricultural development, and hypothesised that fish assemblage structure indicated by species percentage composition would differ among reservoirs in the two sub-basins. Using multivariate statistical analysis, we documented inter-basin differences in land use, reservoir productivity and fish assemblages, but no differences in reservoir morphometry or water regime. Basins were separated along a gradient of forested and non-forested catchment land cover, which was directly related to total nitrogen, total phosphorous and chlorophyll-a concentrations. Considering the extensive body of knowledge linking land use to aquatic systems, it is reasonable to postulate a hierarchical model in which productivity has direct links to terrestrial inputs, and fish assemblages have direct links to both land use and productivity. We observed a shift from an invertivore-based fish assemblage in forested catchments to a detritivore-based fish assemblage in agricultural catchments that may be a widespread pattern among reservoirs and other aquatic ecosystems.
","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/MF14188","usgsCitation":"Miranda, L.E., Bies, J.M., and Hann, D.A., 2015, Land use structures fish assemblages in reservoirs of the Tennessee River: Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 66, no. 6, p. 526-534, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14188.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"526","endPage":"534","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057376","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":303097,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Tennessee River","volume":"66","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"558e77b8e4b0b6d21dd65961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miranda, Leandro E. 0000-0002-2138-7924 smiranda@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2138-7924","contributorId":531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miranda","given":"Leandro","email":"smiranda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":556877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bies, J. M.","contributorId":144086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bies","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":558568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hann, D. A.","contributorId":144087,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hann","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":558569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187192,"text":"70187192 - 2015 - Estimating mean long-term hydrologic budget components for watersheds and counties: An application to the commonwealth of Virginia, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T10:44:56","indexId":"70187192","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5379,"text":"Hydrology: Current Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating mean long-term hydrologic budget components for watersheds and counties: An application to the commonwealth of Virginia, USA","docAbstract":"Mean long-term hydrologic budget components, such as recharge and base flow, are often difficult to estimate because they can vary substantially in space and time. Mean long-term fluxes were calculated in this study for precipitation, surface runoff, infiltration, total evapotranspiration (ET), riparian ET, recharge, base flow (or groundwater discharge) and net total outflow using long-term estimates of mean ET and precipitation and the assumption that the relative change in storage over that 30-year period is small compared to the total ET or precipitation. Fluxes of these components were first estimated on a number of real-time-gaged watersheds across Virginia. Specific conductance was used to distinguish and separate surface runoff from base flow. Specific-conductance (SC) data were collected every 15 minutes at 75 real-time gages for approximately 18 months between March 2007 and August 2008. Precipitation was estimated for 1971-2000 using PRISM climate data. Precipitation and temperature from the PRISM data were used to develop a regression-based relation to estimate total ET. The proportion of watershed precipitation that becomes surface runoff was related to physiographic province and rock type in a runoff regression equation. A new approach to estimate riparian ET using seasonal SC data gave results consistent with those from other methods. Component flux estimates from the watersheds were transferred to flux estimates for counties and independent cities using the ET and runoff regression equations. Only 48 of the 75 watersheds yielded sufficient data, and data from these 48 were used in the final runoff regression equation. Final results for the study are presented as component flux estimates for all counties and independent cities in Virginia. The method has the potential to be applied in many other states in the U.S. or in other regions or countries of the world where climate and stream flow data are plentiful.
","language":"English","publisher":"OMICS International","doi":"10.4172/2157-7587.1000191","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W.E., Nelms, D.L., Pope, J.P., and Selnick, D.L., 2015, Estimating mean long-term hydrologic budget components for watersheds and counties: An application to the commonwealth of Virginia, USA: Hydrology: Current Research, v. 6, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000191.","productDescription":"Article 191; 22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","ipdsId":"IP-061320","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7587.1000191","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":340439,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1bee4b0c2e071a99baa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelms, David L. 0000-0001-5747-642X dlnelms@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5747-642X","contributorId":1892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"David","email":"dlnelms@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, Jason P. 0000-0003-3199-993X jpope@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3199-993X","contributorId":2044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Jason","email":"jpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37759,"text":"VA/WV Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":692980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Selnick, David L.","contributorId":13480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selnick","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70191253,"text":"70191253 - 2015 - Hydrothermal, biogenic, and seawater components in metalliferous black shales of the Brooks Range, Alaska: Synsedimentary metal enrichment in a carbonate ramp setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:01:00","indexId":"70191253","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrothermal, biogenic, and seawater components in metalliferous black shales of the Brooks Range, Alaska: Synsedimentary metal enrichment in a carbonate ramp setting","docAbstract":"Trace element and Os isotope data for Lisburne Group metalliferous black shales of Middle Mississippian (early Chesterian) age in the Brooks Range of northern Alaska suggest that metals were sourced chiefly from local seawater (including biogenic detritus) but also from externally derived hydrothermal fluids. These black shales are interbedded with phosphorites and limestones in sequences 3 to 35 m thick; deposition occurred mainly on a carbonate ramp during intermittent upwelling under varying redox conditions, from suboxic to anoxic to sulfidic. Deposition of the black shales at ~335 Ma was broadly contemporaneous with sulfide mineralization in the Red Dog and Drenchwater Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, which formed in a distal marginal basin.
Relative to the composition of average black shale, the metalliferous black shales (n = 29) display large average enrichment factors (>10) for Zn (10.1), Cd (11.0), and Ag (20.1). Small enrichments (>2–<10) are shown by V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Pd, Pt, U, Se, Y, and all rare earth elements except Ce, Nd, and Sm. A detailed stratigraphic profile over 23 m in the Skimo Creek area (central Brooks Range) indicates that samples from at and near the top of the section, which accumulated during a period of major upwelling and is broadly correlative with the stratigraphic levels of the Red Dog and Drenchwater Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, have the highest Zn/TOC (total organic carbon), Cu/TOC, and Tl/TOC ratios for calculated marine fractions (no detrital component) of these three metals.
Average authigenic (detrital-free) contents of Mo, V, U, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ge, Re, Se, As, Sb, Tl, Pd, and Au show enrichment factors of 4.3 × 103 to 1.2 × 106 relative to modern seawater. Such moderate enrichments, which are common in other metalliferous black shales, suggest wholly marine sources (seawater and biogenic material) for these metals, given similar trends for enrichment factors in organic-rich sediments of modern upwelling zones on the Namibian, Peruvian, and Chilean shelves. The largest enrichment factors for Zn and Ag are much higher (1.4 × 107 and 2.9 × 107, respectively), consistent with an appreciable hydrothermal component. Other metals such as Cu, Pb, and Tl that are concentrated in several black shale samples, and are locally abundant in the Red Dog and Drenchwater Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, may have a partly hydrothermal origin but this cannot be fully established with the available data. Enrichments in Cr (up to 7.8 × 106) are attributed to marine and not hydrothermal processes. The presence in some samples of large enrichments in Eu (up to 6.1 × 107) relative to modern seawater and of small positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* up to 1.12) are considered unrelated to hydrothermal activity, instead being linked to early diagenetic processes within sulfidic pore fluids.
Initial Os isotope ratios (187Os/188Os) calculated for a paleontologically based depositional age of 335 Ma reveal moderately unradiogenic values of 0.24 to 0.88 for four samples of metalliferous black shale. A proxy for the ratio of coeval early Chesterian seawater is provided by initial (187Os/188Os)335 Ma ratios of four unaltered black shales of the coeval Kuna Formation that average 1.08, nearly identical to the initial ratio of 1.06 for modern seawater. Evaluation of possible sources of unradiogenic Os in the metalliferous black shales suggests that the most likely source was mafic igneous rocks that were leached by externally derived hydrothermal fluids. This unradiogenic Os is interpreted to have been leached by deeply circulating hydrothermal fluids in the Kuna basin, followed by venting of the fluids into overlying seawater.
We propose that metal-bearing hydrothermal fluids that formed Zn-Pb-Ag deposits such as Red Dog or Drenchwater vented into seawater in a marginal basin, were carried by upwelling currents onto the margins of a shallow-water carbonate platform, and were then deposited in organic-rich muds, together with seawater- and biogenically derived components, by syngenetic sedimentary processes. Metal concentration in the black shales was promoted by high biologic productivity, sorption onto organic matter, diffusion across redox boundaries, a low sedimentation rate, and availability of H2S in bottom waters and pore fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.110.3.653","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Selby, D., and Dumoulin, J.A., 2015, Hydrothermal, biogenic, and seawater components in metalliferous black shales of the Brooks Range, Alaska: Synsedimentary metal enrichment in a carbonate ramp setting: Economic Geology, v. 110, no. 3, p. 653-675, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.3.653.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"653","endPage":"675","ipdsId":"IP-053916","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":346337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -167.2998046875,\n 66.87834504307976\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 66.87834504307976\n ],\n [\n -141,\n 71.71888229713917\n ],\n [\n -167.2998046875,\n 71.71888229713917\n ],\n [\n -167.2998046875,\n 66.87834504307976\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59d3502ae4b05fe04cc34d73","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Selby, David","contributorId":193460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Selby","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":711690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":711691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70189560,"text":"70189560 - 2015 - Concentrations and distributions of metals associated with dissolved organic matter from the Suwannee River (GA, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:14:56","indexId":"70189560","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1535,"text":"Environmental Engineering Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concentrations and distributions of metals associated with dissolved organic matter from the Suwannee River (GA, USA)","docAbstract":"Concentrations and distributions of metals in Suwannee River (SR) raw filtered surface water (RFSW) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) processed by reverse osmosis (RO), XAD-8 resin (for humic and fulvic acids [FA]), and XAD-4 resin (for “transphilic” acids) were analyzed by asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AsFlFFF). SR samples were compared with DOM samples from Nelson's Creek (NLC), a wetland-draining stream in northern Michigan; previous International Humic Substances Society (IHSS) FA and RO samples from the SR; and an XAD-8 sample from Lake Fryxell (LF), Antarctica. Despite application of cation exchange during sample processing, all XAD and RO samples contained substantial metal concentrations. AsFlFFF fractograms allowed metal distributions to be characterized as a function of DOM component molecular weight (MW). In SR RFSW, Fe, Al, and Cu were primarily associated with intermediate to higher than average MW DOM components. SR RO, XAD-8, and XAD-4 samples from May 2012 showed similar MW trends for Fe and Al but Cu tended to associate more with lower MW DOM. LF DOM had abundant Cu and Zn, perhaps due to amine groups that should be present due to its primarily algal origins. None of the fractograms showed obvious evidence for mineral nanoparticles, although some very small mineral nanoparticles might have been present at trace concentrations. This research suggests that AsFlFFF is important for understanding how metals are distributed in different DOM samples (including IHSS samples), which may be key to metal reactivity and bioavailability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers","doi":"10.1089/ees.2014.0298","usgsCitation":"Kuhn, M.K., Neubauer, E., Hofmann, T., von der Kammer, F., Aiken, G.R., and Maurice, P.A., 2015, Concentrations and distributions of metals associated with dissolved organic matter from the Suwannee River (GA, USA): Environmental Engineering Science, v. 32, no. 1, p. 54-65, https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2014.0298.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"54","endPage":"65","ipdsId":"IP-059563","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River","volume":"32","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"596dcca3e4b0d1f9f0627563","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuhn, M. Keshia","contributorId":194715,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuhn","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keshia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neubauer, Elisabeth","contributorId":194716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neubauer","given":"Elisabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofmann, Thilo","contributorId":194717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hofmann","given":"Thilo","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"von der Kammer, Frank","contributorId":194718,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"von der Kammer","given":"Frank","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aiken, George R. 0000-0001-8454-0984 graiken@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8454-0984","contributorId":1322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aiken","given":"George","email":"graiken@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Maurice, Patricia A.","contributorId":194719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Maurice","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70171513,"text":"70171513 - 2015 - Oceanic and atmospheric forcing of Larsen C Ice-Shelf thinning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-02T11:35:15","indexId":"70171513","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3554,"text":"The Cryosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Oceanic and atmospheric forcing of Larsen C Ice-Shelf thinning","docAbstract":"The catastrophic collapses of Larsen A and B ice shelves on the eastern Antarctic Peninsula have caused their tributary glaciers to accelerate, contributing to sea-level rise and freshening the Antarctic Bottom Water formed nearby. The surface of Larsen C Ice Shelf (LCIS), the largest ice shelf on the peninsula, is lowering. This could be caused by unbalanced ocean melting (ice loss) or enhanced firn melting and compaction (englacial air loss). Using a novel method to analyse eight radar surveys, this study derives separate estimates of ice and air thickness changes during a 15-year period. The uncertainties are considerable, but the primary estimate is that the surveyed lowering (0.066 ± 0.017 m yr−1) is caused by both ice loss (0.28 ± 0.18 m yr−1) and firn-air loss (0.037 ± 0.026 m yr−1). The ice loss is much larger than the air loss, but both contribute approximately equally to the lowering because the ice is floating. The ice loss could be explained by high basal melting and/or ice divergence, and the air loss by low surface accumulation or high surface melting and/or compaction. The primary estimate therefore requires that at least two forcings caused the surveyed lowering. Mechanisms are discussed by which LCIS stability could be compromised in the future. The most rapid pathways to collapse are offered by the ungrounding of LCIS from Bawden Ice Rise or ice-front retreat past a \"compressive arch\" in strain rates. Recent evidence suggests that either mechanism could pose an imminent risk.
","language":"English","publisher":"European Geosciences Union","doi":"10.5194/tc-9-1005-2015","usgsCitation":"Holland, P.R., Brisbourne, A., Corr, H.F., Mcgrath, D., Purdon, K., Paden, J., Fricker, H.A., Paolo, F.S., and Fleming, A., 2015, Oceanic and atmospheric forcing of Larsen C Ice-Shelf thinning: The Cryosphere, v. 9, p. 1005-1024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1005-2015.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1005","endPage":"1024","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-061744","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472401,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1005-2015","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":322088,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctic Peninsula","volume":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-05-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575158b7e4b053f0edd03c77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holland, P. R.","contributorId":169934,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holland","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":25631,"text":"British Antarctic Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brisbourne, A.","contributorId":169935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brisbourne","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25631,"text":"British Antarctic Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Corr, H. F. J.","contributorId":68214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Corr","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mcgrath, Daniel 0000-0002-9462-6842 dmcgrath@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9462-6842","contributorId":145635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcgrath","given":"Daniel","email":"dmcgrath@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Purdon, K.","contributorId":169937,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Purdon","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6773,"text":"University of Kansas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Paden, J.","contributorId":169978,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paden","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fricker, H. A.","contributorId":169979,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fricker","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Paolo, F. S.","contributorId":169980,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paolo","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Fleming, A.H.","contributorId":43529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70168850,"text":"70168850 - 2015 - Draft comprehensive conservation plan and environmental impact statement-Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-24T12:58:34","indexId":"70168850","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"title":"Draft comprehensive conservation plan and environmental impact statement-Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge Complex, consisting of some of the newer properties in the National Wildlife Refuge System, is a work in progress. Offering unique assets to surrounding communities, these lands promise to become some of the premier urban wildlife refuges in the country. At the heart of the refuge complex is the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge: 16,000 acres of shortgrass and mixed-grass prairie that is home to bison, bald eagles, migratory songbirds, prairie dogs, and much more—all within the Denver Metropolitan area.
This comprehensive conservation plan will be the first in the country designed to begin implementing the Refuge System’s new Urban Refuge Initiative. To accomplish this, we analyzed a wide range of options on how best to support up to one million visitors per year without compromising our principal purposes to protect and preserve fish and wildlife and their habitats.
We are fortunate to have inherited a great deal of infrastructure from the U.S. Army, but we are also constrained by the current condition and layout of these facilities. Some of this infrastructure may be acting as barriers to the public—a condition inconsistent with the purposes of the refuge. Accordingly, we have developed a goal to increase and improve suitable access to the refuge, develop sustainable transportation options, and provide more connections among the units of the refuge complex. This increased access will enable people from all walks of life to visit the refuge. The vision we have developed for the refuge complex calls for the restoration of the refuge’s historical habitats, and the reconnection of people with the natural lands of the refuge and of the region at large using a network consisting of multimodal trails, a far-reaching light-rail system, and the Denver International Airport.
This refuge is well positioned to leverage and catalyze early investments to create world-class wildlife habitat and a conservation education facility in the heart of a rapidly growing urban metropolis. So positioned, the refuge represents the ideal intersection of nature and education to transmit the message of conservation, outdoor recreation, and stewardship to future generations. Toward this end, collaboration is essential to the refuge’s future success. We will continue to foster and improve our strong public and private partnerships in the surrounding communities. These partnerships will enable us to act quickly and effectively as we invest in education and outreach efforts to fulfill our potential as a conservation catalyst in neighboring communities, the larger Intermountain West, and the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2015, Draft comprehensive conservation plan and environmental impact statement-Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge, xviii, 245 p.","productDescription":"xviii, 245 p.","numberOfPages":"264","ipdsId":"IP-060910","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":318597,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/refuges/planningPDFs/RMA_CCP_draft_04292015_print.pdf"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ff0ea4e4b006455f2d61e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","contributorId":128143,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","id":692623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182262,"text":"70182262 - 2015 - Study 8: Prevalence and load of Nanophyetus salmincola infection in outmigrating steelhead trout from five Puget Sound rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T12:26:42","indexId":"70182262","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Study 8: Prevalence and load of Nanophyetus salmincola infection in outmigrating steelhead trout from five Puget Sound rivers","docAbstract":"Nanophyetus salmincola is a parasitic trematode, or flatworm, that infects salmonid fishes in the Pacific Northwest, including Washington, Oregon, and portions of California. The adult worm lives in the intestine of fish-eating birds and mammals. Eggs shed into the water hatch into miracidia which penetrate the first intermediate host, one of two species of snail Juga plicifera or J. silicula. Asexual reproduction occurs within the snail. Free-swimming cercaria are released from the snail and penetrate the secondary intermediate host, often a salmonid fish, in fresh and brackish water. The cercaria encyst as metacercaria in various organs of the fish, including gills, muscle and heart, but favor the posterior kidney. Penetration and migration by the cercaria through the fish causes damage to nearly every organ system. Once encysted, metacercaria survive the ocean phase of salmonid life cycle. N. salmincola is a likely contributor to mortality of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) during the early ocean rearing phase, and it is the most prevalent pathogen of outmigrating steelhead in the estuaries of the Pacific Northwest.
A field survey was implemented from March-June 2014 to compare the prevalence and parasite load of N. salmincola infections in outmigrating steelhead from five Puget Sound watersheds and to assess changes in infection levels that occurred during the smolt out-migration through each watershed. N. salmincola infection prevalence and parasite loads were determined by counting metacercaria in posterior kidney samples. Tissue samples were collected and examined by standard histological methods.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Puget Sound steelhead marine survival: 2013-2015 research findings summary","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Long Live the Kings","publisherLocation":"Seattle, WA","usgsCitation":"Chen, M., Stewart, B., Senkvik, K., and Hershberger, P., 2015, Study 8: Prevalence and load of Nanophyetus salmincola infection in outmigrating steelhead trout from five Puget Sound rivers, chap. of Puget Sound steelhead marine survival: 2013-2015 research findings summary, p. 46-48.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"48","ipdsId":"IP-066577","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339570,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":335929,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://marinesurvivalproject.com/resources/"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Sound","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58edbb59e4b0eed1ab8c6f58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, M.F.","contributorId":182025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stewart, B.A.","contributorId":182026,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stewart","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Senkvik, Kevin","contributorId":182027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senkvik","given":"Kevin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hershberger, Paul 0000-0002-2261-7760 phershberger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2261-7760","contributorId":150816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hershberger","given":"Paul","email":"phershberger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":670271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70179136,"text":"70179136 - 2015 - Brittle Faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-16T15:08:02","indexId":"70179136","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Brittle Faults","docAbstract":"Brittle shear zones/fault zones are usually defined by curved brittle P-planes bound by usually straight Y-planes. These shears may affect as a narrow zone within the rock bodies. Brittle sheared lenses of rocks vary in geometry, and the P-planes may curve only near the Y-planes. Fault gouge zones sometimes contain P-planes that help to deduce the shear sense. Fault planes/Y-planes may contain slickensides. See Doblas for detail of slickenside types and their reliable use in shear sense determination. This is despite Tjia questioned reliability of slickensides as shear sense indicators. Deformational structures and especially faulted units within soft-sedimentary structures are quite common.\nKeywords: Brittle shear zone; Brittle tectonics; Conjugate faults; Faults; Kinematic indicators; P-plane; Slickensides; Y-plane","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-420152-1.00003-X","usgsCitation":"Mukherjee, S., 2015, Brittle Faults, p. 79-106, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420152-1.00003-X.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"106","ipdsId":"IP-061137","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335782,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332275,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-420152-1.00003-X"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c833e4b025c464286296","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mukherjee, Soumyajit","contributorId":181848,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mukherjee","given":"Soumyajit","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70146540,"text":"70146540 - 2015 - Understanding the signature of rock coatings in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-17T14:53:16","indexId":"70146540","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding the signature of rock coatings in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data","docAbstract":"Surface compositional features on rocks such as coatings and weathering rinds provide important information about past aqueous environments and water–rock interactions. The search for these features represents an important aspect of the Curiosity rover mission. With its unique ability to do fine-scale chemical depth profiling, the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument (LIBS) onboard Curiosity can be used to both identify and analyze rock surface alteration features. In this study we analyze a terrestrial manganese-rich rock varnish coating on a basalt rock in the laboratory with the ChemCam engineering model to determine the LIBS signature of a natural rock coating. Results show that there is a systematic decrease in peak heights for elements such as Mn that are abundant in the coating but not the rock. There is significant spatial variation in the relative abundance of coating elements detected by LIBS depending on where on the rock surface sampled; this is due to the variability in thickness and spatial discontinuities in the coating. Similar trends have been identified in some martian rock targets in ChemCam data, suggesting that these rocks may have coatings or weathering rinds on their surfaces.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.038","usgsCitation":"Lanza, N.L., Ollila, A.M., Cousin, A., Wiens, R.C., Clegg, S.M., Mangold, N., Bridges, N., Cooper, D., Schmidt, M.E., Berger, J., Arvidson, R.E., Melikechi, N., Newsom, H.E., Tokar, R., Hardgrove, C., Mezzacappa, A., Jackson, R.S., Clark, B., Forni, O., Maurice, S., Nachon, M., Anderson, R.B., Blank, J., Deans, M., Delapp, D., Léveillé, R., McInroy, R., Martinez, R., Meslin, P., and Pinet, P., 2015, Understanding the signature of rock coatings in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data: Icarus, v. 249, p. 62-73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.038.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052703","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science 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Albuquerque","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cousin, Agnes","contributorId":40139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cousin","given":"Agnes","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiens, Roger C.","contributorId":140330,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wiens","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clegg, Samuel M.","contributorId":23460,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clegg","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13447,"text":"Los Alamos National 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temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-03-19T13:47:34","indexId":"70143535","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Small lakes show muted climate change signal in deepwater temperatures","docAbstract":"Water temperature observations were collected from 142 lakes across Wisconsin, USA, to examine variation in temperature of lakes exposed to similar regional climate. Whole lake water temperatures increased across the state from 1990 to 2012, with an average trend of 0.042°C yr−1 ± 0.01°C yr−1. In large (>0.5 km2) lakes, the positive temperature trend was similar across all depths. In small lakes (<0.5 km2), the warming trend was restricted to shallow waters, with no significant temperature trend observed in water >0.5 times the maximum lake depth. The differing response of small versus large lakes is potentially a result of wind-sheltering reducing turbulent mixing magnitude in small lakes. These results demonstrate that small lakes respond differently to climate change than large lakes, suggesting that current predictions of impacts to lakes from climate change may require modification.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1002/2014GL062325","usgsCitation":"Winslow, L.A., Read, J.S., Hansen, G.J., and Hanson, P.C., 2015, Small lakes show muted climate change signal in deepwater temperatures: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 42, no. 2, p. 355-361, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL062325.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"361","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-059949","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":472389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062325","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":298768,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 46.694667307773116\n ],\n [\n -86.85791015625,\n 42.569264372193864\n ],\n [\n -92.92236328125,\n 42.569264372193864\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"550bf336e4b02e76d759cdfc","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2014gl062325","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl062325","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Winslow Luke A., Read Jordan S., Hansen Gretchen J. 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Disturbance may affect populations via habitat alteration, mortality, or displacement. We quantified fish habitat conditions, density, and movement before and after a major flood disturbance in a Caribbean island tropical river using habitat surveys, fish sampling and population estimates, radio telemetry, and passively monitored PIT tags. Native stream fish populations showed evidence of acute mortality and downstream displacement of surviving fish. All fish species were reduced in number at most life stages after the disturbance, but populations responded with recruitment and migration into vacated upstream habitats. Changes in density were uneven among size classes for most species, indicating altered size structures. Rapid recovery processes at the population level appeared to dampen effects at the assemblage level, as fish assemblage parameters (species richness and diversity) were unchanged by the flooding. The native fish assemblage appeared resilient to flood disturbance, rapidly compensating for mortality and displacement with increased recruitment and recolonization of upstream habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/ES15-00224.1","usgsCitation":"Smith, W.E., and Kwak, T.J., 2015, Tropical insular fish assemblages are resilient to flood disturbance: Ecosphere, v. 6, no. 12, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00224.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","ipdsId":"IP-054326","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es15-00224.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349355,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Puerto Rico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -65.77909469604492,\n 18.287060046895192\n ],\n [\n -65.74287414550781,\n 18.287060046895192\n ],\n [\n -65.74287414550781,\n 18.391994973859724\n ],\n [\n -65.77909469604492,\n 18.391994973859724\n ],\n [\n -65.77909469604492,\n 18.287060046895192\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"6","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fec8e4b06e28e9c25363","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, William E.","contributorId":141055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kwak, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0616-137X tkwak@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0616-137X","contributorId":834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kwak","given":"Thomas","email":"tkwak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":716197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70193059,"text":"70193059 - 2015 - Origins and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:29:30","indexId":"70193059","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origins and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in groundwater","docAbstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in groundwater influences water quality and fuels microbial metabolism, but its origins, bioavailability and chemical composition are poorly understood. The origins and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bioavailable DOM were monitored during a long-term (2-year) study of groundwater in a fractured-rock aquifer in the Carolina slate belt. Surface precipitation was significantly correlated with groundwater concentrations of DOC, bioavailable DOM and chromophoric DOM, indicating strong hydrological connections between surface and ground waters. The physicochemical and biological processes shaping the concentrations and compositions of DOM during its passage through the soil column to the saturated zone are conceptualized in the regional chromatography model. The model provides a framework for linking hydrology with the processes affecting the transformation, remineralization and microbial production of DOM during passage through the soil column. Lignin-derived phenols were relatively depleted in groundwater DOM indicating substantial removal in the unsaturated zone, and optical properties of chromophoric DOM indicated lower molecular weight DOM in groundwater relative to surface water. The prevalence of glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and d-enantiomers of amino acids indicated the DOM was highly diagenetically altered. Bioassay experiments were used to establish DOC-normalized yields of amino acids as molecular indicators of DOM bioavailability in groundwater. A relatively small fraction (8 ± 4 %) of DOC in groundwater was bioavailable. The relatively high yields of specific d-enantiomers of amino acids indicated a substantial fraction (15–34 %) of groundwater DOC was of bacterial origin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-014-0029-4","usgsCitation":"Shen, Y., Chapelle, F.H., Strom, E.W., and Benner, R., 2015, Origins and bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in groundwater: Biogeochemistry, v. 122, no. 1, p. 61-78, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-0029-4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"78","ipdsId":"IP-055922","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472431,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-014-0029-4","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":349214,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a60fec8e4b06e28e9c25361","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shen, Yuan","contributorId":176364,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shen","given":"Yuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapelle, Francis H. chapelle@usgs.gov","contributorId":1350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Francis","email":"chapelle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strom, Eric W. ewstrom@usgs.gov","contributorId":337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"Eric","email":"ewstrom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":717782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benner, Ronald","contributorId":57380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benner","given":"Ronald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":717783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70147065,"text":"70147065 - 2015 - The 2008 phreatomagmatic eruption of Okmok volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Chronology, deposits, and landform changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-11T14:02:10","indexId":"70147065","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":240,"text":"Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"RI 2015-2","title":"The 2008 phreatomagmatic eruption of Okmok volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Chronology, deposits, and landform changes","docAbstract":"Okmok volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, explosively erupted over a five-week period between July 12 and August 23, 2008. The eruption was predominantly phreatomagmatic, producing fine-grained tephra that covered most of northeastern Umnak Island. The eruption had a maximum Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 4, with eruption column heights up to 16 km during the opening phase. Several craters and a master tuff cone formed in the caldera as a result of phreatomagmatic explosions and accumulated tephra-fall and surge deposits. Ascending magma continuously interacted with an extensive shallow groundwater table in the caldera, resulting in the phreatomagmatic character of the eruption. Syneruptive explosion and collapse processes enlarged a pre-existing lake, created a second, entirely new lake, and formed new, deep craters. A field of ephemeral collapse pits and collapse escarpments formed where rapid groundwater withdrawal removed material from beneath capping lava flows. This was the first significant phreatomagmatic event in the U.S. since the Ukinrek Maars eruption in 1977.
","language":"English","publisher":"Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.14509/29405","usgsCitation":"Jessica Larsen, Neal, C.A., Schaefer, J.R., Kaufman, M., and Lu, Z., 2015, The 2008 phreatomagmatic eruption of Okmok volcano, Aleutian Islands, Alaska: Chronology, deposits, and landform changes: Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigation RI 2015-2, Report: 53 p.; Vector Data Set, https://doi.org/10.14509/29405.","productDescription":"Report: 53 p.; Vector Data Set","numberOfPages":"61","ipdsId":"IP-057716","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14509/29405","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":339576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Islands, Okmok volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.64288330078122,\n 53.207677555890015\n ],\n [\n -167.640380859375,\n 53.207677555890015\n ],\n [\n -167.640380859375,\n 53.68044193408404\n ],\n [\n -168.64288330078122,\n 53.68044193408404\n ],\n [\n -168.64288330078122,\n 53.207677555890015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58edbb68e4b0eed1ab8c6f5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jessica Larsen","contributorId":140426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jessica Larsen","affiliations":[{"id":13493,"text":"UAFGI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825 tneal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":131135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina","email":"tneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schaefer, Janet R.","contributorId":82224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaufman, Max","contributorId":140427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaufman","given":"Max","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13493,"text":"UAFGI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":545607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lu, Zhong 0000-0001-9181-1818 lu@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9181-1818","contributorId":901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Zhong","email":"lu@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":545608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70147431,"text":"70147431 - 2015 - Evidence for intercontinental parasite exchange through molecular detection and characterization of haematozoa in northern pintails (Anas acuta) sampled throughout the North Pacific Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-01T11:28:08","indexId":"70147431","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2025,"text":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for intercontinental parasite exchange through molecular detection and characterization of haematozoa in northern pintails (Anas acuta) sampled throughout the North Pacific Basin","docAbstract":"Empirical evidence supports wild birds as playing a role in the interhemispheric exchange of bacteria and viruses; however, data supporting the redistribution of parasites among continents are limited. In this study, the hypothesis that migratory birds contribute to the redistribution of parasites between continents was tested by sampling northern pintails (Anas acuta) at locations throughout the North Pacific Basin in North America and East Asia for haemosporidian infections and assessing the genetic evidence for parasite exchange. Of 878 samples collected from birds in Alaska (USA), California (USA), and Hokkaido (Japan) during August 2011 - May 2012 and screened for parasitic infections using molecular techniques, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, and Plasmodium parasites were detected in 555 (63%), 44 (5%), and 52 (6%) samples, respectively. Using an occupancy modeling approach, the probability of detecting parasites via replicate genetic tests was estimated to be high (p ≥ 0.95). Multi-model inference supported variation of Leucocytozoon parasite prevalence by northern pintail age class and geographic location of sampling in contrast to Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites for which there was only support for variation in parasite prevalence by sampling location. Thirty-one unique mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were detected among haematozoa infecting northern pintails including seven lineages shared between samples from North America and Japan. The finding of identical parasite haplotypes at widely distributed geographic locations and general lack of genetic structuring by continent in phylogenies for Leucocytozoon and Plasmodium provides evidence for intercontinental genetic exchange of haemosporidian parasites. Results suggest that migratory birds, including waterfowl, could therefore facilitate the introduction of avian malaria and other haemosporidia to novel hosts and spatially distant regions.
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These granites have undergone a long history of chemical weathering, resulting in thick granite-derived regoliths, akin to those of South China, which supply virtually all heavy REE and Y, and a significant portion of light REE to global markets. Detailed comparisons of granite regolith profiles formed on the Stewartsville and Striped Rock plutons, and the Robertson River batholith (Virginia) indicate that REE are mobile and can attain grades comparable to those of deposits currently mined in China. A REE-enriched parent, either A-type or I-type (highly fractionated igneous type) granite, is thought to be critical for generating the high concentrations of REE in regolith profiles. One prominent feature we recognize in many granites and mineralized regoliths is the tetrad behaviour displayed in REE chondrite-normalized patterns. Tetrad patterns in granite and regolith result from processes that promote the redistribution, enrichment, and fractionation of REE, such as late- to post- magmatic alteration of granite and silicate hydrolysis in the regolith. Thus, REE patterns showing tetrad effects may be a key for discriminating highly prospective source rocks and regoliths with potential for REE ion adsorption clay deposits.
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Five Antillean manatees, Trichechus manatus manatus, were captured in Chetumal Bay and tagged with GPS tracking devices. The radios were equipped with a micropower saltwater sensor (SWS), which records the times when the tag assembly was submerged. The information was analyzed to establish individual fine-scale behaviors. For each fix, we established the following variables: distance (D), sampling interval (T), movement rate (D/T), number of dives (N), and total diving duration (TDD). We used logic criteria and simple scatterplots to distinguish between behavioral categories: ‘Travelling’ (D/T ≥ 3 km/h), ‘Surface’ (↓TDD, ↓N), ‘Bottom feeding’ (↑TDD, ↑N) and ‘Bottom resting’ (↑TDD, ↓N). Habitat categories were qualitatively assigned: Lagoon, Channels, Caye shore, City shore, Channel edge, and Open areas. The instrumented individuals displayed a daily rhythm of bottom activities, with surfacing activities more frequent during the night and early in the morning. More investigation into those cycles and other individual fine-scale behaviors related to their proximity to concentrations of human activity would be informative
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","language":"English","publisher":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/nclimate2551","usgsCitation":"Hirsch, R.M., and Archfield, S.A., 2015, Flood trends: Not higher but more often: Nature Climate Change, v. 5, no. 3, p. 198-199, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2551.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"198","endPage":"199","ipdsId":"IP-062653","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58de1950e4b02ff32c699caf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hirsch, Robert M. 0000-0002-4534-075X rhirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4534-075X","contributorId":2005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirsch","given":"Robert","email":"rhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37316,"text":"WMA - Integrated Information Dissemination Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Archfield, Stacey A. 0000-0002-9011-3871 sarch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-3871","contributorId":1874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Archfield","given":"Stacey","email":"sarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":502,"text":"Office of Surface Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":687304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185272,"text":"70185272 - 2015 - Synthesis of current knowledge on post-fire seeding for soil stabilization and invasive species control","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-22T15:50:54","indexId":"70185272","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Synthesis of current knowledge on post-fire seeding for soil stabilization and invasive species control","docAbstract":"The General Accounting Office has identified a need for better information on the effectiveness of post-fire emergency stabilization and rehabilitation methods used by the U.S. Forest Service and Department of Interior (DOI) agencies. Since reviews were published on treatment effectiveness in the early 2000s, treatment choices have changed and increased monitoring has been done. Greater use of native species has added substantially to burned area emergency response (BAER) treatment costs, for example, but quantitative data on this treatment were scarce in earlier reviews. We synthesized current information on the effectiveness of post-fire seeding for both soil stabilization and for prevention of the spread of invasive species in rangelands. We reviewed published literature (peer-reviewed and “gray”) and agency monitoring reports, as well as compiled and analyzed quantitative data in agency files. Products of this review include a web-accessible database of monitoring reports and published information, a scientific journal paper summarizing findings of scientific studies, an annotated bibliography of peer-reviewed papers, a summary report published as a General Technical Report that will be available online (in progress), and presentations to scientific meetings and BAER/ESR team training sessions and workshops. By combining results from studies done by Forest Service and DOI agency personnel with research studies published since the initial reviews, we presented a comprehensive synthesis of seeding effectiveness knowledge that complements the review of other hillslope treatments published by other researchers. This information will help federal land managers make more cost-effective decisions on post-fire stabilization and rehabilitation treatments.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/70185272","usgsCitation":"Beyers, J.L., Pyke, D.A., and Wirth, T., 2015, Synthesis of current knowledge on post-fire seeding for soil stabilization and invasive species control, 15 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/70185272.","productDescription":"15 p. 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Ash componentry and the microtextures of the early erupted lapilli products reveal that the magma was largely outgassed, perhaps in the preceding weeks to months. An increase in the juvenile:lithic ratio and size of ash collected from March 23 to April 3 records an increasing level of the magma within the conduit. After April 3 until the explosive eruption of April 9, a trend of decreasing juvenile:lithic ratio suggests that vent wall collapses were more frequent, possibly because lava level increased and destabilized the overhanging wall [Orr et al. 2013]. Despite increasing lake height, the microtextural characteristics of the lapilli suggest that the outgassed end-member was still being tapped between March 26 and April 8. The April 9 rockfall triggered an explosive eruption that produced a new component in the eruption deposits not seen in the preceding weeks; microvesicular juvenile lapilli, the first evidence of an actively vesiculating magma. Two additional dense end-member pyroclast types were also erupted during the April 9 explosion, likely related to outgassed magma with longer residence times than the microvesicular magma. We link these pyroclasts to a stagnant viscous crust at the top of the magma column or to convecting, downwelling magma. Our study of ash componentry and the textures of juvenile lapilli suggests that the April 9 explosive event effectively cleared the conduit of largely outgassed magma. The degassing processes during this eruption are complex and varied: in the period of persistent degassing during March 26-April 8 small resident bubbles at shallow levels in the lava lake were coupled to the magma whereas large bubbles ascended, expanded and fragmented. During the rockfall- triggered explosion of April 9, all bubbles were coupled to the host magma on the timescale of decompression, but additional exsolution, decompression and expansion of deeper, more gas-rich resident magma likely occurred [cf. Carey et al. 2012]. Where external conditions play a significant role in eruption dynamics, e.g., by triggering eruptions, vesiculation and degassing dynamics can be expected to be complex.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hawaiian volcanoes: From source to surface","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"AGU Chapman Conference","conferenceDate":"August 20-24, 2012","conferenceLocation":"Waikoloa, Hawai'i","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union; John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1002/9781118872079.ch19","usgsCitation":"Carey, R.J., Swavely, L., Swanson, D., Houghton, B.F., Orr, T.R., Elias, T., and Sutton, A., 2015, Onset of a basaltic explosive eruption from Kīlauea’s summit in 2008, chap. 19 of Hawaiian volcanoes: From source to surface: Geophysical Monograph, v. 208, p. 421-437, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch19.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"421","endPage":"437","ipdsId":"IP-057407","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339772,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.2566432952881,\n 19.427986766674284\n ],\n [\n -155.24333953857422,\n 19.416816177675052\n ],\n [\n -155.24042129516602,\n 19.41139249889879\n ],\n [\n -155.24145126342773,\n 19.409935360334085\n ],\n [\n -155.25012016296387,\n 19.409206786155146\n ],\n [\n -155.2526092529297,\n 19.40604959366076\n ],\n [\n -155.2594757080078,\n 19.406130548080082\n ],\n [\n -155.27097702026367,\n 19.40054459862468\n ],\n [\n -155.28016090393066,\n 19.40224469050349\n ],\n [\n -155.29080390930176,\n 19.399087362874425\n ],\n [\n -155.29535293579102,\n 19.40872106822236\n ],\n [\n -155.29329299926758,\n 19.415844785823072\n ],\n [\n -155.28762817382812,\n 19.420216003440714\n ],\n [\n -155.28024673461914,\n 19.4298484568423\n ],\n [\n -155.26814460754395,\n 19.431224474991648\n ],\n [\n -155.2566432952881,\n 19.427986766674284\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"208","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f1e0cae4b08144348b7e15","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Carey, Rebecca","contributorId":121557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Rebecca","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691170,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayol, Valerie","contributorId":121509,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayol","given":"Valerie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691171,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":691172,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weis, Dominique","contributorId":121531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weis","given":"Dominique","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":691173,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Carey, Rebecca J.","contributorId":145530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carey","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":16141,"text":"University of Tasmania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":691016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swavely, Lauren","contributorId":168819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swavely","given":"Lauren","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25364,"text":"Univ. 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