Efflorescent crusts at the Eagle Borax spring in Death Valley, California, contain an array of rare Mg and K borate minerals, several of which are only known from one or two other localities. The Mg- and/or K-bearing borates include aristarainite, hydroboracite, kaliborite, mcallisterite, pinnoite, rivadavite, and santite. Ulexite and probertite also occur in the area, although their distribution is different from that of the Mg and K borates. Other evaporite minerals in the spring vicinity include halite, thenardite, eugsterite, gypsum-anhydrite, hexahydrite, and bloedite. Whereas the first five of these minerals are found throughout Death Valley, the last two Mg sulfates are more restricted in occurrence and are indicative of Mg-enriched ground water.Mineral associations observed at the Eagle Borax spring, and at many other borate deposits worldwide, can be explained by the chemical fractionation of borate-precipitating waters during the course of evaporative concentration. The Mg sulfate and Mg borate minerals in the Eagle Borax efflorescent crusts point to the fractionation of Ca by the operation of a chemical divide involving Ca carbonate and Na-Ca borate precipitation in the subsurface sediments. At many other borate mining localities, the occurrence of ulexite in both Na borate (borax-kernite) and Ca borate (ulexite-colemanite) deposits similarly reflects ulexite's coprecipitation with Ca carbonate at an early concentration stage. Such ulexite may perhaps be converted to colemanite by later reaction with the coexisting Ca carbonate--the latter providing the additional Ca (super 2+) ions needed for the conversion. Mg and Ca-Mg borates are the expected late-stage concentration products of waters forming ulexite-colemanite deposits and are therefore most likely to occur in the marginal zones or nearby mud facies of ulexite-colemanite orebodies. Under some circumstances, Mg and Ca-Mg borates might provide a useful prospecting guide for ulexite-colemanite deposits, although the high solubility of Mg borate minerals may prevent their formation in lacustrine settings and certainly inhibits their geologic preservation. The occurrence of Mg borates in borax-kernite deposits is also related to fractionation processes and points to the operation of an Mg borate chemical divide, characterized by Mg borate precipitation ahead of Mg carbonate. All of these considerations imply that Mg is a significant chemical component of many borate-depositing ground waters, even though Mg borate minerals may not be strongly evident in borate orebodies.The Eagle Borax spring borates and other evaporite minerals were studied using spectroscopic and X-ray powder diffraction methods, which were found to be highly complementary. Spectral reflectance measurements provide a sensitive means for detecting borates present in mixtures with other evaporites and can be used to screen samples rapidly for X-ray diffraction analysis. The apparently limited occurrence of Mg and K borate minerals compared to Ca and Na borates may stem partly from the inefficiency of X-ray diffraction methods for delineating the mineralogy of large and complex deposits. Spectral reflectance measurements can be made in the laboratory, in the field, on the mine face, and even remotely. Reflectance data should have an important role in studies of existing deposit mineralogy and related chemical fractionation processes, and perhaps in the discovery of new borate mineral resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Crowley, J., 1996, Mg- and K-bearing borates and associated evaporites at Eagle Borax spring, Death Valley, California: A spectroscopic exploration: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 3, p. 622-635, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.3.622.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"622","endPage":"635","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227003,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5627e4b0c8380cd6d3ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crowley, J.K.","contributorId":103690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018660,"text":"70018660 - 1996 - Synthesis of data from studies by the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:42:39","indexId":"70018660","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthesis of data from studies by the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program","docAbstract":"From 1986 to 1993, the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program (NIWQP) of the U.S, Department of the Interior studied whether contamination was induced by irrigation drainage in 26 areas of the Western United States. In 1992, a study to evaluate and synthesize data collected during these 26 investigations began. Selenium, boron, and molybdenum are the trace elements and DDT the pesticide most commonly found in surface water at concentrations exceeding chronic criteria for the protection of aquatic life. In six of the areas, the median selenium concentration exceeded the criterion. Aquatic- life criteria have not been developed for uranium, but the median uranium concentration exceeded the proposed Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water in seven areas. A principal components analysis indicates that severity of selenium contamination is not related to the severity of contamination by boron, molybdenum, and arsenic. Arsenic, boron, molybdenum, and selenium concentrations are nearly the same in both filtered and unfiltered samples, which indicates that contaminant concentrations in filtered samples can be directly compared with biological-effects data developed using unfiltered samples. At a given site, selenium concentrations in surface water can change by an order of magnitude during the course of a year and from one year to another.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03493.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Seiler, R.L., 1996, Synthesis of data from studies by the National Irrigation Water-Quality Program: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 6, p. 1233-1245, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03493.x.","startPage":"1233","endPage":"1245","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267669,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03493.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba354e4b08c986b31fc6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seiler, R. L.","contributorId":87546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seiler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018712,"text":"70018712 - 1996 - Kriging: Understanding allays intimidation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018712","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1676,"text":"Fluoride","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kriging: Understanding allays intimidation","docAbstract":"In 1938 Daniel Gerhardus \"Danie\" Krige obtained an undergraduate degree in mining engineering and started a brilliant career centered on analyzing the gold and uranium mines in the Witwatersrand conglomerates of South Africa. He became interested in the disharmony between the poor reliability of reserve estimation reports and the magnitude of the economic decisions that were based on these studies. Back at the University of Witwatersrand, he wrote a master's thesis that began a revolution in mining evaluation methods. Krige was not alone in his research. Another mining engineer, Georges Matheron, a Frenchman, thought space data analysis belonged in a separate discipline, just as geophysics is a separate branch from physics. He named the new field geostatistics. Kriging is the name given in geostatistics to a collection of generalized linear regression techniques for the estimation of spatial phenomena. Pierre Carlier, another Frenchman, coined the term krigeage in the late 1950s to honor Krige's seminal work. Matheron anglicized the term to kriging when he published a paper for English-speaking readers. France dominated the development and application of geostatistics for several years. However, geostatistics in general, and kriging in particular, are employed by few and are regarded with apprehension by many. One of the possible applications of kriging is in computer mapping. Computer contouring methods can be grouped into two families: triangulation and gridding. The former is a direct procedure in which the contour lines are computed straight from the data by partitioning the sampling area into triangles with one observation per vertex. Kriging belongs in the gridding family. A grid is a regular arrangement of locations or nodes. In the gridding method the isolines are determined from interpolated values at the nodes. The difference between kriging and other weighting methods is in the calculation of the weights. Even for the simplest form of kriging, the calculations are more demanding. The kriging system of equations differs from classical regression in that the observations are allowed to be correlated and that neither the estimate nor the observations are necessarily points - they may have a volume, shape, and orientation. The mean square error is the average of the squares of the differences between the true and the estimated values. Simple kriging, the most basic form of kriging in that the system of equations has the fewest terms, requires the phenomena to have a constant and known mean. The next step up, ordinary kriging, does not require knowledge of the population mean. The external drift method, universal kriging, and intrinsic kriging go even further by allowing fluctuations in the mean. In practice, estimation by kriging is not as difficult to handle as it may look at first glance. In these days of high technology, all the details in the procedure are coded into computer programs. When properly used, kriging has several appealing attributes, the most important being that it does the work more accurately. By design, kriging provides the weights that result in the minimum mean square error. And yes, there have been people who have tested its superiority with real data. Practice has consistently confirmed theory. Kriging is also robust. Within reasonable limits, kriging tends to persist in yielding correct estimates even when the user selects the wrong model, misspecifies parameters, or both. This property should be an incentive for the novice to try the method. Gross misuse of kriging, though, can lead to poor results, worse even than those produced by alternative methods. Kriging has evolved and continues to expand to accommodate the estimation of increasingly demanding realities. Conclusions Theory and practice show that computer contour maps generated using kriging have the least mean square estimation error. In addition, the method provides information to assess the reliability of the maps.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fluoride","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00154725","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., 1996, Kriging: Understanding allays intimidation: Fluoride, v. 29, no. 3, p. 175-176.","startPage":"175","endPage":"176","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227179,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40cce4b0c8380cd65044","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018184,"text":"70018184 - 1996 - Re-evaluation of colorimetric Cl- data from natural waters with DOC","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:15:13","indexId":"70018184","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-evaluation of colorimetric Cl- data from natural waters with DOC","docAbstract":"Colorimetric Cl- data from natural solutions that contain dissolved organic carbon (DOC) may be biased high. We evaluated aquatic Cl- concentrations in ecosystem compartments at the Bear Brook Watershed, Maine, and from lakes in Maine, using ion chromatography and colorimetry. DOC imparts a positive interference on colorimetric Cl- results proportional to DOC concentrations at approximately 0.8 ??eq Cl-/L per mg DOC/L. The interference is not a function of Cl- concentration. The resulting bias in concentrations of Cl- may be 50% or more of typical environmental values for Cl- in areas remote from atmospheric deposition of marine aerosols. Such biased data in the literature appear to have led to spurious conclusions about recycling of Cl- by forests, the usefulness of Cl- as a conservative tracer in watershed studies, and calculations of elemental budgets, ion balance, charge density of DOC, and dry deposition factors.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00666264","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Norton, S.A., Handlet, M., Kahl, J.S., and Peters, N., 1996, Re-evaluation of colorimetric Cl- data from natural waters with DOC: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 91, no. 3-4, p. 283-298, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00666264.","startPage":"283","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267636,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666264"},{"id":227097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9571e4b0c8380cd81a00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Norton, S. A.","contributorId":32223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Norton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Handlet, M.J.","contributorId":74150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Handlet","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kahl, J. S.","contributorId":77885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kahl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018662,"text":"70018662 - 1996 - Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018662","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland","docAbstract":"Limestone and dolostone samples were collected from sites within and adjacent to ore zones in the Trzebionka mine, Silesia-Cracow zinc-lead mining district, southern Poland, to assess the level of thermal alteration of the enclosed conodonts, via the color alteration index (CAI) technique, and to study any surface alteration effects on these microfossils. Additional conodont sampling from stratigraphic levels correlative with the horizons being mined in the Trzebionka mine was accomplished at four surface and two borehole localities in the district, to compare the CAI and surface alteration effects at these, commercially non-mineralized, localities with those effects in the mine. Data show that: 1. The overall background thermal level of the Triassic strata studied, presumably due to only shallow burial, is very low: CAI = 1; in the range of 50 to 80??C. 2. CAI values in the ore zones in the Trzebionka mine are slightly higher than this regional background: 1+ to 1.5 (in the range ???50 to 90??C minimum heating over geologic time of about 0.1 to more than 1 m. y.). This implies that heating \"events\" of higher temperatures affecting the conodonts, including the passage of the local ore-bearing solutions, were of rather short duration(s), on the order of about 1,000 to 50,000 years. CAI data from the Trzebionka Mine is consistent with temperature data from fluid inclusions, indicating ore-bearing fluid temperatures in the 100 to 138??C range, and the scenario that these fluids were resident in these strata for a geologically short period. 3. Conodonts from both surface and subsurface samples rarely show surface corrosion effects, but tend to show apatite overgrowths. These overgrowths vary in degree of development, but are consistent for each morphological type of conodont element, and qualitatively are consistent in each sample observed. 4. Ichthyoliths (fish teeth, spines, and scales), found in most of the samples, do not exhibit either mineral overgrowths or apparent corrosion effects to the extent seen in the conodont elements. 5. Ichthyoliths show color alteration effects that are consistent within-sample but which are very different from the CAI values of conodonts in the same sample. The color alteration of the fish teeth might be of value as a thermal maturation index in the future, if and when calibrated through controlled laboratory experimental testing, but at present cannot and should not be used as equivalent to conodont CAI.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Repetski, J., and Narkiewicz, M., 1996, Conodont color and surface textural alteration in the Muschelkalk (Triassic) of the Silesian-Cracow Zn-Pb district, Poland: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 112-120.","startPage":"112","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f9d0e4b0c8380cd4d7c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repetski, J.E.","contributorId":38579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Narkiewicz, M.","contributorId":98053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Narkiewicz","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018131,"text":"70018131 - 1996 - Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:15:39","indexId":"70018131","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis","docAbstract":"Laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology were conducted to determine the assimilation efficiencies from ingested natural seston, the influx rates from the dissolved phase and the efflux rates of 6 trace elements (Ag, Am, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the mussel Mytilus edulis. A kinetic model was then employed to predict trace element concentration in mussel tissues in 2 locations for which mussel and environmental data are well described: South San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and Long Island Sound (New York, USA). Assimilation efficiencies from natural seston ranged from 5 to 18% for Ag, 0.6 to 1% for Am, 8 to 20% for Cd, 12 to 16% for Co, 28 to 34% for Se, and 32 to 41% for Zn. Differences in chlorophyll a concentration in ingested natural seston did not have significant impact on the assimilation of Am, Co, Se and Zn. The influx rate of elements from the dissolved phase increased with the dissolved concentration, conforming to Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The calculated dissolved uptake rate constant was greatest for Ag, followed by Zn > Am = Cd > Co > Se. The estimated absorption efficiency from the dissolved phase was 1.53% for Ag, 0.34% for Am, 0.31% for Cd, 0.11% for Co, 0.03% for Se and 0.89% for Zn. Salinity had an inverse effect on the influx rate from the dissolved phase and dissolved organic carbon concentration had no significant effect on trace element uptake. The calculated efflux rate constants for all elements ranged from 1.0 to 3.0% d-1. The route of trace element uptake (food vs dissolved) and the duration of exposure to dissolved trace elements (12 h vs 6 d) did not significantly influence trace element efflux rates. A model which used the experimentally determined influx and efflux rates for each of the trace elements, following exposure from ingested food and from water, predicted concentrations of Ag, Cd, Se and Zn in mussels that were directly comparable to actual tissue concentrations independently measured in the 2 reference sites in national monitoring programs. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the total suspended solids load, which can affect mussel feeding activity, assimilation, and trace element concentration in the dissolved and particulate phases, can significantly influence metal bioaccumulation for particle-reactive elements such as Ag and Am. For all metals, concentrations in mussels are proportionately related to total metal load in the water column and their assimilation efficiency from ingested particles. Further, the model predicted that over 96% of Se in mussels is obtained from ingested food, under conditions typical of coastal waters. For Ag, Am, Cd, Co and Zn, the relative contribution from the dissolved phase decreases significantly with increasing trace element partition coefficients for suspended particles and the assimilation efficiency in mussels of ingested trace elements; values range between 33 and 67% for Ag, 5 and 17% for Am, 47 and 82% for Cd, 4 and 30% for Co, and 17 and 51% for Zn.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps140091","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Fisher, N., and Luoma, S., 1996, Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 140, no. 1-3, p. 91-113, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps140091.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"113","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps140091","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265991,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps140091"}],"volume":"140","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a5e4b0c8380cd64f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.-X.","contributorId":90477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.-X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, N.S.","contributorId":67668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018641,"text":"70018641 - 1996 - The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018641","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications","docAbstract":"The composition of fluids extracted from ore and gangue sulfide minerals that span most of the paragenesis of the Silesian-Cracow district was determined using a newly developed ion chromatographic (IC) technique. Ionic species determined were Na+, NH+4, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Rb+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cl-, Br-, F-, I-, PO3-4, CO2-3, HS-, S2O2-3, SO2-4, NO-3, and acetate. Mineral samples included six from the Pomorzany mine and one from the Trzebionka mine which are hosted in the Triassic Muschelkalk Formation, and two samples of drill core from mineralized Upper Devonian strata. Nine paragenetically identifiable sulfide minerals occur throughout the Silesian-Cracow district. These include from earliest to latest: early iron sulfides, granular sphalerite, early galena, light-banded sphalerite, galena, dark-banded sphalerite, iron sulfides, late dark-banded sphalerite with late galena, and late iron sulfides. Seven of the minerals were sampled for fluid inclusion analysis in this study. Only the early iron sulfides and the last galena stage were not sampled. Although the number of analyses are limited to nine samples and two replicates and there is uncertainty about the characteristics of the fluid inclusions analyzed, the data show clear temporal trends in the composition of the fluids that deposited these minerals. Fluid inclusions in minerals deposited later in the paragenesis have significantly more K+, Br-, NH+4, and acetate but less Sr2+ than those deposited earlier in the paragenesis. The later minerals are also characterized by isotopically lighter sulfur and significantly more Tl and As in the solid minerals. The change in ore-fluid chemistry is interpreted to reflect a major change in the hydrologic regime of the district. Apparently, the migrational paths of ore fluids from the Upper Silesian basin changed during ore deposition and the fluids which deposited early minerals reacted with aquifers with very different geochemical characteristics than those that deposited late minerals. The early fluids may have reacted primarily with Devonian and Lower Carboniferous carbonate aquifers deeper in the basin, whereas the later fluids appear to have had extensive contact with organic-rich rocks, probably the shallower Middle and Upper Carboniferous flysch associated with coal measures. High concentrations of toxic Tl and As occur in the readily oxidized marcasite and pyrite minerals deposited by the later fluids. In general, the geochemistry of both the early and late fluids may be explained by an evaporite related origin or by water-rock modification of a saline basinal brine. When compared to the composition of fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore minerals from the Ozark region of the United States, fluid inclusions in minerals from Silesian-Cracow are fundamentally different, containing more Ca2+, Mg2+, NH+4, Br-, Sr2+ and acetate in all mineral stages with significantly more K+ in later stage minerals. The differences in ore fluid chemistry between the two regions are consistent with the lithologic differences of the respective basins thought to be the source of the mineralizing brines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Viets, J., Hofstra, A., Emsbo, P., and Kozlowski, A., 1996, The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 85-103.","startPage":"85","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa4be4b08c986b3227ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kozlowski, A.","contributorId":49124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozlowski","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017698,"text":"70017698 - 1996 - Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-24T00:53:08.181259","indexId":"70017698","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow velocity structure and Poisson's ratio at the Tarzana, California, strong-motion accelerometer site","docAbstract":"The 17 January 1994, Northridge, California, earthquake produced strong ground shaking at the Cedar Hills Nursery (referred to here as the Tarzana site) within the city of Tarzana, California, approximately 6 km from the epicenter of the mainshock. Although the Tarzana site is on a hill and is a rock site, accelerations of approximately 1.78 g horizontally and 1.2 g vertically at the Tarzana site are among the highest ever instrumentally recorded for an earthquake. To investigate possible site effects at the Tarzana site, we used explosive-source seismic refraction data to determine the shallow (<70 m) P-and S-wave velocity structure. Our seismic velocity models for the Tarzana site indicate that the local velocity structure may have contributed significantly to the observed shaking. P-wave velocities range from 0.9 to 1.65 km/sec, and S-wave velocities range from 0.20 and 0.6 km/sec for the upper 70 m. We also found evidence for a local S-wave low-velocity zone (LVZ) beneath the top of the hill. The LVZ underlies a CDMG strong-motion recording site at depths between 25 and 60 m below ground surface (BGS). Our velocity model is consistent with the near-surface (<30 m) P- and S-wave velocities and Poisson's ratios measured in a nearby (<30 m) borehole. High Poisson's ratios (0.477 to 0.494) and S-wave attenuation within the LVZ suggest that the LVZ may be composed of highly saturated shales of the Modelo Formation. Because the lateral dimensions of the LVZ approximately correspond to the areas of strongest shaking, we suggest that the highly saturated zone may have contributed to localized strong shaking. Rock sites are generally considered to be ideal locations for site response in urban areas; however, localized, highly saturated rock sites may be a hazard in urban areas that requires further investigation.
Urban water-quality managers need load estimates of storm-runoff pollutants to design effective remedial programs. Estimates are commonly made using published models calibrated to large regions of the country. This paper presents statistical methods, termed model-adjustment procedures (MAPs), which use a combination of local data and published regional models to improve estimates of urban-runoff quality. Each MAP is a form of regression analysis that uses a local data base as a calibration data set to adjust the regional model, in effect increasing the size of the local data base without additional, expensive data collection. The adjusted regional model can then be used to estimate storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites and storms in the locality. The four MAPs presented in this study are (1) single-factor regression against the regional model prediction, Pu; (2) least-squares regression against Pu; (3) least-squares regression against Pu and additional local variables; and (4) weighted combination of Pu and a local-regression prediction. Identification of the statistically most valid method among these four depends upon characteristics of the local data base. A MAP-selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the calibration data set is presented and tested.
We invert geodetic measurements of coseismic surface displacements to determine a dislocation model for the April 25, 1992, M = 7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake. The orientation of the model slip vector, which nearly parallels North America-Juan de Fuca relative plate convergence, and the location and orientation of the model fault relative to the offshore Cascadia megathrust, suggest that the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake is the first well-recorded event to relieve strain associated with the Cascadia subduction zone. We use data from three geodetic techniques: (1) the horizontal and vertical displacements of 13 monuments surveyed with the Global Positioning System, corrected for observed horizontal interseismic strain accumulation, (2) 88 section-elevation differences between leveling monuments, and (3) the uplift of 12 coastal sites observed from the die-off of intertidal marine organisms. Maximum observed displacements are 0.4 m of horizontal movement and 1.5 m of uplift along the coast. We use Monte Carlo techniques to estimate an optimal uniform slip rectangular fault geometry and its uncertainties. The optimal model using all the data resolves 4.9 m of slip on a 14 by 15 km fault that dips 28° SE. The fault extends from 1.5 to 8.7 km in depth and the main-shock hypocenter is close to the downdip projection of the fault. The shallowly dipping fault plane is consistent with the observed aftershock locations, and the estimated geodetic moment is 3.1 × 1019 N m, 70% of the seismic moment. Other models that exclude leveling data collected in 1935 and 1942 are more consistent with seismological estimates of the fault geometry. If the earthquake is characteristic for this segment, the estimated horizontal slip vector compared with plate convergence rates suggests a recurrence interval of 140 years, with a 95% confidence range of 100–670 years. The coseismic uplift occurred in a region that also has high Quaternary uplift rates determined from marine terrace studies. If repeated ruptures of this southernmost segment of the Cascadia megathrust are responsible for the Quaternary uplift, a comparison of the coseismic uplift with coastal uplift rates suggests a recurrence interval of 200–400 years. Thus comparing horizontal and vertical coseismic to long-term deformation suggests a recurrence interval of about 100–300 years for M = 7 events at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02623","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Murray, M., Marshall, G., Lisowski, M., and Stein, R., 1996, The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 8, p. 17707-17725, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02623.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"17707","endPage":"17725","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba632e4b08c986b320f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, G.A.","contributorId":42615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018640,"text":"70018640 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018640","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Keith, T.A., 1996, Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc095e4b08c986b32a1e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, Turner A.","contributorId":80549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Turner","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001122,"text":"1001122 - 1996 - Trophic analysis of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and white perch (Morone americana) in a Lake Superior Coastal food web, using stable isotope techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T12:00:49.635626","indexId":"1001122","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trophic analysis of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and white perch (Morone americana) in a Lake Superior Coastal food web, using stable isotope techniques","docAbstract":"We examined the trophic roles of two nonindigenous species, ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) and white perch (Morone americana), in the food web of a western Lake Superior coastal wetland, using stable isotope techniques. The δ15N signature of ruffe was similar to published values for YOY yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and intermediate to those of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), a ben-thivore, and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), a planktivore. Ruffe of all sizes sampled had an approximately 4%c enrichment in 15N over published values for benthos, and a 3%c 15N enrichment over values for plankton. A 3–4%c difference is consistent with commonly reported shifts in 5I5N signature between food and prey. These results suggest that ruffe in this food web feed on both benthos and plankton. White perch undergo ontogenetic shifts in nitrogen isotope signatures similar to those reported earlier for yellow perch, and appear to become piscivorous by the time they are 25 cm long. Our data suggest that interactions between ruffe and yellow perch could represent a competitive bottleneck. If yellow perch are able to grow large enough to become piscivorous, they should be able to escape competition with ruffe. In contrast, white perch appear to have the potential to compete with yellow perch throughout their lives.
A 160 year record of skeletal δ13C and δ18O was examined in a specimen of the coral Solenastrea bournonigrowing in Florida Bay. Variations in the δ18O of the skeleton can be correlated to changes in salinity while changes in the δ13C reflect cycling of organic material within the Bay. Based on the correlation between salinity and skeletal δ18O, we have concluded that there has been no long term increase in salinity in this area of Florida Bay over the past 160 years. Using salinity correlations between the various basins obtained from instrumental data, we have been able to extend our interpretations to other parts of Florida Bay reaching similar conclusions. In contrast to current ideas which have focused on changes in Florida Bay water quality over the past 20-yr history of the Bay as causative in its decline, we have determined that changes in water quality in this basin were already set in motion between 1905 and 1912 by the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway from Miami to Key West. The construction of the railway resulted in the restriction of the exchange of water between the Florida reef tract and the Gulf of Mexico causing Florida Bay to become more eutrophic. Evidence of this process is observed in the sudden shift to relatively lower δ13C values coincident with railway construction. Natural events also appear to have influenced the water in the Bay. Between 1912 and 1948 frequent hurricanes had the effect of increasing exchange of water between the Bay and reef tract and removing large quantities of organic rich sediments. However, since 1948 the number of hurricanes affecting the area has decreased and the products of the oxidation of organic material have been increasingly retained within the basin promoting the initiation of eutrophic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X","usgsCitation":"Swart, P.K., Healy, G.F., Dodge, R.E., Kramer, P., Hudson, J., Halley, R., and Robblee, M.B., 1996, The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 123, no. 1-4, p. 219-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"237","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","volume":"123","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5475a843e4b082506142051c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Genevieve F.","contributorId":127608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Healy","given":"Genevieve","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodge, Richard E.","contributorId":46628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodge","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kramer, Philip","contributorId":35911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Philip","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, J. Harold","contributorId":54897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"J. Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":525907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018144,"text":"70018144 - 1996 - Global distribution of plant-extractable water capacity of soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T17:52:55.847937","indexId":"70018144","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global distribution of plant-extractable water capacity of soil","docAbstract":"Plant-extractable water capacity of soil is the amount of water that can be extracted from the soil to fulfill evapotranspiration demands. It is often assumed to be spatially invariant in large-scale computations of the soil-water balance. Empirical evidence, however, suggests that this assumption is incorrect. In this paper, we estimate the global distribution of the plant-extractable water capacity of soil.
A representative soil profile, characterized by horizon (layer) particle size data and thickness, was created for each soil unit mapped by FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/Unesco. Soil organic matter was estimated empirically from climate data. Plant rooting depths and ground coverages were obtained from a vegetation characteristic data set. At each 0.5°×0.5° grid cell where vegetation is present, unit available water capacity (cm water per cm soil) was estimated from the sand, clay, and organic content of each profile horizon, and integrated over horizon thickness. Summation of the integrated values over the lesser of profile depth and root depth produced an estimate of the plant-extractable water capacity of soil.
The global average of the estimated plant-extractable water capacities of soil is 8ċ6cm (Greenland, Antarctica and bare soil areas excluded). Estimates are less than 5, 10 and 15 cm—over approximately 30, 60, and 89 per cent of the area, respectively. Estimates reflect the combined effects of soil texture, soil organic content, and plant root depth or profile depth. The most influential and uncertain parameter is the depth over which the plant- extractable water capacity of soil is computed, which is usually limited by root depth. Soil texture exerts a lesser, but still substantial, influence. Organic content, except where concentrations are very high, has relatively little effect.
","language":"English","publisher":"Royal Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199608)16:8<841::AID-JOC60>3.0.CO;2-8","issn":"08998418","usgsCitation":"Dunne, K., and Willmott, C., 1996, Global distribution of plant-extractable water capacity of soil: International Journal of Climatology, v. 16, no. 8, p. 841-859, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199608)16:8<841::AID-JOC60>3.0.CO;2-8.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"841","endPage":"859","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227142,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2944e4b0c8380cd5a7e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunne, K.A.","contributorId":18920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willmott, C.J.","contributorId":99315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willmott","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018557,"text":"70018557 - 1996 - Interpreting the ASTM 'content standard for digital geospatial metadata'","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018557","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Interpreting the ASTM 'content standard for digital geospatial metadata'","docAbstract":"ASTM and the Federal Geographic Data Committee have developed a content standard for spatial metadata to facilitate documentation, discovery, and retrieval of digital spatial data using vendor-independent terminology. Spatial metadata elements are identifiable quality and content characteristics of a data set that can be tied to a geographic location or area. Several Office of Management and Budget Circulars and initiatives have been issued that specify improved cataloguing of and accessibility to federal data holdings. An Executive Order further requires the use of the metadata content standard to document digital spatial data sets. Collection and reporting of spatial metadata for field investigations performed for the federal government is an anticipated requirement. This paper provides an overview of the draft spatial metadata content standard and a description of how the standard could be applied to investigations collecting spatially-referenced field data.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1994 International Symposium on Remote Sensing and GIS for Site Characterization","conferenceDate":"27 January 1994 through 28 January 1994","conferenceLocation":"San Francisco, CA, USA","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","publisherLocation":"Conshohocken, PA, United States","issn":"10403094","usgsCitation":"Nebert, D.D., 1996, Interpreting the ASTM 'content standard for digital geospatial metadata', in ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1279, San Francisco, CA, USA, 27 January 1994 through 28 January 1994, p. 127-130.","startPage":"127","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1279","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d93e4b0c8380cd6368c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nebert, Douglas D. ddnebert@usgs.gov","contributorId":3629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nebert","given":"Douglas","email":"ddnebert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":380032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018566,"text":"70018566 - 1996 - Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:20:52","indexId":"70018566","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill","docAbstract":"An integral simulation model has been developed for understanding and simulating the process of a density current and the transport of spilled chemicals in a stratified reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behavior and mixing mechanisms in different flow regimes (plunging flow, underflow, and interflow). It computes flow rate, velocity, flow thickness, mixing parameterized by entrainment and dilution, depths of plunging, separation and intrusion, and time of travel. The model was applied to the Shasta Reservoir in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River chemical spill. The simulations were used to assist in the emergency response, confirm remediation measures, and guide data collection. Spill data that were available after the emergency response are used to conduct a postaudit of the model results. Predicted flow parameters are presented and compared with observed interflow intrusion depth, travel time, and measured concentrations of spilled chemicals. In the reservoir, temperature difference between incoming river flow and ambient lake water played a dominant role during the processes of flow plunging, separation, and intrusion. With the integral approach, the gross flow behavior can be adequately described and information useful in the analysis of contaminated flow in a reservoir after a spill is provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03486","usgsCitation":"Gu, R., McCutcheon, S.C., and Wang, P., 1996, Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 3, p. 695-705, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03486.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"705","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c23e4b0c8380cd6fa7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gu, Ruochuan","contributorId":152295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gu","given":"Ruochuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCutcheon, Steve C.","contributorId":84374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCutcheon","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Pei-Fang","contributorId":176998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Pei-Fang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018404,"text":"70018404 - 1996 - A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T07:55:59","indexId":"70018404","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","docAbstract":"Quantitative analysis of geophysical logs in ground-water studies often involves at least as broad a range of applications and variation in lithology as is typically encountered in petroleum exploration, making such logs difficult to calibrate and complicating inversion problem formulation. At the same time, data inversion and analysis depend on inversion model formulation and refinement, so that log interpretation cannot be deferred to a geophysical log specialist unless active involvement with interpretation can be maintained by such an expert over the lifetime of the project. We propose a generalized log-interpretation procedure designed to guide hydrogeologists in the interpretation of geophysical logs, and in the integration of log data into ground-water models that may be systematically refined and improved in an iterative way. The procedure is designed to maximize the effective use of three primary contributions from geophysical logs: (1) The continuous depth scale of the measurements along the well bore; (2) The in situ measurement of lithologic properties and the correlation with hydraulic properties of the formations over a finite sample volume; and (3) Multiple independent measurements that can potentially be inverted for multiple physical or hydraulic properties of interest. The approach is formulated in the context of geophysical inversion theory, and is designed to be interfaced with surface geophysical soundings and conventional hydraulic testing. The step-by-step procedures given in our generalized interpretation and inversion technique are based on both qualitative analysis designed to assist formulation of the interpretation model, and quantitative analysis used to assign numerical values to model parameters. The approach bases a decision as to whether quantitative inversion is statistically warranted by formulating an over-determined inversion. If no such inversion is consistent with the inversion model, quantitative inversion is judged not possible with the given data set. Additional statistical criteria such as the statistical significance of regressions are used to guide the subsequent calibration of geophysical data in terms of hydraulic variables in those situations where quantitative data inversion is considered appropriate.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Crowder, R., 1996, A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 5, p. 883-898, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"898","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2dfe4b0c8380cd45cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowder, R.E.","contributorId":80836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018589,"text":"70018589 - 1996 - A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T00:04:03.026088","indexId":"70018589","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica","docAbstract":"We describe a high-precision (0.1–1.0 mK) borehole-temperature (BT) logging system developed at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for use in remote polar regions. We discuss calibration, operational and data-processing procedures, and present an analysis of the measurement errors. The system is modular to facilitate calibration procedures and field repairs. By interchanging logging cables and temperature sensors, measurements can be made in either shallow air-filled boreholes or liquid-filled holes up to 7 km deep. Data can be acquired in either incremental or continuous-logging modes. The precision of data collected by the new logging system is high enough to detect and quantify various thermal effects at the milli-Kelvin level. To illustrate this capability, we present sample data from the 3 km deep borehole at GISP2, Greenland, and from a 130 m deep air-filled hole at Taylor Dome, Antarctica. The precision of the processed GISP2 continuous temperature logs is 0.25–0.34 mK, while the accuracy is estimated to be 4.5 mK. The effects of fluid convection and the dissipation of the thermal disturbance caused by drilling the borehole are clearly visible in the data. The precision of the incremental Taylor Dome measurements varies from 0.11 to 0.32 mK. depending on the wind strength during the experiments. With this precision, we found that temperature fluctuations and multi-hour trends in the BT measurements correlate well with atmospheric-pressure changes.
Measurements of suspended-solids concentration (SSC) were made at two depths at three sites in South San Francisco Bay (South Bay) to determine the factors that affect SSC. Twenty-eight segments of reliable and continuous SSC time series data longer than 14 days were collected from late 1991 or 1992 through September 1993. Spectral analysis and singular spectrum analysis were used to relate these data segments to time series of several potential forcing factors, including diurnal and semidiurnal tides, the spring-neap tidal cycle, wind shear, freshwater runoff, and longitudinal density differences. SSC is greatest during summer, when a landward wind shear is applied to South Bay by the afternoon sea breeze. About one half the variance of SSC is caused by the spring-neap cycle, and SSC lags the spring-neap cycle by about 2 days. Relatively short duration of slack water limits the duration of deposition of suspended solids and consolidation of newly deposited bed sediment during the tidal cycle, so suspended solids accumulate in the water column as a spring tide is approached and slowly deposit as a neap tide is approached. Perturbations in SSC caused by wind and local runoff from winter storms during the study period were usually much smaller than SSC variations caused by the spring-neap cycle. Variations of SSC at the study sites at tidal timescales are tidally forced, and nonlinear physical processes are significant. Advective transport dominates during spring tides, when water with higher SSC due to wind wave resuspension is advected to the main channel from shallow water, but, during neap tides, advective transport is less significant. The findings of this and other studies indicate that the tidally averaged transport of suspended solids responds to seasonal variations of wind shear in South Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JC00747","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1996, Factors affecting suspended-solids concentrations in South San Francisco Bay, California: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C5, p. 12087-12095, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC00747.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"12087","endPage":"12095","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227038,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ea8e4b0c8380cd5356c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018417,"text":"70018417 - 1996 - Crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O (X = P or As)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-28T16:01:16","indexId":"70018417","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2537,"text":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O (X = P or As)","docAbstract":"The orthorhombic crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O for X = P and As have been determined with data collected at room temperature, and for X = P at –100 °C, using Mo-Kα radiation. For the latter the space group is Pna21, a= 21.670(11), b= 14.805(4), c= 20.393(5)Å and Z= 4. The structure consists of chains of α-Keggin-type molecules joined by W–O–links aligned in the a-axis direction. The Co/W occupancy at the link is disordered, with 61% Co on one side and 39% on the other. Further probable disorder, by lamellar merohedral twinning on (001) and by misorientation of the triethylammonium ions, has obscured the ethyl groups and the water molecules. In polarized light the crystals are deep wine-red normal to the chains (in the b direction), but nearly colourless in the a and c directions. The structure of the arsenate is similar to that of the phosphate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Royal Society of Chemistry","doi":"10.1039/DT9960002537","issn":"03009246","usgsCitation":"Evans, H.T., Weakley, T., and Jameson, G., 1996, Crystal structures of [NEt3H]5[XCoIIW11O39]·3H2O (X = P or As): Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, no. 12, p. 2537-2540, https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9960002537.","startPage":"2537","endPage":"2540","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268596,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/DT9960002537"},{"id":227113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcfee4b0c8380cd4e579","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, H. T. Jr.","contributorId":41859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weakley, T.J.R.","contributorId":107403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weakley","given":"T.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jameson, G.B.","contributorId":14584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197979,"text":"70197979 - 1996 - An introduction to the Woodworth Study Area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-03T10:12:29","indexId":"70197979","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An introduction to the Woodworth Study Area","docAbstract":"The Woodworth Study Area (WSA) was purchased by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) during the early 1960's as a waterfowl production area. Unlike most such areas, its primary purpose was not to provide waterfowl breeding habitat directly, but instead it was dedicated for use as a research area to develop information for better management of upland and wetland habitats. This article provides some history of the area and background information about biological monitoring and research that have been conducted on the WSA. Unless otherwise stated, information included in derived from (1) or unpublished data on file at the Northern Prairie Science Center (NPSC).