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Chemical model speciation calculations do not necessarily agree with voltammetric, ion exchange, potentiometric, or other analytical speciation techniques. When metal-organic complexes are important, model calculations are not usually helpful and on-site analytical separations are essential. Many analytical speciation techniques have serious interferences and only work well for a limited subset of water types and compositions. A combined approach to the evaluation of speciation could greatly reduce these uncertainties. The approach proposed would be to (1) compare and contrast different analytical techniques with each other and with computed speciation, (2) compare computed trace metal speciation with reliable measurements of solubility, potentiometry, and mean activity coefficients, and (3) compare different model calculations with each other for the same set of water analyses, especially where supplementary data on speciation already exist. A comparison and critique of analytical with chemical model speciation for a range of water samples would delineate the useful range and limitations of these different approaches to speciation. Both model calculations and analytical determinations have useful and different constraints on the range of possible speciation such that they can provide much better insight into speciation when used together. Major discrepancies in the thermodynamic databases of speciation models can be evaluated with the aid of analytical speciation, and when the thermodynamic models are highly consistent and reliable, the sources of error in the analytical speciation can be evaluated. Major thermodynamic discrepancies also can be evaluated by simulating solubility and activity coefficient data and testing various chemical models for their range of applicability. Until a comparative approach such as this is taken, trace metal speciation will remain highly uncertain and controversial.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00619286","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Nordstrom, D.K., 1996, Trace metal speciation in natural waters: Computational vs. analytical: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 257-267, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00619286.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226362,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205713,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00619286"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb670e4b08c986b326c7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26207,"text":"wri964212 - 1996 - Bacteriological quality of ground water used for household supply, Lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-06T21:09:51.604179","indexId":"wri964212","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-4212","title":"Bacteriological quality of ground water used for household supply, Lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland","docAbstract":"

This report describes the bacteriological results of a ground-water study conducted from 1993 to 1995 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin study unit. Water samples collected from 146 household supply wells were analyzed for fecal-indicator organisms including total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and fecal streptococcus concentrations. Supporting data used in the interpretations are selected water-quality constituents, well-construction information, and the environmental setting at the well site including land use, physiography, and bedrock type. Water from nearly 70 percent of the wells sampled had total coliform present and thus was not suitable for drinking without treatment. Fecal coliforms were found in water from approximately 25 percent of the sampled wells. E. coli testing was not conducted in 1993. Approximately 30 percent of the 88 sampled wells had waters with E. coli. Fecal streptococcus bacteria was present in water from about 65 percent of the wells sampled. Bacteriological contamination was more likely to occur in water from wells in agricultural areas than in water from wells in forested areas. Water from wells sampled in the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province was more likely to have bacteria than water from wells in the Piedmont Physiographic Province. Differences in bacterial concentrations among bedrock types are only statistically significant for E. coli. Bacterial concentrations are weakly related to well-age but not to other well characteristics such as the total well depth or the casing length. Relations exist between bacterial concentrations and selected water-quality constituents. Most wells from which water was sampled did not have sanitary seals and very few were grouted. This may have contributed to the number of detections of bacteria. It is uncertain whether the bacteria detected are the result of widespread aquifer contamination or site-specific factors.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri964212","usgsCitation":"Bickford, T.M., Lindsey, B., and Beaver, M., 1996, Bacteriological quality of ground water used for household supply, Lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4212, viii, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri964212.","productDescription":"viii, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55002,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4212/wri19964212.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 1996-4212"},{"id":125110,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1996/4212/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":415384,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48546.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lower Susquehanna River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.85,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -75.85,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"

Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070

","tableOfContents":"","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64ad68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bickford, Tammy M.","contributorId":16048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bickford","given":"Tammy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lindsey, Bruce D. 0000-0002-7180-4319 blindsey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7180-4319","contributorId":434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"Bruce D.","email":"blindsey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beaver, M.R.","contributorId":21998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaver","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175203,"text":"70175203 - 1996 - Sediment inflow to the delta from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-02T14:28:34","indexId":"70175203","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment inflow to the delta from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers","docAbstract":"

USGS routinely measures the daily suspended sediment load entering the delta with the flows of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Most of the suspended sediment that flows into the delta is carried by these two rivers, but it also enters from Yolo Bypass; the Mokelumne, Calaveras, and Cosumnes rivers; and several smaller streams. This article presents suspended sediment data for the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and compares the data collected during the water year 1995 to statistically analyzed data from the long-term record.

","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the Sacramento–San Joaquin Estuary","usgsCitation":"Oltmann, R., 1996, Sediment inflow to the delta from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 9, no. 2, p. 22-23.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"23","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325948,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/1996//IEP-spring-1996.cfm"},{"id":325949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c433e4b006cb45552c45","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oltmann, R.N.","contributorId":69164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oltmann","given":"R.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70017742,"text":"70017742 - 1996 - Electron-probe microanalysis of light elements in coal and other kerogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017742","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electron-probe microanalysis of light elements in coal and other kerogen","docAbstract":"Recent advances in electron microprobe technology including development of layered synthetic microstructures, more stable electronics and better matrix-correction programs facilitated routine microanalysis of the light elements in coal. Utilizing an appropriately equipped electron microprobe with suitable standards, it is now possible to analyze directly the light elements (C, O and N, if abundant) in coal macerals and other kerogen. The analytical results are both accurate compared to ASTM methods and highly precise, and provide an opportunity to access the variation in coal chemistry at the micrometre scale. Our experiments show that analyses using a 10 kV accelerating voltage and 10 nA beam current yield the most reliable data and result in minimum sample damage and contamination. High sample counts were obtained for C, O and N using a bi-elemental nickel-carbon pseudo-crystal (2d = 9.5 nm) as an analyzing crystal. Vitrinite isolated from anthracite rank coal proves the best carbon standard and is more desirable than graphite which has higher porosity, whereas lower rank vitrinite is too heterogeneous to use routinely as a standard. Other standards utilized were magnesite for oxygen and BN for nitrogen. No significant carbon, oxygen or nitrogen X-ray peak shifts or peak-shape changes occur between standards and the kerogen analyzed. Counting rates for carbon and oxygen were found to be constant over a range of beam sizes and currents for counting times up to 160 s. Probe-determined carbon and oxygen contents agree closely with those reported from ASTM analyses. Nitrogen analyses compare poorly to ASTM values which probably is in response to overlap between the nitrogen Ka peak with the carbon K-adsorption edge and the overall low nitrogen content of most of our samples. Our results show that the electron microprobe technique provides accurate compositional data for both minor and major elements in coal without the necessity and inherent problems associated with mechanically isolating macerals. Studies to date have demonstrated the level of compositional variability within and between macerals in suites of Canadian coals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00028-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Bustin, R., Mastalerz, M., and Raudsepp, M., 1996, Electron-probe microanalysis of light elements in coal and other kerogen: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 32, no. 1-4, p. 5-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00028-6.","startPage":"5","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00028-6"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08aae4b0c8380cd51c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bustin, R.M.","contributorId":101831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bustin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raudsepp, M.","contributorId":22923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raudsepp","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018066,"text":"70018066 - 1996 - Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:19:31.963329","indexId":"70018066","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data","docAbstract":"

The Missouri River floods of 1993 caused significant and widespread damage to the floodplains between Kansas City and St. Louis. Immediately downstream of levee breaks, flood waters scoured the bottoms. As the floodwaters continued, they spread laterally and deposited massive amounts of sand as crevasse splays on top of agricultural fields. We explore the use of radar interferometry and backscatter data for quantitative estimation of scour and deposition for Jameson Island/Arrow Rock Bottoms and Lisbon Bottoms, two bottoms that were heavily damaged during the floods and subsequently abandoned. Shuttle imaging radar C (SIR-C) L band (24 cm) HH (horizontally transmitted and horizontally received) radar backscatter data acquired in October 1994 were used together with a distorted Born approximation canopy scattering model to determine that the abundance of natural leafy forbs controlled the magnitude of backscatter for former agricultural fields. Forb areal density was found to be inversely correlated with thickness of sand deposited during the floods, presumably because thick sands prevented roots from reaching nutrient rich, moist bottoms soils. Using the inverse relationship, a lower bound for the mass of sand added was found to be 6.3 million metric tons over the 17 km2 study area. Digital elevation data from topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) C band (5.6 cm) interferometric observations acquired in August 1994 were compared to a series of elevation profiles collected on the ground. Vertical errors in TOPSAR were estimated to range from 1 to 2 m, providing enough accuracy to generate an estimate of total mass (4.7 million metric tons) removed during erosion of levees and scour of the bottoms terrains. Net accretion of material to the study areas is consistent with the geologic record of major floods where sediment-laden floodwaters crested over natural levees, initially scoured into the bottoms, and then deposited sands as crevasse splays as the flows spread out and slowed by frictional dissipation. The addition of artificial levees to the Missouri River system has undoubtedly enhanced flood damage, although quantitative estimation of the degree of enhancement will require additional work.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JE01975","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Izenberg, N., Arvidson, R., Brackett, R., Saatchi, S., Osburn, G., and Dohrenwend, J., 1996, Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E10, p. 23149-23167, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE01975.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"23149","endPage":"23167","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a41e4b0c8380cd52288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izenberg, N.R.","contributorId":35083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izenberg","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brackett, R.A.","contributorId":38725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackett","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saatchi, S.S.","contributorId":88897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saatchi","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osburn, G.R.","contributorId":16592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osburn","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J.","contributorId":108269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018475,"text":"70018475 - 1996 - An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T16:59:39.614032","indexId":"70018475","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia","docAbstract":"

We have conducted a paleomagnetic study of sediment cores obtained from the Selenga prodelta region of Lake Baikal, Russia. This record, which spans approximately the last 84 kyr, contributes to a better understanding of the nature of geomagnetic field behavior in Siberia and is a useful correlation and dating tool. We demonstrate that the Lake Baikal sediments are recording variations in the geomagnetic field. The directional record displays secular variation behavior with a geomagnetic excursion at 20 ka and additional excursions appearing as large-amplitude secular variation at 41, 61, and 67 ka. Smoothing of the geomagnetic excursion behavior occurs in Lake Baikal sediments owing to the intermediate sedimentation rate (13 cm kyr−1). The Lake Baikal relative paleointensity record correlates to absolute paleointensity data for the last 10 kyr and to relative paleointensity records from the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean for the last 84 kyr. This correlation suggests a strong global (i.e., dipole) component to these records and further supports the reliability of sediments as recorders of relative geomagnetic paleointensity. We show that a relative geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy has a potential resolution of 7 kyr by correlating continental and marine records. The geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy helps constrain the age of the difficult to date Lake Baikal sediments.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00328","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Peck, J., King, J., Colman, S.M., and Kravchinsky, V., 1996, An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11365-11385, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00328.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"11365","endPage":"11385","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1756","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cde4b0c8380cd4847a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kravchinsky, V.A.","contributorId":90475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kravchinsky","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018478,"text":"70018478 - 1996 - Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:28:47.025442","indexId":"70018478","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques","docAbstract":"

Ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) profiles calibrated with core data allow accurate assessments of coastal barrier volumes. We applied this procedure successfully to the barrier system along Saco Bay, Maine (USA), as part of a sediment-budget study that focused on present-day sand volumes in various coastal, shoreface, and inner-shelf lithosomes, and on sand fluxes that have affected the volume or distribution of sand in these sediment bodies through time. On GPR profiles, the components of the barrier lithosome are readily differentiated from other facies, except where the radar signal is attenuated by brackish or salty groundwater. Significant differences between dielectric properties of the barrier lithosome and other units commonly result in strong boundary reflectors. The mostly sandy barrier sediments allow deep penetration of GPR waves, in contrast to finer-grained strata and till-covered bedrock. Within the Saco Bay barrier system, \"\" of sediment are unevenly distributed. Two-thirds of the total barrier volume is contained within the northern and southern ends of the study area, in the Pine Point spit and the Ferry Beach/Goosefare complex, respectively. The central area around Old Orchard Beach is locally covered by only a thin veneer of barrier sand, averaging >3 m, that unconformably overlies shallow pre-Holocene facies. The prominence of barrier-spit facies and the distribution pattern of back-barrier sediments indicate that a high degree of segmentation, governed by antecedent topography, has affected the development of the Saco Bay barrier system. The present-day configuration of the barrier and back-barrier region along Saco Bay, however, conceals much of its early compartmentalized character.

","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629840","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Van Heteren, S., FitzGerald, D.M., Barber, D., Kelley, J.T., and Belknap, D.F., 1996, Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques: Journal of Geology, v. 104, no. 4, p. 471-483, https://doi.org/10.1086/629840.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc366e4b08c986b32b15f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Heteren, S.","contributorId":70131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Heteren","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"FitzGerald, D. M.","contributorId":55038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"FitzGerald","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, D.C.","contributorId":86504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018607,"text":"70018607 - 1996 - The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:36:12","indexId":"70018607","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"

Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967-1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agreement is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay. The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps. The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations is coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40-45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1996, The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay: Continental Shelf Research, v. 16, no. 15, p. 2005-2039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2005","endPage":"2039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bada5e4b08c986b323d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018244,"text":"70018244 - 1996 - Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018244","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data","docAbstract":"The Ice River Alkaline Complex is a late Paleozoic intrusion of mafic alkaline rocks, syenite, and carbonatite exposed in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The complex intrudes Cambrian and Ordovician shales, slates, and limestones of the Chancellor and Ottertail Formations and the McKay Group. We examined the alkaline complex and adjacent country rocks using Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. The data were first calibrated to relative reflectance and then used to spectrally map mineralogies in the study area by using a linear spectral unmixing program. This technique models each pixel spectrum in an AVIRIS image as a linear combination of unique endmember spectra. We selected endmember spectra from well-exposed and spectrally distinct mineralogic units, vegetation, and snow. Four of the endmembers reflect mineralogic variations within the McKay group in the study area, and may represent lateral and vertical variations of sedimentary or metamorphic facies. Otherwise, the resultant spatial distribution of endmembers shows generally close agreement with the published geologic map, although, in several places, our image-map is more accurate than the published map.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Bowers, T.L., and Rowan, L.C., 1996, Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 12, p. 1379-1385.","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1385","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6ebe4b0c8380cd85105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, T. L.","contributorId":62647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018768,"text":"70018768 - 1996 - Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T01:16:25.595473","indexId":"70018768","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?","docAbstract":"

In areas that are seismically active but lacking clear surficial faulting, many paleoearthquake studies depend on the interpretation of ancient liquefaction features (sand blows) as indicators of prehistoric seismicity. Sand blows, however, can be mimicked by nonseismic sand boils formed by water seeping beneath levees during floods. We examined sand boils induced by the Mississippi River flood of 1993 in order to compare their characteristics with sand blows of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–1812. We found a number of criteria that allow a distinction between the two types of deposits. (1) Earthquake-induced liquefaction deposits are broadly distributed about an epicentral area, whereas flood-induced sand boils are limited to a narrow band along a river's levee. (2) The conduits of most earthquake-induced sand blows are planar dikes, whereas the conduits of flood-induced sand boils are most commonly tubular. (3) Depression of the preearthquake ground surface is usual for sand blows, not for sand boils. (4) Flood-induced sand boils tend to be better sorted and much finer than sand-blow deposits. (5) Source beds for earthquake-induced deposits occur at a wide range of depths, whereas the source bed for sand boils is always near surface. (6) Materials removed from the walls surrounding the vent of a sand blow are seen inside sand blows, but are rarely seen inside sand boils. In general, flood-induced sand boils examined are interpreted to represent a less-energetic genesis than earthquake-induced liquefaction.

","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0171:SBIBTM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Li, Y., Craven, J., Schweig, E., and Obermeier, S., 1996, Sand boils induced by the 1993 Mississippi River flood: Could they one day be misinterpreted as earthquake-induced liquefaction?: Geology, v. 24, no. 2, p. 171-174, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0171:SBIBTM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227228,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b868ee4b08c986b315fee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, Y.","contributorId":41394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Craven, J.","contributorId":64823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craven","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70017714,"text":"70017714 - 1996 - Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-30T12:18:08.720086","indexId":"70017714","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data","docAbstract":"

Urban water-quality managers need load estimates of storm-runoff pollutants to design effective remedial programs. Estimates are commonly made using published models calibrated to large regions of the country. This paper presents statistical methods, termed model-adjustment procedures (MAPs), which use a combination of local data and published regional models to improve estimates of urban-runoff quality. Each MAP is a form of regression analysis that uses a local data base as a calibration data set to adjust the regional model, in effect increasing the size of the local data base without additional, expensive data collection. The adjusted regional model can then be used to estimate storm-runoff quality at unmonitored sites and storms in the locality. The four MAPs presented in this study are (1) single-factor regression against the regional model prediction, Pu; (2) least-squares regression against Pu; (3) least-squares regression against Pu and additional local variables; and (4) weighted combination of Pu and a local-regression prediction. Identification of the statistically most valid method among these four depends upon characteristics of the local data base. A MAP-selection scheme based on statistical analysis of the calibration data set is presented and tested.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03482.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Hoos, A., 1996, Improving regional-model estimates of urban-runoff quality using local data: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 32, no. 4, p. 855-863, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03482.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"855","endPage":"863","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228574,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a397ae4b0c8380cd6192b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoos, A.B.","contributorId":23572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoos","given":"A.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018643,"text":"70018643 - 1996 - Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018643","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1423,"text":"Earth Observation Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska","docAbstract":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of the Westdahl, Veniaminof, and Novarupta volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc of Alaska were analysed to investigate recent surface volcanic processes. These studies support ongoing monitoring and research by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) in the North Pacific Ocean Region. Landforms and possible crustal deformation before, during, or after eruptions were detected and analysed using data from the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS), the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) and the US Seasat platforms. Field observations collected by scientists from the AVO were used to verify the results from the analysis of SAR data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Observation Quarterly","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0256596X","usgsCitation":"Dean, K., Engle, K., Lu, Z., Eichelberger, J., Near, T., and Doukas, M., 1996, Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska: Earth Observation Quarterly, no. 53, p. 21-23.","startPage":"21","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe88e4b08c986b329637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, K.G.","contributorId":64402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engle, K.","contributorId":10176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eichelberger, J.","contributorId":107442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichelberger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Near, T.","contributorId":55162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Near","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doukas, M.","contributorId":68900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70017770,"text":"70017770 - 1996 - Trace elements in tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Geochemical controls and exploration applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:37:18.510409","indexId":"70017770","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Geochemical controls and exploration applications","docAbstract":"

Trace element contents of tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites have been determined in situ by proton microprobe; >390 analyses were acquired from 32 polished thin sections. Concentrations of trace elements in the tourmalines vary widely, from <40 to 3,770 ppm Mn, <4 to 1,800 ppm Ni, <2 to 1,430 ppm CU, <9 to 4,160 ppm Zn, 3 to 305 ppm Ga, <6 to 1,345 ppm Sr, <10 to 745 ppm Sn, <49 to 510 ppm Ba, and <3 to 4,115 ppm Pb. Individual grains and growth zones are relatively homogeneous, suggesting that these trace elements are contained within the crystal structure of the tourmaline, and are not present in inclusions. The highest base metal contents are in ore-related tourmaline samples from Kidd Creek (Ontario), Broken Hill (Australia), and Sazare (Japan). Tourmaline data from these and many other massive sulfide deposits cluster by sample and display broadly linear trends on Zn vs. Fe plots, suggesting chemical control by temperature and hydrothermal and/or metamorphic fluid-mineral equilibria. Significant Ni occurs only in samples from the Kidd Creek Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, which is associated with a large footwall ultramafic body. An overall antithetic relationship between Zn and Ni probably reflects fluid source controls. Mn is correlated with Fe in tourmalines from barren associations, and possibly in some tourmalines associated with sulfide vein deposits. Sn increases systematically with Fe content irrespective of association; the highest values are found in schorls from granites. Other trace elements are generally uncorrelated with major element concentrations (e.g., Sr-Ca). Base metal proportions in the tourmalines show systematic patterns on ternary Cu-Pb-Zn diagrams that correlate well with the major commodity metals in the associated massive sulfide deposits. For example, data for tourmalines from Cu-Zn deposits (e.g., Ming mine, Newfoundland) fall mainly on the Cu-Zn join, whereas those from Pb-Zn deposits (e.g., Broken Hill, Australia) plot on the Pb-Zn join; no data fall on the Cu-Pb join, consistent with the lack of this metal association in massive sulfide deposits. The systematic relationship between base metal proportions in the tourmalines and the metallogeny of the host massive sulfide deposits indicates that the analyzed tourmalines retain a strong chemical signature of their original hydrothermal formation, in spite of variable metamorphic recrystallization. Such trace element patterns in massive sulfide tourmalines may be useful in mineral exploration, specifically for the evaluation of tourmaline concentrations in rocks, soils, and stream sediments.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.4.657","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Griffin, W., Slack, J.F., Ramsden, A., Win, T., and Ryan, C., 1996, Trace elements in tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Geochemical controls and exploration applications: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 4, p. 657-675, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.4.657.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"675","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb659e4b08c986b326bf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, W.L.","contributorId":70652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramsden, A.R.","contributorId":91746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsden","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Win, T.T.","contributorId":99001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Win","given":"T.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryan, C.G.","contributorId":58146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018612,"text":"70018612 - 1996 - Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:01:06.435766","indexId":"70018612","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2429,"text":"Journal of Physics of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","docAbstract":"

Near-source ground motions, teleseismic body waveforms, and geodetic displacements produced by the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake have been used to determine the spatial and temporal dislocation pattern on the faulting surfaces. A linear, least-squares approach was used to invert the data sets both independently and in unison in order to investigate the resolving power of each data set and to determine a model most consistent with all the available data. A two-fault model was used, with a single rupture plane representing faulting beneath Kobe and a second plane representing slip underneath Awaji Island. The total seismic moment is estimated to be 2.4×1019Nm (MW 6.9), with rupture partitioned such that about 40% of the slip was relatively deep (5-20 km) and northeast of the epicenter toward Kobe, and about 60% was toward the southwest and shallower (mostly 0-10 km) beneath Awaji Island. Analysis of the slip model indicates that the ground motions recorded within the severely damaged region of Kobe originated from the region of relatively low slip (about 1 m) deep beneath Kobe and not from the shallow, higher slip regions (about 3 m) beneath Awaji Island. Although the slip was relatively low beneath Kobe, the combined effects of source rupture directivity, a short slip duration, and site amplification conspired to generate very damaging ground motions within the city.

","language":"English","publisher":"The Seismological Society of Japan, The Volcanological Society of Japan, The Geodetic Society of Japan","doi":"10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","issn":"00223743","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., 1996, Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data: Journal of Physics of the Earth, v. 44, no. 5, p. 489-503, https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9148e4b08c986b3197ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018670,"text":"70018670 - 1996 - Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:22:41.111667","indexId":"70018670","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","docAbstract":"

A proposed high-altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic-anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER-2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. The collection of total and vector magnetic field data would be a secondary objective of the flight. Through this “piggyback approach,” the geomagnetic community would inherit invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These data would provide insight on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and upper mantle.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96EO00187","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Blakely, R., Hinze, W.J., Keller, G.R., Langel, R., Nabighian, M., and Roest, W., 1996, Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 77, no. 28, p. 265-268, https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00187.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8b7e4b0c8380cd47e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langel, R.A.","contributorId":20918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langel","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nabighian, M.","contributorId":83286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nabighian","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roest, W.","contributorId":17382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018226,"text":"70018226 - 1996 - Synthetic seismograms from vibracores: A case study in correlating the late quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-15T11:22:03.704394","indexId":"70018226","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthetic seismograms from vibracores: A case study in correlating the late quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf","docAbstract":"

A new technique, using empirical relationships between median grain size and density and velocity to calculate proxy values for density and velocity, avoids many of the problems associated with the use of well logs and shipboard measurements to construct synthetic seismograms. This method was used to groundtruth and correlate across both analog and digital shallow high-resolution seismic data on the New Jersey shelf. Sampling dry vibracores to determine median grain size eliminates the detrimental effects that coring disturbances and preservation variables have on the sediment and water content of the core. The link between seismic response to lithology and bed spacing is more exact. The exact frequency of the field seismic data can be realistically simulated by a 10-20 cm sampling interval of the vibracores. The estimate of the percentage error inherent in this technique, 12% for acoustic impedance and 24% for reflection amplitude, is calculated to one standard deviation and is within a reasonable limit for such a procedure. The synthetic seismograms of two cores, 4-6 m long, were used to correlate specific sedimentary deposits to specific seismic reflection responses. Because this technique is applicable to unconsolidated sediments, it is ideal for upper Pleistocene and Holocene strata.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Sedimentary Geology","doi":"10.1306/D42684CD-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","issn":"1073130X","usgsCitation":"Esker, D., Sheridan, R.E., Ashley, G., Waldner, J., and Hall, D.W., 1996, Synthetic seismograms from vibracores: A case study in correlating the late quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 66, no. 6, p. 1156-1168, https://doi.org/10.1306/D42684CD-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1156","endPage":"1168","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba361e4b08c986b31fca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esker, D.","contributorId":32691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esker","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheridan, R. E.","contributorId":36681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheridan","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ashley, G.M.","contributorId":99313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ashley","given":"G.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waldner, J.S.","contributorId":69726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldner","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hall, D. W.","contributorId":106528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018939,"text":"70018939 - 1996 - Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:48:26.68527","indexId":"70018939","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","docAbstract":"

A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of S velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25–100 km; layer 2, 100–200 km; layer 3, 200–300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00809","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alsina, D., Woodward, R., and Snieder, R., 1996, Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 15969-15986, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00809.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15969","endPage":"15986","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e58e4b08c986b3188a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alsina, D.","contributorId":21705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alsina","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieder, R.K.","contributorId":10560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018460,"text":"70018460 - 1996 - Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018460","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF","docAbstract":"U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) prospectus development teams (PDTs) are small groups of scientists that are convened by the USWRP lead scientist on a one-time basis to discuss critical issues and to provide advice related to future directions of the program. PDTs are a principal source of information for the Science Advisory Committee, which is a standing committee charged with the duty of making recommendations to the Program Office based upon overall program objectives. PDT-1 focused on theoretical issues, and PDT-2 on observational issues; PDT-3 is the first of several to focus on more specialized topics. PDT-3 was convened to identify forecasting problems related to U.S. coastal weather and oceanic conditions, and to suggest likely solution strategies. There were several overriding themes that emerged from the discussion. First, the lack of data in and over critical regions of the ocean, particularly in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the upper-ocean mixed layer were identified as major impediments to coastal weather prediction. Strategies for data collection and dissemination, as well as new instrument implementation, were discussed. Second, fundamental knowledge of air-sea fluxes and boundary layer structure in situations where there is significant mesoscale variability in the atmosphere and ocean is needed. Companion field studies and numerical prediction experiments were discussed. Third, research prognostic models suggest that future operational forecast models pertaining to coastal weather will be high resolution and site specific, and will properly treat effects of local coastal geography, orography, and ocean state. The view was expressed that the exploration of coupled air-sea models of the coastal zone would be a particularly fruitful area of research. PDT-3 felt that forecasts of land-impacting tropical cyclones, Great Lakes-affected weather, and coastal cyclogenesis, in particular, would benefit from such coordinated modeling and field efforts. Fourth, forecasting for Arctic coastal zones is limited by our understanding of how sea ice forms. The importance of understanding air-sea fluxes and boundary layers in the presence of ice formation was discussed. Finally, coastal flash flood forecasting via hydrologic models is limited by the present accuracy of measured and predicted precipitation and storm surge events. Strategies for better ways to improve the latter were discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Rotunno, R., Pietrafesa, L., Allen, J.S., Colman, B., Dorman, C., Kreitzberg, C., Lord, S., McPhee, M., Mellor, G., Mooers, C., Niiler, P., Pielke, R., Powell, M., Rogers, D., Smith, J., Xie, L., and Carbone, R., 1996, Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF, in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 77, no. 7, p. 1578-1585.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1585","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5385e4b0c8380cd6cb36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rotunno, R.","contributorId":28022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotunno","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietrafesa, L.J.","contributorId":82469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietrafesa","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J. S.","contributorId":40354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colman, B.R.","contributorId":41976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dorman, C.M.","contributorId":55585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kreitzberg, C.W.","contributorId":18121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreitzberg","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lord, S.J.","contributorId":79637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lord","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McPhee, M.G.","contributorId":81262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mellor, G.L.","contributorId":41162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellor","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mooers, C.N.K.","contributorId":13762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooers","given":"C.N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Niiler, P.P.","contributorId":71706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niiler","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Powell, M.D.","contributorId":21709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rogers, D.P.","contributorId":61582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Xie, Lingtian","contributorId":65209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Lingtian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Carbone, R.","contributorId":96431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbone","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70018104,"text":"70018104 - 1996 - Bias in ground-water data caused by well-bore flow in long-screen wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-08T13:22:11.725544","indexId":"70018104","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Bias in ground-water data caused by well-bore flow in long-screen wells","docAbstract":"

The results of a field experiment comparing water-quality constituents, specific conductance, geophysical measurements, and well-bore hydraulics in two long-screen wells and adjacent vertical clusters of short-screen wells show bias in ground-water data caused by well-bore flow in long-screen wells. The well screen acts as a conduit for vertical flow because it connects zones of different head and transmissivity, even in a relatively homogeneous, unconfined, sand and gravel aquifer where such zones are almost indistinguishable. Flow in the well bore redistributes water and solutes in the aquifer adjacent to the well, increasing the risk of bias in water-quality samples, failure of plume detection, and cross-contamination of the aquifer. At one site, downward flow from a contaminated zone redistributes solutes over the entire length of the long-screen well. At another site, upward flow from an uncontaminated zone masks the presence of a road salt plume.

Borehole induction logs, conducted in a fully penetrating short-screen well, can provide a profile of solutes in the aquifer that is not attainable in long-screen wells. In this study, the induction-log profiles show close correlation with data from analyses of water-quality samples from the short-screen wells; however, both of these data sets differ markedly from the biased water-quality samples from the long-screen wells. Therefore, use of induction logs in fully cased wells for plume detection and accurate placement of short-screen wells is a viable alternative to use of long screen wells for water-quality sampling.

","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01886.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Church, P.E., and Granato, G., 1996, Bias in ground-water data caused by well-bore flow in long-screen wells: Groundwater, v. 34, no. 2, p. 262-273, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01886.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"262","endPage":"273","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0d4e4b0c8380cd4a935","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Church, P. E.","contributorId":39406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granato, G.E.","contributorId":61457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granato","given":"G.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018095,"text":"70018095 - 1996 - The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:42:14","indexId":"70018095","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic","docAbstract":"Phytogeographic reconstructions have been published for most Paleozoic series since the Pr??i??doli??, but there have been few attempts to synthesize this data into a comprehensive review of the characteristics and causes of the changing phytogeographic patterns for the whole Paleozoic history of the vascular flora. Existing floristic analyses have been compiled in this manuscript and the resulting data are used to reconstruct the evolution of floristic provinces since the Silurian. The earliest plant fossil records indicate that provinciality was characteristic of terrestrial vascular plant distributions right from the beginning of terrestrial colonization by vascular plants. This interpretation differs markedly from the views of many workers who still maintain that pre-Upper Carboniferous floras were uniform and cosmopolitan in distribution. Three of the four major phytogeographic units, i.e. Angara, Euramerica, and Gondwana, can be recognized in the earliest fossil floras. The fourth unit, Cathaysia, differentiated from Euramerica during the late Upper Carboniferous. Phytogeographic differentiation occurs in direct response to climatic gradients and physiographic barriers. As these gradients and barriers change, provincial boundaries expand and contract, fragment, reassemble and reassort. Phytogeographic units are dynamic through time. ?? 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(95)00022-4","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Wnuk, C., 1996, The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 5-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00022-4.","startPage":"5","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269784,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00022-4"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaa6e4b08c986b3228f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wnuk, C.","contributorId":31914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wnuk","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018411,"text":"70018411 - 1996 - Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:14:12","indexId":"70018411","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns","docAbstract":"

A series of downhole and surface water samples were taken from the 1‐km‐deep KP‐1 borehole located on the eastern flank of the island of Hawaii. Early samples from depths of more than 700 m showed salinities nearly equivalent to seawater but having anomalous cation concentrations that are attributed to ion exchange between formation fluids and residual drilling mud clays. Later deep samples found only minor variations from seawater cation chemistry that are consistent with low‐temperature weathering of basalts; δ18O values are equivalent to seawater values and are consistent with this interpretation. Carbon 14 activities of dissolved inorganic carbonate indicate a water age ranging from 5890 to 7170 years B.P. and fluid transport rates of 1.8 to 2.2 m/yr. Fluid samples from perforations at 310 m in the borehole demonstrate that a freshwater aquifer is present at the Mauna Kea/Mauna Loa interface; borehole resistivity logs indicate that it is ∼200 m thick. Although it has not yet been possible to obtain samples of the freshwater zone without contamination from the deep saline fluids, the chloride concentrations of the low‐salinity zone are estimated using a mixing enthalpy calculation to be less than 100 mg/L. Light stable isotope data indicate that the fresh water at 320 m is derived from recharge entering the island at an average elevation of 2000 m. Inferred 14C activities of the dissolved bicarbonate in the freshwater zone indicate an average calibrated age of 2200 years B.P. and an average fluid velocity of at least 14 m/yr. A regional water flow model is proposed that suggests that the fresh water found at the 320‐m depth is derived from rainfall recharge from the middle elevations of Mauna Kea volcano. This rainfall is channeled beneath the Mauna Loa lavas by the thick soil layer separating the two volcanoes. A second shallow fresh‐to‐brackish water zone, derived from Mauna Loa recharge, is also inferred to exist below the carbonate formation that underlies the shallow basal lens. The results of our preliminary study of the groundwater system below the KP‐1 drill site demonstrate that intervolcano and interflow aquicludes can have a substantial impact on water circulation and discharge from young island volcanoes.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/95JB03845","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Thomas, D.M., Paillet, F.L., and Conrad, M., 1996, Hydrogeology of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project borehole KP-1 2. Groundwater geochemistry and regional flow patterns: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11683-11694, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03845.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"11683","endPage":"11694","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a34a2e4b0c8380cd5f902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, D. M.","contributorId":8827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conrad, M.E.","contributorId":26088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018491,"text":"70018491 - 1996 - Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:41:03.096522","indexId":"70018491","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","docAbstract":"Three seismic refraction-reflection profiles, part of the Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment, allow us to compare and contrast crust and upper mantle of the North American margin before and after it is modified by passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Upper crustal velocity models reveal an asymmetric Great Valley basin overlying Sierran or ophiolitic rocks at the latitude of Fort Bragg, California, and overlying Sierran or Klamath rocks near Redding, California. In addition, the upper crustal velocity structure indicates that Franciscan rocks underlie the Klamath terrane east of Eureka, California. The Franciscan complex is, on average, laterally homogeneous and is thickest in the triple junction region. North of the triple junction, the Gorda slab can be traced 150 km inboard from the Cascadia subduction zone. South of the triple junction, strong precritical reflections indicate partial melt and/or metamorphic fluids at the base of the crust or in the upper mantle. Breaks in these reflections are correlated with the Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults, suggesting that these faults extend at least to the mantle. We interpret our data to indicate tectonic thickening of the Franciscan complex in response to passage of the Mendocino triple junction and an associated thinning of these rocks south of the triple junction due to assimilation into melt triggered by upwelling asthenosphere. The region of thickened Franciscan complex overlies a zone of increased scattering, intrinsic attenuation, or both, resulting from mechanical mixing of lithologies and/or partial melt beneath the onshore projection of the Mendocino fracture zone. Our data reveal that we have crossed the southern edge of the Gorda slab and that this edge and/or the overlying North American crust may have fragmented because of the change in stress presented by the edge.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Godfrey, N.J., Klemperer, S., Lendl, C., Trehu, A., Henstock, T., Levander, A., Holl, J., Meltzer, A., Luetgert, J.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1996, Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment: Geology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science 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J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lendl, C.","contributorId":93641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henstock, T.J.","contributorId":99713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henstock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holl, J.E.","contributorId":84519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meltzer, A.S.","contributorId":50921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":1008650,"text":"1008650 - 1996 - Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:45:33.404174","indexId":"1008650","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","docAbstract":"

Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation, and meteorological factors. These patterns are detected and mapped using satellite data. Other ecological information can be abstracted from satellite data regarding rates of recovery of vegetation foliage and variation of burn severity on different vegetation types. Middle infrared wavelengths are useful for burn severity mapping because the land cover changes associated with burning increase reflectance in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Simple stratification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data define varying classes of burn severity because of changes in canopy cover, biomass removal, and soil chemical composition. Reasonable maps of burn severity are produced when the class limits of burn severity reflectance are applied to the entire satellite data. Changes in satellite reflectance over multiple years reveal the dynamics of vegetation and fire severity as low burn areas have lower changes in reflectance relative to high burn areas. This results as a consequence of how much the site was altered due to the burn and how much space is available for vegetation recovery. Analysis of change in reflectance across steppe, riparian, and forested vegetation types indicate that fires potentially increase biomass in steppe areas, while riparian and forested areas are slower to regrow to pre-fire conditions. This satellite-based technology is useful for mapping severely burned areas by exploring the ecological manifestations before and after fire.

","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF9960125","usgsCitation":"White, J., Ryan, K., Key, C., and Running, S.W., 1996, Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 6, no. 3, p. 125-136, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9960125.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132147,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, K.C.","contributorId":34455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, C.H.","contributorId":74343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1012978,"text":"1012978 - 1996 - Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:23:54.602693","indexId":"1012978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","docAbstract":"

We present a method of comparing data on habitat use and availability that allows availability to differ among observations. This method is applicable when habitats change over time and when animals are unable to move throughout a predetermined study area between observations. We used maximum—likelihood techniques to derive an index that estimates the probability that each habitat type would be used if all were equally available. We also demonstrate how these indices can be used to compare relative use of available habitats, assign them ranks, and assess statistical differences between pairs of indices. The set of these indices for all habitats can be compared between groups of animals that represent different seasons, sex or age classes, or experimental treatments. This method allows quantitative comparisons among types and is not affected by arbitrary decisions about which habitats to include in the study. We provide an example by comparing the availability of four categories of sea ice concentration to their use by adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus), whose movements were monitored by satellite radio tracking in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during 1990. Use of ice categories by bears was nonrandom, and the pattern of use differed between spring and late summer seasons.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265671","usgsCitation":"Arthur, S.M., Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Assessing habitat selection when availability changes: Ecology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 215-227, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265671.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6582ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Stephen M.","contributorId":189438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthur","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F. J.","contributorId":332478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014919,"text":"1014919 - 1996 - Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T15:45:18.155704","indexId":"1014919","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","title":"Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","docAbstract":"

Release ponds are used as part of a multifacet effort to restore American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the upper Susquehanna River basin. Little information exists, however, on the feeding ecology of young shad in small ponds. Consequently, we examined feeding ecology and prey selection of 299 larval and 299 juvenile American shad in a small pond during spring and summer. Larval shad mainly consumed copepods (37.7%) and cladocerans (37.4%) whereas juvenile shad ate chironomids (43.1%) and ostracods (28.4%). Larval and juvenile shad exhibited diel variation in diet composition and feeding periodicity. Food consumption by shad was minimal at night; feeding activity was highest during the day, peaking at 2000 h for both larvae and juveniles. Electivity values of shad larvae for prey taxa were highest for cladocerans (+0.27) and lowest for ostracods (−0.07). Electivity values of juvenile shad were highest for chironomids (+ 0.21) and ostracods (+ 0.09), and lowest for copepods (− 0.08) and baetids (− 0.14). Our data indicate differences in diet composition, prey preference and, to a lesser extent, feeding patterns between larval and juvenile American shad in small pond environments.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00052.x","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Dropkin, D.S., 1996, Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 9-13, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00052.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}