{"pageNumber":"1303","pageRowStart":"32550","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":19841,"text":"ofr9198 - 1993 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"ofr9198","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39631,"text":"pp1408A - 1996 - Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","indexId":"pp1408A","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-19T15:48:35","indexId":"pp1408A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1408","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon","docAbstract":"Regional aquifers underlying the 15,600-square-mile Snake River Plain in southern Idaho and eastern Oregon was studied as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's Regional Aquifer-System Analysis program. The largest and most productive aquifers in the Snake River Plain are composed of Quaternary basalt of the Snake River Group, which underlies most of the 10,8000-square-mile eastern plain. Aquifer tests and simulation indicate that transmissivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain commonly ranges from about 100,000 to 1,000,000 feet squared per day. However, transmissivity of the total aquifer thickness may be as much as 10 million feet squared per day. Specific yield of the upper 200 feet of the aquifer ranges from about 0.01 to 0.20. Average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer ranges from less than 100 to 9,000 feet per day. Values may be one to several orders of magnitude higher in parts in individual flows, such as flow tops. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is probably several orders of magnitude lower than horizontal hydraulic conductivity and is generally related to the number of joints. Pillow lava in ancestral Snake River channels has the highest hydraulic conductivity of all rock types. Hydraulic conductivity of the basalt decreases with depth because of secondary filling of voids with calcite and silica. An estimated 80 to 120 million acre-feet of water is believed to be stored in the upper 200 feet of the basalt aquifer in the eastern plain. The most productive aquifers in the 4,800-square-mile western plain are alluvial sand and gravel in the Boise River valley. Although aquifer tests indicate that transmissivity of alluvium in the Boise River valley ranges from 5,000 to 160,000 feet squared per day, simulation suggests that average transmissivity of the upper 500 feet is generally less than 20,000 feet squared per day. Vertically averaged horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the upper 500 feet of alluvium ranges from about 4 to 40 feet per day; higher values can be expected in individual sand and gravel zones. Vertical hydraulic conductivity is considerably lower because of the presence of clay layers. Hydraulic heads measured in piezometers, interpreted from diagrams showing ground-water flow and equipotential lines and estimated by computer simulation, demonstrate that water movement is three dimensional through the rock framework. Natural recharge takes place along the margins of the plain where head decreases with depth; discharge takes place near some reaches of the Snake River and the Boise River where head increases with depth. Geothermal water in rhyolitic rocks in the western plain and western part of the eastern plain has higher hydraulic head than the overlying cold water. Geothermal water, therefore, moves upward and merges into the cold-water system. Basin water-budget analyses indicate that the volume of cold water. Carbon-14 age determinations, which indicate that residence time of geothermal water is 17,700 to 20,300 years, plus or minus 4,000 years, imply slow movement of water through the geothermal system. Along much of its length, the Snake River gains large quantities of ground water. On the eastern plain, the river gained about 1.9 million acre-feet of water between Blackfoot and Neeley, Idaho, in 1980. Between Milner and King Hill, Idaho, the river gained 4.7 million acre-feet, mostly as spring flow from the north side. Upstream from Blackfoot and in the vicinity of Lake Walcott, the rover loses flow to ground water during parts or all of the year. On the western plain, river gains from ground water are small relative to those on the eastern plain; most are from seepage. Streams in tributary drainage basins supply calcium/bicarbonate type and calcium/magnesium/bicarbonate type water to the plain. Water type is a reflection of the chemical composition of rocks in the drainage basin, Concentrations of dissolved solids are smallest, about 50 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Boise River that drain areas of granitic rocks; concentrations are greatest, about 400 milligrams per liter, in streams such as the Owyhee and Raft Rivers that drain area of sedimentary rocks. Water chemistry reflects the interaction of surface water and ground water. The chemical composition of ground water in the plain is essentially the same as that in streamflow and groundwater discharge from tributary drainage basins. Tributary drainage basins supplied 85 percent of the ground-water recharge in the eastern plain during 1980 and a nearly equivalent percentage of the solute load in ground water; human activities and dissolution of minerals supplied the other solutes. Dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water were generally less than 400 milligrams per liter. Water from the lower geothermal system is chemically different from water from the upper cold-water system. Geothermal water typically has greater concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, silica, arsenic, boron, and lithium and smaller concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen. Difference are attributed to ion exchange as geothermal moves through the rock framework. Irrigation, mostly on the Snake River Plain, accounted for about 96 percent of consumptive water use in Idaho during 1980. The use of surface water for irrigation for more than 100 years has caused major changes in the hydrologic system on the plain. Construction of dams, reservoirs, and diversifications effected planned changes in the surface-water system but resulted in largely unplanned changes in the ground-water system. During those years of irrigation, annual recharge in the main part of the eastern plain increased to about 6.7 million acre-feet in 1980, or by about 70 percent. Most of the increase was from percolation of surface water diverted for irrigation. From preirrigation to 1952, groundwater storage increased about 24 million acre-feet, and storage decreased from 1952 to 1964 and from 1976 to 1980 because of below-normal precipitation and increased withdrawals of ground water for irrigation. Annual ground-water discharge increased to about 7.1 million acre-feet in 1980, or about 80 percent since the start of irrigation. About 10 percent of the 1980 total discharge was ground-water pumpage. About 3.1 million acres, or almost one-third of the plain, was irrigated during 1980: 2.0 million acres with surface water, 1.0 million acres with ground water, and 0.1 million acres with combined surface and ground water. About 8.9 million acre-feet of Snake River water was diverted for irrigation during 1980 and 2.3 million acre-feet of ground water was pumped from 5,300 wells. Most irrigation wells on the eastern plain are open to basalt. About two-thirds of them yield more than 1,500 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 7,240 gallons per minute; drawdown is less than 20 feet in two-thirds of the wells. Most irrigation wells on the western plain are open to sedimentary rocks. About one-third of them yield more than 1,00 gallons per minute with a reported maximum of 3,850 gallons per minute; drawndown is less than 20 feet in about one-fifth of the wells. The major instream use of water on the Snake River Plain is hydroelectric power generation. Fifty-two million acre-feet of water generated 2.6 million megawatthours of electricity during 1980. Digital computer ground-water flows models of the eastern and western plain reasonably simulated regional changes in water levels and ground-water discharges from 1880 (preirrigation) to 1980. Model results support the concept of three-dimensional flow and the hypotheses of no underflow between the eastern and western plain. Simulation of the regional aquifer system in the eastern plain indicates that is 1980 hydrologic conditions, including pumpage, were to remain the same for another 30 years, moderate declines in ground-water levels and decreases in spring discharges would continue. Increased ground-water pumpage to irrigate an additional 1 million acres could cause ground-water levels to decline a few tens of feet in the central part of the plain and could cause corresponding decreases in ground-water discharge. A combination of actions such as increased ground-water pumpage and decreased use of surface water for irrigation (resulting in reduced recharge) would accentuate the changes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/pp1408A","usgsCitation":"Lindholm, G.F., 1996, Summary of the Snake River plain Regional Aquifer-System Analysis in Idaho and eastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1408, Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1408A.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 59 p.; 1 Plate: 34.00 x 24.00 inches","numberOfPages":"68","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104631,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4855.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4855"},{"id":124963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67291,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67292,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1408a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,45.0 ], [ -111.0,42.0 ], [ -117.0,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6985c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindholm, G. F.","contributorId":88763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindholm","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70185304,"text":"70185304 - 1996 - Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:37:53","indexId":"70185304","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrological mechanisms controlling the variation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in the Deer Creek catchment located near Montezuma, CO. Patterns of DOC in streamflow suggested that increased flows through the upper soil horizon during snowmelt are responsible for flushing this DOC-enriched interstitial water to the streams. We examined possible hydrological mechanisms to explain the observed variability of DOC in Deer Creek by first simulating the hydrological response of the catchment using TOPMODEL and then routing the predicted flows through a simple model that accounted for temporal changes in DOC. Conceptually the DOC model can be taken to represent a terrestrial (soil) reservoir in which DOC builds up during low flow periods and is flushed out when infiltrating meltwaters cause the water table to rise into this “reservoir”. Concentrations of DOC measured in the upper soil and in streamflow were compared to model simulations. The simulated DOC response provides a reasonable reproduction of the observed dynamics of DOC in the stream at Deer Creek.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00049-6","usgsCitation":"Boyer, E.W., Hornberger, G., Bencala, K.E., and McKnight, D.M., 1996, Overview of a simple model describing variation of dissolved organic carbon in an upland catchment: Ecological Modelling, v. 86, no. 2-3, p. 183-188, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00049-6.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"183","endPage":"188","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1de4b0236b68f6738b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyer, Elizabeth W.","contributorId":44659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7260,"text":"Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hornberger, George M.","contributorId":63894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hornberger","given":"George M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018560,"text":"70018560 - 1996 - Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:44:09.087786","indexId":"70018560","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays","docAbstract":"<p><span>In situ bioassays were performed as part of the Episodic Response Project, to evaluate the effects of episodic stream acidification on mortality of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and forage fish species. We report the results of 122 bioassays in 13 streams of the three study regions: the Adirondack mountains of New York, the Catskill mountains of New York, and the Northern Appalachian Plateau of Pennsylvania. Bioassays during acidic episodes had significantly higher mortality than did bioassays conducted under nonacidic conditions, but there was little difference in mortality rates in bioassays experiencing acidic episodes and those experiencing acidic conditions throughout the test period. Multiple logistic regression models were used to relate bioassay mortality rates to summary statistics of time-varying stream chemistry (inorganic monomeric aluminum, calcium, pH, and dissolved organic carbon) estimated for the 20-d bioassay periods. The large suite of candidate regressors also included biological, regional, and seasonal factors, as well as several statistics summarizing various features of aluminum exposure duration and magnitude. Regressor variable selection and model assessment were complicated by multicolinearity and overdispersion. For the target fish species, brook trout, bioassay mortality was most closely related to time-weighted median inorganic aluminum. Median Ca and minimum pH offered additional explanatory power, as did stream-specific aluminum responses. Due to high multicollinearity, the relative importance of different aluminum exposure duration and magnitude variables was difficult to assess, but these variables taken together added no significant explanatory power to models already containing median aluminum. Between 59 and 79% of the variation in brook trout mortality was explained by models employing between one and five regressors. Simpler models were developed for smaller sets of bioassays that tested slimy and mottled sculpin (Cottus cognatus and C. bairdi) as well as blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus). For these forage species a single inorganic aluminum exposure variable successfully accounted for 86-98% of the observed mortality. Even though field bioassays showed evidence of multiple toxicity factors, models results suggest that adequate mortality predictions can be obtained from a single index of inorganic Al concentrations during exposure periods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269379","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Van Sickle, J., Baker, J., Simonin, H.A., Baldigo, B., Kretser, W., and Sharpe, W., 1996, Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United States: Fish mortality in field bioassays: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 2, p. 408-421, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269379.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"408","endPage":"421","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227479,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0ee4b0c8380cd5219b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, J.P.","contributorId":95418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simonin, H. A.","contributorId":85713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simonin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kretser, W.A.","contributorId":102650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kretser","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sharpe, W.E.","contributorId":103016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018535,"text":"70018535 - 1996 - Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-21T15:03:41.399094","indexId":"70018535","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3283,"text":"Reviews of Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earth's deepest earthquakes occur as a population in subducting or previously subducted lithosphere at depths ranging from about 325 to 690 km. This depth interval closely brackets the mantle transition zone, characterized by rapid seismic velocity increases resulting from the transformation of upper mantle minerals to higher-pressure phases. Deep earthquakes thus provide the primary direct evidence for subduction of the lithosphere to these depths and allow us to investigate the deep thermal, thermodynamic, and mechanical ferment inside slabs. Numerical simulations of reaction rates show that the olivine → spinel transformation should be kinetically hindered in old, cold slabs descending into the transition zone. Thus wedge-shaped zones of metastable peridotite probably persist to depths of more than 600 km. Laboratory deformation experiments on some metastable minerals display a shear instability called transformational faulting. This instability involves sudden failure by localized superplasticity in thin shear zones where the metastable host mineral transforms to a denser, finer-grained phase. Hence in cold slabs, such faulting is expected for the polymorphic reactions in which olivine transforms to the spinel structure and clinoenstatite transforms to ilmenite. It is thus natural to hypothesize that deep earthquakes result from transformational faulting in metastable peridotite wedges within cold slabs. This consideration of the mineralogical states of slabs augments the traditional largely thermal view of slab processes and explains some previously enigmatic slab features. It explains why deep seismicity occurs only in the approximate depth range of the mantle transition zone, where minerals in downgoing slabs should transform to spinel and ilmenite structures. The onset of deep shocks at about 325 km is consistent with the onset of metastability near the equilibrium phase boundary in the slab. Even if a slab penetrates into the lower mantle, earthquakes should cease at depths near 700 km, because the seismogenic phase transformations in the slab are completed or can no longer occur. Substantial metastability is expected only in old, cold slabs, consistent with the observed restriction of deep earthquakes to those settings. Earthquakes should be restricted to the cold cores of slabs, as in any model in which the seismicity is temperature controlled, via the distribution of metastability. However, the geometries of recent large deep earthquakes pose a challenge for any such models. Transformational faulting may give insight into why deep shocks lack appreciable aftershocks and why their source characteristics, including focal mechanisms indicating localized shear failure rather than implosive deformation, are so similar to those of shallow earthquakes. Finally, metastable phase changes in slabs would produce an internal source of stress in addition to those due to the weight of the sinking slab. Such internal stresses may explain the occurrence of earthquakes in portions of lithosphere which have foundered to the bottom of the transition zone and/or are detached from subducting slabs. Metastability in downgoing slabs could have considerable geodynamic significance. Metastable wedges would reduce the negative buoyancy of slabs, decrease the driving force for subduction, and influence the state of stress in slabs. Heat released by metastable phase changes would raise temperatures within slabs and facilitate the transformation of spinel to the lower mantle mineral assemblage, causing slabs to equilibrate more rapidly with the ambient mantle and thus contribute to the cessation of deep seismicity. Because wedge formation should occur only for fast subducting slabs, it may act as a “parachute” and contribute to regulating plate speeds. Wedge formation would also have consequences for mantle evolution because the density of a slab stagnated near the bottom of the transition zone would increase as it heats up and the wedge transforms to denser spinel, favoring the subsequent sinking of the slab into the lower mantle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96RG01050","issn":"87551209","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., Stein, S., Okal, E., and Rubie, D.C., 1996, Metastable mantle phase transformations and deep earthquakes in subducting oceanic lithosphere: Reviews of Geophysics, v. 34, no. 2, p. 261-306, https://doi.org/10.1029/96RG01050.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"306","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a550be4b0c8380cd6d0ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, S. H.","contributorId":51721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"S.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, S.","contributorId":90480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okal, E.A.","contributorId":35082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okal","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rubie, David C.","contributorId":70940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubie","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185706,"text":"70185706 - 1996 - Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-29T10:25:38","indexId":"70185706","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set ","docAbstract":"<p>This study evaluates commonly used geostatistical methods to assess reproduction of hydraulic conductivity (K) structure and sensitivity under limiting amounts of data. Extensive conductivity measurements from the Cape Cod sand and gravel aquifer are used to evaluate two geostatistical estimation methods, conditional mean as an estimate and ordinary kriging, and two stochastic simulation methods, simulated annealing and sequential Gaussian simulation. Our results indicate that for relatively homogeneous sand and gravel aquifers such as the Cape Cod aquifer, neither estimation methods nor stochastic simulation methods give highly accurate point predictions of hydraulic conductivity despite the high density of collected data. Although the stochastic simulation methods yielded higher errors than the estimation methods, the stochastic simulation methods yielded better reproduction of the measured In (K) distribution and better reproduction of local contrasts in In (K). The inability of kriging to reproduce high In (K) values, as reaffirmed by this study, provides a strong instigation for choosing stochastic simulation methods to generate conductivity fields when performing fine-scale contaminant transport modeling. Results also indicate that estimation error is relatively insensitive to the number of hydraulic conductivity measurements so long as more than a threshold number of data are used to condition the realizations. This threshold occurs for the Cape Cod site when there are approximately three conductivity measurements per integral volume. The lack of improvement with additional data suggests that although fine-scale hydraulic conductivity structure is evident in the variogram, it is not accurately reproduced by geostatistical estimation methods. If the Cape Cod aquifer spatial conductivity characteristics are indicative of other sand and gravel deposits, then the results on predictive error versus data collection obtained here have significant practical consequences for site characterization. Heavily sampled sand and gravel aquifers, such as Cape Cod and Borden, may have large amounts of redundant data, while in more common real world settings, our results suggest that denser data collection will likely improve understanding of permeability structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00272","usgsCitation":"Eggleston, J., Rojstaczer, S., and Peirce, J., 1996, Identification of hydraulic conductivity structure in sand and gravel aquifers: Cape Cod data set : Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 5, p. 1209-1222, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00272.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"1209","endPage":"1222","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58db7632e4b0ee37af29e4b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eggleston, J.R.","contributorId":58296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eggleston","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peirce, J.J.","contributorId":189921,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peirce","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018598,"text":"70018598 - 1996 - Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United states: Effects on fish populations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T16:41:53.424785","indexId":"70018598","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United states: Effects on fish populations","docAbstract":"<p><span>As part of the Episodic Response Project (ERP), we studied the effects of episodic acidification on fish in 13 small streams in the northeastern United States: four streams in the Adirondack region of New York, four streams in the Catskills, New York, and five streams in the northern Appalachian Plateau, Pennsylvania. In situ bioassays with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and a forage fish species (blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), or slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), depending on the region) measured direct toxicity. Movements of individual brook trout, in relation to stream chemistry, were monitored using radiotelemetry. Electrofishing surveys assessed fish community status and the density and biomass of brook trout in each stream. During low flow, all streams except one had chemical conditions considered suitable for the survival and reproduction of most fish species (median pH 6.0-7.2 during low flow; inorganic Al &lt; 60 μg/L). ERP streams with suitable conditions during low flow, but moderate-to-severe episodic acidification during high flow, had higher fish mortality in bioassays, net down-stream movement of brook trout during events, and lower brook trout density and biomass compared to nonacidic streams, and lacked acid-sensitive fish species (blacknose dace and sculpin). Movement of trout into refugia (areas with higher pH and lower Al) during episodes partially mitigated the adverse effects of episodes. Recolonization from alkaline tributaries or microhabitats can maintain low densities of fish in streams that experience severe acidic episodes, but it is not sufficient to sustain fish densities and community composition at levels expected in the absence of these episodes. Fish responses to acid-base chemistry were fairly consistent across regions. In general, trout abundance was reduced and acid-sensitive fish species were absent from ERP streams with median pH &lt; 5.0-5.2 during high flow and inorganic Al &gt; 100-200 μg/L. We conclude that episodic acidification can have long-term effects on fish communities in small streams.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2269380","issn":"10510761","usgsCitation":"Baker, J., Van Sickle, J., Gagen, C., DeWalle, D.R., Sharpe, W., Carline, R., Baldigo, B., Murdoch, P., Bath, D., Kretser, W., Simonin, H.A., and Wigington, P., 1996, Episodic acidification of small streams in the northeastern United states: Effects on fish populations: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 2, p. 422-437, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269380.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"422","endPage":"437","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227392,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a0ee4b0c8380cd52198","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, J.P.","contributorId":95418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Sickle, J.","contributorId":79252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Sickle","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gagen, C.J.","contributorId":51233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gagen","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeWalle, David R.","contributorId":23291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWalle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sharpe, W.E.","contributorId":103016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharpe","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Carline, R.F.","contributorId":107444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carline","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Baldigo, Barry P. 0000-0002-9862-9119","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-9119","contributorId":25174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldigo","given":"Barry P.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bath, D.W.","contributorId":80436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bath","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kretser, W.A.","contributorId":102650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kretser","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Simonin, H. A.","contributorId":85713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Simonin","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wigington, P.J. Jr.","contributorId":96433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigington","given":"P.J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":70170344,"text":"70170344 - 1996 - Trace elements and organic contaminants in stream sediments from the Red River of the North Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T11:28:20","indexId":"70170344","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T15:45:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Trace elements and organic contaminants in stream sediments from the Red River of the North Basin","docAbstract":"<div id=\"pageContainer1\" class=\"page\" data-page-number=\"1\" data-loaded=\"true\">\n<div id=\"yui_3_14_1_1_1461008563641_1043\" class=\"textLayer\">\n<div data-canvas-width=\"553.0036862745097\">To assess the presence and distribution of a variety of hydro-phobic chemicals in streams in the Red River of the North Basin, bottom sediments were analyzed for trace elements, organochlorines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Glaciolacustrine clays and carbonate minerals are common in fine sediments of the region, and can help explain the distribution of many elements. Aluminum (Al), an indicator of glaciolacustrine clay minerals, correlates strongly (r&gt;0.75, p&lt;0.05) with Cr, Co, Fe, La, Li, K, Sc, and Ti; and moderately (0.55&lt;r&lt;0.75) with Ce, Cu, Ga, Nd, Ni, Th, V, and Y. Excluding the tributary Pembina River Basin, Eu, Nb, Ce, La, Nd, and Ni also have strong correlations with Al. Al correlates negatively with major elements associated with carbonate minerals (Ca, Mg, and inorganic carbon). No significant correlations with Al, Ca, or Mg were observed for As, Pb, Mn, Hg, Se, or Ag, which implies that these elements have different environmental sources or behaviors than glaciolacustrine clays or carbonate minerals. Reduction-oxidation processes may influence Mn distribution. Lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) are known to be anthropogenically enriched in the environment--their distribution may indicate environmental enrichment in Red River of the North Basin streams. Organochlorines detected are limited to traces of DDT and its metabolites (mostlyp,p'-DDE). Fourteen PAHs, which are constituents of fossil fuels and of combustion byproducts, were detected in at least halfthe sediment samples; pyrene and fluoranthene were detected in about 90 percent of samples. The contaminants detected in this study were present at low levels, likely indicative of diffuse or remote sources; they occur widely in the environment.&nbsp;</div>\n</div>\n</div>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"North Dakota Water Quality Symposium","conferenceDate":"March 20-21, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Bismarck, ND","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Brigham, M.E., and Tornes, L., 1996, Trace elements and organic contaminants in stream sediments from the Red River of the North Basin, <i>in</i> North Dakota Water Quality Symposium, Bismarck, ND, March 20-21, 1996, p. 135-144.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"135","endPage":"144","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320150,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320149,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280720798_Trace_elements_and_organic_contaminants_in_stream_sediments_from_the_Red_River_of_the_North_Basin_1992-95"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ 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-95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57160542e4b0ef3b7ca92090","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brigham, M. E.","contributorId":87535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tornes, L. H.","contributorId":103675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tornes","given":"L. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":626911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018625,"text":"70018625 - 1996 - Crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Salton Trough, southeast California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-09T15:15:05.045292","indexId":"70018625","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Salton Trough, southeast California","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents data and modelling results from a crustal and upper mantle wide-angle seismic transect across the Salton Trough region in southeast California. The Salton Trough is a unique part of the Basin and Range province where mid-ocean ridge/transform spreading in the Gulf of California has evolved northward into the continent. In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted the final leg of the Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment (PACE). Two perpendicular models of the crust and upper mantle were fit to wide-angle reflection and refraction travel times, seismic amplitudes, and Bouguer gravity anomalies. The first profile crossed the Salton Trough from the southwest to the northeast, and the second was a strike line that paralleled the Salton Sea along its western edge. We found thin crust (∼21–22 km thick) beneath the axis of the Salton Trough (Imperial Valley) and locally thicker crust (∼27 km) beneath the Chocolate Mountains to the northeast. We modelled a slight thinning of the crust further to the northeast beneath the Colorado River (∼24 km) and subsequent thickening beneath the metamorphic core complex belt northeast of the Colorado River. There is a deep, apparently young basin (∼5–6 km unmetamorphosed sediments) beneath the Imperial Valley and a shallower (∼2–3 km) basin beneath the Colorado River. A regional 6.9-km/s layer (between ∼15-km depth and the Moho) underlies the Salton Trough as well as the Chocolate Mountains where it pinches out at the Moho. This lower crustal layer is spatially associated with a low-velocity (7.6–7.7 km/s) upper mantle. We found that our crustal model is locally compatible with the previously suggested notion that the crust of the Salton Trough has formed almost entirely from magmatism in the lower crust and sedimentation in the upper crust. However, we observe an apparently magmatically emplaced lower crust to the northeast, outside of the Salton Trough, and propose that this layer in part predates Salton Trough rifting. It may also in part result from migration of magmatic spreading centers associated with the southern San Andreas fault system. These spreading centers may have existed east of their current locations in the past and may have influenced the lower crust and upper mantle to the east of the current Salton Trough.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95TC02616","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., and McCarthy, J., 1996, Crustal and upper mantle velocity structure of the Salton Trough, southeast California: Tectonics, v. 15, no. 2, p. 456-471, https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC02616.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"471","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227171,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southeast California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.22055370171185,\n              33.6645044265011\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.22055370171185,\n              32.7266371497649\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.50255964296149,\n              32.7266371497649\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.50255964296149,\n              33.6645044265011\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.22055370171185,\n              33.6645044265011\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcd9e4b0c8380cd4e475","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33606,"text":"b2142 - 1996 - Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-06T19:51:53.04338","indexId":"b2142","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2142","title":"Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska","docAbstract":"The complex tectonic collage of Alaska is reflected in\r\nthe conjunction of rocks of widely varying thermal maturity.\r\nIndicators of the level of thermal maturity of rocks exposed\r\nat the surface, such as vitrinite reflectance and conodont color\r\nalteration index, can help constrain the tectonic evolution of\r\nsuch complex regions and, when combined with petrographic,\r\nmodern heat flow, thermogeochronologic, and isotopic data,\r\nallow for the detailed evaluation of a region?s burial and uplift\r\nhistory. We have collected and assembled nearly 10,000\r\nvitrinite-reflectance and conodont-color-alteration index values from the literature, previous U.S. Geological Survey investigations,\r\nand our own studies in Alaska. This database\r\nallows for the first synthesis of thermal maturity on a broadly\r\nregional scale.\r\nPost-accretionary sedimentary basins in Alaska show\r\nwide variability in terms of thermal maturity. The Tertiary\r\ninterior basins, as well as some of the forearc and backarc\r\nbasins associated with the Aleutian Arc, are presently at their\r\ngreatest depth of burial, with immature rocks exposed at the\r\nsurface. Other basins, such as some backarc basins on the\r\nAlaska Peninsula, show higher thermal maturities, indicating\r\nmodest uplift, perhaps in conjunction with higher geothermal\r\ngradients related to the arc itself. Cretaceous ?flysch?\r\nbasins, such as the Yukon-Koyukuk basin, are at much higher\r\nthermal maturity, reflecting great amounts of uplift perhaps\r\nassociated with compressional regimes generated through\r\nterrane accretion. Many sedimentary basins in Alaska, such\r\nas the Yukon-Koyukuk and Colville basins, show higher thermal\r\nmaturity at basin margins, perhaps reflecting greater uplift\r\nof the margins in response to isostatic unloading, owing\r\nto erosion of the hinterland adjacent to the basin or to compressional\r\nstresses adjacent to basin margins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2142","usgsCitation":"1996, Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2142, v, 131 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2142.","productDescription":"v, 131 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3381,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-54/Report/Bull2142.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61488,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2142/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":165900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110059,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25586.htm","text":"Thermal evolution of sedimentary basins in Alaska","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"25586"},{"id":483001,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_25587.htm","text":"Thermal-maturity patterns and geothermal gradients on the Alaska Peninsula","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":483002,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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Mark J.","contributorId":58631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747048,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howell, David G.","contributorId":12091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":929912,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018614,"text":"70018614 - 1996 - A benthic foraminiferal record of middle to late Pliocene (3.15-2.85 Ma) deep water change in the North Atlantic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T16:24:26.495648","indexId":"70018614","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A benthic foraminiferal record of middle to late Pliocene (3.15-2.85 Ma) deep water change in the North Atlantic","docAbstract":"<p><span>Records of benthic foraminifera from North Atlantic DSDP Site 607 and Hole 610A indicate changes in deep water conditions through the middle to late Pliocene (3.15 to 2.85 Ma). Quantitative analyses of modern associations in the North Atlantic indicate that seven species,&nbsp;</span><i>Fontbotia wuellerstorfi, Cibicidoides kullenbergi, Uvigerina peregrina, Nuttallides umboniferus, Melonis pompilioides, Globocassidulina subglobosa</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>Epistominella exigua</i><span>&nbsp;are useful for paleoenvironmental interpretation. The western North Atlantic basin (Site 607) was occupied by North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) until ~2.88 Ma. At that time,&nbsp;</span><i>N. umboniferus</i><span>&nbsp;increased, indicating an influx of Southern Ocean Water (SOW). The eastern North Atlantic basin (Hole 610A) was occupied by a relatively warm water mass, possibly Northeastern Atlantic Deep Water (NEADW), through ~2.94 Ma when SOW more strongly influenced the site. These interpretations are consistent with benthic δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O and δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C records from 607 and 610A (Raymo et al., 1992). The results presented in this paper suggest that the North Atlantic was strongly influenced by northern component deep water circulation until 2.90–2.95 Ma. After that there was a transition toward a glacially driven North Atlantic circulation more strongly influenced by SOW associated with the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The circulation change follows the last significant SST and atmospheric warming prior to ~2.6 Ma.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00058-5","usgsCitation":"Ishman, S.E., 1996, A benthic foraminiferal record of middle to late Pliocene (3.15-2.85 Ma) deep water change in the North Atlantic: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 165-180, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00058-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"180","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227657,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e31ae4b0c8380cd45e16","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ishman, Scott E.","contributorId":8122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ishman","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017774,"text":"70017774 - 1996 - Middle Pliocene vegetation: Reconstructions, paleoclimatic inferences, and boundary conditions for climate modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T16:52:59.112118","indexId":"70017774","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Pliocene vegetation: Reconstructions, paleoclimatic inferences, and boundary conditions for climate modeling","docAbstract":"<p><span>The general characteristics of global vegetation during the middle Pliocene warm period can be reconstructed from fossil pollen and plant megafossil data. The largest differences between Pliocene vegetation and that of today occurred at high latitudes in both hemispheres, where warming was pronounced relative to today. In the Northern Hemisphere coniferous forests lived in the modern tundra and polar desert regions, whereas in the Southern Hemisphere southern beech apparently grew in coastal areas of Antarctica.</span></p><p><span>Pliocene middle latitude vegetation differed less, although moister-than-modern conditions supported forest and woodland growth in some regions now covered by steppe or grassland. Pliocene tropical vegetation reflects essentially modem conditions in some regions and slightly cooler-than-or warmer-than- modern climates in other areas. Changes in topography induced by tectonics may be responsible for many of the climatic changes since the Pliocene in both middle and lower latitudes. However, the overall latitudinal progression of climatic conditions on land parallels that seen in the reconstruction of middle Pliocene sea-surface temperatures.</span></p><p><span>Pliocene paleovegetational data was employed to construct a 2 ° × 2 ° global grid of estimated mid-Pliocene vegetational cover for use as boundary conditions for numerical General Circulation Model simulations of middle Pliocene climates. Continental outlines and topography were first modified to represent the Pliocene landscape on the 2 ° × 2 ° grid. A modern 1 ° × 1 ° vegetation grid was simplified and mapped on this Pliocene grid, and then modified following general geographic trends evident in the Pliocene paleovegetation data set.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00051-8","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., and Fleming, R., 1996, Middle Pliocene vegetation: Reconstructions, paleoclimatic inferences, and boundary conditions for climate modeling: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 27-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00051-8.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228771,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56dde4b0c8380cd6d8a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, R.F.","contributorId":31918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018820,"text":"70018820 - 1996 - Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-30T15:59:00.338944","indexId":"70018820","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2673,"text":"Marine Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sedimentological, palynological, and magnetic susceptibility data provide paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic information from a 989 ft (301 m) core of sediments from the upper Glenns Ferry and Bruneau Formations from near the town of Bruneau in Owyhee County, Idaho. Chronology is based on stratigraphic position, paleomagnetism, and biostratigraphic data, which collectively suggest a late Gauss Normal-Polarity Chron age for the Glenns Ferry sediments and a middle Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron age for the Bruneau sediments. A deep lake was present on the western Snake River Plain during the portions of the time represented by the Glenns Ferry Formation, and the mudstones of the lower half of the core were apparently deposited in this lake. The terminal regression of the Glenns Ferry lake may be represented in the Bruneau core by sandy mudstones and sands that overlie the deep-water mudstones. A cobble layer present in the core between the Glenns Ferry lake beds and those of the overlying Bruneau Formation may indicate through-flow by the ancestral Snake River.</span></p><p><span>Palynological data from the Glenns Ferry sediments in the Bruneau core reveal a pollen flora similar to the modern regional pollen flora, with very rare occurrences of now-extirpated taxa common earlier in the Tertiary. Palynological data from the Pliocene portion of this core indicate conditions more moist than today, with cooler summers and perhaps warmer winters. Quasi-periodic fluctuations in coniferous pollen (primarily Pinus) versus arid steppe taxa (primarily Chenopodiaceae/<i>Amar-anthus</i>) indicate significant variations in moisture through the lower two-thirds of the Glenns Ferry portion of the core. Shorter wave-length fluctuations in magnetic susceptibility and (inversely)&nbsp;<i>Artemisia</i>&nbsp;may reflect variations in temperature or other unidentified climatic variables. The pollen spectra from the Bruneau Formation sediments in the Bruneau core are dominated by&nbsp;<i>Artemisia</i>&nbsp;and resemble those of the Wisconsinan glacial period on the Snake River Plain, and hence indicate cold and dry conditions during some portion of the early Pleistocene.</span></p><p><span>The deep-water Glenns Ferry lacustrine episode appears to date between approximately 3.5 to 3.3 and 2.5 Ma, and thus occurred during the middle Pliocene period of warmer-than-modern global temperatures. Similar sustained wetter-than-present conditions occurred in the same age range at sites across the western U.S.A. from southern California and Arizona to northern California and Idaho. This moist period was apparently followed by an interval of regional arid conditions that persisted for several hundred thousand years.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-8398(95)00056-9","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R.S., 1996, Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments and climates of the western Snake River Plain, Idaho: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 27, no. 1-4, p. 141-156, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00056-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"156","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226521,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"western Snake River Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.12644856805878,\n              44.75494380211967\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.12644856805878,\n              43.03170351478383\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78362293505984,\n              43.03170351478383\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.78362293505984,\n              44.75494380211967\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.12644856805878,\n              44.75494380211967\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"27","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7c63e4b0c8380cd79968","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, Robert S. 0000-0001-9287-2954 rthompson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9287-2954","contributorId":891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Robert","email":"rthompson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70209261,"text":"70209261 - 1996 - Linking sediment transport and stratigraphy on the continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T14:56:10","indexId":"70209261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-25T14:44:54","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2929,"text":"Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking sediment transport and stratigraphy on the continental shelf","docAbstract":"<p><span>The goal of the shelf sediment dynamics component of STRATAFORM is to link sediment transport processes active on the continental shelf to the formation and preservation of event beds in shelf sediment deposits. An approach combining shelf sediment-transport models with high-resolution measurements of water-column and bed properties over periods from several months to several years allows us to make quantitative estimates of bed modification caused by sediment resuspension during episodic transport events. These modifications include erosion and deposition of bed material, formation of graded storm beds, and changes in small-scale bed surface morphology. The characteristics of the resulting “event bed” (thickness, grading, physical structures) are a function of flow and bed properties, depending on both temporal and spatial variations in sediment transport.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oceanography","doi":"10.5670/oceanog.1996.02","usgsCitation":"Wiberg, P., Cacchione, D., Sternberg, R.W., and Donelson Wright, L., 1996, Linking sediment transport and stratigraphy on the continental shelf: Oceanography, v. 9, no. 3, p. 153-157, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1996.02.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"157","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479042,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1996.02","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":373530,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cacchione, D.A.","contributorId":65448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cacchione","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":785623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sternberg, Richard W.","contributorId":101005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sternberg","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Donelson Wright, L.","contributorId":223609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Donelson Wright","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":38230,"text":"pp1409F - 1996 - Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-21T15:26:36.900468","indexId":"pp1409F","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1409","chapter":"F","title":"Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada","docAbstract":"A computer model was used to characterize ground-water flow in Paradise Valley, Nevada, and to evaluate probable long-term effects of five hypothetical development scenarios. One finding of the study is that concentrating pumping at the south end of Paradise Valley may increase underflow from the adjacent Humboldt River valley, and might affect flow in the river.","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/pp1409F","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Herman, M., 1996, Ground-water flow and simulated effects of development in Paradise Valley, a basin tributary to the Humboldt River in Humboldt County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409, Report: viii, 92 p.; Data Release, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1409F.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 92 p.; Data Release","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64571,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409f/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":379590,"rank":3,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ZJBQF2"},{"id":119641,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1409f/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Paradise Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.54296874999999,\n              41.57436130598913\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.14697265625,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              41.96765920367816\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.970703125,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.79589843749999,\n              35.71083783530009\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.99414062499999,\n              36.94989178681327\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.54394531249999,\n              39.027718840211605\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.47802734375,\n              41.261291493919884\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.22509765625,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.169921875,\n              41.95131994679697\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c750","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herman, M.E.","contributorId":101722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herman","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018441,"text":"70018441 - 1996 - Earthquake-induced burial of archaeological sites along the southern Washington coast about A.D. 1700","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-18T16:54:21.740294","indexId":"70018441","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1750,"text":"Geoarchaeology - An International Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake-induced burial of archaeological sites along the southern Washington coast about A.D. 1700","docAbstract":"<p><span>Although inhabited by thousands of people when first reached by Europeans, the Pacific coast of southern Washington has little recognized evidence of prehistoric human occupation. This apparent contradiction may be explained partly by geologic evidence for coastal submergence during prehistoric earthquakes on the Cascadia subduction zone. Recently discovered archaeological sites, exposed in the banks of two tidal streams, show evidence for earthquake-induced submergence and consequent burial by intertidal mud about A.D. 1700. We surmise that, because of prehistoric earthquakes, other archaeological sites may now lie hidden beneath the surfaces of modern tidelands. Such burial of archaeological sites raises questions about the estimation of prehistoric human population densities along coasts subject to earthquake-induced submergence.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199603)11:2<165::AID-GEA4>3.0.CO;2-3","usgsCitation":"Cole, S.C., Atwater, B.F., McCutcheon, P.T., Stein, J.K., and Hemphill-Haley, E., 1996, Earthquake-induced burial of archaeological sites along the southern Washington coast about A.D. 1700: Geoarchaeology - An International Journal, v. 11, no. 2, p. 165-177, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6548(199603)11:2<165::AID-GEA4>3.0.CO;2-3.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227513,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.55175375245317,\n              47.66604317035197\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.51966441281166,\n              47.66604317035197\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.51966441281166,\n              46.22310252480631\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.55175375245317,\n              46.22310252480631\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.55175375245317,\n              47.66604317035197\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"11","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0509e4b0c8380cd50c20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Steve C.","contributorId":103017,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Atwater, Brian F. 0000-0003-1155-2815 atwater@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-2815","contributorId":3297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atwater","given":"Brian","email":"atwater@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCutcheon, Patrick T.","contributorId":32310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCutcheon","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, Julie K.","contributorId":44680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stein","given":"Julie","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hemphill-Haley, Eileen 0000-0002-6988-5906","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6988-5906","contributorId":84366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hemphill-Haley","given":"Eileen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70177021,"text":"70177021 - 1996 - A model for field toxicity tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T13:44:30","indexId":"70177021","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1577,"text":"Environmetrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model for field toxicity tests","docAbstract":"<p><span>Toxicity tests conducted under field conditions present an interesting challenge for statistical modelling. In contrast to laboratory tests, the concentrations of potential toxicants are not held constant over the test. In addition, the number and identity of toxicants that belong in a model as explanatory factors are not known and must be determined through a model selection process. We present one model to deal with these needs. This model takes the record of mortalities to form a multinomial distribution in which parameters are modelled as products of conditional daily survival probabilities. These conditional probabilities are in turn modelled as logistic functions of the explanatory factors. The model incorporates lagged values of the explanatory factors to deal with changes in the pattern of mortalities over time. The issue of model selection and assessment is approached through the use of generalized information criteria and power divergence goodness-of-fit tests. These model selection criteria are applied in a cross-validation scheme designed to assess the ability of a model to both fit data used in estimation and predict data deleted from the estimation data set. The example presented demonstrates the need for inclusion of lagged values of the explanatory factors and suggests that penalized likelihood criteria may not provide adequate protection against overparameterized models in model selection.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199603)7:2<215::AID-ENV206>3.0.CO;2-B","usgsCitation":"Kaiser, M.S., and Finger, S.E., 1996, A model for field toxicity tests: Environmetrics, v. 7, no. 2, p. 215-229, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(199603)7:2<215::AID-ENV206>3.0.CO;2-B.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"229","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329612,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaiser, Mark S.","contributorId":175398,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaiser","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finger, Susan E. sfinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":1317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finger","given":"Susan","email":"sfinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":651016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70202131,"text":"70202131 - 1996 - Modeling of fluidized ejecta emplacement over digital topography on Venus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T14:10:08","indexId":"70202131","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-25T14:07:58","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling of fluidized ejecta emplacement over digital topography on Venus","docAbstract":"<p><span>The FLOW computer model of McEwen and Malin (1989) modified for application to the study of Venus fluidized ejecta blankets (FEBs) demonstrates that relatively low viscosities, yield strengths, and initial velocities are required to duplicate the observed flow paths of the outflow materials. The model calculates the velocities and simulated flow paths of gravity flows over Magellan topography. The model is formulated to determine flow movements from initial conditions, gravitational acceleration, and resistance to motion as described by Coulomb, viscous, and turbulent resistance forces. Successful duplication of observed FEB flow paths has been achieved for the FEB craters Addams, Isabella, and Cochran. When used as a simple energy‐line model, the model requires low coefficients of friction to extend FEBs to near their observed termini in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, although the resulting straight flow lines do not follow the observed flow paths well. For Bingham flow, the model requires low values of viscosity and yield strength which are more similar to pyroclastic or debris flows than basaltic lavas. Flows of 100‐m depth require 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher values of both viscosity and yield strength than 10‐m‐deep flows. The complicated nature of the flow lines for the low velocity model suggests that FEBs were probably emplaced under variably laminar and turbulent flow conditions, where underlying topography influenced both the direction and energy of flow materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/95JE02361","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.R., and Gaddis, L.R., 1996, Modeling of fluidized ejecta emplacement over digital topography on Venus: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E2, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/95JE02361.","productDescription":"10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361145,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Venus","volume":"101","issue":"E2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Jeffrey R.","contributorId":200393,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019357,"text":"70019357 - 1996 - Large-scale right-slip displacement on the East San Francisco Bay region fault system, California: Implications for location of late Miocene to Pliocene Pacific plate boundary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-08T16:41:38.954701","indexId":"70019357","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Large-scale right-slip displacement on the East San Francisco Bay region fault system, California: Implications for location of late Miocene to Pliocene Pacific plate boundary","docAbstract":"<p><span>A belt of northwardly younging Neogene and Quaternary volcanic rocks and hydrothermal vein systems, together with a distinctive Cretaceous terrane of the Franciscan Complex (the Permanente terrane), exhibits about 160 to 170 km of cumulative dextral offset across faults of the East San Francisco Bay Region (ESFBR) fault system. The offset hydrothermal veins and volcanic rocks range in age from .01 Ma at the northwest end to about 17.6 Ma at the southeast end. In the fault block between the San Andreas and ESFBR fault systems, where volcanic rocks are scarce, hydrothermal vein system ages clearly indicate that the northward younging thermal overprint affected these rocks beginning about 18 Ma. The age progression of these volcanic rocks and hydrothermal vein systems is consistent with previously proposed models that relate northward propagation of the San Andreas transform to the opening of an asthenospheric window beneath the North American plate margin in the wake of subducting lithosphere. The similarity in the amount of offset of the Permanente terrane across the ESFBR fault system to that derived by restoring continuity in the northward younging age progression of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal veins suggests a model in which 80–110 km of offset are taken up 8 to 6 Ma on a fault aligned with the Bloomfield-Tolay-Franklin-Concord-Sunol-Calaveras faults. An additional 50–70 km of cumulative slip are taken up ≤ 6 Ma by the Rogers Creek-Hayward and Concord-Franklin-Sunol-Calaveras faults. An alternative model in which the Permanente terrane is offset about 80 km by pre-Miocene faults does not adequately restore the distribution of 8–12 Ma volcanic rocks and hydrothermal veins to a single northwardly younging age trend. If 80–110 km of slip was taken up by the ESFBR fault system between 8 and 6 Ma, dextral slip rates were 40–55 mm/yr. Such high rates might occur if the ESFBR fault system rather than the San Andreas fault acted as the transform margin at this time. Major transpression across the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates at about 3 to 5 Ma would have resulted in the transfer of significant slip back to the San Francisco Peninsula segment of the San Andreas fault. Since that time, the ESFBR fault system has continued to slip at rates of 11–14 mm/yr. If this interpretation is valid, the ESFBR fault system was the Pacific-North American plate boundary between 8 and 6 Ma, and this boundary has migrated both eastward and westward with time, in response to changing plate margin geometry and plate motions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95TC02347","issn":"02787407","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, R.J., Sliter, W., Sorg, D.H., Russell, P., and Sarna-Wojcicki, A., 1996, Large-scale right-slip displacement on the East San Francisco Bay region fault system, California: Implications for location of late Miocene to Pliocene Pacific plate boundary: Tectonics, v. 15, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/95TC02347.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.79794127542314,\n              39.40207162437872\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.00613075935172,\n              39.0554561037807\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.82383801002884,\n              34.35878941185911\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.28366673890498,\n              34.374280481902375\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.39329133542982,\n              39.49485922243221\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.79794127542314,\n              39.40207162437872\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a449de4b0c8380cd66c65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, R. J. 0000-0002-4390-2288","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-2288","contributorId":107271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"R.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sliter, W.V.","contributorId":38997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sorg, D. H.","contributorId":63380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorg","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Russell, P.C.","contributorId":102856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70207836,"text":"70207836 - 1996 - Intermediate‐depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-07T15:15:49.700528","indexId":"70207836","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-15T12:31:51","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5371,"text":"Geophysical Monograph","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Intermediate‐depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs","docAbstract":"<p>We elaborate on the well-known spatial association between axc volcanoes and Wadati Benioff zones and explore in detail their genetic relationships as dual physical expressions of slab metamorphism of the oceanic crust and uppermost mantle. At hypocentral depths less than 200 km intra slab Wadati-Benioff earthquakes tend to occur near the top surfaces of slabs. Subduction of very young lithosphere (age &lt; 15-25 Ma) with high heat flow (&gt; 75 mW/m 2) produces mainly shallow earthquakes and spaxse or absent arc volcanism. Subduction of older crust with normal heat flow (50-65 mW/m 2) produces markedly deeper intraslab earthquakes and generally normal volcanic vigor. Seismological observations show that the low-seismic-velocity gabbroic mineralogy of the crust may persist to depths of as much as 150 km in old, cold lithosphere but only to depths of 50-60 km in young, warm slabs. Metamorphic processes in the crust and shallow upper mantle of subducting slabs and the reactivation of faults originally created at shallow depths in the ocean basins probably control the occurrence of intraslab earthquakes to depths of as much as 350 kin. A conceptual model for this metamorphism incorporates the likely effects of water liberated by dehydration. Such dehydration facilitates both brittle faulting by fault reactivation and promotes the kinetics of the transformation of the anhydrous gabbro component of the crust to eclogite. Finite-element modelling shows that densification to eclogite is expected to produce extensional stresses in transformed crust and a smaller compression in the underlying mantle. This model helps explain why most intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes occur just below the top surfaces of slabs and why many have focal mechanisms indicating down-dip extension. Young, warm slabs have mostly shallow intraslab earthquakes and sparse axc volcanoes because dehydration and eclogite formation largely cease before such slabs axe in contact with asthenosphere. These processes are evidently delayed by kinetic hindrance and the high pressure stability of hydrous phazes at low temperatures in older, colder subducting crust, and thus earthquake activity and asthenospheric-wedge melting tend to be focused at depths of 100-170 kin. Anomalous behavior correlated with the subduction of island-and seamount chains appears to be associated with anomalou shallow intraplate faulting and with perturbations of slab metamorphism by these chains.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Subduction: Top to bottom","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/GM096p0195","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., Engdahl, E.R., and Denlinger, R.P., 1996, Intermediate‐depth intraslab earthquakes and arc volcanism as physical expressions of crustal and uppermost mantle metamorphism in subducting slabs, chap. <i>of</i> Subduction: Top to bottom: Geophysical Monograph, v. 96, p. 195-214, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM096p0195.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"214","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371264,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"96","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-23","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engdahl, E. Robert","contributorId":20666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engdahl","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Denlinger, Roger P. 0000-0003-0930-0635 roger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0930-0635","contributorId":2679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"Roger","email":"roger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207655,"text":"70207655 - 1996 - 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock data constraints on Acadian diagenesis and Alleghanian cleavage in the Martinsburg formation, eastern Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:41:04.707768","indexId":"70207655","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-02T14:15:54","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":732,"text":"American Journal of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"<sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar whole-rock data constraints on Acadian diagenesis and Alleghanian cleavage in the Martinsburg formation, eastern Pennsylvania","title":"40Ar/39Ar whole-rock data constraints on Acadian diagenesis and Alleghanian cleavage in the Martinsburg formation, eastern Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p><span>A comparison of <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age spectra of whole-rock mudstone and slate samples from the Ordovician Martinsburg Formation at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania and stratigraphic and thermal constraints&nbsp;support Alleghanian age for regional slaty cleavage and a late Acadian age for diagenesis in these rocks. Age spectra from mud-stones have a sigmodal shape, with slopes that climb steeply from apparent&nbsp;Mesozoic ages to intermediate saddle regions with Devonian apparent ages, and then climb steeply again to Late Proterozoic&nbsp;apparent ages. The steps with these oldest apparent ages are interpreted to be dominated by late Proterzoic detrial muscovite. The saddle region of the mudstone samples gives very Late Silurian to earliest Devonian ages, which are maximum ages of diagenetic micas and which eliminate a Taconic age for the cleavage. The ages of saddle regions of the slate samples constraining cleavage-forming muscovite is &lt;~375. This is the maximum age of this mica and requires an Alleghanian age for the cleavage. These&nbsp;age constraints&nbsp;are supported by ages of individual&nbsp;mica components calculated with knowledge of the total gas ages and mass fractions of the micas and by predictions from thermal modeling. We conclude that the Taconic orogeny in the Martinsburg Formation in eastern&nbsp;Pennsylvania&nbsp;was&nbsp;a very mild event. Not only is the cleavage in these rocks not Taconic in age, but even the mild (~100C) diagenetic growth of illite was Silurian of younger. Thus the Taconic event in these rocks in limited to loading of lass than about 3 km.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Earth Science Journal","doi":"10.2475/ajs.296.7.766","usgsCitation":"Wintsch, R., Kunk, M.J., and Epstein, J.B., 1996, 40Ar/39Ar whole-rock data constraints on Acadian diagenesis and Alleghanian cleavage in the Martinsburg formation, eastern Pennsylvania: American Journal of Science, v. 296, no. 7, p. 766-788, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.296.7.766.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"766","endPage":"788","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479043,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.296.7.766","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":370948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Martinsburg Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.76123046875,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.06982421875,\n              38.87392853923629\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.0810546875,\n              42.17968819665961\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.67333984375,\n              42.24478535602799\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.76123046875,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"296","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wintsch, R. P.","contributorId":116962,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wintsch","given":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Epstein, Jack B. jepstein@usgs.gov","contributorId":1412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Epstein","given":"Jack","email":"jepstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70248282,"text":"70248282 - 1996 - Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the West Antarctica Rift System: Proceedings of a workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-06T20:55:06.69825","indexId":"70248282","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:47:52","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesNumber":"9","title":"Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the West Antarctica Rift System: Proceedings of a workshop","docAbstract":"<p><span>The workshop \"Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and West Antarctic Rift System\" was convened to provide a forum for discussion of future research on Antarctic rifting processes. The workshop drew on the expertise of thirty-one geologists and geophysicists currently involved in Antarctic research or investigating other rift systems. The general goal of the workshop was to foster enhanced cooperation and communication between the Antarctic geologic community, the Antarctic geophysical community and the global community studying the processes of rifting and rift-related uplift. Workshop sessions were designed to critically examine process-oriented rift models, with particular emphasis on identifying geological and geophysical tests of these models that can be applied to the unique Antarctic setting. Recommendations for future research are included in the workshop proceedings.</span></p>","conferenceTitle":"Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the West Antarctica Rift System","conferenceDate":"April, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, Colorado, United States","language":"English","publisher":"Byrd Polar Research Institute, Ohio State University","usgsCitation":"1996, Geodynamic Evolution of the Transantarctic Mountains and the West Antarctica Rift System: Proceedings of a workshop, iv, 57 p.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420585,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1811/47927"},{"id":420586,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Transantarctic Mountains, West Antarctic Rift System","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -48.83765835994856,\n              -62.257731385362\n            ],\n            [\n              -48.83765835994856,\n              -83.8669740760852\n            ],\n            [\n              224.4552443117463,\n              -83.8669740760852\n            ],\n            [\n              224.4552443117463,\n              -62.257731385362\n            ],\n            [\n              -48.83765835994856,\n              -62.257731385362\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Terry J.","contributorId":83843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882261,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882262,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70006894,"text":"70006894 - 1996 - National Biological Service Research Supports Watershed Planning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T15:32:26","indexId":"70006894","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:20:02","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"EPA 840-N-96-001","title":"National Biological Service Research Supports Watershed Planning","docAbstract":"<p>The National Biological Service's Leetown Science Center is investigating how human impacts on watershed, riparian, and in-stream habitats affect fish communities.  The research will provide the basis for a Ridge and Valley model that will allow resource managers to accurately predict and effectively mitigate human impacts on water quality.  The study takes place in the Opequon Creek  drainage basin of West Virginia.  A fourth-order tributary of the Potomac, the basin falls within the Ridge and Valley.  The study will identify biological components sensitive to land use patterns and the condition of the riparian zone; the effect of stream size, location, and other characteristics on fish communities; the extent to which remote sensing can reliable measure the riparian zone; and the relationship between the rate of landscape change and the structure of fish communities.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Watershed Events: an EPA bulletin on integrated aquatic ecosystem protection","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA, Office of Water","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C.D., 1996, National Biological Service Research Supports Watershed Planning, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"4","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289259,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Opequon Creek","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.117821,39.091414 ], [ -78.117821,39.524623 ], [ -77.864696,39.524623 ], [ -77.864696,39.091414 ], [ -78.117821,39.091414 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f7e4b07b8813a554e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, Craig D. 0000-0002-3448-597X csnyder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3448-597X","contributorId":2568,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Craig","email":"csnyder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70006803,"text":"70006803 - 1996 - Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T15:04:37","indexId":"70006803","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T15:02:38","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments","docAbstract":"<p>Fuel treatments are necessary in many vegetated areas of the Sierra\nNevada to mitigate the effects of decades of fire suppression\nand land-management activities on fuel accumulations and understory\ncanopies. Treating fuels will reduce the severity of wildfires and,\nas a result, the threat to human lives, the destruction of property and\nvaluable resources, and the alteration of natural fire regimes. This\nchapter describes the use of a deterministic fire-modeling approach\nto obtain information about the relative effectiveness of fuel treatments,\nincluding fuel breaks, prescribed burning, biomassing, piling\nand burning, and cutting and scattering. Wildfire spread was simulated\nunder idealized conditions to see how specific fuel and stand\ntreatments affect fire behavior. It was obvious from the simulations\nthat fuel breaks alone do not halt the spread of wildfire. Prescribed\nburning appears to be the most effective treatment for reducing a\nfire’s rate of spread, fireline intensity, flame length, and heat per unit\nof area. A management scheme that includes a combination of fuel\ntreatments in conjunction with other land-management scenarios\nshould be successful in reducing the size and intensity of wildfires.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California-Davis, Wildland Resources Center","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"van Wagtendonk, J., 1996, Use of a deterministic fire growth model to test fuel treatments, chap. <i>of</i> Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II, v. Chapter 43, p. 1155-1165.","productDescription":"p. 1155-1165","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289144,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Chapter 43","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae789ae4b0abf75cf2da4d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70006799,"text":"70006799 - 1996 - An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-27T14:33:52","indexId":"70006799","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:48:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>Fire, ignited by lightning and Native Americans, was common in the\nSierra Nevada prior to 20th century suppression efforts. Presettlement\nfire return intervals were generally less than 20 years throughout a\nbroad zone extending from the foothills through the mixed conifer\nforests. In the 20th century, the areal extent of fire was greatly reduced.\nThis reduction in fire activity, coupled with the selective harvest\nof many large pines, produced forests which today are denser,\nwith generally smaller trees, and have higher proportions of white fir\nand incense cedar than were present historically. These changes\nhave almost certainly increased the levels of fuel, both on the forest\nfloor and “ladder fuels”—small trees and brush which carry the fire\ninto the forest canopy. Increases in fuel, coupled with efficient suppression\nof low and moderate intensity fires, has led to an increase\nin general fire severity.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>We suggest extensive modification of forest structure will be necessary\nto minimize severe fires in the future. In high-risk areas, landscapes\nshould be modified both to reduce fire severity and to increase\nsuppression effectiveness. We recommend thinning and underburning\nto reduce fire-related tree mortality coupled with strategically placed\ndefensible fuel profile zones (DFPZs). DFPZs are areas in which\nforest structure and fuels have been modified to reduce flame length\nand “spotting”, allowing effective suppression.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>This chapter is an overview of work by the fire-subgroup of the\nSierra Nevada Ecosystem Project. Details concerning these findings\nare found in Skinner and Chang 1996; Chang 1996; Husari and\nMcKelvey 1996; McKelvey and Busse 1996; Erman and Jones 1996;\nvan Wagtendonk 1996; and Weatherspoon 1996.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of California-Davis, Wildland Resources Center","publisherLocation":"Davis, CA","collaboration":"None","usgsCitation":"McKelvey, K., Skinner, C., Chang, C., Erman, D., Husari, S., Parsons, D., van Wagtendonk, J., and Weatherspoon, C., 1996, An overview of fire in the Sierra Nevada, chap. <i>of</i> Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, Volume II, v. Chapter 37, p. 1033-1040.","productDescription":"p. 1033-1040","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.53,32.53 ], [ -124.53,42.0 ], [ -114.13,42.0 ], [ -114.13,32.53 ], [ -124.53,32.53 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"Chapter 37","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53ae7628e4b0abf75cf2beaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKelvey, K.S.","contributorId":106237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKelvey","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skinner, C.N.","contributorId":19909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skinner","given":"C.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, C.","contributorId":67341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Erman, D.C.","contributorId":85509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erman","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Husari, S.J.","contributorId":12589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Husari","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Parsons, D.J.","contributorId":47721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"van Wagtendonk, J. W.","contributorId":85111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"J. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weatherspoon, C.P.","contributorId":55383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weatherspoon","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70006670,"text":"70006670 - 1996 - Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the influence of biodiversity on their functioning","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-30T13:41:51","indexId":"70006670","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T13:22:33","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the influence of biodiversity on their functioning","docAbstract":"<p>Ecosystems in the Mediterranean-climate regions of the world have served as a unit for comparative ecological studies for over two decades.  The cohesiveness of research in this set of widely distributed regions rests on the similarity of the climates where they occur, and the identifiable convergence in elements of their vegetation structure (Di Castri and Mooney 1973).  In this chapter we review functional aspects of what have come to be known as <i>Mediterranean-type ecosystems</i> (METs) in the context of a concerned global interest in the sustainability of the human environment and its dependence on biological diversity.  The approach we adopt here is to look for evidence that this biodiversity, for which some MTEs are renowned (Cowling, 1992; Hobbs, 1992), has an influence on processes which are important both for the maintenance of natural systems, and for providing \"ecosystem services\" with human utility.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Almost a century ago, Schimper (1903) recognized the biological similarities between five widely separated regions characterized by Mediterranean-type climates, and much comparative work has been done on that basis since.  These regions comprise the Mediterranean basin itself, a major portion of California, central Chile, the southwestern and southern extremities of South Africa, and parts of southwestern and southern Australia (Figure 7.1).  The first attention paid to MTEs in terms of quantitative ecological research arose out of the International Biological Programme (IBP) of the 1960s and 1970s.  Those efforts focused on comparisons between the Chilean and Californian systems (Mooney 1977), and dealt with parallel models of ecosystem processes, especially water flux (Fuentes <i>et al</i> 1995).  Because of the already perceived similarities between vegetation in these and the other three regions, the project was soon extended to include all five regions.  The first broad comparative overview was published as an anthology which considered the origins and the convergent evolution of MTE components (Di Castri and Mooney 1973).  Although the currently accepted classifications of the MTEs is to some extent artificial, it does provide a basis for comparative work, as well as placing mild, temperate winter rainfall regions in perspective with other system types, such as forests, arid lands and even savannas.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>It is against this backdrop that the MTE research collegium has grown, giving rise to the organizational structure known as ISOMED (the International Society of Mediterranean Ecologists), which has convened regular conferences under the label MEDECOS, plus a number of extra meetings on specific topics (Table 7.1).  One of the more recent in this series of MTE meetings was convened under the auspices of ICSU's Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) (see Table 7.1), and dealt with the questions about the functional value of biodiversity.  This chapter is based on that meeting and its proceedings (Richardson and Cowling 1993); David and Richardson 1995), and is a distillation of input by teams of ecologists from each of the five regions.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley and Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","usgsCitation":"Davis, G.W., Richardson, D.M., Keeley, J.E., and Hobbs, R., 1996, Mediterranean-type ecosystems: the influence of biodiversity on their functioning, chap. <i>of</i> Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective, v. Chapter 7, p. 151-183.","productDescription":"p. 151-183","startPage":"151","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"Chapter 7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f6e4b07b8813a554da","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Mooney, H. A.","contributorId":104219,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mooney","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508378,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cushman, J.H.","contributorId":113886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cushman","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508381,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Medina, E.","contributorId":111954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medina","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508380,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sala, O.E.","contributorId":96638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sala","given":"O.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508377,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schulze, E. #NAME?","contributorId":111878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulze","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508379,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Davis, George W.","contributorId":12376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richardson, David M.","contributorId":14565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richardson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":354991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hobbs, Richard J.","contributorId":59682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"Richard J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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