The geochemical transport of cyanazine and its metabolite cyanazine amide (CAM) was compared to atrazine and its metabolite deethylatrazine (DEA) at three sites in the Mississippi River basin during 1992 and six sites during 1993. The floods of 1993 caused an uninterrupted exponential decline in herbicide concentrations; whereas, in 1992 herbicide concentrations varied mostly in response to two discrete discharge pulses in the spring and midsummer and were stable during an extended period of summer low-flow. Concentration half-lives calculated from the 1993 data for atrazine were approximately twice those of cyanazine at all sites. The half-life for atrazine and cyanazine was shortest, 22 and 14 days, respectively at the Mississippi River at Clinton, Ill. -- the farthest upstream site -- and longest, 42 and 22 days, respectively, at the Baton Rouge, La. site -- the farthest downstream site. The concentration of CAM exceeded the concentration of DEA through September at all sites where the mean ratio of atrazine-to-cyanazine (ACR) was less than 4.0. The ratio of CAM-to-cyanazine (CAMCR) increased from 0.2 to more than 1.0 and the ratio of DEA-to-atrazine (DAR) increased from less than 0.1 to 0.3 from application in May through early to mid- July. Temporal changes in the CAMCR were used to identify pre- and post-application \"slugs\" of water transported along the reaches of the Mississippi River.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch021","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E., and Goolsby, D.A., 1996, Cyanazine, atrazine, and their metabolites as geochemical indicators of contaminant transport in the Mississippi River: ACS Symposium Series, v. 630, p. 288-302, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0630.ch021.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Tennessee","city":"Baton Rouge, Clinton","otherGeospatial":"Mississippi River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.60423401044336,\n 39.863641898142305\n ],\n [\n -92.710604915468,\n 39.863641898142305\n ],\n [\n -92.710604915468,\n 30.147065506425733\n ],\n [\n -88.60423401044336,\n 30.147065506425733\n ],\n [\n -88.60423401044336,\n 39.863641898142305\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"630","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-07-23","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd1ee4b0c8380cd4e63b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goolsby, D. A.","contributorId":50508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019356,"text":"70019356 - 1996 - Tectonics and seismicity of the southern Washington Cascade range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:04:17.446545","indexId":"70019356","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and seismicity of the southern Washington Cascade range","docAbstract":"Geophysical, geological, and seismicity data are combined to develop a transpressional strain model for the southern Washington Cascades region. We use this model to explain oblique fold and fault systems, transverse faults, and a linear seismic zone just west of Mt. Rainier known as the western Rainier zone. We also attempt to explain a concentration of earthquakes that connects the northwest-trending Mount St. Helens seismic zone to the north-trending western Rainier zone. Our tectonic model illustrates the pervasive effects of accretionary processes, combined with subsequent transpressive forces generated by oblique subduction, on Eocene to present crustal processes, such as seismicity and volcanism.
Ground-motion records from aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge earthquake are used to estimate site response in the urban Los Angeles area. Over 1300 shear-wave records from 61 sources and 90 sites are used in a linear inversion for source and site-response spectra. The methodology makes no assumptions about the shape of the source spectrum. To obtain a stable unique inverse, a Q model and geometrical spreading factor are assumed. In addition, the site response at a hard-rock site is constrained to be approximately 1.0 with a kappa of 0.02. The site-response spectra compare favorably with the results of previous and on-going investigations in Los Angeles. A couple of first-order effects are lower site response in the surrounding mountains, dominated by Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks, and higher values in the San Fernando and Los Angeles Basins, containing surficial Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial deposits. Results show good correlation of high site-response spectral values with localized areas of severe damage (Interstate 10 collapse, Sherman Oaks, Northridge, Interstate 5/14 collapse). However, widespread trends in site response across the sedimentary basins are not obvious. The data suggest that site responses are lower near the southern margin of the San Fernando Valley for sources to the north, due to north-dipping sedimentary structures. But the general pattern of site response is characterized by high variability on length scales less than a kilometer. Variations of a factor of 2 in site response are observed over the length scale of 200 m and for the same surficial geologic unit. For some of the alluvial basin sites, surface-wave generation is a significant contributor to elevated site response at lower frequencies, below 2 Hz. The total damage pattern for the Northridge earthquake is influenced by strong source directivity to the north and strong local site effects. The correlation of weak-motion site-response estimates with areas of significant damage demonstrates the value of these field measurements in future urban planning and in the reduction of seismic risk in urban areas.
This report identifies key technical issues related to hydrologic assessment of water flow in the unsaturated zone at low-level radioactive waste (LLW) disposal facilities. In addition, a methodology for incorporating these issues in the performance assessment of proposed LLW disposal facilities is identified and evaluated. The issues discussed fall into four areas:
An estimate of recharge at a LLW site is important since recharge is a principal factor in controlling the release of contaminants via the groundwater pathway. The most common methods for estimating recharge are discussed in Chapter 2. Many factors affect recharge; the natural recharge at an undisturbed site is not necessarily representative either of the recharge that will occur after the site has been disturbed or of the flow of water into a disposal facility at the site. Factors affecting recharge are discussed in Chapter 2.
At many sites engineered components are required for a LLW facility to meet performance requirements. Chapter 3 discusses the use of engineered barriers to control the flow of water in a LLW facility, with a particular emphasis on cover systems. Design options and the potential performance and degradation mechanisms of engineered components are also discussed.
Water flow in a LLW disposal facility must be evaluated before construction of the facility. In addition, hydrologic performance must be predicted over a very long time frame. For these reasons, the hydrologic evaluation relies on the use of predictive modeling. In Chapter 4, the evaluation of unsaturated water flow modeling is discussed. A checklist of items is presented to guide the evaluation. Several computer simulation codes that were used in the examples (Chapter 6) are discussed with respect to this checklist. The codes used include HELP, UNSAT-H, and VAM3DCG.
To provide a defensible estimate of water flow in a LLW disposal facility, the uncertainty associated with model predictions must be considered. Uncertainty arises because of the highly heterogeneous nature of most subsurface environments and the long time frame required in the analysis. Sources of uncertainty in hydrologic evaluation of the unsaturated zone and several approaches for analysis are discussed in Chapter 5. The methods of analysis discussed include a bounding approach, sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo simulation.
To illustrate the application of the discussion in Chapters 2 through 5, two examples are presented in Chapter 6. The first example is of a below ground vault located in a humid environment. The second example looks at a shallow land burial facility located in an arid environment. The examples utilize actual site-specific data and realistic facility designs. The two examples illustrate the issues unique to humid and arid sites as well as the issues common to all LLW sites. Strategies for addressing the analytical difficulties arising in any complex hydrologic evaluation of the unsaturated zone are demonstrated.
The report concludes with some final observations and recommendations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission","usgsCitation":"Meyer, P., Rockhold, M., Nichols, W., and Gee, G., 1996, Hydrologic evaluation methodology for estimating water movement through the unsaturated zone at commercial low-level radioactive waste disposal site, Report: xxii, 102 p.; Appendicies A, B, C.","productDescription":"Report: xxii, 102 p.; Appendicies A, B, C","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350760,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350759,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/contract/cr6346/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7040d9e4b06e28e9cae507","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, P.D.","contributorId":84860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"P.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockhold, M.L.","contributorId":189624,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockhold","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nichols, W.E.","contributorId":100579,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nichols","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.W.","contributorId":189340,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018404,"text":"70018404 - 1996 - A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T07:55:59","indexId":"70018404","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application","docAbstract":"Quantitative analysis of geophysical logs in ground-water studies often involves at least as broad a range of applications and variation in lithology as is typically encountered in petroleum exploration, making such logs difficult to calibrate and complicating inversion problem formulation. At the same time, data inversion and analysis depend on inversion model formulation and refinement, so that log interpretation cannot be deferred to a geophysical log specialist unless active involvement with interpretation can be maintained by such an expert over the lifetime of the project. We propose a generalized log-interpretation procedure designed to guide hydrogeologists in the interpretation of geophysical logs, and in the integration of log data into ground-water models that may be systematically refined and improved in an iterative way. The procedure is designed to maximize the effective use of three primary contributions from geophysical logs: (1) The continuous depth scale of the measurements along the well bore; (2) The in situ measurement of lithologic properties and the correlation with hydraulic properties of the formations over a finite sample volume; and (3) Multiple independent measurements that can potentially be inverted for multiple physical or hydraulic properties of interest. The approach is formulated in the context of geophysical inversion theory, and is designed to be interfaced with surface geophysical soundings and conventional hydraulic testing. The step-by-step procedures given in our generalized interpretation and inversion technique are based on both qualitative analysis designed to assist formulation of the interpretation model, and quantitative analysis used to assign numerical values to model parameters. The approach bases a decision as to whether quantitative inversion is statistically warranted by formulating an over-determined inversion. If no such inversion is consistent with the inversion model, quantitative inversion is judged not possible with the given data set. Additional statistical criteria such as the statistical significance of regressions are used to guide the subsequent calibration of geophysical data in terms of hydraulic variables in those situations where quantitative data inversion is considered appropriate.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Paillet, F.L., and Crowder, R., 1996, A Generalized Approach for the Interpretation of Geophysical Well Logs in Ground-Water Studies:Theory and Application: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 5, p. 883-898, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02083.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"883","endPage":"898","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2dfe4b0c8380cd45cd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowder, R.E.","contributorId":80836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowder","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018547,"text":"70018547 - 1996 - Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:17:02.417053","indexId":"70018547","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada","docAbstract":"Volcanism in the Yucca Mountain region of southern Nevada in the last 5 m.y. is restricted to moderate-to-small volumes of subalkaline basaltic magmas, produced during at least 6 intervals, and spanning an age range from 4.6 Ma to about 125 ka. Where paleomagnetic evidence is available, the period of volcanism at individual eruptive centers apparently was geologically short-lived, even where multiple eruptions involved different magma types. K-Ar studies are consistent with most other geochronologic information, such as the minimum ages of exposure-dating techniques, and show no evidence of renewed volcanism after a significant quiescence at any of the centers in the Yucca Mountain region. A volcanic recurrence interval of 860 ± 350 kyr is computed from a large K-Ar data set and an evaluation of their uncertainties. Monte Carlo error propagations demonstrate the validity of uncertainties obtained for weighted-mean ages when modified using the goodness of fit parameter, MSWD. Elevated 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios (Sri) in the basalts, nearly constant at 0.707, combined with low SiO2 and Rb/Sr ratios indicate a subcontinental, lithospheric mantle source, previously enriched in radiogenic Sr and depleted in Rb. Beginning with eruptions of the most voluminous eruptive center, the newly dated Pliocene Thirsty Mountain volcano, basaltic magmas have decreased in eruptive volume, plagioclase-phenocryst content, various trace element ratios, and TiO2, while increasing in light rare earth elements, U, Th, P2O5, and light REE/heavy REE ratios. These time-correlated changes are consistent with either increasing depths of melting or a decreasing thermal gradient in the Yucca Mountain region during the last 5 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03123","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., Turrin, B.D., Sawyer, D., Warren, R., Champion, D., Hudson, M., and Minor, S., 1996, Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 4, p. 8205-8227, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03123.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"8205","endPage":"8227","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d6e4b0c8380cd47ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, R.G.","contributorId":6037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018527,"text":"70018527 - 1996 - Pattern recognition analysis and classification modeling of selenium-producing areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T23:05:03.611478","indexId":"70018527","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2210,"text":"Journal of Chemometrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pattern recognition analysis and classification modeling of selenium-producing areas","docAbstract":"Established chemometric and geochemical techniques were applied to water quality data from 23 National Irrigation Water Quality Program (NIWQP) study areas in the Western United States. These techniques were applied to the NIWQP data set to identify common geochemical processes responsible for mobilization of selenium and to develop a classification model that uses major-ion concentrations to identify areas that contain elevated selenium concentrations in water that could pose a hazard to water fowl. Pattern recognition modeling of the simple-salt data computed with the SNORM geochemical program indicate three principal components that explain 95% of the total variance. A three-dimensional plot of PC 1, 2 and 3 scores shows three distinct clusters that correspond to distinct hydrochemical facies denoted as facies 1, 2 and 3. Facies 1 samples are distinguished by water samples without the CaCO3 simple salt and elevated concentrations of NaCl, CaSO4, MgSO4 and Na2SO4 simple salts relative to water samples in facies 2 and 3. Water samples in facies 2 are distinguished from facies 1 by the absence of the MgSO4 simple salt and the presence of the CaCO3 simple salt. Water samples in facies 3 are similar to samples in facies 2, with the absence of both MgSO4 and CaSO4 simple salts. Water samples in facies 1 have the largest selenium concentration (10 μg l−1), compared to a median concentration of 2·0 μg l−1 and less than 1·0 μg l−1 for samples in facies 2 and 3. A classification model using the soft independent modeling by class analogy (SIMCA) algorithm was constructed with data from the NIWQP study areas. The classification model was successful in identifying water samples with a selenium concentration that is hazardous to some species of water-fowl from a test data set comprised of 2,060 water samples from throughout Utah and Wyoming. Application of chemometric and geochemical techniques during data synthesis analysis of multivariate environmental databases from other national-scale environmental programs such as the NIWQP could also provide useful insights for addressing ‘real world’ environmental problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-128X(199607)10:4<309::AID-CEM426>3.0.CO;2-X","issn":"08869383","usgsCitation":"Naftz, D.L., 1996, Pattern recognition analysis and classification modeling of selenium-producing areas: Journal of Chemometrics, v. 10, no. 4, p. 309-324, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-128X(199607)10:4<309::AID-CEM426>3.0.CO;2-X.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"309","endPage":"324","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227650,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75b5e4b0c8380cd77cc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naftz, D. L.","contributorId":40624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naftz","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018562,"text":"70018562 - 1996 - The Government Information Locator Service (GILS)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-05T12:23:13.449882","indexId":"70018562","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1992,"text":"Information Services and Use","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Government Information Locator Service (GILS)","docAbstract":"In coordination with the Information Infrastructure Task Force (IITF), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is promoting the establishment of an agency-based Government Information Locator Service (GILS) to help the public locate and access information throughout the Federal Government. This report presents a vision of how GILS will be implemented. Working primarily with OMB and the Locator Subgroup of the Interagency Working Group on Public Access, Eliot Christian of the US Geological Survey prepared this report under the auspices of the IITF Committee on Information Policy. This vision of GILS has also received extensive review by various Federal agencies and other interested parties, including some non-Federal organizations and by the general public through notices in both the Federal Register and the Commerce Business Daily and at a public meeting held in December, 1993. As part of the Federal role in the National Information Infrastructure, GILS will identify and describe information resources throughout the Federal government, and provide assistance in obtaining the information. It will be decentralized and will supplement other agency and commercial information dissemination mechanisms. The public will use GILS directly or through intermediaries, such as the Government Printing Office, the National Technical Information Service, the Federal depository libraries, other public libraries, and private sector information services. Direct users will have access to a GILS Core accessible on the Internet without charge. Intermediate access may include kiosks, \"800 numbers\", electronic mail, bulletin boards, fax, and off-line media such as floppy disks, CD-ROM, and printed works. GILS will use standard network technology and the American National Standards Institute Z39.50 standard for information search and retrieval so that information can be retrieved in a variety of ways. Direct users will eventually have access to many other Federal and non-Federal information resources, linkages to data systems, and electronic delivery of information products. Development of this report proceeded in tandem with a GILS Profile development project that produced an Implementors Agreement in the voluntary standards process. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is now establishing a Federal Information Processing Standard referencing the GILS Profile Implementors Agreement and making mandatory its application for Federal agencies establishing locators for government information. Existing law and policy, as articulated in OMB Circular A-130, the Records Disposal Act, and the Freedom of Information Act, require agencies to create and maintain an inventory of their information systems and information dissemination products. Although compliance with these requirements varies greatly, the incremental cost of making those inventories accessible through GILS is expected to be minimal. Accordingly, participation in establishing and maintaining GILS may be accomplished as a collective effort executed within existing funds and authorities. OMB will publish in 1994 a Bulletin following on Circular A-130 that will specify agency responsibilities in GILS and set implementation schedules. A process for ongoing evaluation will also be established to evaluate the degree to which GILS meets the information needs of the public.","language":"English","publisher":"IOS Press","doi":"10.3233/ISU-1996-16104","issn":"01675265","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 1996, The Government Information Locator Service (GILS): Information Services and Use, v. 16, no. 1, p. 25-42, https://doi.org/10.3233/ISU-1996-16104.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"42","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227523,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba761e4b08c986b321525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.","contributorId":99318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019330,"text":"70019330 - 1996 - Water supply implications of herbicide sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T15:13:24.757789","indexId":"70019330","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2136,"text":"Journal - American Water Works Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water supply implications of herbicide sampling","docAbstract":"Hydrologic conditions may affect concertrations of organonitrogen herbicides and may be important considerations in complying with drinking water regulations.
The temporal distribution of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was documented from September 1991 through August 1992 in the Platte River at Louisville, Neb., the drainage of the Central Nebraska Basins. Lincoln, Omaha, and other municipalities withdraw groundwater for public supplies from the adjacent alluvium, which is hydraulically connected to the Platte River. Data were collected, in part, to provide information to managers, planners, and public utilities on the likelihood of water supplies being adversely affected by these herbicides. Three computational procedures—monthly means, monthly subsampling, and quarterly subsampling—were used to calculate annual mean herbicide concentrations. When the sampling was conducted quarterly rather than monthly, alachlor and atrazine concentrations were more likely to exceed their respective maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) of 2.0 μg/L and 3.0 μg/L, and cyanazine concentrations were more likely to exceed the health advisory level of 1.0 μg/L. The US Environmental Protection Agency has established a tentative MCL of 1.0 μg/L for cyanazine; data indicate that cyanazine is likely to exceed this level under most hydrologic conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Water Works Association","doi":"10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06504.x","issn":"0003150X","usgsCitation":"Stamer, J., 1996, Water supply implications of herbicide sampling: Journal - American Water Works Association, v. 88, no. 2, p. 76-85, https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06504.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"85","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226511,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcc83e4b08c986b32dbaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stamer, J. K.","contributorId":47753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stamer","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019323,"text":"70019323 - 1996 - Expanded record of Quaternary oceanographic change: Amerasian Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T01:00:51.196968","indexId":"70019323","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Expanded record of Quaternary oceanographic change: Amerasian Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"Four sediment cores collected from the Northwind and Mendeleyev ridges, Arctic Ocean, from 1089 m to 1909 m water depth, provide an oceanographic record extending back into the Matuyama reversed polarity chron. Benthic foraminiferal analyses show four prominent assemblage zones: Bolivina arctica, Cassidulina teretis, Bulimina aculeata, and Oridorsalis tener from the upper Matuyama reversed polarity chronozone through the Brunhes normal polarity chronozone. These assemblage zones represent depth-dependent benthic foraminiferal biofacies changes associated with oceanographic events that occurred in the Amerasian basin at ∼780 and 300 ka, and indicate oceanographic influence from the North Atlantic. Recognition of these benthic assemblage zones in Arctic cores from the Alpha Ridge indicates that the benthic foraminiferal zonations in intermediate to deep water (>1000 m) Arctic cores may be more useful than preexisting lithostratigraphic zonations and should provide important information pertaining to the Quaternary paleoceanographic evolution of the Arctic Ocean.
Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays form a semienclosed coastal basin that opens onto the much larger Gulf of Maine. Subtidal circulation in the bay is driven by local winds and remotely driven flows from the gulf. The local-wind forced flow is estimated with a regional shallow water model driven by wind measurements. The model uses a gravity wave radiation condition along the open-ocean boundary. Results compare reasonably well with observed currents near the coast. In some offshore regions, however, modeled flows are an order of magnitude less energetic than the data. Strong flows are observed even during periods of weak local wind forcing. Poor model-data comparisons are attributable, at least in part, to open-ocean boundary conditions that neglect the effects of remote forcing. Velocity measurements from within Massachusetts Bay are used to estimate the remotely forced component of the flow. The data are combined with shallow water dynamics in an inverse-model formulation that follows the theory of Bennett and McIntosh [1982], who considered tides. We extend their analysis to consider the subtidal response to transient forcing. The inverse model adjusts the a priori open-ocean boundary condition, thereby minimizing a combined measure of model-data misfit and boundary condition adjustment. A “consistency criterion” determines the optimal trade-off between the two. The criterion is based on a measure of plausibility for the inverse solution. The “consistent” inverse solution reproduces 56% of the average squared variation in the data. The local-wind-driven flow alone accounts for half of the model skill. The other half is attributable to remotely forced flows from the Gulf of Maine. The unexplained 44% comes from measurement errors and model errors that are not accounted for in the analysis.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JC03705","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bogden, P., Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., and Signell, R., 1996, Open-ocean boundary conditions from interior data: Local and remote forcing of Massachusetts Bay: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C3, p. 6487-6500, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC03705.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"6487","endPage":"6500","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227085,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Massachusetts Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.0211181640625,\n 41.95540515378059\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n 41.95540515378059\n ],\n [\n -70.1806640625,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -71.0211181640625,\n 42.58544425738491\n ],\n [\n -71.0211181640625,\n 41.95540515378059\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e67e4b0c8380cd75621","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bogden, P.S.","contributorId":93216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogden","given":"P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.","contributorId":102212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malanotte-Rizzoli","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Signell, R.","contributorId":76052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Signell","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013474,"text":"1013474 - 1996 - Assessing variability and trends in Arctic sea ice distribution using satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-25T17:12:33.313987","indexId":"1013474","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessing variability and trends in Arctic sea ice distribution using satellite data","docAbstract":"Trends in the annual minimum, minimum monthly-mean, and the sea ice extent at the end of August were investigated for the Barents and western Kara Seas and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean during 1966 to 1994 using data from Russian ice maps (1974-1994), Kosmos-Okean and ALMAZ SAR satellite series (1984-1994), and published literature. Four definitions of sea ice extent were examined based on thresholds of ice concentration: >90%, >70%, >40% and >10% (E1, E2, E3, and E4, respectively). Root-mean-square differences between sea ice maps and satellite-image sea ice classifications for coincident areas were subjected to Monte-Carlo analyses to construct confidence intervals for the 20-year ice-map trends. With probability p=0.8, the average 20-year change in the minimum monthly-mean sea ice extent (followed in brackets by the average change in the absolute annual minimum ice extent) was between 30-60% [19-71%], 29-61% [15-67%], 31-63%[18-69%] and 18-48% [7-55%] in the Barents sea; (-24)-(-4)% [(-25)-(12)%], (-27)-(-9)% [(-34)-(-4)%], (-32)-(-15)% [(-39)-(-9)%] and (-33)-(-15)%[(-38)-(-8)%] in the western Kara sea; and (-3)-19% [(-8)-29%], (-4)-18% [(-11)-26%,] (-6)-16% [(-11)(-24)%] and (-7)-15% [(-12)-24%] in the combined Barents and Kara Seas, for sea ice concentration E1-E4, respectively. Including published data from 1966-1983, the trend in minimum monthly-mean sea ice extent for the combined 30-year period showed an average increasing of 11.8% in the Barents Sea and of 47.4% reduction in the western Kara Sea; sea ice extent at the end of August showed an average reduction of 4.7% in the Barents Sea.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, IGARSS 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)","conferenceDate":"May 31, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Lincoln, NE","language":"English","publisher":"IEEE","doi":"10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516429","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G., Mordvintsev, I.N., and Douglas, D., 1996, Assessing variability and trends in Arctic sea ice distribution using satellite data, in Proceedings, IGARSS 1996, Lincoln, NE, May 31, 1996, p. 642-644, https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.1996.516429.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"642","endPage":"644","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131224,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e5e39","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, G. I.","contributorId":24301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Belchansky","given":"G. I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mordvintsev, Ilia N.","contributorId":91044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mordvintsev","given":"Ilia","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018691,"text":"70018691 - 1996 - Death Valley regional groundwater flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018691","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Death Valley regional groundwater flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems","docAbstract":"A three-layer Death Valley regional groundwater flow model was constructed to evaluate potential regional groundwater flow paths in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Geoscientific information systems were used to characterize the complex surface and subsurface hydrogeological conditions of the area, and this characterization was used to construct likely conceptual models of the flow system. The high contrasts and abrupt contacts of the different hydrogeological units in the subsurface make zonation the logical choice for representing the hydraulic conductivity distribution. Hydraulic head and spring flow data were used to test different conceptual models by using nonlinear regression to determine parameter values that currently provide the best match between the measured and simulated heads and flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., Hill, M.C., and Turner, A.K., 1996, Death Valley regional groundwater flow model calibration using optimal parameter estimation methods and geoscientific information systems: IAHS-AISH Publication, v. 237, p. 41-52.","startPage":"41","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227532,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdece4b0c8380cd4e9fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018607,"text":"70018607 - 1996 - The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:36:12","indexId":"70018607","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967-1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agreement is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay. The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps. The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations is coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40-45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1996, The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay: Continental Shelf Research, v. 16, no. 15, p. 2005-2039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2005","endPage":"2039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bada5e4b08c986b323d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018145,"text":"70018145 - 1996 - Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","docAbstract":"Spatially distributed biogeochemical models may be applied over grids at a range of spatial resolutions, however, evaluation of potential errors and loss of information at relatively coarse resolutions is rare. In this study, a georeferenced database at the 1-km spatial resolution was developed to initialize and drive a process-based model (Forest-BGC) of water and carbon balance over a gridded 54976 km2 area covering two river basins in mountainous western Oregon. Corresponding data sets were also prepared at 10-km and 50-km spatial resolutions using commonly employed aggregation schemes. Estimates were made at each grid cell for climate variables including daily solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The topographic structure, water holding capacity, vegetation type and leaf area index were likewise estimated for initial conditions. The daily time series for the climatic drivers was developed from interpolations of meteorological station data for the water year 1990 (1 October 1989-30 September 1990). Model outputs at the 1-km resolution showed good agreement with observed patterns in runoff and productivity. The ranges for model inputs at the 10-km and 50-km resolutions tended to contract because of the smoothed topography. Estimates for mean evapotranspiration and runoff were relatively insensitive to changing the spatial resolution of the grid whereas estimates of mean annual net primary production varied by 11%. The designation of a vegetation type and leaf area at the 50-km resolution often subsumed significant heterogeneity in vegetation, and this factor accounted for much of the difference in the mean values for the carbon flux variables. Although area wide means for model outputs were generally similar across resolutions, difference maps often revealed large areas of disagreement. Relatively high spatial resolution analyses of biogeochemical cycling are desirable from several perspectives and may be particularly important in the study of the potential impacts of climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Turner, D., Dodson, R., and Marks, D., 1996, Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain: Ecological Modelling, v. 90, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3"},{"id":227188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84de4b0c8380cd4cfe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, D.P.","contributorId":80024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodson, R.","contributorId":67233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marks, D.","contributorId":93217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018687,"text":"70018687 - 1996 - Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018687","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA","docAbstract":"Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in an area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were superimposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings.Nonpoint-source contamination of the principal aquifers in a 7800 km2 area of central Nebraska was evaluated utilizing aquifer condition, well depth, soil type, and physiographical and land use settings. A two-dimensional geographical information system linked with a three-dimensional geological visualization and analytical program was used in the random selection of acceptable wells for the monitoring of nitrate concentrations in groundwater. Locations of existing wells were super-imposed on the three-dimensional geological block diagram and more than 200 wells randomly were selected for monitoring. The three-dimensional system also was used to show three-dimensional contours of nitrate concentrations that can be used interactively to determine the volumetric percentage of an aquifer that contains nitrate concentrations exceeding a specified threshold. The two-dimensional geographical information system was used in comparing nitrate concentrations in differing physiographical, soil, and land use settings. Preliminary results suggest that approximately 6% (volumetric) of water in the High Plains aquifer has nitrate concentrations above the US Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg-1 as N.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the HydroGIS'96 Conference","conferenceDate":"16 April 1996 through 19 April 1996","conferenceLocation":"Vienna, Austria","language":"English","publisher":"IAHS; Publication","publisherLocation":"235, Wallingford, United Kingdom","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Verstraeten, I., McGuire, V., and Battaglin, W., 1996, Use of 2D and 3D GIS in well selection and interpretation of nitrate data, central Nebraska, USA: Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 585-591.","startPage":"585","endPage":"591","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe57e4b08c986b32953b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536431,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Verstraeten, Ingrid M.","contributorId":61033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Verstraeten","given":"Ingrid M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGuire, V. L. 0000-0002-3962-4158","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3962-4158","contributorId":94702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"V. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Battaglin, W.A.","contributorId":16376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Battaglin","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018672,"text":"70018672 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018672","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":825,"text":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were used to calculate discharge volumes for these area. An empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Application of geographic information systems in hydrology and water resources management. Proc. 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HydroGIS'96 conference, Vienna, 1996, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227223,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc094e4b08c986b32a1e6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","contributorId":128445,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Kovar K.Nachtnebel H.P.","id":536430,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, A. K.","contributorId":82351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018549,"text":"70018549 - 1996 - Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone: A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part II. The 1960 lavas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:51:58","indexId":"70018549","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone: A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part II. The 1960 lavas","docAbstract":"New and detailed petrographic observations, mineral compositional data, and whole-rock vs glass compositional trends document magma mixing in lavas erupted from Kilauea's lower east rift zone in 1960. Evidence includes the occurrence of heterogeneous phenocryst assemblages, including resorbed and reversely zoned minerals in the lavas inferred to be hybrids. Calculations suggest that this mixing, which is shown to have taken place within magma reservoirs recharged at the end of the 1955 eruption, involved introduction of four different magmas. These magmas originated beneath Kilauea's summit and moved into the rift reservoirs beginning 10 days after the eruption began. We used microprobe analyses of glass to calculate temperatures of liquids erupted in 1955 and 1960. We then used the calculated proportions of stored and recharge components to estimate the temperature of the recharge components, and found those temperatures to be consistent with the temperature of the same magmas as they appeared at Kilauea's summit. Our studies reinforce conclusions reached in previous studies of Kilauea's magmatic plumbing. We infer that magma enters shallow storage beneath Kilauea's summit and also moves laterally into the fluid core of the East rift zone. During this process, if magmas of distinctive chemistry are present, they retain their chemical identity and the amount of cooling is comparable for magma transported either upward or laterally to eruption sites. Intrusions within a few kilometers of the surface cool and crystallize to produce fractionated magma. Magma mixing occurs both within bodies of previously fractionated magma and when new magma intersects a preexisting reservoir. Magma is otherwise prevented from mixing, either by wall-rock septa or by differing thermal and density characteristics of the successive magma batches.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050115","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Wright, T.L., and Helz, R., 1996, Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea's east rift zone: A further look at the eruptions of 1955 and 1960. Part II. The 1960 lavas: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 57, no. 8, p. 602-630, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050115.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"602","endPage":"630","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227257,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0106e4b0c8380cd4fa5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, T. L.","contributorId":11188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1004008,"text":"1004008 - 1996 - Similarities and life cycle distributions of floras of 22 national parks in the midwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T14:38:20.021562","indexId":"1004008","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Similarities and life cycle distributions of floras of 22 national parks in the midwestern United States","docAbstract":"Twenty-two midwestern U.S. national parks were studied to examine the similarities of their floras and analyses of the floras in each national park were used to construct groupings of these smaller sample areas at various similarity levels in order to classify larger floristic areas. The parks were not on average very similar based on Jaccard's similarity index. The maximum average park similarity was 21% (St. Croix National Scenic Riverway), and the maximum park pair similarity was just over 55% for Isle Royale National Park and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore. The average similarity of parks increased with park area and numbers of native species, and weakly decreased with the percentage of non-native species. Weak trends were observed with latitude and negative trends with longitude. Four park groups were partitioned by cluster analysis of species relative abundance data: 7 prairie parks, 6 northern parks, 4 intermediate parks and 5 southern parks. The average percentage of non-native species was ~33% in the prairie and southern park clusters, while percentage of evergreen perennials was 2 to 4 times greater in the northern parks (8%) compared with other clusters. Deciduous perennials approached 80% in the northern and intermediate park clusters, compared with about 70% for the prairie and southern clusters. Percentage of annuals was almost double in the prairie and southern clusters (average 24%) compared with the northern and intermediate clusters (average 13%).
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data","docAbstract":"To produce reliable estimates of the size or vital rates of a given population, it is important that the boundaries of the population under study are clearly defined. This is particularly critical for large, migratory animals where levels of sustainable harvest are based on these estimates, and where small errors may have serious long-term consequences for the population. Once populations are delineated, rates of exchange between adjacent populations can be determined and accounted/corrected for when calculating abundance (e.g., based on mark-recapture data). Using satellite radio-collar locations for polar bears in the western Canadian Arctic, we illustrate one approach to delineating wildlife populations that integrates cluster analysis methods for determining group membership with home range plotting procedures to define spatial utilization. This approach is flexible with respect to the specific procedures used and provides an objective and quantitative basis for defining population boundaries.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2269574","usgsCitation":"Bethke, R., Taylor, M.K., Amstrup, S.C., and Messier, F., 1996, Population delineation of polar bears using satellite collar data: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 1, p. 311-317, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269574.","productDescription":"pp. 311-317","startPage":"311","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db6670bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bethke, R.","contributorId":30594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Mitchell K.","contributorId":131049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"Mitchell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Messier, Francois","contributorId":179093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Messier","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13248,"text":"University of Saskatchewan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014827,"text":"1014827 - 1996 - A semiclosed recirculating water system for high-density culture of rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-23T15:25:11.671599","indexId":"1014827","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3196,"text":"Progressive Fish-Culturist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A semiclosed recirculating water system for high-density culture of rainbow trout","docAbstract":"Water recirculating systems for fish culture are potentially desirable for conserving water and reducing heating requirements, maximizing production of fish under water and space limitations, minimizing effluent problems, and maintaining better control over environmental factors. A semiclosed recirculating‐water system for intensive culture of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is described. The system used self‐cleaning, rectangular, cross‐flow rearing tanks (water volume, 9 m3 each), multistage oxygenators, microscreen filters, and a sidestreamed, fluidized‐bed biological filter. Rainbow trout were reared under continuous culture conditions, with periodic stocking and periodic selective harvesting. Makeup water entered at 47.3 L/min, producing a newwater turnover time of 9.2 h. Steady‐state and maximum fish biomass densities and loading rates were estimated to be 66.0 and 74.6 kg/m3 and 2.50 and 2.83 kg·L–1·min–1, respectively. Steady‐state gross productivity was estimated to be 6,257 kg/year (120 kg/week). Overall food conversion (feed fed/fish weight gained) was 1.33. The system performed satisfactorily and provided data for refining future designs. Subsequent modifications of equipment and operating procedures may have made the system economically viable under some pricing scenarios.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058%3C0011:ASRWSF%3E2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Heinen, J., Hankins, J.A., Weber, A., and Watten, B., 1996, A semiclosed recirculating water system for high-density culture of rainbow trout: Progressive Fish-Culturist, v. 58, p. 11-22, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1996)058%3C0011:ASRWSF%3E2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129304,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a653b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinen, J.M.","contributorId":67041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinen","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hankins, J. A.","contributorId":65035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hankins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weber, A.L.","contributorId":53329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Watten, B.J. 0000-0002-2227-8623","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2227-8623","contributorId":11537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watten","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018226,"text":"70018226 - 1996 - Synthetic seismograms from vibracores: A case study in correlating the late quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-15T11:22:03.704394","indexId":"70018226","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Synthetic seismograms from vibracores: A case study in correlating the late quaternary seismic stratigraphy of the New Jersey inner continental shelf","docAbstract":"A new technique, using empirical relationships between median grain size and density and velocity to calculate proxy values for density and velocity, avoids many of the problems associated with the use of well logs and shipboard measurements to construct synthetic seismograms. This method was used to groundtruth and correlate across both analog and digital shallow high-resolution seismic data on the New Jersey shelf. Sampling dry vibracores to determine median grain size eliminates the detrimental effects that coring disturbances and preservation variables have on the sediment and water content of the core. The link between seismic response to lithology and bed spacing is more exact. The exact frequency of the field seismic data can be realistically simulated by a 10-20 cm sampling interval of the vibracores. The estimate of the percentage error inherent in this technique, 12% for acoustic impedance and 24% for reflection amplitude, is calculated to one standard deviation and is within a reasonable limit for such a procedure. The synthetic seismograms of two cores, 4-6 m long, were used to correlate specific sedimentary deposits to specific seismic reflection responses. Because this technique is applicable to unconsolidated sediments, it is ideal for upper Pleistocene and Holocene strata.
As part of a joint Russian/American dust-storm experiment, GOES-VISSR (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Visible-Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer), data from a visible-band satellite image of a large dust storm emanating from Owens Lake, California were acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993. The satellite data were calibrated to targets of known ground reflectance factors and processed with radiative transfer techniques to yield aerosol (dust) optical depth at those stages of the dust storm when concurrent ground-based measurements of optical depth were made. Calibration of the satellite data is crucial for comparing surficial changes in remotely sensed data acquired over a period of time from the same area and for determining accurate concentrations of atmospheric aerosols using radiative transfer techniques.
The calibration procedure forces the distribution of visible-band, DN (digital number) values, acquired on July 1, 1992, at 1731 GMT from the GOES-VISSR sensor over a large test area, to match the distribution of visible-band, DN values concurrently acquired from a Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner) sensor over the same test area; the Landsat MSS DN values were directly associated with reflectance factors measured from ground targets. The calibrated GOES-VISSR data for July 1, 1992, were then used to calibrate other GOES-VISSR data acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993, during the dust storm. Uncertainties in location of ground targets, bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric attenuation contribute an error of approximately ±0.02 in the satellite-inferred ground reflectance factors.
On March 11 at 1031 PST the satellite-received radiances during the peak of the storm were 3 times larger than predicted by our radiative transfer model for a pure clay dust plume of infinite optical depth. This result supported ground-based measurements that the plume at that time was composed primarily of large salt grains, probably sodium sulfate, which could not be properly characterized in our radiative transfer model. Further, the satellite data showed that the salt fell out of the plume within 35 km from the source. Finer-grained, clay dust was observed to extend beyond the salt-laden plume and was the major component of the dust plume after 1131 PST, when erosion of the salt crust on Owens Lake ceased. By 1331 and 1401 PST satellite-inferred, optical depths compared favorably with measurements concurrently acquired at the ground. Uncertainties in bi-directional reflectance, atmospheric attenuation, and locating ground points in the satellite data manifest errors between the inferred and measured optical depths in the range of 20 to 50%; these errors would be much greater without the calibration of the GOES-VISSR data.
Changes in satellite-inferred reflectance factors over the lake bed during the course of the storm showed that 76 km2 of the surface was disrupted during the March 11 storm, suggesting as much as 76 × 103 m3 of crustal material were displaced for each millimeter of several estimated to have been moved during the storm; an unknown fraction of the displaced material was suspended. The satellite data also showed dust fallout on mountain snowfields. Whereas fallout may have removed most of the salt, satellite data acquired at 1631 PST, when the plume had a large brightness contrast with the ground, showed that it covered over 2500 km2 and contained at least 1.6 × 109 g of sediment. For such a small source area, the dust represents a substantial contribution to the regional and global load of aerosols.
A proposed high-altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic-anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER-2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. The collection of total and vector magnetic field data would be a secondary objective of the flight. Through this “piggyback approach,” the geomagnetic community would inherit invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These data would provide insight on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and upper mantle.