\n\nABSTRACT
\n\nThe U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Maryland Baltimore County,\n\nand the U.S. Bureau of the Census are developing a temporal database to\n\nstudy urban development in the Baltimore-Washington region. The primary\n\ndata layer, the extent of urban or built-up areas, was compiled using a\n\ngeographic information system and historical maps, remotely sensed data,\n\ndigital land use data, and census information from a variety of sources. \n\nUrban land use change has been documented by the Baltimore-Washington\n\nSpatial Dynamics & Human Impact Study Team for the last 200 years. The\n\nmethods, definitions, and collection criteria used to define urban or\n\nbuilt-up areas were developed by a multi-disciplinary team that also\n\nensures consistency in collection techniques and documentation methods\n\nfor subsequent application in other regions. Animation techniques were\n\nused to visualize the database and to document the evolution of the\n\nregion's urban landscape. The database is an important tool to urban and\n\nregional planners, ecologists, and global change researchers for measuring\n\ntrends in urban sprawl, analyzing patterns of water pollution,\n\nunderstanding the impacts of development on ecosystems, and developing\n\npredictive modeling techniques to better forecast areas of urban growth.\n\n
\n\n
The study area for Phase I consisted of an approximate area of 15- by 15-minute segment centered around the city of Baltimore (fig. 1). Phase I was used as a prototype for the technique development and integration that the multiagency collaborative effort would require. The regional study, Phase II, encompassed a 2-degree square centered on Washington, D.C. With more than 7 million people spread across 39 counties, the Baltimore-Washington region is one the Nation's fastest growing metropolitan areas. The two cities are rapidly merging into one.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 20–26 April 1996, Proceedings","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition","conferenceDate":"April 20-26, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Baltimore, Maryland","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing","usgsCitation":"Tilley, J.S., Acevedo, W., Foresman, T.W., and Prince, W., 1996, Developing a temporal database of urban development for the Baltimore/Washington region, in ASPRS/ACSM Annual Convention and Exhibition, Baltimore, Md., 20–26 April 1996, Proceedings, Baltimore, Maryland, April 20-26, 1996.","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361673,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://archive.usgs.gov/archive/sites/landcover.usgs.gov/urban/umap/pubs/asprs_jt.php.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Baltimore-Washington Region","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tilley, Janet S. jtilley@usgs.gov","contributorId":480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tilley","given":"Janet","email":"jtilley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":758663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Acevedo, William wacevedo@usgs.gov","contributorId":2689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Acevedo","given":"William","email":"wacevedo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foresman, Timothy W.","contributorId":213897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foresman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prince, Walter","contributorId":213910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prince","given":"Walter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70202456,"text":"70202456 - 1996 - Methods and techniques for rigorous calibration of a cellular automaton model of urban growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-28T15:13:10","indexId":"70202456","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T10:16:08","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Methods and techniques for rigorous calibration of a cellular automaton model of urban growth","docAbstract":"Several lessons about the process of calibration were learned during development of a self-modifying cellular automaton model to predict urban growth. This model, part of a global change research project on human-induced land transformations, was used to predict the spatial extent of urban growth 100 years into the future. The context of the prediction was to evaluate urban environmental disturbances such as land use conversion, urban heat island intensification, and greenhouse gas generation. Using data for the San Francisco Bay area as a test case, methods were developed, including interactive and statistical versions of the model, animation and visualization tools, automated testing methods, and Monte Carlo simulations. This presentation will enumerate, analyze, and discuss the lessons learned during the extensive process of model calibration. Experience with the methods developed may have broader use in assisting the rigorous calibration for other CA models, and perhaps those coupled environmental models with an extensive spatial data component. These methods are now under test as the project moves to a new data set for the Washington, D.C.-Baltimore area.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling","conferenceDate":"January 21-25, 1996","conferenceLocation":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis","usgsCitation":"Clarke, K.C., Hoppen, S., and Gaydos, L.J., 1996, Methods and techniques for rigorous calibration of a cellular automaton model of urban growth, in Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling, Santa Fe, New Mexico, January 21-25, 1996, p. 1319-1328.","productDescription":"12 p.; CD-ROM","startPage":"1319","endPage":"1328","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361670,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/43x094z3"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clarke, Keith C.","contributorId":213907,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoppen, Stacy","contributorId":213908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoppen","given":"Stacy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":758655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gaydos, Leonard J.","contributorId":213909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaydos","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":758656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70246978,"text":"70246978 - 1996 - Tests of detachment fault models using Miocene syntectonic strata, Colorado River extensional corridor, southeastern California and west-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-20T14:06:22.490918","indexId":"70246978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T09:00:14","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Tests of detachment fault models using Miocene syntectonic strata, Colorado River extensional corridor, southeastern California and west-central Arizona","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reconstructing the history of basin and range extension using sedimentology and stratigraphy","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2303-5.171","usgsCitation":"Beratan, K.K., and Nielson, J.E., 1996, Tests of detachment fault models using Miocene syntectonic strata, Colorado River extensional corridor, southeastern California and west-central Arizona, chap. of Reconstructing the history of basin and range extension using sedimentology and stratigraphy, v. 303, p. 171-181, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2303-5.171.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"181","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":419183,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River extensional corridor","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"303","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beratan, Kathi K.","contributorId":304218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beratan","given":"Kathi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":878453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":49857,"text":"ofr96742 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (FFIETH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing the Fairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-13T13:11:43","indexId":"ofr96742","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-742","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (FFIETH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing the Fairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour\npotential at structure\nFFIETH00010014 on Town Highway 1 crossing the\nFairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont\n(figures 1–8). A Level II study\nis a basic engineering analysis of the site, including a\nquantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S.\nDepartment of Transportation,\n1993). Results of a Level I scour investigation also are included in Appendix E of this\nreport. A Level I investigation provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the\nstudy site. Information on the bridge, gleaned from Vermont Agency of Transportation\n(VTAOT) files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level\nII analyses and is\nfound in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the Green Mountain section\nof the New England physiographic province in\nnorthwestern Vermont. The 7.84-mi2\ndrainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested\nbasin. In the vicinity of the study site,\nthe surface cover on the upstream left and\ndownstream right is row crops. The surface\ncover on the upstream right and downstream\nleft is pasture.\nIn the study area, the Fairfield River has a sinuous channel with a slope of approximately\n0.006 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 33 ft\nand an average channel depth of 3 ft. The\nchannel bed material ranges\nfrom silt to gravel with\na median grain size (D50) of 15.4 mm\n(0.0505 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time\nof the Level I and Level II site visit on\nJuly 11, 1995, indicated that the\nreach was laterally unstable.\nThe Town Highway 1 crossing of the Fairfield River is a 26-ft-long, two-lane bridge\nconsisting of one 23-foot concrete span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written\ncommunication, March 9, 1995). The bridge is\nsupported by vertical, concrete abutments\nwith wingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 27 degrees to the opening while\nthere is no opening-skew-to-roadway.\nThe bridge is located on a sharp channel bend. Th\ne left abutment is impacted due to this\nbend. A scour hole 1.5 ft deeper than the mean\nthalweg depth was observed along the left\nabutment during the Level I asse\nssment. Scour protection measures\nat the site include type-\n3 stone fill (less than 48 inches diameter\n) along the immediate upstream banks and along\nthe base of the upstream left wi\nngwall. Type-2 stone fill (le\nss than 36 inches diameter) was\npresent along the downstream left wingwall. A\ndditional details describing conditions at the\nsite are included in the Level II\nSummary and Appendices D and E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described\nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1995). Total scour at a\nhighway crossing is comprised\nof three components: 1) long-term streambed degradation;\n2) contraction scour (due to accelerated flow caused by a reduction in flow area at a bridge)\nand; 3) local scour (caused by accelerated flow around piers and abutments). Total scour is\nthe sum of the three components.\nEquations are available to compute depths for contraction\nand local scour and a summary of the results of these computations follows.\nContraction scour for all modelled flows\nranged from 5.4 to 8.0 ft. The worst-case\ncontraction scour occurred at\nthe 500-year discharge. Abutment scour ranged from 3.0 to\n8.3 ft. The worst-case abutment scour also occurred at the 500-year discharge. Additional\ninformation on scour depths and\ndepths to armoring are include\nd in the section titled “Scour\nResults”. Scoured-streambed elevations, based on the calculated\nscour depths, are presented\nin tables 1 and 2. A cross-section of the scour\ncomputed at the bridge is presented in figure\n8. Scour depths were calculated assuming an\ninfinite depth of erosive material and a\nhomogeneous particle-size distribution.\nIt is generally accepted that the Froehlich equation (abutment scour\n) gives “excessively\nconservative estimates of scour depths”\n(Richardson and others, 1995, p. 47). Usually,\ncomputed scour depths are evaluated in combination with other information including (but\nnot limited to) historical\nperformance during flood events\n, the geomorphic stability\nassessment, existing scour protection measures, and the results of the hydraulic analyses.\nTherefore, scour depths adopted by VTAOT may differ from the computed values\ndocumented herein.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96742","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 14 (FFIETH00010014) on Town Highway 1, crossing the Fairfield River, Fairfield, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-742, iv, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96742.","productDescription":"iv, 50 p.","numberOfPages":"54","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162285,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279573,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0742/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Fairfield","otherGeospatial":"Fairfield River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.084774,44.738541 ], [ -73.084774,44.880478 ], [ -72.838432,44.880478 ], [ -72.838432,44.738541 ], [ -73.084774,44.738541 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a830a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2000919,"text":"2000919 - 1996 - Habitat selection and productivity of least terns on the lower Platte River, Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:09:41","indexId":"2000919","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Habitat selection and productivity of least terns on the lower Platte River, Nebraska","docAbstract":"Least terns (Sterna antillarum) were studied on the lower Platte River, Nebraska, where this endangered population nests on natural sandbar habitat and on sandpit sites created by gravel dredging adjacent to the river. Theoretically terns should select habitats according to habitat suitability. However, the introduction of sandpits and conversion of tallgrass prairies along the river banks to agriculture, residential, and wooded areas may have affected terns' abilities to distinguish suitable habitat or the suitability of nesting habitats in general. I examined habitat selection and productivity of least terns to determine if terns selected habitat according to suitability (as indicated by productivity), what factors affected habitat selection and productivity, and if estimated productivity could support this population.
\n
\nAvailable habitats of both types were characterized and quantified using aerial videography (1989-90), and habitat use was assessed from census data (1987-90). Productivity of adults and causes and correlates of egg and chick mortality were estimated (1987-90). Population trend was assessed with a deterministic model using my estimates of productivity and a range of survival estimates for Laridae reported in the literature.
\n
\nTerns tended to use river sites with large midstream sandbars and a wide channel, and large sandpit sites with large surface areas of water relative to unused sites on both habitats. Number of sites and area of sand available were estimated using discriminant function analysis of variables quantified from video scenes of both habitats. Terns apparently did not use all potentially available sandbar and sandpit sites because discriminant function factor scores for used and unused sites overlapped broadly for both habitats. Terns did not prefer 1 habitat over the other. Although proportions of available sites used were greater on sandpits than on the river, proportions of available sand used did not differ between habitats. Proportion of terns using each habitat was similar to proportion of available sand on each habitat. The distribution of nest initiation dates and rates of colony-site turnover also were similar on both habitats.
\n
\nProductivity did not differ between habitats but varied significantly among sites. Nest success, fledging success, and fledglings per pair averaged 0.54, 0.28, and 0.47, respectively. Key factor analysis revealed that chick survival had a greater influence on production of fledglings (on both sandbars and sandpits) than did failure to produce a maximum clutch size or egg mortality. Most egg mortality was caused by predation on sandpits and by flooding on sandbars. Predation was suspected as the major cause of loss for chicks on both habitats. Path analysis revealed no strong or consistent correlations among mortality, numbers of nests and chicks, track trails of intruders into colonies, and habitat variables at colonies on either habitat.
\n
\nTheoretically, terns should not prefer a habitat when habitats are equally suitable if terns have had time to respond to habitat changes. Although sandbars and sandpits appeared equally suitable and terns did not prefer either habitat, local productivity will not support this population unless annual postfledging survival is higher than current estimates for the species. Population trend estimated with fledglings per pair = 0.50 was negative for all but the highest (ca 0.90) rates of annual postfledging survival. Furthermore, deterministic models like the one used in this study overstimate trend.
\n
\nProductivity insufficient to support the local population, in spite of habitat use that reflects habitat suitability, could be due to increased predation caused by habitat alteration adjacent to the river that may have changed the predator community. Alternatively, terns in this area could persist in spite of prevailing low productivity because they are relatively long-lived birds, if highly productive years occasionally occur or if this population is augmented by immigrants from elsewhere.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Kirsch, E.M., 1996, Habitat selection and productivity of least terns on the lower Platte River, Nebraska, v. 132, 46 p.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"48","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":292109,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3830782"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","otherGeospatial":"Platte River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,40.0 ], [ -100.0,42.0 ], [ -95.3,42.0 ], [ -95.3,40.0 ], [ -100.0,40.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"132","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64943e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirsch, Eileen M. 0000-0002-2818-5022 ekirsch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2818-5022","contributorId":3477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"Eileen","email":"ekirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":325271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70017725,"text":"70017725 - 1996 - Early miocene bimodal volcanism, Northern Wilson Creek Range, Lincoln County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017725","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1077,"text":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Early miocene bimodal volcanism, Northern Wilson Creek Range, Lincoln County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Early Miocene volcanism in the northern Wilson Creek Range, Lincoln County, Nevada, produced an interfingered sequence of high-silica rhyolite (greater than 74% SiO2) ash-flow tuffs, lava flows and dikes, and mafic lava flows. Three new potassium-argon ages range from 23.9 ?? 1.0 Ma to 22.6 ?? 1.2 Ma. The rocks are similar in composition, stratigraphic character, and age to the Blawn Formation, which is found in ranges to the east and southeast in Utah, and, therefore, are herein established as a western extension of the Blawn Formation. Miocene volcanism in the northern Wilson Creek Range began with the eruption of two geochemically similar, weakly evolved ash-flow tuff cooling units. The lower unit consists of crystal-poor, loosely welded, lapilli ash-flow tuffs, herein called the tuff member of Atlanta Summit. The upper unit consists of homogeneous, crystal-rich, moderately to densely welded ash-flow tuffs, herein called the tuff member of Rosencrans Peak. This unit is as much as 300 m thick and has a minimum eruptive volume of 6.5 km3, which is unusually voluminous for tuffs in the Blawn Formation. Thick, conspicuously flow-layered rhyolite lava flows were erupted penecontemporaneously with the tuffs. The rhyolite lava flows have a range of incompatible trace element concentrations, and some of them show an unusual mixing of aphyric and porphyritic magma. Small volumes of alkaline, vesicular, mafic flows containing 50 weight percent SiO2 and 2.3 weight percent K2O were extruded near the end of the rhyolite volcanic activity. The Blawn Formation records a shift in eruptive style and magmatic composition in the northern Wilson Creek Range. The Blawn was preceded by voluminous Oligocene eruptions of dominantly calc-alkaline orogenic magmas. The Blawn and younger volcanic rocks in the area are low-volume, bimodal suites of high-silica rhyolite tuffs and lava flows and mafic lava flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Brigham Young University Geology Studies","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00681016","usgsCitation":"Willis, J., and Willis, G., 1996, Early miocene bimodal volcanism, Northern Wilson Creek Range, Lincoln County, Nevada: Brigham Young University Geology Studies, v. 41, p. 155-167.","startPage":"155","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228721,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a048de4b0c8380cd50a52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willis, J.B.","contributorId":21620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willis, G.C.","contributorId":18923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015686,"text":"1015686 - 1996 - Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-17T12:05:11.677611","indexId":"1015686","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set","docAbstract":"Population viability analysis programs are being used increasingly in research and management applications, but there has not been a systematic study of the congruence of different program predictions based on a single data set. We performed such an analysis using four population viability analysis computer programs: GAPPS, INMAT, RAMAS/AGE, and VORTEX. The standardized demographic rates used in all programs were generalized from hypothetical increasing and decreasing grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) populations. Idiosyncracies of input format for each program led to minor differences in intrinsic growth rates that translated into striking differences in estimates of extinction rates and expected population size. In contrast, the addition of demographic stochasticity, environmental stochasticity, and inbreeding costs caused only a small divergence in viability predictions. But, the addition of density dependence caused large deviations between the programs despite our best attempts to use the same density-dependent functions. Population viability programs differ in how density dependence is incorporated, and the necessary functions are difficult to parameterize accurately. Thus, we recommend that unless data clearly suggest a particular density-dependent model, predictions based on population viability analysis should include at least one scenario without density dependence. Further, we describe output metrics that may differ between programs; development of future software could benefit from standardized input and output formats across different programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030863.x","usgsCitation":"Mills, L.S., Hayes, S., Wisdom, M., Citta, J., Mattson, D., and Murphy, K., 1996, Factors leading to different viability predictions for a grizzly bear data set: Conservation Biology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 863-873, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10030863.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"863","endPage":"873","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135478,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd5901e4b0b290850f8741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mills, L. S.","contributorId":100318,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mills","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, S.G.","contributorId":97043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wisdom, M.J.","contributorId":102830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wisdom","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Citta, J.","contributorId":91464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Citta","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mattson, D.J.","contributorId":57022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattson","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Murphy, K.","contributorId":89865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Murphy","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70174718,"text":"70174718 - 1996 - Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T16:16:21","indexId":"70174718","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees","docAbstract":"The effects of river regulation on bottomland tree communities in western North America have generated substantial concern because of the important habitat and aesthetic values of these communities. Consideration of such effects in water management decisions has been hampered by the apparent variability of responses of bottomland tree communities to flow alteration. When the relation between streamflow and tree establishment is placed in a geomorphic context, however, much of that variability is explained, and prediction of changes in the tree community is improved.
\nThe relation between streamflow and establishment of bottomland trees is conditioned by the dominant fluvial process or processes acting along a stream. For successful establishment, cottonwoods, poplars, and willows require bare, moist surfaces protected from disturbance. Channel narrowing, channel meandering, and flood deposition promote different spatial and temporal patterns of establishment. During channel narrowing, the site requirements are met on portions of the bed abandoned by the stream, and establishment is associated with a period of low flow lasting one to several years. During channel meandering, the requirements are met on point bars following moderate or higher peak flows. Following flood deposition, the requirements are met on flood deposits ;high above the channel bed. Flood deposition can occur along most streams, but where a channel is constrained by a narrow valley, this process may be the only mechanism that can produce a bare, moist surface high enough to be safe from future disturbance. Because of differences in local bedrock, tributary influence, or geologic history, two nearby reaches of the same stream may be dominated by different fluvial processes and have different spatial and temporal patterns of trees. We illustrate this phenomenon with examples from forests of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera) along meandering and constrained reaches of the Missouri River in Montana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00046-8","usgsCitation":"Scott, M.L., Friedman, J.M., and Auble, G.T., 1996, Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees: Geomorphology, v. 14, no. 4, p. 327-339, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00046-8.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"327","endPage":"339","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325277,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7b5e4b0d27deb386ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, Michael L. scottm@usgs.gov","contributorId":1169,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"Michael","email":"scottm@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663 friedmanj@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":2473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","email":"friedmanj@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Auble, Gregor T. 0000-0002-0843-2751 aubleg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-2751","contributorId":2187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Auble","given":"Gregor","email":"aubleg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015701,"text":"1015701 - 1996 - Chemical solute mass balance of Crater Lake, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T14:50:20.033766","indexId":"1015701","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2365,"text":"Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical solute mass balance of Crater Lake, Oregon","docAbstract":"Crater Lake covers the floor of the caldera at the top of Mount Mazama. Surrounded by steep walls, the water surface of the lake occupies 78 percent of the catchment basin. No major rivers empty into the lake, and there is no surface outlet Based on a chemical solute mass balance model, mass inputs of major solute chemical components (Na, Ca, K, Mg, SO4, Cl, Si, and HCO3) from atmospheric deposition and caldera springs do not equal the mass output in seepage from the lake. One or more previously unquantified sources must be present in the lake or watershed system to account for the calculated deficits of mass inputs which range from 50 to 90 percent of mass outputs. A hydrothermal source, with a flow rate of approximately 6 percent of me seepage rate and chemical composition similar to saline fluids found in isolated pockets on the bottom of Crater Lake and to hydrothermal springs in die Cascade Mountain Range, could account for the calculated input mass deficits for major solute chemical components. Atmospheric bulk deposition (wet plus dry) may account for up to 90 percent of nitrogen and 30 percent of phosphorus inputs to Crater Lake. A net removal of nutrients from the lake water column occurs through internal processes, most likely burial of cellular debris in sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/07438149609354071","usgsCitation":"Nelson, P.O., Reilly, J., and Larson, G.L., 1996, Chemical solute mass balance of Crater Lake, Oregon: Journal of Lake and Reservoir Management, v. 12, no. 2, p. 248-258, https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354071.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"248","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":480145,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07438149609354071","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dfe4b07f02db5e3277","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, Peter O.","contributorId":15981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reilly, J.F.","contributorId":77110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reilly","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Gary L. gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","email":"gary_l._larson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":323114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017723,"text":"70017723 - 1996 - Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:19:33.239865","indexId":"70017723","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of spring discharge from a limestone aquifer in Iowa, USA","docAbstract":"A lumped-parameter model and least-squares method were used to simulate temporal variations of discharge from Big Spring, Iowa, USA, from 1983 to 1994. The simulated discharge rates poorly match the observed one when precipitation is taken as the sole input. The match is improved significantly when the processes of evapotranspiration and infiltration are considered. The best results are obtained when snowmelt is also included in the model. Potential evapotranspiration was estimated with Thornthwaite's formula, infiltration was calculated through a water-balance approach, and snowmelt was generated by a degree-day model. The results show that groundwater in the limestone aquifer is mainly recharged by snowmelt in early spring and by infiltration from rainfall in later spring and early summer. Simulated discharge was visually calibrated against measured discharge; the similarity between the two supports the validity of this approach. The model can be used to study the effects of climate change on groundwater resources and their quality.
Plant competition experiments have historically used designs that are difficult to interpret due to confounding problems. Recently, designs based on a 'response function' approach have been proposed and tested in various plant mixture settings. For this study, 3 species were used that are important in current revegetation practices in the Intermountain West. 'Nordan' (Agropyron desertorum [Fish. ex Link] Shult.) and 'Hycrest' (A. cristatum [L.] Gaertn. x desertorum) crested wheatgrass are commonly-used revegetation species on rangelands susceptible to cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion, although little quantitative data exist that compare their competitive abilities. We evaluated the competitive ability of Hycrest and Nordan seedlings in 2-species mixtures with cheatgrass in a greenhouse study. Linear and nonlinear models were developed for a range of densities (130- 520 seeds m-2) for each species to predict median above-ground biomass and tiller numbers and to further test the usefulness of this design for evaluating species to rehabilitate rangelands. In both experiments, increasing Hycrest and Nordan densities reduced their own biomass and tiller production while increasing Hycrest densities reduced cheatgrass biomass and tiller production. Nordan did not affect cheatgrass biomass and tiller production. However, increasing cheatgrass densities reduced Hycrest and Nordan biomass and tiller production, and its own biomass and tiller production. The competition index i.e. substitution rate, indicated that Hycrest seedlings were better competitors with cheatgrass than Nordan, although in all mixtures, cheatgrass plants were the superior competitors. Further field research using this design, where environmental inputs are less optimal and diverse, is needed to validate these results and to further evaluate the use of this approach in examining effects of intra- and interspecific competition.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4002925","usgsCitation":"Francis, M.G., and Pyke, D.A., 1996, Crested wheatgrass-cheatgrass seedling competition in a mixed-density design: Journal of Range Management, v. 49, no. 5, p. 432-438, https://doi.org/10.2307/4002925.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"432","endPage":"438","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479169,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/644222","text":"External Repository"},{"id":134329,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad5e4b07f02db6833b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Francis, Mark G.","contributorId":108072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Francis","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018621,"text":"70018621 - 1996 - Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:04:11.780804","indexId":"70018621","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation","docAbstract":"Outer-rise stress distributions determined in the manner that mechanical engineers evaluate inelastic stress distributions within conventional materials are contrasted with those predicted using simple elastic-plate models that are frequently encountered in studies of outer-rise seismicity. This comparison indicates that the latter are inherently inappropriate for studies of intraplate earthquakes, which are a direct manifestation of lithospheric inelasticity. We demonstrate that the common practice of truncating elastically superimposed stress profiles so that they are not permitted to exceed laboratory-based estimates of lithospheric yield strength will result in an accurate characterization of lithospheric stress only under relatively restrictive circumstances. In contrast to elastic-plate models, which predict that lithospheric stress distributions depend exclusively upon the current load, inelastic plate models predict that stress distributions are also significantly influenced by the plate-loading history, and, in many cases, this influence is the dominant factor in determining the style of potential seismicity (e.g. thrust versus normal faulting). Numerous ‘intuitive’ interpretations of outer-rise earthquakes have been founded upon the implicit assumption that a unique relationship exists between a specified combination of plate curvature and in-plane force, and the resulting lithospheric stress distribution. We demonstrate that the profound influence of deformation history often invalidates such interpretations. Finally, we examine the reliability of ‘yield envelope’ representations of lithospheric strength that are constructed on the basis of empirically determined frictional sliding relationships and silicate plastic-flow laws. Although representations of this nature underestimate the strength of some major interplate faults, such as the San Andreas, they appear to represent a reliable characterization of the strength of intraplate oceanic lithosphere.
In some lakes, first-year growth of walleyes Stizostedion vitreum has been identified as an important factor governing recruitment of juveniles to the adult population. We developed a regression model for walleye recruitment in western Lake Erie by considering factors such as first-year growth, size of the spawning stock, the rate at which the lake warmed during the spring, and abundance of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum. Gizzard shad abundance during the fall prior to spring walleye spawning explained over 40% of the variation in walleye recruitment. Gizzard shad are relatively high in lipids and are preferred prey for walleyes in Lake Erie. Therefore, the high degree of correlation between shad abundance and subsequent walleye recruitment supported the contention that mature females needed adequate lipid reserves during the winter to spawn the following spring. According to the regression analysis, spring warming rate and size of the parental stock also influenced walleye recruitment. Our regression model explained 92% of the variation in recruitment of age-2 fish into the Lake Erie walleye population from 1981 to 1993. The regression model is potentially valuable as a management tool because it could be used to forecast walleye recruitment to the fishery 2 years in advance. First-year growth was poorly correlated with recruitment, which may reflect the unusually low incidence of walleye cannibalism in western Lake Erie. In contrast, first-year growth was strongly linked to age at maturity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0821:FYGRAM>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Tyson, J.T., Knight, R.L., Kershner, M.W., and Hansen, M.J., 1996, First-year growth, recruitment, and maturity of walleyes in western Lake Erie: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 125, no. 6, p. 821-830, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0821:FYGRAM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"821","endPage":"830","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"125","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d4e4b07f02db548e76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tyson, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":104433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knight, Roger L.","contributorId":81049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kershner, Mark W.","contributorId":91808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kershner","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hansen, Michael J. 0000-0001-8522-3876 michaelhansen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8522-3876","contributorId":5006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"michaelhansen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309460,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70019329,"text":"70019329 - 1996 - Reactive solute transport in streams: 2. Simulation of a pH modification experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:43:37","indexId":"70019329","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive solute transport in streams: 2. Simulation of a pH modification experiment","docAbstract":"We present an application of an equilibrium-based solute transport model to a pH-modification experiment conducted on the Snake River, an acidic, metal-rich stream located in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. During the experiment, instream pH decreased from 4.2 to 3.2, causing a marked increase in dissolved iron concentrations. Model application requires specification of several parameters that are estimated using tracer techniques, mass balance calculations, and geochemical data. Two basic questions are addressed through model application: (1) What are the processes responsible for the observed increase in dissolved iron concentrations? (2) Can the identified processes be represented within the equilibrium-based transport model? Simulation results indicate that the increase in iron was due to the dissolution of hydrous iron oxides and the photoreduction of ferric iron. Dissolution from the streambed is represented by considering a trace compartment consisting of freshly precipitated hydrous iron oxide and an abundant compartment consisting of aged precipitates that are less soluble. Spatial variability in the solubility of hydrous iron oxide is attributed to heterogeneity in the streambed sediments, temperature effects, and/or variability in the effects of photoreduction. Solubility products estimated via simulation fall within a narrow range (pKsp from 40.2 to 40.8) relative to the 6 order of magnitude variation reported for laboratory experiments (pKsp from 37.3 to 43.3). Results also support the use of an equilibrium-based transport model as the predominate features of the iron and pH profiles are reproduced. The model provides a valuable tool for quantifying the nature and extent of pH-dependent processes within the context of hydrologic transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03107","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., and Chapra, S.C., 1996, Reactive solute transport in streams: 2. Simulation of a pH modification experiment: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 419-430, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03107.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"430","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226510,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9588e4b0c8380cd81a93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":382368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":382370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapra, Steven C.","contributorId":189667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapra","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70019334,"text":"70019334 - 1996 - Combined use of flowmeter and time-drawdown data to estimate hydraulic conductivities in layered aquifer systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-01T14:42:35","indexId":"70019334","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combined use of flowmeter and time-drawdown data to estimate hydraulic conductivities in layered aquifer systems","docAbstract":"The vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity in layered aquifer systems commonly is needed for model simulations of ground-water flow and transport. In previous studies, time-drawdown data or flowmeter data were used individually, but not in combination, to estimate hydraulic conductivity. In this study, flowmeter data and time-drawdown data collected from a long-screened production well and nearby monitoring wells are combined to estimate the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity in a complex multilayer coastal aquifer system. Flowmeter measurements recorded as a function of depth delineate nonuniform inflow to the wellbore, and this information is used to better discretize the vertical distribution of hydraulic conductivity using analytical and numerical methods. The time-drawdown data complement the flowmeter data by giving insight into the hydraulic response of aquitards when flow rates within the wellbore are below the detection limit of the flowmeter. The combination of these field data allows for the testing of alternative conceptual models of radial flow to the wellbore.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01868.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hanson, R.T., and Nishikawa, T., 1996, Combined use of flowmeter and time-drawdown data to estimate hydraulic conductivities in layered aquifer systems: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 1, p. 84-94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb01868.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"84","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7dbe4b0c8380cd4cd31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, R. T.","contributorId":91148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nishikawa, Tracy 0000-0002-7348-3838 tnish@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-3838","contributorId":1515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nishikawa","given":"Tracy","email":"tnish@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018888,"text":"70018888 - 1996 - The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an mb 4.8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:02:43.260107","indexId":"70018888","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The cyclic and fractal seismic series preceding an mb 4.8 earthquake on 1980 February 14 near the Virgin Islands","docAbstract":"Seismic activity in the 10 months preceding the 1980 February 14, m b 4.8 earthquake in the Virgin Islands, reported on by Frankel in 1982, consisted of four principal cycles. Each cycle began with a relatively large event or series of closely spaced events, and the duration of the cycles progressively shortened by a factor of about 3/4. Had this regular shortening of the cycles been recognized prior to the earthquake, the time of the next episode of seismicity (the main shock) might have been closely estimated 41 days in advance. That this event could be much larger than the previous events is indicated from time-to-failure analysis of the accelerating rise in released seismic energy, using a non-linear time- and slip-predictable foreshock model. Examination of the timing of all events in the sequence shows an even higher degree of order. Rates of seismicity, measured by consecutive interevent times, when plotted on an iteration diagram of a rate versus the succeeding rate, form a triangular circulating trajectory. The trajectory becomes an ascending helix if extended in a third dimension, time. This construction reveals additional and precise relations among the time intervals between times of relatively high or relatively low rates of seismic activity, including period halving and doubling. The set of 666 time intervals between all possible pairs of the 37 recorded events appears to be a fractal; the set of time points that define the intervals has a finite, non-integer correlation dimension of 0.70. In contrast, the average correlation dimension of 50 random sequences of 37 events is significantly higher, close to 1.0. In a similar analysis, the set of distances between pairs of epicentres has a fractal correlation dimension of 1.52. Well-defined cycles, numerous precise ratios among time intervals, and a non-random temporal fractal dimension suggest that the seismic series is not a random process, but rather the product of a deterministic dynamic system.
An equilibrium-based solute transport model is developed for the simulation of trace metal fate and transport in streams. The model is formed by coupling a solute transport model with a chemical equilibrium submodel based on MINTEQ. The solute transport model considers the physical processes of advection, dispersion, lateral inflow, and transient storage, while the equilibrium submodel considers the speciation and complexation of aqueous species, precipitation/dissolution and sorption. Within the model, reactions in the water column may result in the formation of solid phases (precipitates and sorbed species) that are subject to downstream transport and settling processes. Solid phases on the streambed may also interact with the water column through dissolution and sorption/desorption reactions. Consideration of both mobile (water-borne) and immobile (streambed) solid phases requires a unique set of governing differential equations and solution techniques that are developed herein. The partial differential equations describing physical transport and the algebraic equations describing chemical equilibria are coupled using the sequential iteration approach.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03106","usgsCitation":"Runkel, R.L., Bencala, K.E., Broshears, R.E., and Chapra, S.C., 1996, Reactive solute transport in streams: 1. Development of an equilibrium- based model: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 2, p. 409-418, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03106.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"418","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9587e4b0c8380cd81a8d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkel, Robert L. 0000-0003-3220-481X runkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-481X","contributorId":685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"Robert","email":"runkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":382526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bencala, Kenneth E. kbencala@usgs.gov","contributorId":1541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbencala@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":382527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Broshears, Robert E.","contributorId":40675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chapra, Steven C.","contributorId":189667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chapra","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1001159,"text":"1001159 - 1996 - Survival of radiomarked canvasback ducklings in northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:36:22","indexId":"1001159","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of radiomarked canvasback ducklings in northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Duckling survival, an important factor affecting annual recruitment, has not been determined adequately for canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria). We investigated the magnitude, timing, and causes of mortality of canvasback ducklings from hatch to fledging at the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in northwestern Minnesota during 1987-90. During the 4 years, 217 day-old ducklings were radiomarked and released in 52 broods. Another 141 ducklings were radiomarked at 4 weeks of age. Survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier nonparametric estimator and the Weibull parametric model. Most mortalities occurred within 10 days after hatch. Total brood loss occurred in 18 (35%) of 52 broods released. The primary sources of mortality were predation, principally by mink (Mustela vison), and exposure to precipitation and cold temperature. For combined years, females had lower survival than males (P = 0.03). If the disparate survival between sexes of canvasbacks observed in this study is representative of canvasbacks in their breeding range, this phenomenon contributes to reduced reproductive potential and the male-biased sex ratio of the species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","doi":"10.2307/3802046","usgsCitation":"Korschgen, C.E., Kenow, K.P., Green, W.L., and Johnson, D.H., 1996, Survival of radiomarked canvasback ducklings in northwestern Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 60, no. 1, p. 120-132, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802046.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"132","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.01655960083008,\n 48.428289306991815\n ],\n [\n -95.88214874267578,\n 48.426580671868926\n ],\n [\n -95.8172607421875,\n 48.42646676081821\n ],\n [\n -95.81657409667969,\n 48.36833885326357\n ],\n [\n -95.78498840332031,\n 48.368680976330914\n ],\n [\n -95.7846450805664,\n 48.35305501209149\n ],\n [\n -95.79906463623047,\n 48.353853535225184\n ],\n [\n -95.79837799072266,\n 48.33970641562463\n ],\n [\n -95.8308219909668,\n 48.33913588488602\n ],\n [\n -95.83065032958984,\n 48.332060773238894\n ],\n [\n -95.85245132446289,\n 48.33183252748442\n ],\n [\n -95.8531379699707,\n 48.29484322554279\n ],\n [\n -95.85210800170898,\n 48.28033701688122\n ],\n [\n -95.98119735717773,\n 48.28033701688122\n ],\n [\n -95.98119735717773,\n 48.26525533064221\n ],\n [\n -96.0915756225586,\n 48.26491251331118\n ],\n [\n -96.09140396118164,\n 48.29952545247856\n ],\n [\n -96.0915756225586,\n 48.300781586646245\n ],\n [\n -96.07269287109375,\n 48.300781586646245\n ],\n [\n -96.04436874389648,\n 48.34632410556545\n ],\n [\n -96.0450553894043,\n 48.366856293412354\n ],\n [\n -96.03870391845702,\n 48.36947925454986\n ],\n [\n -96.03801727294922,\n 48.39684122438983\n ],\n [\n -96.01449966430664,\n 48.4118840383916\n ],\n [\n -96.01655960083008,\n 48.428289306991815\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688135","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korschgen, Carl E.","contributorId":29354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenow, Kevin P. 0000-0002-3062-5197 kkenow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-5197","contributorId":3339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"Kevin","email":"kkenow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, William L.","contributorId":84324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018433,"text":"70018433 - 1996 - Calculation of earthquake rupture histories using a hybrid global search algorithm: Application to the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T15:39:21","indexId":"70018433","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3071,"text":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calculation of earthquake rupture histories using a hybrid global search algorithm: Application to the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"A method is presented for the simultaneous calculation of slip amplitudes and rupture times for a finite fault using a hybrid global search algorithm. The method we use combines simulated annealing with the downhill simplex method to produce a more efficient search algorithm then either of the two constituent parts. This formulation has advantages over traditional iterative or linearized approaches to the problem because it is able to escape local minima in its search through model space for the global optimum. We apply this global search method to the calculation of the rupture history for the Landers, California, earthquake. The rupture is modeled using three separate finite-fault planes to represent the three main fault segments that failed during this earthquake. Both the slip amplitude and the time of slip are calculated for a grid work of subfaults. The data used consist of digital, teleseismic P and SH body waves. Long-period, broadband, and short-period records are utilized to obtain a wideband characterization of the source. The results of the global search inversion are compared with a more traditional linear-least-squares inversion for only slip amplitudes. We use a multi-time-window linear analysis to relax the constraints on rupture time and rise time in the least-squares inversion. Both inversions produce similar slip distributions, although the linear-least-squares solution has a 10% larger moment (7.3 ?? 1026 dyne-cm compared with 6.6 ?? 1026 dyne-cm). Both inversions fit the data equally well and point out the importance of (1) using a parameterization with sufficient spatial and temporal flexibility to encompass likely complexities in the rupture process, (2) including suitable physically based constraints on the inversion to reduce instabilities in the solution, and (3) focusing on those robust rupture characteristics that rise above the details of the parameterization and data set.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/0031-9201(95)03108-1","issn":"00319201","usgsCitation":"Hartzell, S., and Liu, P., 1996, Calculation of earthquake rupture histories using a hybrid global search algorithm: Application to the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, v. 95, no. 1-2, p. 79-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03108-1.","startPage":"79","endPage":"99","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227383,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266262,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(95)03108-1"}],"volume":"95","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f302e4b0c8380cd4b547","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hartzell, S.","contributorId":12603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Liu, P.","contributorId":98443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}