{"pageNumber":"1304","pageRowStart":"32575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":46734,"records":[{"id":70018145,"text":"70018145 - 1996 - Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","docAbstract":"Spatially distributed biogeochemical models may be applied over grids at a range of spatial resolutions, however, evaluation of potential errors and loss of information at relatively coarse resolutions is rare. In this study, a georeferenced database at the 1-km spatial resolution was developed to initialize and drive a process-based model (Forest-BGC) of water and carbon balance over a gridded 54976 km2 area covering two river basins in mountainous western Oregon. Corresponding data sets were also prepared at 10-km and 50-km spatial resolutions using commonly employed aggregation schemes. Estimates were made at each grid cell for climate variables including daily solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The topographic structure, water holding capacity, vegetation type and leaf area index were likewise estimated for initial conditions. The daily time series for the climatic drivers was developed from interpolations of meteorological station data for the water year 1990 (1 October 1989-30 September 1990). Model outputs at the 1-km resolution showed good agreement with observed patterns in runoff and productivity. The ranges for model inputs at the 10-km and 50-km resolutions tended to contract because of the smoothed topography. Estimates for mean evapotranspiration and runoff were relatively insensitive to changing the spatial resolution of the grid whereas estimates of mean annual net primary production varied by 11%. The designation of a vegetation type and leaf area at the 50-km resolution often subsumed significant heterogeneity in vegetation, and this factor accounted for much of the difference in the mean values for the carbon flux variables. Although area wide means for model outputs were generally similar across resolutions, difference maps often revealed large areas of disagreement. Relatively high spatial resolution analyses of biogeochemical cycling are desirable from several perspectives and may be particularly important in the study of the potential impacts of climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Turner, D., Dodson, R., and Marks, D., 1996, Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain: Ecological Modelling, v. 90, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3"},{"id":227188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84de4b0c8380cd4cfe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, D.P.","contributorId":80024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodson, R.","contributorId":67233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marks, D.","contributorId":93217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1014919,"text":"1014919 - 1996 - Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-29T15:45:18.155704","indexId":"1014919","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (<i>Alosa sapidissima</i>) in a small pond","title":"Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond","docAbstract":"<p><span>Release ponds are used as part of a multifacet effort to restore American shad (</span><i>Alosa sapidissima</i><span>) in the upper Susquehanna River basin. Little information exists, however, on the feeding ecology of young shad in small ponds. Consequently, we examined feeding ecology and prey selection of 299 larval and 299 juvenile American shad in a small pond during spring and summer. Larval shad mainly consumed copepods (37.7%) and cladocerans (37.4%) whereas juvenile shad ate chironomids (43.1%) and ostracods (28.4%). Larval and juvenile shad exhibited diel variation in diet composition and feeding periodicity. Food consumption by shad was minimal at night; feeding activity was highest during the day, peaking at 2000 h for both larvae and juveniles. Electivity values of shad larvae for prey taxa were highest for cladocerans (+0.27) and lowest for ostracods (−0.07). Electivity values of juvenile shad were highest for chironomids (+ 0.21) and ostracods (+ 0.09), and lowest for copepods (− 0.08) and baetids (− 0.14). Our data indicate differences in diet composition, prey preference and, to a lesser extent, feeding patterns between larval and juvenile American shad in small pond environments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00052.x","usgsCitation":"Johnson, J.H., and Dropkin, D.S., 1996, Feeding ecology of larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in a small pond: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 12, no. 1, p. 9-13, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.1996.tb00052.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f5d98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, J. H.","contributorId":54914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dropkin, D. S.","contributorId":87084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dropkin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017770,"text":"70017770 - 1996 - Trace elements in tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Geochemical controls and exploration applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:37:18.510409","indexId":"70017770","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace elements in tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Geochemical controls and exploration applications","docAbstract":"<p><span>Trace element contents of tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites have been determined in situ by proton microprobe; &gt;390 analyses were acquired from 32 polished thin sections. Concentrations of trace elements in the tourmalines vary widely, from &lt;40 to 3,770 ppm Mn, &lt;4 to 1,800 ppm Ni, &lt;2 to 1,430 ppm CU, &lt;9 to 4,160 ppm Zn, 3 to 305 ppm Ga, &lt;6 to 1,345 ppm Sr, &lt;10 to 745 ppm Sn, &lt;49 to 510 ppm Ba, and &lt;3 to 4,115 ppm Pb. Individual grains and growth zones are relatively homogeneous, suggesting that these trace elements are contained within the crystal structure of the tourmaline, and are not present in inclusions. The highest base metal contents are in ore-related tourmaline samples from Kidd Creek (Ontario), Broken Hill (Australia), and Sazare (Japan). Tourmaline data from these and many other massive sulfide deposits cluster by sample and display broadly linear trends on Zn vs. Fe plots, suggesting chemical control by temperature and hydrothermal and/or metamorphic fluid-mineral equilibria. Significant Ni occurs only in samples from the Kidd Creek Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, which is associated with a large footwall ultramafic body. An overall antithetic relationship between Zn and Ni probably reflects fluid source controls. Mn is correlated with Fe in tourmalines from barren associations, and possibly in some tourmalines associated with sulfide vein deposits. Sn increases systematically with Fe content irrespective of association; the highest values are found in schorls from granites. Other trace elements are generally uncorrelated with major element concentrations (e.g., Sr-Ca). Base metal proportions in the tourmalines show systematic patterns on ternary Cu-Pb-Zn diagrams that correlate well with the major commodity metals in the associated massive sulfide deposits. For example, data for tourmalines from Cu-Zn deposits (e.g., Ming mine, Newfoundland) fall mainly on the Cu-Zn join, whereas those from Pb-Zn deposits (e.g., Broken Hill, Australia) plot on the Pb-Zn join; no data fall on the Cu-Pb join, consistent with the lack of this metal association in massive sulfide deposits. The systematic relationship between base metal proportions in the tourmalines and the metallogeny of the host massive sulfide deposits indicates that the analyzed tourmalines retain a strong chemical signature of their original hydrothermal formation, in spite of variable metamorphic recrystallization. Such trace element patterns in massive sulfide tourmalines may be useful in mineral exploration, specifically for the evaluation of tourmaline concentrations in rocks, soils, and stream sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.4.657","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Griffin, W., Slack, J.F., Ramsden, A., Win, T., and Ryan, C., 1996, Trace elements in tourmalines from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites: Geochemical controls and exploration applications: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 4, p. 657-675, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.4.657.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"657","endPage":"675","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228674,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb659e4b08c986b326bf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Griffin, W.L.","contributorId":70652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ramsden, A.R.","contributorId":91746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsden","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Win, T.T.","contributorId":99001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Win","given":"T.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ryan, C.G.","contributorId":58146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70017742,"text":"70017742 - 1996 - Electron-probe microanalysis of light elements in coal and other kerogen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:53","indexId":"70017742","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electron-probe microanalysis of light elements in coal and other kerogen","docAbstract":"Recent advances in electron microprobe technology including development of layered synthetic microstructures, more stable electronics and better matrix-correction programs facilitated routine microanalysis of the light elements in coal. Utilizing an appropriately equipped electron microprobe with suitable standards, it is now possible to analyze directly the light elements (C, O and N, if abundant) in coal macerals and other kerogen. The analytical results are both accurate compared to ASTM methods and highly precise, and provide an opportunity to access the variation in coal chemistry at the micrometre scale. Our experiments show that analyses using a 10 kV accelerating voltage and 10 nA beam current yield the most reliable data and result in minimum sample damage and contamination. High sample counts were obtained for C, O and N using a bi-elemental nickel-carbon pseudo-crystal (2d = 9.5 nm) as an analyzing crystal. Vitrinite isolated from anthracite rank coal proves the best carbon standard and is more desirable than graphite which has higher porosity, whereas lower rank vitrinite is too heterogeneous to use routinely as a standard. Other standards utilized were magnesite for oxygen and BN for nitrogen. No significant carbon, oxygen or nitrogen X-ray peak shifts or peak-shape changes occur between standards and the kerogen analyzed. Counting rates for carbon and oxygen were found to be constant over a range of beam sizes and currents for counting times up to 160 s. Probe-determined carbon and oxygen contents agree closely with those reported from ASTM analyses. Nitrogen analyses compare poorly to ASTM values which probably is in response to overlap between the nitrogen Ka peak with the carbon K-adsorption edge and the overall low nitrogen content of most of our samples. Our results show that the electron microprobe technique provides accurate compositional data for both minor and major elements in coal without the necessity and inherent problems associated with mechanically isolating macerals. Studies to date have demonstrated the level of compositional variability within and between macerals in suites of Canadian coals.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00028-6","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Bustin, R., Mastalerz, M., and Raudsepp, M., 1996, Electron-probe microanalysis of light elements in coal and other kerogen: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 32, no. 1-4, p. 5-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00028-6.","startPage":"5","endPage":"30","numberOfPages":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229040,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206181,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(96)00028-6"}],"volume":"32","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08aae4b0c8380cd51c02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bustin, R.M.","contributorId":101831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bustin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mastalerz, Maria","contributorId":78065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastalerz","given":"Maria","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Raudsepp, M.","contributorId":22923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raudsepp","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018066,"text":"70018066 - 1996 - Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-31T16:19:31.963329","indexId":"70018066","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Missouri River floods of 1993 caused significant and widespread damage to the floodplains between Kansas City and St. Louis. Immediately downstream of levee breaks, flood waters scoured the bottoms. As the floodwaters continued, they spread laterally and deposited massive amounts of sand as crevasse splays on top of agricultural fields. We explore the use of radar interferometry and backscatter data for quantitative estimation of scour and deposition for Jameson Island/Arrow Rock Bottoms and Lisbon Bottoms, two bottoms that were heavily damaged during the floods and subsequently abandoned. Shuttle imaging radar C (SIR-C) L band (24 cm) HH (horizontally transmitted and horizontally received) radar backscatter data acquired in October 1994 were used together with a distorted Born approximation canopy scattering model to determine that the abundance of natural leafy forbs controlled the magnitude of backscatter for former agricultural fields. Forb areal density was found to be inversely correlated with thickness of sand deposited during the floods, presumably because thick sands prevented roots from reaching nutrient rich, moist bottoms soils. Using the inverse relationship, a lower bound for the mass of sand added was found to be 6.3 million metric tons over the 17 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;study area. Digital elevation data from topographic synthetic aperture radar (TOPSAR) C band (5.6 cm) interferometric observations acquired in August 1994 were compared to a series of elevation profiles collected on the ground. Vertical errors in TOPSAR were estimated to range from 1 to 2 m, providing enough accuracy to generate an estimate of total mass (4.7 million metric tons) removed during erosion of levees and scour of the bottoms terrains. Net accretion of material to the study areas is consistent with the geologic record of major floods where sediment-laden floodwaters crested over natural levees, initially scoured into the bottoms, and then deposited sands as crevasse splays as the flows spread out and slowed by frictional dissipation. The addition of artificial levees to the Missouri River system has undoubtedly enhanced flood damage, although quantitative estimation of the degree of enhancement will require additional work.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JE01975","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Izenberg, N., Arvidson, R., Brackett, R., Saatchi, S., Osburn, G., and Dohrenwend, J., 1996, Erosional and depositional patterns associated with the 1993 Missouri River floods inferred from SIR-C and TOPSAR radar data: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 101, no. E10, p. 23149-23167, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JE01975.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"23149","endPage":"23167","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228364,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a41e4b0c8380cd52288","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izenberg, N.R.","contributorId":35083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izenberg","given":"N.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arvidson, R. E.","contributorId":46666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brackett, R.A.","contributorId":38725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brackett","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saatchi, S.S.","contributorId":88897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saatchi","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Osburn, G.R.","contributorId":16592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osburn","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dohrenwend, J.","contributorId":108269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohrenwend","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018244,"text":"70018244 - 1996 - Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018244","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data","docAbstract":"The Ice River Alkaline Complex is a late Paleozoic intrusion of mafic alkaline rocks, syenite, and carbonatite exposed in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. The complex intrudes Cambrian and Ordovician shales, slates, and limestones of the Chancellor and Ottertail Formations and the McKay Group. We examined the alkaline complex and adjacent country rocks using Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. The data were first calibrated to relative reflectance and then used to spectrally map mineralogies in the study area by using a linear spectral unmixing program. This technique models each pixel spectrum in an AVIRIS image as a linear combination of unique endmember spectra. We selected endmember spectra from well-exposed and spectrally distinct mineralogic units, vegetation, and snow. Four of the endmembers reflect mineralogic variations within the McKay group in the study area, and may represent lateral and vertical variations of sedimentary or metamorphic facies. Otherwise, the resultant spatial distribution of endmembers shows generally close agreement with the published geologic map, although, in several places, our image-map is more accurate than the published map.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Bowers, T.L., and Rowan, L.C., 1996, Remote mineralogic and lithologic mapping of the Ice River alkaline complex, British Columbia, Canada, using AVIRIS data: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 12, p. 1379-1385.","startPage":"1379","endPage":"1385","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227283,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa6ebe4b0c8380cd85105","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, T. L.","contributorId":62647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rowan, L. C.","contributorId":40584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018071,"text":"70018071 - 1996 - A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-01T17:55:19.219632","indexId":"70018071","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water","docAbstract":"<p><span>A commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plate kit for screening of cyclodiene insecticides (aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endosulfan, endrin, and heptachlor) was evaluated for sensitivity, cross reactivity, and overall performance using ground-water samples from a contaminated site. Ground-water contaminants included several pesticide compounds and their manufacturing by-products, as well as many other organic and inorganic compounds. Cross-reactivity studies were carried out for the cyclodiene compounds, and results were compared to those listed by the manufacturer. Data obtained were used to evaluate the sensitivity of the ELISA kit to the cyclodiene compounds in ground water samples with a contaminated matrix. The method quantitation limit for the ELISA kit was 15 μg/L (as chlordane). Of the 56 ground-water samples analyzed using the ELISA plate kits, more than 85% showed cyclodiene insecticide contamination. The ELISA kit showed excellent potential as a screening tool for sites with suspected ground-water contamination by insecticides.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/bk-1996-0646.ch013","usgsCitation":"Dombrowski, T.R., Thurman, E., and Mohrman, G.B., 1996, A first application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening cyclodiene insecticides in ground water: ACS Symposium Series, v. 646, p. 148-154, https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0646.ch013.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"148","endPage":"154","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"646","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2d9e4b0c8380cd45cb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dombrowski, T. R.","contributorId":68050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dombrowski","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mohrman, G. B.","contributorId":91644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mohrman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018939,"text":"70018939 - 1996 - Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:48:26.68527","indexId":"70018939","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25–100 km; layer 2, 100–200 km; layer 3, 200–300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00809","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alsina, D., Woodward, R., and Snieder, R., 1996, Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 15969-15986, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00809.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15969","endPage":"15986","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e58e4b08c986b3188a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alsina, D.","contributorId":21705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alsina","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieder, R.K.","contributorId":10560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018920,"text":"70018920 - 1996 - Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:45:27","indexId":"70018920","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area","docAbstract":"Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows.Trends in streamflow characteristics were analyzed for streams in southwestern Wisconsin's Driftless Area by using data at selected gaging stations. The analyses indicate that annual low flows have increased significantly, whereas annual flood peaks have decreased. The same trends were not observed for forested areas of northern Wisconsin. Streamflow trends for other streams in southeastern Wisconsin draining predominantly agricultural land were similar to trends for Driftless Area streams for annual low flows. The causes for the trends are not well understood nor are the effects. Trends in annual precipitation do not explain the observed trends in streamflow. Other studies have found that erosion rates decreased significantly in the Driftless Area, and have attributed this reduction to a change of agricultural practices, which increase infiltration, decrease flood peaks, and increase low flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Gebert, W., and Krug, W., 1996, Streamflow trends in Wisconsin's driftless area: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 4, p. 733-744, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x.","startPage":"733","endPage":"744","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":267673,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03470.x"},{"id":226394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b23e4b08c986b31ccd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gebert, W.A.","contributorId":71555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krug, W.R.","contributorId":23147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krug","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019027,"text":"70019027 - 1996 - Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-02T21:56:25.859664","indexId":"70019027","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id6\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id7\"><p>As part of a joint Russian/American dust-storm experiment, GOES-VISSR (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Visible-Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer), data from a visible-band satellite image of a large dust storm emanating from Owens Lake, California were acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993. The satellite data were calibrated to targets of known ground reflectance factors and processed with radiative transfer techniques to yield aerosol (dust) optical depth at those stages of the dust storm when concurrent ground-based measurements of optical depth were made. Calibration of the satellite data is crucial for comparing surficial changes in remotely sensed data acquired over a period of time from the same area and for determining accurate concentrations of atmospheric aerosols using radiative transfer techniques.</p><p>The calibration procedure forces the distribution of visible-band, DN (digital number) values, acquired on July 1, 1992, at 1731 GMT from the GOES-VISSR sensor over a large test area, to match the distribution of visible-band, DN values concurrently acquired from a Landsat MSS (Multispectral Scanner) sensor over the same test area; the Landsat MSS DN values were directly associated with reflectance factors measured from ground targets. The calibrated GOES-VISSR data for July 1, 1992, were then used to calibrate other GOES-VISSR data acquired on March 10 and 11, 1993, during the dust storm. Uncertainties in location of ground targets, bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric attenuation contribute an error of approximately ±0.02 in the satellite-inferred ground reflectance factors.</p><p>On March 11 at 1031 PST the satellite-received radiances during the peak of the storm were 3 times larger than predicted by our radiative transfer model for a pure clay dust plume of infinite optical depth. This result supported ground-based measurements that the plume at that time was composed primarily of large salt grains, probably sodium sulfate, which could not be properly characterized in our radiative transfer model. Further, the satellite data showed that the salt fell out of the plume within 35 km from the source. Finer-grained, clay dust was observed to extend beyond the salt-laden plume and was the major component of the dust plume after 1131 PST, when erosion of the salt crust on Owens Lake ceased. By 1331 and 1401 PST satellite-inferred, optical depths compared favorably with measurements concurrently acquired at the ground. Uncertainties in bi-directional reflectance, atmospheric attenuation, and locating ground points in the satellite data manifest errors between the inferred and measured optical depths in the range of 20 to 50%; these errors would be much greater without the calibration of the GOES-VISSR data.</p><p>Changes in satellite-inferred reflectance factors over the lake bed during the course of the storm showed that 76 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of the surface was disrupted during the March 11 storm, suggesting as much as 76 × 10<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m<sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>of crustal material were displaced for each millimeter of several estimated to have been moved during the storm; an unknown fraction of the displaced material was suspended. The satellite data also showed dust fallout on mountain snowfields. Whereas fallout may have removed most of the salt, satellite data acquired at 1631 PST, when the plume had a large brightness contrast with the ground, showed that it covered over 2500 km<sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and contained at least 1.6 × 10<sup>9</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>g of sediment. For such a small source area, the dust represents a substantial contribution to the regional and global load of aerosols.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00105-E","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"MacKinnon, D.J., Chavez, P., Fraser, R.S., Niemeyer, T., and Gillette, D.A., 1996, Calibration of GOES-VISSR, visible-band satellite data and its application to the analysis of a dust storm at Owens Lake, California: Geomorphology, v. 17, no. 1-3 SPEC. ISS., p. 229-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00105-E.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226721,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-3 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f311e4b0c8380cd4b5a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKinnon, D. J.","contributorId":79145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKinnon","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chavez, P.S. Jr.","contributorId":75147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chavez","given":"P.S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fraser, R. S.","contributorId":19717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fraser","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Niemeyer, T.C.","contributorId":82468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niemeyer","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gillette, Dale A.","contributorId":14126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillette","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018612,"text":"70018612 - 1996 - Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:01:06.435766","indexId":"70018612","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2429,"text":"Journal of Physics of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Near-source ground motions, teleseismic body waveforms, and geodetic displacements produced by the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake have been used to determine the spatial and temporal dislocation pattern on the faulting surfaces. A linear, least-squares approach was used to invert the data sets both independently and in unison in order to investigate the resolving power of each data set and to determine a model most consistent with all the available data. A two-fault model was used, with a single rupture plane representing faulting beneath Kobe and a second plane representing slip underneath Awaji Island. The total seismic moment is estimated to be 2.4×10</span><sup>19</sup><span>Nm (M</span><sub>W</sub><span>&nbsp;6.9), with rupture partitioned such that about 40% of the slip was relatively deep (5-20 km) and northeast of the epicenter toward Kobe, and about 60% was toward the southwest and shallower (mostly 0-10 km) beneath Awaji Island. Analysis of the slip model indicates that the ground motions recorded within the severely damaged region of Kobe originated from the region of relatively low slip (about 1 m) deep beneath Kobe and not from the shallow, higher slip regions (about 3 m) beneath Awaji Island. Although the slip was relatively low beneath Kobe, the combined effects of source rupture directivity, a short slip duration, and site amplification conspired to generate very damaging ground motions within the city.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Seismological Society of Japan, The Volcanological Society of Japan, The Geodetic Society of Japan","doi":"10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","issn":"00223743","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., 1996, Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data: Journal of Physics of the Earth, v. 44, no. 5, p. 489-503, https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9148e4b08c986b3197ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70019261,"text":"70019261 - 1996 - Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-23T11:18:55.759909","indexId":"70019261","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults","docAbstract":"<div id=\"136982809\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The peak accelerations recorded on alluvial sites during the Northridge earthquake were about 50% larger than the median value predicted by current empirical attenuation relations at distances less than about 30 km. This raises the question of whether the ground motions from the Northridge earthquake are anomalous for thrust events or are representative of ground motions expected in future thrust earthquakes. Since the empirical data base contains few strong-motion records close to large-thrust earthquakes, it is difficult to assess whether the Northridge ground motions are anomalous based on recorded data alone. For this reason, we have used a broadband strong-motion simulation procedure to help assess whether the ground motions were anomalous. The simulation procedure has been validated against a large body of strong-motion data from California earthquakes, and so we expect it to produce accurate estimates of ground motions for any given rupture scenario, including blind-thrust events for which no good precedent existed in the strong-motion data base until the occurrence of the Northridge earthquake. The ground motions from the Northridge earthquake and our simulations of these ground motions have a similar pattern of departure from empirical attenuation relations for thrust earthquakes: the peak accelerations are at about the 84th percentile level for distances within 20 to 30 km and follow the median level for larger distances. This same pattern of departure from empirical attenuation relations was obtained in our simulations of the peak accelerations of an Elysian Park blind-thrust event prior to the occurrence of the Northridge earthquake. Since we are able to model this pattern with broadband simulations, and had done so before the Northridge earthquake occurred, this suggests that the Northridge strong-motion records are not anomalous and are representative of ground motions close to thrust faults. Accordingly, it seems appropriate to include these recordings in strong-motion data sets that are used to develop empirical ground-motion attenuation relations for thrust faults and to use this augmented data set as the basis for evaluating the need for modifications in design coefficients in the seismic provisions of building codes.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08601BS115","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Somerville, P., Saikia, C., Wald, D., and Graves, R., 1996, Implications of the Northridge earthquake for strong ground motions from thrust faults: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 1B, p. S115-S125, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08601BS115.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"S115","endPage":"S125","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226779,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.88042975841473,\n              34.3841704408905\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88042975841473,\n              34.06168547205796\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.11138678966469,\n              34.06168547205796\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.11138678966469,\n              34.3841704408905\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.88042975841473,\n              34.3841704408905\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a392de4b0c8380cd61825","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Somerville, P.","contributorId":41158,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Somerville","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saikia, C.","contributorId":72142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saikia","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wald, D. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":37866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graves, R.","contributorId":86910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018095,"text":"70018095 - 1996 - The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:42:14","indexId":"70018095","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic","docAbstract":"Phytogeographic reconstructions have been published for most Paleozoic series since the Pr??i??doli??, but there have been few attempts to synthesize this data into a comprehensive review of the characteristics and causes of the changing phytogeographic patterns for the whole Paleozoic history of the vascular flora. Existing floristic analyses have been compiled in this manuscript and the resulting data are used to reconstruct the evolution of floristic provinces since the Silurian. The earliest plant fossil records indicate that provinciality was characteristic of terrestrial vascular plant distributions right from the beginning of terrestrial colonization by vascular plants. This interpretation differs markedly from the views of many workers who still maintain that pre-Upper Carboniferous floras were uniform and cosmopolitan in distribution. Three of the four major phytogeographic units, i.e. Angara, Euramerica, and Gondwana, can be recognized in the earliest fossil floras. The fourth unit, Cathaysia, differentiated from Euramerica during the late Upper Carboniferous. Phytogeographic differentiation occurs in direct response to climatic gradients and physiographic barriers. As these gradients and barriers change, provincial boundaries expand and contract, fragment, reassemble and reassort. Phytogeographic units are dynamic through time. ?? 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(95)00022-4","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Wnuk, C., 1996, The development of floristic provinciality during the Middle and Late Paleozoic: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 5-40, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00022-4.","startPage":"5","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269784,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00022-4"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaa6e4b08c986b3228f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wnuk, C.","contributorId":31914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wnuk","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018643,"text":"70018643 - 1996 - Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018643","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1423,"text":"Earth Observation Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska","docAbstract":"Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data of the Westdahl, Veniaminof, and Novarupta volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc of Alaska were analysed to investigate recent surface volcanic processes. These studies support ongoing monitoring and research by the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) in the North Pacific Ocean Region. Landforms and possible crustal deformation before, during, or after eruptions were detected and analysed using data from the European Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS), the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS) and the US Seasat platforms. Field observations collected by scientists from the AVO were used to verify the results from the analysis of SAR data.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Observation Quarterly","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"0256596X","usgsCitation":"Dean, K., Engle, K., Lu, Z., Eichelberger, J., Near, T., and Doukas, M., 1996, Use of SAR data to study active volcanoes in Alaska: Earth Observation Quarterly, no. 53, p. 21-23.","startPage":"21","endPage":"23","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe88e4b08c986b329637","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, K.G.","contributorId":64402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Engle, K.","contributorId":10176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Engle","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Eichelberger, J.","contributorId":107442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichelberger","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Near, T.","contributorId":55162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Near","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Doukas, M.","contributorId":68900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doukas","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018478,"text":"70018478 - 1996 - Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-13T11:28:47.025442","indexId":"70018478","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques","docAbstract":"<div class=\"col-lg-9 article__content\"><div class=\"article__body show-references \"><div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div class=\"abstractSection abstractInFull\"><p>Ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) profiles calibrated with core data allow accurate assessments of coastal barrier volumes. We applied this procedure successfully to the barrier system along Saco Bay, Maine (USA), as part of a sediment-budget study that focused on present-day sand volumes in various coastal, shoreface, and inner-shelf lithosomes, and on sand fluxes that have affected the volume or distribution of sand in these sediment bodies through time. On GPR profiles, the components of the barrier lithosome are readily differentiated from other facies, except where the radar signal is attenuated by brackish or salty groundwater. Significant differences between dielectric properties of the barrier lithosome and other units commonly result in strong boundary reflectors. The mostly sandy barrier sediments allow deep penetration of GPR waves, in contrast to finer-grained strata and till-covered bedrock. Within the Saco Bay barrier system,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"NLM_tex-math\"><img src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1996/i30067378/629840/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00001.gif\" alt=\"\" data-mce-src=\"https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/na101/home/literatum/publisher/uchicago/journals/content/jg/1996/i30067378/629840/20180625/images/eqs/eq-00001.gif\"></span><span>&nbsp;</span>of sediment are unevenly distributed. Two-thirds of the total barrier volume is contained within the northern and southern ends of the study area, in the Pine Point spit and the Ferry Beach/Goosefare complex, respectively. The central area around Old Orchard Beach is locally covered by only a thin veneer of barrier sand, averaging &gt;3 m, that unconformably overlies shallow pre-Holocene facies. The prominence of barrier-spit facies and the distribution pattern of back-barrier sediments indicate that a high degree of segmentation, governed by antecedent topography, has affected the development of the Saco Bay barrier system. The present-day configuration of the barrier and back-barrier region along Saco Bay, however, conceals much of its early compartmentalized character.</p></div></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.1086/629840","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Van Heteren, S., FitzGerald, D.M., Barber, D., Kelley, J.T., and Belknap, D.F., 1996, Volumetric analysis of a New England barrier system using ground-penetrating-radar and coring techniques: Journal of Geology, v. 104, no. 4, p. 471-483, https://doi.org/10.1086/629840.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"471","endPage":"483","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227517,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc366e4b08c986b32b15f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Heteren, S.","contributorId":70131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Heteren","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"FitzGerald, D. M.","contributorId":55038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"FitzGerald","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barber, D.C.","contributorId":86504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018475,"text":"70018475 - 1996 - An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T16:59:39.614032","indexId":"70018475","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have conducted a paleomagnetic study of sediment cores obtained from the Selenga prodelta region of Lake Baikal, Russia. This record, which spans approximately the last 84 kyr, contributes to a better understanding of the nature of geomagnetic field behavior in Siberia and is a useful correlation and dating tool. We demonstrate that the Lake Baikal sediments are recording variations in the geomagnetic field. The directional record displays secular variation behavior with a geomagnetic excursion at 20 ka and additional excursions appearing as large-amplitude secular variation at 41, 61, and 67 ka. Smoothing of the geomagnetic excursion behavior occurs in Lake Baikal sediments owing to the intermediate sedimentation rate (13 cm kyr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). The Lake Baikal relative paleointensity record correlates to absolute paleointensity data for the last 10 kyr and to relative paleointensity records from the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean for the last 84 kyr. This correlation suggests a strong global (i.e., dipole) component to these records and further supports the reliability of sediments as recorders of relative geomagnetic paleointensity. We show that a relative geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy has a potential resolution of 7 kyr by correlating continental and marine records. The geomagnetic intensity stratigraphy helps constrain the age of the difficult to date Lake Baikal sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00328","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Peck, J., King, J., Colman, S.M., and Kravchinsky, V., 1996, An 84-kyr paleomagnetic record from the sediments of Lake Baikal, Siberia: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11365-11385, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00328.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"11365","endPage":"11385","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488990,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/gsofacpubs/1756","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227427,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cde4b0c8380cd4847a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peck, J.A.","contributorId":26398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peck","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"King, J.W.","contributorId":19265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kravchinsky, V.A.","contributorId":90475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kravchinsky","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018607,"text":"70018607 - 1996 - The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:36:12","indexId":"70018607","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"<p>Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967-1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agreement is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay. The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps. The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations is coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40-45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Uncles, R., and Peterson, D.H., 1996, The long-term salinity field in San Francisco Bay: Continental Shelf Research, v. 16, no. 15, p. 2005-2039, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"2005","endPage":"2039","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205950,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(96)00032-5"}],"volume":"16","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bada5e4b08c986b323d44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Uncles, R.J.","contributorId":33468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Uncles","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018670,"text":"70018670 - 1996 - Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:22:41.111667","indexId":"70018670","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>A proposed high-altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic-anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER-2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminous United States and Alaska. The collection of total and vector magnetic field data would be a secondary objective of the flight. Through this “piggyback approach,” the geomagnetic community would inherit invaluable magnetic data at a nominal cost. These data would provide insight on fundamental tectonic and thermal processes and give a new view of the structural and lithologic framework of the crust and upper mantle.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96EO00187","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Blakely, R., Hinze, W.J., Keller, G.R., Langel, R., Nabighian, M., and Roest, W., 1996, Aeromagnetic survey over US to advance geomagnetic research: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 77, no. 28, p. 265-268, https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00187.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"268","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227176,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8b7e4b0c8380cd47e55","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hinze, W. J.","contributorId":52607,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hinze","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keller, Gordon R.","contributorId":90280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Langel, R.A.","contributorId":20918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langel","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nabighian, M.","contributorId":83286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nabighian","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roest, W.","contributorId":17382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roest","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1012978,"text":"1012978 - 1996 - Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-14T17:23:54.602693","indexId":"1012978","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing habitat selection when availability changes","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present a method of comparing data on habitat use and availability that allows availability to differ among observations. This method is applicable when habitats change over time and when animals are unable to move throughout a predetermined study area between observations. We used maximum—likelihood techniques to derive an index that estimates the probability that each habitat type would be used if all were equally available. We also demonstrate how these indices can be used to compare relative use of available habitats, assign them ranks, and assess statistical differences between pairs of indices. The set of these indices for all habitats can be compared between groups of animals that represent different seasons, sex or age classes, or experimental treatments. This method allows quantitative comparisons among types and is not affected by arbitrary decisions about which habitats to include in the study. We provide an example by comparing the availability of four categories of sea ice concentration to their use by adult female polar bears (Ursus maritimus), whose movements were monitored by satellite radio tracking in the Bering and Chukchi Seas during 1990. Use of ice categories by bears was nonrandom, and the pattern of use differed between spring and late summer seasons.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2265671","usgsCitation":"Arthur, S.M., Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Assessing habitat selection when availability changes: Ecology, v. 77, no. 1, p. 215-227, https://doi.org/10.2307/2265671.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"227","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a93e4b07f02db6582ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Arthur, Stephen M.","contributorId":189438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Arthur","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manly, Bryan F. J.","contributorId":332478,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008650,"text":"1008650 - 1996 - Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-14T17:45:33.404174","indexId":"1008650","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery","docAbstract":"<p><span>Burned forested areas have patterns of varying burn severity as a consequence of various topographic, vegetation, and meteorological factors. These patterns are detected and mapped using satellite data. Other ecological information can be abstracted from satellite data regarding rates of recovery of vegetation foliage and variation of burn severity on different vegetation types. Middle infrared wavelengths are useful for burn severity mapping because the land cover changes associated with burning increase reflectance in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Simple stratification of Landsat Thematic Mapper data define varying classes of burn severity because of changes in canopy cover, biomass removal, and soil chemical composition. Reasonable maps of burn severity are produced when the class limits of burn severity reflectance are applied to the entire satellite data. Changes in satellite reflectance over multiple years reveal the dynamics of vegetation and fire severity as low burn areas have lower changes in reflectance relative to high burn areas. This results as a consequence of how much the site was altered due to the burn and how much space is available for vegetation recovery. Analysis of change in reflectance across steppe, riparian, and forested vegetation types indicate that fires potentially increase biomass in steppe areas, while riparian and forested areas are slower to regrow to pre-fire conditions. This satellite-based technology is useful for mapping severely burned areas by exploring the ecological manifestations before and after fire.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF9960125","usgsCitation":"White, J., Ryan, K., Key, C., and Running, S.W., 1996, Remote sensing of forest fire severity and vegetation recovery: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 6, no. 3, p. 125-136, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF9960125.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"136","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132147,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, J.D.","contributorId":42923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, K.C.","contributorId":34455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Key, C.H.","contributorId":74343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Running, S. W.","contributorId":51257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70017821,"text":"70017821 - 1996 - An approach for using AVHRR data to monitor U.S. great plains grasslands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T13:54:00","indexId":"70017821","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1753,"text":"Geocarto International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An approach for using AVHRR data to monitor U.S. great plains grasslands","docAbstract":"Environmental monitoring requires regular observations regarding the status of the landscape- The concept behind most monitoring efforts using satellite data involve deriving normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values or accumulating the NDVI over a specified time period. These efforts attempt to estimate the continuous growth of green biomass by using continuous additions of NDVI as a surrogate measure. To build upon this concept, this study proposes three refinements; 1) use an objective definition of the current growing season to adjust the time window during which the NDVI is accumulated, 2) accumulate only the NDVI values which are affected by green vegetation, and 3) base monitoring units upon land cover type. These refinements improve the sensitivity of detecting interannual vegetation variability, reduce the need for extensive and detailed knowledge of ground conditions and crop calendars, provide a framework in which several types of monitoring can take place over diverse land cover types, and provide an objective time frame during which monitoring takes place.","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10106049609354544","issn":"10106049","usgsCitation":"Reed, B., Loveland, T., and Tieszen, L., 1996, An approach for using AVHRR data to monitor U.S. great plains grasslands: Geocarto International, v. 11, no. 3, p. 13-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049609354544.","startPage":"13","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228630,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea0be4b0c8380cd485d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, B. C. 0000-0002-1132-7178","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-7178","contributorId":55594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":377664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tieszen, L.L.","contributorId":24046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tieszen","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017845,"text":"70017845 - 1996 - Regionalization of annual precipitation maxima in Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:54","indexId":"70017845","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Regionalization of annual precipitation maxima in Montana","docAbstract":"Precipitation depth estimation methods based on dimensionless precipitation-frequency curves were developed for 2-, 6-,and 24-hour storm durations for three homogeneous regions in Montana. Data from 402 daily and hourly precipitation stations and 54 daily precipitation stations were analyzed using the methods to form a database of the regions' annual precipitation maxima.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceDate":"3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., 1996, Regionalization of annual precipitation maxima in Montana, <i>in</i> Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Washington, DC, USA, 3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996, p. 57-58.","startPage":"57","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228953,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a5a6e4b0e8fec6cdbec2","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","contributorId":128376,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","id":536382,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70184423,"text":"70184423 - 1996 - Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from total molecular evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T14:38:28","indexId":"70184423","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2773,"text":"Molecular Biology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from total molecular evidence","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Alcidae is a unique assemblage of Northern Hemisphere seabirds that forage by \"flying\" underwater. Despite obvious affinities among the species, their evolutionary relationships are unclear. We analyzed nucleotide sequences of 1,045 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and allelic profiles for 37 allozyme loci in all 22 extant species. Trees were constructed on independent and combined data sets using maximum parsimony and distance methods that correct for superimposed changes. Alternative methods of analysis produced only minor differences in relationships that were supported strongly by bootstrapping or standard error tests. Combining sequence and allozyme data into a single analysis provided the greatest number of relationships receiving strong support. Addition of published morphological and ecological data did not improve support for any additional relationship. All analyses grouped species into six distinct lineages: (1) the dovekie (<i>Alle alle</i>) and auks, (2) guillemots, (3) brachyramphine murrelets, (4) synthliboramphine murrelets, (5) true auklets, and (6) the rhinoceros auklet (<i>Cerorhinca monocerata</i>) and puffins. The two murres (genus <i>Uria</i>) were sister taxa, and the black guillemot (<i>Cepphus grylle</i>) was basal to the other guillemots. The Asian subspecies of the marbled murrelet (<i>Brachyramphus marmoratus perdix</i>) was the most divergent brachyramphine murrelet, and two distinct lineages occurred within the synthliboramphine murrelets. Cassin's auklet (<i>Ptychoramphus aleuticus</i>) and the rhinoceros auklet were basal to the other auklets and puffins, respectively, and the Atlantic (<i>Fratercula arctica</i>) and horned (<i>Fratercula corniculata</i>) puffins were sister taxa. Several relationships among tribes, among the dovekie and auks, and among the auklets could not be resolved but resembled \"star\" phylogenies indicative of adaptive radiations at different depths within the trees.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595","usgsCitation":"Friesen, V.L., Baker, A.J., and Piatt, J.F., 1996, Phylogenetic relationships within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) inferred from total molecular evidence: Molecular Biology and Evolution, v. 13, no. 2, p. 359-367, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"359","endPage":"367","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12663e4b014cc3a3d3525","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friesen, Vicki L.","contributorId":59407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friesen","given":"Vicki","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baker, Allan J.","contributorId":36383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baker","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70182756,"text":"70182756 - 1996 - Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T15:49:03.632748","indexId":"70182756","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Data collected under a double-count protocol during line transect surveys were analyzed using new maximum likelihood methods combined with Akaike's information criterion to provide estimates of the abundance of polar bear (<i>Ursus maritimus</i> Phipps) in a pilot study off the coast of Alaska. Visibility biases were corrected by modeling the detection probabilities using logistic regression functions. Independent variables that influenced the detection probabilities included perpendicular distance of bear groups from the flight line and the number of individuals in the groups. A series of models were considered which vary from (1) the simplest, where the probability of detection was the same for both observers and was not affected by either distance from the flight line or group size, to (2) models where probability of detection is different for the two observers and depends on both distance from the transect and group size. Estimation procedures are developed for the case when additional variables may affect detection probabilities. The methods are illustrated using data from the pilot polar bear survey and some recommendations are given for design of a survey over the larger Chukchi Sea between Russia and the United States.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/1400364","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 1, no. 2, p. 170-189, https://doi.org/10.2307/1400364.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"189","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -154.51171875,\n              69.70286804851057\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.51416015625,\n              69.70286804851057\n            ],\n            [\n              -144.51416015625,\n              72.8095809269161\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.51171875,\n              72.8095809269161\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.51171875,\n              69.70286804851057\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017849,"text":"70017849 - 1996 - Geomagnetic storms, the Dst ring-current myth and lognormal distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-23T13:22:06","indexId":"70017849","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2188,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomagnetic storms, the Dst ring-current myth and lognormal distributions","docAbstract":"The definition of geomagnetic storms dates back to the turn of the century when researchers recognized the unique shape of the H-component field change upon averaging storms recorded at low latitude observatories. A generally accepted modeling of the storm field sources as a magnetospheric ring current was settled about 30 years ago at the start of space exploration and the discovery of the Van Allen belt of particles encircling the Earth. The Dst global 'ring-current' index of geomagnetic disturbances, formulated in that period, is still taken to be the definitive representation for geomagnetic storms. Dst indices, or data from many world observatories processed in a fashion paralleling the index, are used widely by researchers relying on the assumption of such a magnetospheric current-ring depiction. Recent in situ measurements by satellites passing through the ring-current region and computations with disturbed magnetosphere models show that the Dst storm is not solely a main-phase to decay-phase, growth to disintegration, of a massive current encircling the Earth. Although a ring current certainly exists during a storm, there are many other field contributions at the middle-and low-latitude observatories that are summed to show the 'storm' characteristic behavior in Dst at these observatories. One characteristic of the storm field form at middle and low latitudes is that Dst exhibits a lognormal distribution shape when plotted as the hourly value amplitude in each time range. Such distributions, common in nature, arise when there are many contributors to a measurement or when the measurement is a result of a connected series of statistical processes. The amplitude-time displays of Dst are thought to occur because the many time-series processes that are added to form Dst all have their own characteristic distribution in time. By transforming the Dst time display into the equivalent normal distribution, it is shown that a storm recovery can be predicted with remarkable accuracy from measurements made during the Dst growth phase. In the lognormal formulation, the mean, standard deviation and field count within standard deviation limits become definitive Dst storm parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0021-9169(95)00103-4","issn":"00219169","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W., 1996, Geomagnetic storms, the Dst ring-current myth and lognormal distributions: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, v. 58, no. 10, p. 1171-1187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00103-4.","startPage":"1171","endPage":"1187","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268032,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9169(95)00103-4"},{"id":229003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2762e4b0c8380cd59831","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, W.H.","contributorId":30749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
]}