We examined opportunities for avoided loss of wetland carbon stocks in the Great Plains of the United States in the context of future agricultural expansion through analysis of land-use land-cover (LULC) change scenarios, baseline carbon datasets and biogeochemical model outputs. A wetland map that classifies wetlands according to carbon pools was created to describe future patterns of carbon loss and potential carbon savings. Wetland avoided loss scenarios, superimposed upon LULC change scenarios, quantified carbon stocks preserved under criteria of carbon densities or land value plus cropland suitability. Up to 3420 km2 of wetlands may be lost in the region by 2050, mainly due to conversion of herbaceous wetlands in the Temperate Prairies where soil organic carbon (SOC) is highest. SOC loss would be approximately 0.20 ± 0.15 megagrams of carbon per hectare per year (MgC ha−1 yr−1), depending upon tillage practices on converted wetlands, and total ecosystem carbon loss in woody wetlands would be approximately 0.81 ± 0.41 MgC ha−1 yr−1, based on biogeochemical model results. Among wetlands vulnerable to conversion, wetlands in the Northern Glaciated Plains and Lake Agassiz Plains ecoregions exhibit very high mean SOC and on average, relatively low land values, potentially creating economically competitive opportunities for avoided carbon loss. This mitigation scenarios approach may be adapted by managers using their own preferred criteria to select sites that best meet their objectives. Results can help prioritize field-based assessments, where site-level investigations of carbon stocks, land value, and consideration of local priorities for climate change mitigation programs are needed.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11027-013-9500-0","usgsCitation":"Byrd, K.B., Ratliff, J.L., Wein, A., Bliss, N.B., Sleeter, B.M., Sohl, T.L., and Li, Z., 2015, Quantifying climate change mitigation potential in Great Plains wetlands for three greenhouse gas emission scenarios: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, v. 20, no. 3, p. 439-465, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9500-0.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"439","endPage":"465","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044709","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472488,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9500-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":278532,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":278531,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9500-0"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Plains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.2,28.2 ], [ -114.2,49.2 ], [ -95.6,49.2 ], [ -95.6,28.2 ], [ -114.2,28.2 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5270cafee4b0f7a10664c7a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrd, Kristin B. 0000-0002-5725-7486 kbyrd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-7486","contributorId":3814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"Kristin","email":"kbyrd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratliff, Jamie L. 0000-0002-9967-3314 jratliff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9967-3314","contributorId":665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratliff","given":"Jamie","email":"jratliff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wein, Anne 0000-0002-5516-3697 awein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-3697","contributorId":589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"Anne","email":"awein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bliss, Norman B. 0000-0003-2409-5211 bliss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-5211","contributorId":1921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"Norman","email":"bliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sleeter, Benjamin M. 0000-0003-2371-9571 bsleeter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2371-9571","contributorId":3479,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sleeter","given":"Benjamin","email":"bsleeter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231 sohl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"sohl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":485403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Li, Zhengpeng","contributorId":80812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"Zhengpeng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":485408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70148383,"text":"70148383 - 2015 - Can treatment and disposal costs be reduced through metal recovery?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-05T13:46:14","indexId":"70148383","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Can treatment and disposal costs be reduced through metal recovery?","docAbstract":"This paper describes a framework to conduct a “metal-recovery feasibility assessment” for mining influenced water (MIW) and associated treatment sludge. There are multiple considerations in such a determination, including the geologic/geochemical feasibility, market feasibility, technical feasibility, economic feasibility, and administrative feasibility. Each of these considerations needs to be evaluated to determine the practicality of metal recovery from a particular MIW.","conferenceTitle":"International Mine Water Association 2013 Annual Conference","conferenceDate":"August 5-9, 2013","conferenceLocation":"Golden, CO","language":"English","publisher":"International Mine Water Association","usgsCitation":"Smith, K.S., Figueroa, L., and Plumlee, G.S., 2015, Can treatment and disposal costs be reduced through metal recovery?, International Mine Water Association 2013 Annual Conference, Golden, CO, August 5-9, 2013, p. 729-734.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"729","endPage":"734","ipdsId":"IP-046313","costCenters":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59366dace4b0f6c2d0d7d63c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Kathleen S. 0000-0001-8547-9804 ksmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8547-9804","contributorId":182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Kathleen","email":"ksmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Figueroa, Linda","contributorId":112780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Figueroa","given":"Linda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":547937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70047622,"text":"70047622 - 2015 - Blood from a turnip: tissue origin of low-coverage shotgun sequencing libraries affects recovery of mitogenome sequences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-10T09:54:20","indexId":"70047622","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-01T10:31:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2765,"text":"Mitochondrial DNA","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Blood from a turnip: tissue origin of low-coverage shotgun sequencing libraries affects recovery of mitogenome sequences","docAbstract":"Next generation sequencing methods allow rapid, economical accumulation of data that have many applications, even at relatively low levels of genome coverage. However, the utility of shotgun sequencing data sets for specific goals may vary depending on the biological nature of the samples sequenced. We show that the ability to assemble mitogenomes from three avian samples of two different tissue types varies widely. In particular, data with coverage typical of microsatellite development efforts (∼1×) from DNA extracted from avian blood failed to cover even 50% of the mitogenome, relative to at least 500-fold coverage from muscle-derived data. Researchers should consider possible applications of their data and select the tissue source for their work accordingly. Practitioners analyzing low-coverage shotgun sequencing data (including for microsatellite locus development) should consider the potential benefits of mitogenome assembly, including internal barcode verification of species identity, mitochondrial primer development, and phylogenetics.
","language":"English","publisher":"Informa Healthcare","doi":"10.3109/19401736.2013.840588","usgsCitation":"Barker, F.K., Oyler-McCance, S., and Tomback, D.F., 2015, Blood from a turnip: tissue origin of low-coverage shotgun sequencing libraries affects recovery of mitogenome sequences: Mitochondrial DNA, v. 26, no. 3, p. 384-388, https://doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.840588.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"384","endPage":"388","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050793","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":280988,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401736.2013.840588"},{"id":280989,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"26","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-10-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd4fa2e4b0b290850f2d52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, F. Keith","contributorId":63309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"Keith","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oyler-McCance, Sara","contributorId":96820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oyler-McCance","given":"Sara","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tomback, Diana F.","contributorId":69427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomback","given":"Diana","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":482552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70074575,"text":"70074575 - 2015 - Land use and management change under climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies: a U.S. case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-17T13:20:17","indexId":"70074575","displayToPublicDate":"2013-10-01T09:53:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2764,"text":"Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Land use and management change under climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies: a U.S. case study","docAbstract":"We examine the effects of crop management adaptation and climate mitigation strategies on land use and land management, plus on related environmental and economic outcomes. We find that crop management adaptation (e.g. crop mix, new species) increases Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 1.7 % under a more severe climate projection while a carbon price reduces total forest and agriculture GHG annual flux by 15 % and 9 %, respectively. This shows that trade-offs are likely between mitigation and adaptation. Climate change coupled with crop management adaptation has small and mostly negative effects on welfare; mitigation, which is implemented as a carbon price starting at $15 per metric ton carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent with a 5 % annual increase rate, bolsters welfare carbon payments. When both crop management adaptation and carbon price are implemented the effects of the latter dominates.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s11027-013-9514-7","usgsCitation":"Mu, J.E., Wein, A., and McCarl, B., 2015, Land use and management change under climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies: a U.S. case study: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, v. 20, no. 7, p. 1041-1054, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9514-7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1041","endPage":"1054","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037344","costCenters":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281799,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281798,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9514-7"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.8,24.5 ], [ -124.8,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,49.383333 ], [ -66.95,24.5 ], [ -124.8,24.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"20","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-10-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd63ece4b0b290850ff1eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mu, Jianhong E.","contributorId":75840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mu","given":"Jianhong","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wein, Anne 0000-0002-5516-3697 awein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5516-3697","contributorId":589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wein","given":"Anne","email":"awein@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":657,"text":"Western Geographic Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCarl, Bruce","contributorId":51645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarl","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70125354,"text":"70125354 - 2015 - The precarious persistence of the endangered Sierra Madre yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa in southern California, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T12:28:23","indexId":"70125354","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-17T11:02:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2968,"text":"Oryx","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The precarious persistence of the endangered Sierra Madre yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa in southern California, USA","docAbstract":"We conducted surveys for the Endangered Sierra Madre yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa throughout southern California to evaluate the current distribution and status of the species. Surveys were conducted during 2000–2009 at 150 unique streams and lakes within the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Palomar mountains of southern California. Only nine small, geographically isolated populations were detected across the four mountain ranges, and all tested positive for the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Our data show that when R. muscosa is known to be present it is easily detectable (89%) in a single visit during the frog's active season. We estimate that only 166 adult frogs remained in the wild in 2009. Our research indicates that R. muscosa populations in southern California are threatened by natural and stochastic events and may become extirpated in the near future unless there is some intervention to save them.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oryx","doi":"10.1017/S003060531300029X","usgsCitation":"Backlin, A.R., Hitchcock, C., Gallegos, E., Yee, J.L., and Fisher, R.N., 2015, The precarious persistence of the endangered Sierra Madre yellow-legged frog Rana muscosa in southern California, USA: Oryx, v. 49, no. 1, p. 157-164, https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531300029X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"157","endPage":"164","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042523","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472489,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s003060531300029x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293950,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S003060531300029X"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palomar, San Bernardino, San Gabriel, San Jacinto Mountains","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.45,38.8 ], [ -123.45,32.56 ], [ -114.17,32.56 ], [ -114.17,38.8 ], [ -123.45,38.8 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"49","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541aa2a9e4b01571b3d51d31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Backlin, Adam R. 0000-0001-5618-8426 abacklin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5618-8426","contributorId":3802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backlin","given":"Adam","email":"abacklin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitchcock, Cynthia J. 0000-0001-9293-043X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9293-043X","contributorId":57389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitchcock","given":"Cynthia J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":501307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallegos, Elizabeth A.","contributorId":42536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallegos","given":"Elizabeth A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":501306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yee, Julie L. 0000-0003-1782-157X julie_yee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-157X","contributorId":3246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yee","given":"Julie","email":"julie_yee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240 rfisher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":1529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert","email":"rfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70047074,"text":"70047074 - 2015 - Survival and behavioral effects of exposure to a hydrokinetic turbine on juvenile Atlantic salmon and adult American shad","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-20T09:31:49","indexId":"70047074","displayToPublicDate":"2013-09-01T11:09:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1584,"text":"Estuaries and Coasts","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival and behavioral effects of exposure to a hydrokinetic turbine on juvenile Atlantic salmon and adult American shad","docAbstract":"This paper describes a series of experiments designed to measure the effect of exposure to a full-scale, vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine on downstream migrating juvenile Atlantic salmon (N=75) and upstream migrating adult American shad (N=208). Controlled studies were performed in a large-scale, open-channel flume, and all individuals approached the turbine under volitional control. No injuries were observed, and there was no measurable increase in mortality associated with turbine passage. Exposure to the turbine elicited behavioral responses from both species, however, with salmon passing primarily over the downrunning blades. Shad movement was impeded by the device, as indicated by fewer attempts of shorter duration and reduced distance of ascent up the flume. More work should be performed in both laboratory and field conditions to determine to what extent these effects are likely to influence free-swimming fish.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Estuaries and Coasts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Estuarine Research Federation","publisherLocation":"Port Republic, MD","doi":"10.1007/s12237-013-9680-6","usgsCitation":"Castro-Santos, T.R., and Haro, A., 2015, Survival and behavioral effects of exposure to a hydrokinetic turbine on juvenile Atlantic salmon and adult American shad: Estuaries and Coasts, v. 38, no. 1, p. 203-214, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9680-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"214","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049248","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":279098,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":279097,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9680-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","city":"Turner Falls","otherGeospatial":"Connecticut River;S.O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.611258,42.560884 ], [ -72.611258,42.618039 ], [ -72.486206,42.618039 ], [ -72.486206,42.560884 ], [ -72.611258,42.560884 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5287509ce4b03b89f6f155d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Castro-Santos, Theodore R. 0000-0003-2575-9120 tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2575-9120","contributorId":3321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Castro-Santos","given":"Theodore","email":"tcastrosantos@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":481001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haro, Alex 0000-0002-7188-9172","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-9172","contributorId":37223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haro","given":"Alex","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":481002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70146875,"text":"70146875 - 2015 - A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-23T11:30:30","indexId":"70146875","displayToPublicDate":"2013-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":814,"text":"Antarctic Science","onlineIssn":"1365-2079","printIssn":"0954-1020","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000-10","docAbstract":"Of the more than twenty historically active volcanoes in Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic region only two, to our knowledge, host any ground-based monitoring instruments. Moreover, because of their remoteness, most of the volcanoes are seldom visited, thus relegating the monitoring of volcanism in this region almost entirely to satellites. In this study, high temporal resolution satellite data from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology's MODVOLC system using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) are complemented with high spatial resolution data (ASTER, or Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, and similar sensors) to document volcanic activity throughout the region during the period 2000–10. Five volcanoes were observed in eruption (Mount Erebus, Mount Belinda, Mount Michael, Heard Island and McDonald Island), which were predominantly low-level and effusive in nature. Mount Belinda produced tephra, building a cinder cone in addition to an extensive lava field. Five volcanoes exhibited detectable thermal, and presumed fumarolic, activity (Deception, Zavodovski, Candlemas, Bristol, and Bellingshausen islands). A minor eruption reported at Marion Island was not detected in our survey due to its small size. This study also discovered a new active vent on Mount Michael, tracked dramatic vent enlargement on Heard Island, and provides an improved picture of the morphology of some of the volcanoes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0954102013000436","usgsCitation":"Patrick, M.R., and Smellie, J.L., 2015, A spaceborne inventory of volcanic activity in Antarctica and southern oceans, 2000-10: Antarctic Science, v. 25, no. 4, p. 475-500, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102013000436.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"475","endPage":"500","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045805","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299845,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-06-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"553a17a9e4b0a658d792c870","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Patrick, Matthew R. 0000-0002-8042-6639 mpatrick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8042-6639","contributorId":2070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patrick","given":"Matthew","email":"mpatrick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":545428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smellie, John L.","contributorId":140375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smellie","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":545429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70159415,"text":"70159415 - 2015 - A 3400 year paleolimnological record of prehispanic human–environment interactions in the Holmul region of the southern Maya lowlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-11T15:56:30","indexId":"70159415","displayToPublicDate":"2013-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 3400 year paleolimnological record of prehispanic human–environment interactions in the Holmul region of the southern Maya lowlands","docAbstract":"The timing, magnitude and drivers of late Holocene environmental change in the Holmul region of the southern Maya lowlands are examined by combining paleoenvironmental and archeological data. Environmental proxy analyses on a ~ 3350 cal yr lacustrine sediment record include pollen, charcoal, loss on ignition, magnetic suscep- tibility, and elemental geochemistry. Archeological evidence is derived from extensive settlement surveys conducted near the study site. Results indicate nearby settlement and agricultural activity taking place in an environment characterized by open forest from around 3350 to 950 cal yr BP. The fire history shows a dramatic increase in burning during the Classic period, possibly reflecting changing agricultural strategies. A distinct band of carbonate deposited from 1270 to 1040 cal yr BP suggests decreased hydrologic input associated with drier conditions. Abrupt changes in proxy data around 940 cal yr BP indicate a cessation of human disturbance and local abandonment of the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.03.006","usgsCitation":"Wahl, D.B., Estrada-Belli, F., and Anderson, L., 2015, A 3400 year paleolimnological record of prehispanic human–environment interactions in the Holmul region of the southern Maya lowlands: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 379-380, p. 17-31, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.03.006.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044312","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":310758,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Guatemala","state":"Peten","otherGeospatial":"Holmul region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.49737548828124,\n 16.219949175712056\n ],\n [\n -89.20623779296875,\n 16.219949175712056\n ],\n [\n -89.20623779296875,\n 16.673030952138866\n ],\n [\n -89.49737548828124,\n 16.673030952138866\n ],\n [\n -89.49737548828124,\n 16.219949175712056\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"379-380","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5633432be4b048076347eead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahl, David B. 0000-0002-0451-3554 dwahl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0451-3554","contributorId":3433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahl","given":"David","email":"dwahl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Estrada-Belli, Francisco","contributorId":149456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Estrada-Belli","given":"Francisco","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":13500,"text":"Tulane University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":578492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Anderson, Lysanna 0000-0001-5650-9744 landerson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-9744","contributorId":5339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Lysanna","email":"landerson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":578493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70142636,"text":"70142636 - 2015 - The use of wavenumber normalization in computing spatially averaged coherencies (KRSPAC) of microtremor data from asymmetric arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-12T16:24:59","indexId":"70142636","displayToPublicDate":"2013-04-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":18,"text":"Abstract or summary"},"title":"The use of wavenumber normalization in computing spatially averaged coherencies (KRSPAC) of microtremor data from asymmetric arrays","docAbstract":"The SPAC method of processing microtremor noise observations for estimation of Vs profiles has a limitation that the array has circular or triangular symmetry in order to allow spatial (azimuthal) averaging of inter-station coherencies over a constant station separation. Common processing methods allow for station separations to vary by typically ±10% in the azimuthal averaging before degradation of the SPAC spectrum is excessive. A limitation on use of high-wavenumbers in inversions of SPAC spectra to Vs profiles has been the requirement for exact array symmetry to avoid loss of information in the azimuthal averaging step. In this paper we develop a new wavenumber-normalised SPAC method (KRSPAC) where instead of performing averaging of sets of coherency versus frequency spectra and then fitting to a model SPAC spectrum, we interpolate each spectrum to coherency versus k.r, where k and r are wavenumber and station separation respectively, and r may be different for each pair of stations. For fundamental mode Rayleigh-wave energy the model SPAC spectrum to be fitted reduces to Jo(kr). The normalization process changes with each iteration since k is a function of frequency and phase velocity and hence is updated each iteration. The method proves robust and is demonstrated on data acquired in the Santa Clara Valley, CA, (Site STGA) where an asymmetric array having station separations varying by a factor of 2 is compared with a conventional triangular array; a 300-mdeep borehole with a downhole Vs log provides nearby ground truth. The method is also demonstrated on data from the Pleasanton array, CA, where station spacings are irregular and vary from 400 to 1200 m. The KRSPAC method allows inversion of data using kr (unitless) values routinely up to 30, and occasionally up to 60. Thus despite the large and irregular station spacings, this array permits resolution of Vs as fine as 15 m for the near-surface sediments, and down to a maximum depth of 2.5 km.
","conferenceTitle":"SSA 2013","conferenceDate":"17-19 April 2013","conferenceLocation":"Salt Lake City, Utah","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Asten, M., Stephenson, W.J., and Hartzell, S.H., 2015, The use of wavenumber normalization in computing spatially averaged coherencies (KRSPAC) of microtremor data from asymmetric arrays, SSA 2013, Salt Lake City, Utah, 17-19 April 2013, 1 p.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-064051","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311276,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5645c65fe4b0e2669b30f229","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asten, M.W.","contributorId":101952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asten","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":542075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hartzell, Stephen H. 0000-0003-0858-9043 shartzell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-9043","contributorId":2594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartzell","given":"Stephen","email":"shartzell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":542077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70160574,"text":"70160574 - 2015 - Estimating evapotranspiration and groundwater flow from water-table fluctuations for a general wetland scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-23T10:43:19","indexId":"70160574","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-07T11:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1447,"text":"Ecohydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating evapotranspiration and groundwater flow from water-table fluctuations for a general wetland scenario","docAbstract":"The use of diurnal water-table fluctuation methods to calculate evapotranspiration (ET) and groundwater flow is of increasing interest in ecohydrological studies. Most studies of this type, however, have been located in riparian wetlands of semi-arid regions where groundwater levels are consistently below topographic surface elevations and precipitation events are infrequent. Current methodologies preclude application to a wider variety of wetland systems. In this study, we extended a method for estimating sub-daily ET and groundwater flow rates from water-level fluctuations to fit highly dynamic, non-riparian wetland scenarios. Modifications included (1) varying the specific yield to account for periodic flooded conditions and (2) relating empirically derived ET to estimated potential ET for days when precipitation events masked the diurnal signal. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we estimated ET and groundwater fluxes over two growing seasons (2006–2007) in 15 wetlands within a ridge-and-swale wetland complex of the Laurentian Great Lakes under flooded and non-flooded conditions. Mean daily ET rates for the sites ranged from 4.0 mm d−1 to 6.6 mm d−1. Shallow groundwater discharge rates resulting from evaporative demand ranged from 2.5 mm d−1 to 4.3 mm d−1. This study helps to expand our understanding of the evapotranspirative demand of plants under various hydrologic and climate conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","publisherLocation":"Chilchester, UK","doi":"10.1002/eco.1356","usgsCitation":"Carlson Mazur, M.L., Michael J. Wiley, and Douglas A. Wilcox, 2015, Estimating evapotranspiration and groundwater flow from water-table fluctuations for a general wetland scenario: Ecohydrology, v. 7, no. 2, p. 378-390, https://doi.org/10.1002/eco.1356.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"378","endPage":"390","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-039002","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472490,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/106891","text":"External Repository"},{"id":312789,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.34537506103516,\n 44.84613295361055\n ],\n [\n -83.34537506103516,\n 44.862926272208234\n ],\n [\n -83.31516265869139,\n 44.862926272208234\n ],\n [\n -83.31516265869139,\n 44.84613295361055\n ],\n [\n -83.34537506103516,\n 44.84613295361055\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"567bd3bbe4b0a04ef491a1f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson Mazur, Martha L.","contributorId":95377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson Mazur","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":583175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Michael J. Wiley","contributorId":150828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Michael J. Wiley","affiliations":[{"id":18114,"text":"Dept. of Natural Resources & Environment, University of Michigan","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Douglas A. Wilcox","contributorId":150827,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Douglas A. Wilcox","affiliations":[{"id":18113,"text":"Dept. of Environmental Science & Bio, SUNY-College, Brockport","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70162626,"text":"70162626 - 2015 - Geohydrologic and water-quality characterization of a fractured-bedrock test hole in an area of Marcellus shale gas development, Tioga County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-07-29T10:05:36","indexId":"70162626","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":128,"text":"Open-File Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"15-24.0","title":"Geohydrologic and water-quality characterization of a fractured-bedrock test hole in an area of Marcellus shale gas development, Tioga County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"An integrated analysis of core, geophysical logs, gas isotopes, and specific-depth water-quality samples from the Cherry Flats test hole was used to characterize the stratigraphy, water-bearing zones, and groundwater quality at a site in southern Tioga County, Pennsylvania. The study was completed as a cooperative effort between the Pennsylvania Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey (BTGS) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The multi-disciplinary characterization of the test hole provided information to aid the bedrock mapping of the Cherry Flats 7.5-minute quadrangle by BTGS, and to help quantify the depth and character of fresh and saline groundwater in an area of shale-gas exploration.\n The Cherry Flats test hole was cored to a depth of 1,513 feet (ft) below land surface (bls) and cased to 189 ft through the collapsed mine workings of the former Arnot No. 2 underground coal mine. The test hole penetrated\n128.0 ft of Allegheny Formation and 154.1 ft of Pottsville Formation of Pennsylvanian age, 564.8 ft of Huntley Mountain Formation of Mississippian and Devonian age, and 666.3 ft of Catskill Formation of Devonian age. Core recovery was nearly 100 percent, except where\ncomplete core loss occurred from a depth of 1,231.1 to 1,240.8 ft. Several coal beds and mined-out coal horizons were penetrated in the Allegheny and Pottsville Formations. The test hole penetrated the entire thickness of the\nHuntley Mountain Formation and was completed in the middle part of the Catskill Formation.\n Bedding features penetrated by the test hole were estimated to have a strike of 021 degrees and dip about 1.7 degrees to the southeast, consistent\nwith the test-hole location on the north limb of the Blossburg syncline. Most fractures penetrated by the test hole were parallel to bedding, with steeply dipping fractures present but much less common. Fracture density, determined from optical televiewer, acoustic televiewer, and video logs, generally increased with depth from the base of casing to about 400 ft bls, then decreased with depth to the bottom of the hole except for an increase from 506 to 568 ft bls. Very few fractures were penetrated from 600 to 850 ft.\n The depths of fresh and saline water-bearing zones were identified in the test hole by geophysical-log analysis and, for inflow zones, verified by specific-depth groundwater sampling by the use of a wire-line point sampler.\nUnder ambient conditions and during pumping of the test hole, fresh water entered the hole from fractures at 567 and 580.5 ft bls, within grayish-red siltstone and greenish-gray sandstone, respectively, and flowed upward and\nexited at fractures from 303 to 319.5 ft; a very minor amount exited into fractures within coal beds at 240.4 and 252 ft bls. Transmissivity, estimated from analysis of the specific-capacity data and flowmeter logs, was about 18 ft2/d for the fracture zones from 567 to 580.5 ft and 6.7 ft2/d for fracture zones from 240.4 to 252 ft bls. The analysis estimated the hydraulic head of\nthe lower zone and that of the upper flow zone was 8 ft higher and 37 ft lower than the composite water level in the test hole, respectively. Water samples of the freshwater inflow from zones at 567 to 580.5 ft bls had a total dissolved solids concentration of 577 mg/L indicating that these zone are in the lower part of the active groundwater flow system. \n Below the freshwater-bearing zone at 580.5 ft, the flowmeter did not detect any vertical flow in the test hole, and the gradient of the temperature\nlog approached the geothermal gradient, indicating little ambient fluid flow and minimal fracture transmissivity below this depth. However, small seeps of saline water having total dissolved solids concentrations of greater\nthan about 6,200 mg/L at 945 and 946 ft bls, from dark-greenish-gray to greenish-gray silty beds, were delineated by a time series of specific conductancelogs and observed on the video log. A wat","language":"English","publisher":"Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ","collaboration":"Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., Risser, D.W., and Clifford H. Dodge, 2015, Geohydrologic and water-quality characterization of a fractured-bedrock test hole in an area of Marcellus shale gas development, Tioga County, Pennsylvania: Open-File Report 15-24.0, Report: 44 p.; Appendices 4; Supplemental Information.","productDescription":"Report: 44 p.; Appendices 4; Supplemental Information","ipdsId":"IP-057238","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":328421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":366027,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":" https://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20031484.zip"},{"id":314929,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/publications/pgspub/openfile/Geology-OFMI13-01.1/index.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania ","county":"Tioga County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-76.9651,42.0023],[-76.9291,42.0024],[-76.9238,41.9711],[-76.9209,41.9507],[-76.9162,41.918],[-76.9051,41.8466],[-76.9022,41.8257],[-76.9022,41.8248],[-76.8993,41.808],[-76.8987,41.8007],[-76.8976,41.783],[-76.8936,41.7503],[-76.8907,41.7267],[-76.8873,41.6999],[-76.885,41.6781],[-76.8838,41.6717],[-76.8833,41.6681],[-76.8805,41.6363],[-76.8747,41.599],[-76.8747,41.5968],[-76.8772,41.5941],[-76.8932,41.586],[-76.9,41.5842],[-76.9073,41.5824],[-76.9129,41.5815],[-76.9135,41.5815],[-76.9147,41.582],[-76.9159,41.5825],[-76.9172,41.5825],[-76.9202,41.5811],[-76.9233,41.577],[-76.9258,41.5721],[-76.9308,41.5698],[-76.9375,41.5685],[-76.9455,41.5667],[-76.9517,41.5644],[-76.9572,41.5608],[-76.961,41.5559],[-76.9634,41.5522],[-76.999,41.551],[-77.0009,41.5506],[-77.0751,41.5481],[-77.1279,41.5469],[-77.1979,41.5457],[-77.25,41.5449],[-77.2807,41.5445],[-77.2954,41.5441],[-77.315,41.5442],[-77.3335,41.5442],[-77.3512,41.5442],[-77.3905,41.5438],[-77.4034,41.5438],[-77.4801,41.5434],[-77.4813,41.5434],[-77.4868,41.5434],[-77.4997,41.5434],[-77.5193,41.5434],[-77.5978,41.5424],[-77.5991,41.5424],[-77.5997,41.5497],[-77.601,41.5987],[-77.601,41.6128],[-77.6017,41.6437],[-77.6017,41.6518],[-77.603,41.6999],[-77.603,41.7186],[-77.6043,41.7472],[-77.6043,41.7499],[-77.6043,41.7558],[-77.605,41.7944],[-77.605,41.8007],[-77.6056,41.8093],[-77.6056,41.8121],[-77.6057,41.8334],[-77.6063,41.8402],[-77.6076,41.9015],[-77.6076,41.9174],[-77.6077,41.9211],[-77.6096,41.9998],[-77.4394,42.001],[-77.1767,42.0002],[-77.1133,42.001],[-76.9651,42.0023]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Tioga\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":10,"text":"Baltimore PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57d28bade4b0571647d0f932","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, John H. 0000-0002-6054-6908 jhwillia@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6054-6908","contributorId":1553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"John","email":"jhwillia@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Risser, Dennis W. 0000-0001-9597-5406 dwrisser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9597-5406","contributorId":898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risser","given":"Dennis","email":"dwrisser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":589944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clifford H. Dodge","contributorId":152617,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clifford H. Dodge","affiliations":[{"id":18945,"text":"PaDCNR, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":589945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70145811,"text":"70145811 - 2015 - Evaluation of four suture materials for surgical incision closure in Siberian sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-09T09:52:58","indexId":"70145811","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of four suture materials for surgical incision closure in Siberian sturgeon","docAbstract":"The visual and microscopic tissue reactions to the absorbable monofilament Monocryl, absorbable monofilament triclosan-coated Monocryl-Plus, absorbable multifilament Vicryl, and nonabsorbable monofilament Prolene were evaluated for their use of surgical closure in Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baerii. Postoperative assessments were conducted at 1, 2, 8, 12, and 26 and 55 weeks to visually evaluate the surgical incision for suture retention, incision healing, erythema, and swelling. Incisions were also assessed microscopically at 1, 2, and 8 weeks for necrosis, inflammation, hemorrhage, and fibroplasia. The results indicated that incisions closed with either Vicryl or Prolene suture materials were more likely to exhibit more erythema or incomplete healing compared with those closed with Monocryl or Monocryl-Plus. The surgical implantation of a transmitter in the coelomic cavity did not significantly affect the response variables among the four suture materials. Monocryl or Monocryl-Plus were equally effective and superior to other suture materials used for closing surgical incisions in Siberian Sturgeon or closely related species of sturgeon. Furthermore, Monocryl or Monocryl-Plus may decrease the risk of transmitter expulsion through the incision, as surgical wounds appear to heal faster and exhibit less erythema compared with those closed with Vicryl.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2013.763857","collaboration":"Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forestry & Nat Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA; US Fish and Wildlife Service; Georgia Department of Natural Resources; University of Georgia; USGS","usgsCitation":"Boone, S.S., Hernandez, S.M., Camus, A., Peterson, D.C., Jennings, C.A., Shelton, J.L., and Divers, S.J., 2015, Evaluation of four suture materials for surgical incision closure in Siberian sturgeon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 142, no. 3, p. 649-659, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.763857.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"649","endPage":"659","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-040512","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299537,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"142","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-03-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527a2aee4b026915857c84c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, S. Shaun","contributorId":140153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shaun","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hernandez, Sonia M.","contributorId":104367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hernandez","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Camus, Alvin C.","contributorId":52908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Camus","given":"Alvin C.","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Douglas C.","contributorId":140154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shelton, James L.","contributorId":85319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shelton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Divers, Stephen J.","contributorId":112971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Divers","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70145810,"text":"70145810 - 2015 - Pathologic and physiologic effects associated with long-term intracoelomic transmitters in captive Siberian sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T14:03:43","indexId":"70145810","displayToPublicDate":"2013-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pathologic and physiologic effects associated with long-term intracoelomic transmitters in captive Siberian sturgeon","docAbstract":"Intracoelomic transmitters are commonly used to evaluate migratory patterns, distribution, and habitat use of many species of fish. Currently, transmitter implantation relies mostly on the assumption that transmitters do not cause any adverse physiological or pathological effects on the animal. To investigate these effects, we surgically implanted 60 Siberian Sturgeon Acipenser baeri with transmitters that weighed less than 2% of their body weight. Postoperative assessments were conducted at 1, 2, 8, 12, 26, and 55 weeks to evaluate surgical healing and transmitter retention. Blood samples were collected before and after the 55-week study for serum cortisol analysis. Overall transmitter loss was 32%. Minor to moderate adhesions were noted at necropsy but did not appear to affect organ function. One fish was noted to have an intraintestinal transmitter at necropsy, but the fish was in overall good health. Long-term transmitter presence does not appear to increase serum cortisol levels or affect overall growth more than nontransmitter fish. Although long-term telemetry studies can be undertaken with minimal concern for negative physiological or pathological effects from transmitters, researchers should be aware that transmitter loss rates may be higher than previously thought. Mechanisms for transmitter loss may include expulsion through the surgical incision, expulsion through the mucocutaneous junction between the large intestine and the vent, or intraintestinal capture and expulsion through the vent. Received February 10, 2013; accepted June 10, 2013
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/02755947.2013.815668","usgsCitation":"Boone, S.S., Divers, S.J., Camus, A., Peterson, D.C., Jennings, C.A., Shelton, J.L., and Hernandez, S.M., 2015, Pathologic and physiologic effects associated with long-term intracoelomic transmitters in captive Siberian sturgeon: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 33, no. 5, p. 869-877, https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2013.815668.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"869","endPage":"877","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037650","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299538,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-08-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5527a2b3e4b026915857c854","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, S. Shaun","contributorId":140153,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boone","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Shaun","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Divers, Stephen J.","contributorId":112971,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Divers","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Camus, Alvin C.","contributorId":52908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Camus","given":"Alvin C.","affiliations":[{"id":12697,"text":"University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterson, Douglas C.","contributorId":140154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shelton, James L.","contributorId":85319,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shelton","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hernandez, Sonia M.","contributorId":104367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hernandez","given":"Sonia","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13267,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":544495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70156831,"text":"70156831 - 2015 - Sequence stratigraphic framework of upper pliocene to holocene sediments of the Los Angeles Basin, California: Implications for aquifer architecture","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T13:24:26","indexId":"70156831","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"seriesNumber":"12","title":"Sequence stratigraphic framework of upper pliocene to holocene sediments of the Los Angeles Basin, California: Implications for aquifer architecture","docAbstract":"Executive Summary\nGroundwater provides more than one-third of the municipal water supply for the coastal Los Angeles Basin and defining the aquifer architecture is a high priority for ground-water managers. Sequence stratigraphy,\nthe state-of-the-art method for delineating reservoir geometry and continuity in the petroleum industry, is now being incorporated into ground water resource assessments and environmental investigations. By\nevaluating subsurface data using sequence stratigraphy, the geometry and distribution of aquifer and aquitard sediments are linked to the original depositional processes that formed the sediments. Skyline Ridge, Inc.,\nthe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Los Angeles County Department of Public Works (LACDPW) and the Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRDSC) completed an\ninvestigation of the Wilmington – Long Beach area by integrating data from new exploratory research boreholes, marine reflection seismic, vintage land reflection seismic, and high-resolution gravity measurements.\nSequence stratigraphy is shown to define pathways for saltwater intrusion into freshwater coastal aquifers by integrating preexisting data with (1) the new borehole observations and (2) structural and physical\nproperties data derived from the geophysical measurements.\nBy constructing a series of seismic reflection and well log cross sections (presented as sheets), this investigation further defines and delineates ten sequences of Late Pliocene to Holocene age in the Wilmington –\nLong Beach area of the Los Angeles Basin. These sequences were first described by Ponti and others (2007), and the implications for sea water intrusion was discussed by Edwards and others (2009a). In addition,\nthis investigation presents regional seismic facies – environment of deposition maps for the five youngest sequences: 1) the Dominquez Sequence; 2) the Mesa Sequence; 3) the Pacific Sequence; the Harbor\nSequence; and 4) the Bent Spring Sequence.\nThe stratigraphic framework established in the Wilmington – Long Beach area is extended into the Central Basin of the greater Los Angeles area by utilizing 1980s and older vintage petroleum exploration land\nseismic reflection data. Tying this data to the available groundwater monitoring well network in the Central and West Coast Basins demonstrate aquifer correlation problems, and may provide insights into\nestablishing a more robust groundwater model for the greater Los Angeles Basin area.","language":"English","publisher":"Pacific Section, SEPM, Society for Sedimentary Geology","usgsCitation":"Ehman, K.D., Edwards, B.D., and Ponti, D.J., 2015, Sequence stratigraphic framework of upper pliocene to holocene sediments of the Los Angeles Basin, California: Implications for aquifer architecture, 49 p.","productDescription":"49 p.","ipdsId":"IP-042898","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341072,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341071,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pacificsectionsepm.org/?page_id=84"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591426c0e4b0e541a03e961a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ehman, Kenneth D.","contributorId":64745,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ehman","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":570743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ponti, Daniel J. 0000-0002-2437-5144 dponti@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-5144","contributorId":1020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ponti","given":"Daniel","email":"dponti@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":570742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70157255,"text":"70157255 - 2015 - Deep-Water Acoustic Anomalies from Methane Hydrate in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-10T10:39:13","indexId":"70157255","displayToPublicDate":"2012-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"title":"Deep-Water Acoustic Anomalies from Methane Hydrate in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"A recent expedition to the central Bering Sea, one of the most remote locations in the world, has yielded observations confirming gas and gas hydrates in this deep ocean basin. Significant sound speed anomalies found using inversion of pre-stack seismic data are observed in association with variable seismic amplitude anomalies in the thick sediment column. The anomalously low sound speeds below the inferred base of methane hydrate stability indicate the presence of potentially large quantities of gas-phase methane associated with each velocity-amplitude anomaly (VAMP). The data acquired are of such high quality that quantitative estimates of the concentrations of gas hydrates in the upper few hundred meters of sediment are also possible, and analyses are under way to make these estimates. Several VAMPs were specifically targeted in this survey; others were crossed incidentally. Indications of many dozens or hundreds of these features exist throughout the portion of the Bering Sea relevant to the U.S. extended continental shelf (ECS) consistent with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Background: Surface waters are the lowest points in the landscape, and therefore serve as excellent integrators and indicators of changes taking place in the surrounding terrestrial and atmospheric environment.
Aims: Here we synthesise the findings of limnological studies conducted during the past 15 years in streams and lakes in the Green Lakes Valley, which is part of the Niwot Ridge Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) Site.
Methods: The importance of these studies is discussed in the context of aquatic ecosystems as indicators, integrators, and regulators of environmental change. Specifically, investigations into climatic, hydrologic, and nutrient controls on present-day phytoplankton, and historical diatom, community composition in the alpine lake, Green Lake 4, are reviewed. In addition, studies of spatial and temporal patterns in dissolved organic matter (DOM) biogeochemistry and reactive transport modelling that have taken place in the Green Lakes Valley are highlighted.
Results and conclusions: The findings of these studies identify specific shifts in algal community composition and DOM biogeochemistry that are indicative of changing environmental conditions and provide a framework for detecting future environmental change in the Green Lakes Valley and in other alpine watersheds. Moreover, the studies summarised here demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring programmes such as the LTER programme.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","publisherLocation":"Philadelphia, PA","doi":"10.1080/17550874.2012.738255","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.P., and McKnight, D.M., 2015, Limnology of the Green Lakes Valley: Phytoplankton ecology and dissolved organic matter biogeochemistry at a long-term ecological research site: Plant Ecology and Diversity, v. 8, no. 5-6, p. 689-702, https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.738255.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"689","endPage":"702","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-031288","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":263885,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Green Lakes Valley","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -105.301758,39.964069 ], [ -105.301758,40.094551 ], [ -105.178197,40.094551 ], [ -105.178197,39.964069 ], [ -105.301758,39.964069 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"8","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50c4618fe4b0e44331d07170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Matthew P. 0000-0002-2537-1823 mamiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1823","contributorId":3919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Matthew","email":"mamiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":469939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":469940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70148157,"text":"70148157 - 2015 - East versus West: organic contaminant differences in brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs from South Carolina, USA and the Gulf of California, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-27T11:19:05","indexId":"70148157","displayToPublicDate":"2012-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"East versus West: organic contaminant differences in brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs from South Carolina, USA and the Gulf of California, Mexico","docAbstract":"Brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) were listed as endangered in the United States in 1970, largely due to reproductive failure and mortality caused by organochlorine contaminants, such as DDT. The southeast population, P.o. carolinensis, was delisted in 1985, while the west coast population, P.o. californicus, was not delisted until 2009. As fish-eating coastal seabirds, brown pelicans may serve as a biomonitors. Organic contaminants were examined in brown pelican eggs collected from the Gulf of California in 2004 and South Carolina in 2005 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Contaminants were compared using all individual data as well as statistically pooled samples to provide similar sample sizes with little difference in results. Principal components analysis separated the Gulf of California brown pelican eggs from the South Carolina eggs based on contaminant patterns. The South Carolina population had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlordanes, dieldrin and mirex, while the Gulf of California eggs had higher levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). With the exception of dieldrin and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 47, this pattern was observed for mussel and oyster tissues from these regions, indicating the need for further study into the differences between east and west coast brown pelican populations and ecosystem contamination patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.055","usgsCitation":"Vander Pol, S.S., Anderson, D.W., Jodice, P.G., and Stuckey, J.E., 2015, East versus West: organic contaminant differences in brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) eggs from South Carolina, USA and the Gulf of California, Mexico: Science of the Total Environment, v. 438, p. 527-532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.055.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"527","endPage":"532","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032596","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":300852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n 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approaches","docAbstract":"Over the 20th century, surface water temperatures have increased in many lake ecosystems around the world, but long-term trends in the vertical thermal structure of lakes remain unclear, despite the strong control that thermal stratification exerts on the biological response of lakes to climate change. Here we used both neo- and paleoecological approaches to develop a fossil-based inference model for lake mixing depths and thereby refine understanding of lake thermal structure change. We focused on three common planktonic diatom taxa, the distributions of which previous research suggests might be affected by mixing depth. Comparative lake surveys and growth rate experiments revealed that these species respond to lake thermal structure when nitrogen is sufficient, with species optima ranging from shallower to deeper mixing depths. The diatom-based mixing depth model was applied to sedimentary diatom profiles extending back to 1750 AD in two lakes with moderate nitrate concentrations but differing climate settings. Thermal reconstructions were consistent with expected changes, with shallower mixing depths inferred for an alpine lake where treeline has advanced, and deeper mixing depths inferred for a boreal lake where wind strength has increased. The inference model developed here provides a new tool to expand and refine understanding of climate-induced changes in lake ecosystems.
Evidence suggests that a crypto-explosive hypothesis and a meteorite impact hypothesis may be partly correct in explaining several anomalous geological features in the middle of the United States. We used a primary geographic information science (GIScience) technique of creating a digital elevation model (DEM) of two of these features that occur in Missouri. The DEMs were derived from airborne light detection and ranging, or LiDAR. Using these DEMs, we characterized the Crooked Creek structure in southern Crawford County and the Weaubleau structure in southeastern St. Clair County, Missouri. The mensuration and study of exposed and buried impact craters implies that the craters may have intrinsic dimensions which could only be produced by collision. The results show elevations varying between 276 and 348 m for Crooked Creek and between 220 and 290 m for Weaubleau structure. These new high- resolution DEMs are accurate enough to allow for precise measurements and better interpretations of geological structures, particularly jointing in the carbonate rocks, and they show greater definition of the central uplift area in the Weaubleau structure than publicly available DEMs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for Geodetic Surveying, Geographic and Land Information Society","usgsCitation":"Finn, M.P., Krizanich, G.W., Evans, K.R., Cox, M.R., and Yamamoto, K.H., 2015, Visualizing impact structures using high-resolution LiDAR-derived DEMs: A case study of two structures in Missouri: Surveying and Land Information Science, v. 72, no. 2, p. 87-97.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"97","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-033594","costCenters":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311208,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311207,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nsps/salis/2012/00000072/00000002/art00005?crawler=true"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Crawford County, St. Clair County","otherGeospatial":"Crooked Creek, Weableau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.6859130859375,\n 37.79676317682161\n ],\n [\n -93.6859130859375,\n 37.98425724185128\n ],\n [\n -93.4332275390625,\n 37.98425724185128\n ],\n [\n -93.4332275390625,\n 37.79676317682161\n ],\n [\n -93.6859130859375,\n 37.79676317682161\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.09819030761717,\n 37.32430451813815\n ],\n [\n -90.09819030761717,\n 37.499920931273685\n ],\n [\n -89.83932495117188,\n 37.499920931273685\n ],\n [\n -89.83932495117188,\n 37.32430451813815\n ],\n [\n -90.09819030761717,\n 37.32430451813815\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"72","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5645c65fe4b0e2669b30f230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Finn, Michael P. 0000-0003-0415-2194 mfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-2194","contributorId":2657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Michael","email":"mfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krizanich, Gary W.","contributorId":98390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krizanich","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, Kevin R.","contributorId":35724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":579213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cox, Melissa R.","contributorId":149711,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cox","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":16806,"text":"Missouri State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yamamoto, Kristina H. khyamamoto@usgs.gov","contributorId":4490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamamoto","given":"Kristina","email":"khyamamoto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70159988,"text":"70159988 - 2015 - Clostridium botulinum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T08:38:12","indexId":"70159988","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T09:45:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Clostridium botulinum","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Infectious Diseases","language":"English","publisher":"Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas","publisherLocation":"Medellín, Colombia","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T.E., and Abbott, R.C., 2015, Clostridium botulinum, chap. of Infectious Diseases, 25 p.","productDescription":"25 p.","numberOfPages":"25","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-027927","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311981,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5666bbcbe4b06a3ea36c8b0e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abbott, Rachel C. 0000-0003-4820-9295 rabbott@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4820-9295","contributorId":1183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Rachel","email":"rabbott@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":581436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70005721,"text":"ofr20111158 - 2015 - How to build and teach with QuakeCaster: an earthquake demonstration and exploration tool","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-14T10:19:50","indexId":"ofr20111158","displayToPublicDate":"2011-10-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2011-1158","title":"How to build and teach with QuakeCaster: an earthquake demonstration and exploration tool","docAbstract":"QuakeCaster is an interactive, hands-on teaching model that simulates earthquakes and their interactions along a plate-boundary fault. QuakeCaster contains the minimum number of physical processes needed to demonstrate most observable earthquake features. A winch to steadily reel in a line simulates the steady plate tectonic motions far from the plate boundaries. A granite slider in frictional contact with a nonskid rock-like surface simulates a fault at a plate boundary. A rubber band connecting the line to the slider simulates the elastic character of the Earth’s crust. By stacking and unstacking sliders and cranking in the winch, one can see the results of changing the shear stress and the clamping stress on a fault. By placing sliders in series with rubber bands between them, one can simulate the interaction of earthquakes along a fault, such as cascading or toggling shocks. By inserting a load scale into the line, one can measure the stress acting on the fault throughout the earthquake cycle. As observed for real earthquakes, QuakeCaster events are not periodic, time-predictable, or slip-predictable. QuakeCaster produces rare but unreliable “foreshocks.” When fault gouge builds up, the friction goes to zero and fault creep is seen without large quakes. QuakeCaster events produce very small amounts of fault gouge that strongly alter its behavior, resulting in smaller, more frequent shocks as the gouge accumulates. QuakeCaster is designed so that students or audience members can operate it and record its output. With a stopwatch and ruler one can measure and plot the timing, slip distance, and force results of simulated earthquakes. People of all ages can use the QuakeCaster model to explore hypotheses about earthquake occurrence. QuakeCaster takes several days and about $500.00 in materials to build.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20111158","usgsCitation":"Linton, K., and Stein, R.S., 2015, How to build and teach with QuakeCaster: an earthquake demonstration and exploration tool (Version 1.0: September 29, 2011; Version 1.1: March 3, 2015): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1158, Report: iv, 38 p.; Videos; Audio; Transcript, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20111158.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 38 p.; Videos; Audio; Transcript","numberOfPages":"44","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298271,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20111158.gif"},{"id":298270,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1158/of2011-1158_transcript.pdf","text":"Transcript","size":"100 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Transcript"},{"id":298269,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1158/audio","text":"Audio","description":"Audio","linkHelpText":"both full and trailer for the visually impaired"},{"id":94390,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":298267,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1158/ofr2011-1158v1.1.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":298268,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1158/video","text":"Videos","description":"Videos","linkHelpText":"both full (~11 minutes) and trailer (~1 minutes) each in two sizes and two formats"}],"country":"United States","edition":"Version 1.0: September 29, 2011; Version 1.1: March 3, 2015","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629fbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Linton, Kelsey","contributorId":16563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Linton","given":"Kelsey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":353114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stein, Ross S. 0000-0001-7586-3933 rstein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7586-3933","contributorId":2604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"Ross","email":"rstein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":353113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70154914,"text":"70154914 - 2015 - Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-08T14:18:32","indexId":"70154914","displayToPublicDate":"2011-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2015","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants)","docAbstract":"Probably the single most eye-catching aspect of the current volume is the explosion of species recognized in the family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants). In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World listed 143 species in 50 genera of Bovidae. That list, prepared by the late Peter Grubb, was somewhat traditional and provisional, as he was engaged with his long-time colleague, Colin Groves, in a substantial revision of ungulate taxonomy. Their work, which will be published later this year, is the culmination of years of study of this important and wide-ranging family by these two venerable authorities. Colin Groves is the lead author for Bovidae in this volume of HMW, and in it we recognize all 279 species in 54 genera that are documented in his and Peter Grubb’s ground-breaking work.
At the root of this expanded number of recognized species is our changing view of the modern species concept. Like a growing number of taxonomists, Groves favors a phylogenetic species concept, which he defines as the smallest population or aggregation of populations that has fixed heritable differences from other such populations or aggregations. This is in contrast to the traditional biological species concept, which requires reproductive isolation between such populations. The difficulty in determining that reproductive isolation led to an underrepresentation of the number of species in many groups. Clearly there remain problems in determining which differences between populations are heritable, and the system used here undoubtedly will continue to be tweaked as our understanding grows. For now, this greatly expanded version of Bovidae species limits seems the best answer. One of the goals of HMW is to provide an up-to-date summary of the conservation status for every species of mammal, and this expanded species concept better enables us to explore the true conservation situation of each.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of Mammals of the World, Vol. II Hoofed Mammals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lynx Edicions","isbn":"978-84-96553-77-4","usgsCitation":"Groves, C.P., Leslie, D., Huffman, B.A., Valdez, R., Habibi, K., Weinberg, P., Burton, J., Jarman, P., and Robichaud, W., 2015, Family Bovidae (Hollow-horned Ruminants), chap. of Handbook of Mammals of the World, Vol. II Hoofed Mammals, v. 2.","ipdsId":"IP-027479","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340936,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340935,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.lynxeds.com/hmw/handbook-mammals-world-volume-2"}],"volume":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591183b5e4b0e541a03c1a6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Groves, Colin P.","contributorId":145759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Groves","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leslie, David M. 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Using a small number of habitat samples to predict the habitat of larger areas can reduce time and labor costs as long as it provides accurate estimates of habitat. The spatial correlation of stream habitat variables such as substrate and depth improves the accuracy of interpolated data. Several geographical information system interpolation methods (natural neighbor, inverse distance weighted, ordinary kriging, spline, and universal kriging) were used to predict substrate and depth within a 210.7-m2 section of a second-order stream based on 2.5% and 5.0% sampling of the total area. Depth and substrate were recorded for the entire study site and compared with the interpolated values to determine the accuracy of the predictions. In all instances, the 5% interpolations were more accurate for both depth and substrate than the 2.5% interpolations, which achieved accuracies up to 95% and 92%, respectively. Interpolations of depth based on 2.5% sampling attained accuracies of 49–92%, whereas those based on 5% percent sampling attained accuracies of 57–95%. Natural neighbor interpolation was more accurate than that using the inverse distance weighted, ordinary kriging, spline, and universal kriging approaches. Our findings demonstrate the effective use of minimal amounts of small-scale data for the interpolation of habitat over large areas of a stream channel. Use of this method will provide time and cost savings in the assessment of large sections of rivers as well as functional maps to aid the habitat-based management of aquatic species.
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