{"pageNumber":"1307","pageRowStart":"32650","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70018084,"text":"70018084 - 1996 - Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:39:59","indexId":"70018084","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals","docAbstract":"<p>Detailed vertical sampling is useful in aquifers where vertical mixing is limited and steep vertical gradients in chemical concentrations are expected. Samples can be collected at closely spaced vertical intervals from nested wells with short screened intervals. However, this approach may not be appropriate in all situations. An easy-to-construct and easy-to-install multiport sampling well to collect ground-water samples from closely spaced vertical intervals was developed and tested. The multiport sampling well was designed to sample ground water from surficial sand-and-gravel aquifers. The device consists of multiple stainless-steel tubes within a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) protective casing. The tubes protrude through the wall of the PVC casing at the desired sampling depths. A peristaltic pump is used to collect ground-water samples from the sampling ports. The difference in hydraulic head between any two sampling ports can be measured with a vacuum pump and a modified manometer. The usefulness and versatility of this multiport well design was demonstrated at an agricultural research site near Princeton, Minnesota where sampling ports were installed to a maximum depth of about 12 m below land surface. Tracer experiments were conducted using potassium bromide to document the degree to which short-circuiting occurred between sampling ports. Samples were successfully collected for analysis of major cations and anions, nutrients, selected herbicides, isotopes, dissolved gases, and chlorofluorcarbon concentrations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02176.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 1996, Multiport well design for sampling of ground water at closely spaced vertical intervals: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1098-1104, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02176.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1098","endPage":"1104","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228745,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.69415283203125,\n              45.50923415869288\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.69415283203125,\n              45.630365250117606\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.47785949707031,\n              45.630365250117606\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.47785949707031,\n              45.50923415869288\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.69415283203125,\n              45.50923415869288\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6093e4b0c8380cd71557","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018090,"text":"70018090 - 1996 - Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:41:46.464107","indexId":"70018090","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA)","docAbstract":"The structures and textures of the rhyolite in the Mule Creek vent (New Mexico, USA) indicate mechanisms by which volatiles escape from silicic magma during eruption. The vent outcrop is a 300-m-high canyon wall comprising a section through the top of a feeder conduit, vent and the base of an extrusive lava dome. Field relations show that eruption began with an explosive phase and ended with lava extrusion. Analyses of glass inclusions in quartz phenocrysts from the lava indicate that the magma had a pre-eruptive dissolved water content of 2.5-3.0 wt% and, during eruption, the magma would have been water-saturated over the vertical extent of the present outcrop. However, the vesicularity of the rhyolite is substantially lower than that predicted from closed-system models of vesiculation under equilibrium conditions. At a given elevation in the vent, the volume fraction of primary vesicles in the rhyolite increases from zero close to the vent margin to values of 20-40 vol.% in the central part. In the centre the vesicularity increases upward from approximately 20 vol.% at 300 m below the canyon rim to approximately 40 vol.% at 200 m, above which it shows little increase. To account for the discrepancy between observed vesicularity and measured water content, we conclude that gas escaped during ascent, probably beginning at depths greater than exposed, by flow through the vesicular magma. Gas escape was most efficient near the vent margin, and we postulate that this is due both to the slow ascent of magma there, giving the most time for gas to escape, and to shear, favouring bubble coalescence. Such shear-related permeability in erupting magma is supported by the preserved distribution of textures and vesicularity in the rhyolite: Vesicles are flattened and overlapping near the dense margins and become progressively more isolated and less deformed toward the porous centre. Local zones have textures which suggest the coalescence of bubbles to form permeable, collapsing foams, implying the former existence of channels for gas migration. Local channelling of gas into the country rocks is suggested by the presence of sub-horizontal syn-eruptive rhyolitic tuffisite veins which depart from the vent margin and invade the adjacent country rock. In the central part of the vent, similar local channelling of gas is indicated by steep syn-eruption tuffisite veins which cut the rhyolite itself. We conclude that the suppression of explosive eruption resulted from gas separation from the ascending magma and vent structure by shear-related porous flow and channelling of gas through tuffisite veins. These mechanisms of gas loss may be responsible for the commonly observed transition from explosive to effusive behaviour during the eruption of silicic magma.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050130","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Stasiuk, M., Barclay, J., Carroll, M., Jaupart, C., Ratte, J., Sparks, R.S., and Tait, S., 1996, Degassing during magma ascent in the Mule Creek vent (USA): Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 58, no. 2-3, p. 117-130, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050130.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"117","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228836,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.7428107733331,\n              34.53146847515252\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7428107733331,\n              32.53988632780053\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.39698557802087,\n              32.53988632780053\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.39698557802087,\n              34.53146847515252\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.7428107733331,\n              34.53146847515252\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe50e4b0c8380cd4ec75","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stasiuk, M.V.","contributorId":107055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stasiuk","given":"M.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barclay, J.","contributorId":41168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barclay","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carroll, M.R.","contributorId":10181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carroll","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jaupart, Claude","contributorId":73361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaupart","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ratte, J.C.","contributorId":10416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratte","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sparks, R. S. J.","contributorId":46686,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Tait, S.R.","contributorId":39961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tait","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70018091,"text":"70018091 - 1996 - Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:53:29","indexId":"70018091","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal","docAbstract":"Ground-water withdrawal from a confined or semiconfined aquifer causes three-dimensional deformation in the pumped aquifer and in adjacent layers (overlying and underlying aquifers and aquitards). In response to the deformation, hydraulic head in the adjacent layers could rise or fall almost immediately after the start of pumping. This deformation-induced effect suggest that an adjacent layer undergoes horizontal compression and vertical extension when pumping begins. Hydraulic head initially drops in a region near the well and close to the pumped aquifer, but rises outside this region. Magnitude of head change varies from a few centimeters to more than 10 centimeters. Factors that influence the development of deformation-induced effects includes matrix rigidity (shear modulus), the arrangement of aquifer and aquitards, their thicknesses, and proximity to land surface. Induced rise in hydraulic head is prominent in an aquitard that extends from land surface to a shallow pumped aquifer. Induced drop in hydraulic head is likely observed close to the well in an aquifer that is separated from the pumped aquifer by a relatively thin aquitard. Induced effects might last for hours in an aquifer, but could persist for many days in an aquitard. Induced effects are eventually dissipated by fluid flow from regions of higher head to regions of lower head, and by propagation of drawdown from the pumped aquifer into adjacent layers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02174.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 1996, Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1082-1089, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02174.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1082","endPage":"1089","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4ee4b0c8380cd4ec66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018100,"text":"70018100 - 1996 - Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:17:39","indexId":"70018100","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan","docAbstract":"This study investigates 31 years of fumarole gas and condensate (trace elements) data from Showa-Shinzan, a dacitic dome-cryptodome complex that formed during the 1943-1945 eruption of Usu volcano. Forty-two gas samples were collected from the highest-temperature fumarole, named A-1, from 1954 (800??C) to 1985 (336??C), and from lower-temperature vents. Condensates were collected contemporaneously with the gas samples, and we reanalyzed ten of these samples, mostly from the A-1 vent, for 32 cations and three anions. Modeling using the thermochemical equilibrium program, SOLVGAS, shows that the gas samples are mild disequilibrium mixtures because they: (a) contain unequilibrated sedimentary CH4 and NH3; (b) have unequilibrated meteoric water; or (c) lost CO, either by air oxidation or by absorption by the sodium hydroxide sampling solution. SOLVGAS also enabled us to restore the samples by removing these disequilibrium effects, and to estimate their equilibrium oxygen fugacities and amounts of S2 and CH4. The restored compositions contain > 98% H2O with minor to trace amounts of CO2, H2, HCl, SO2, HF, H2S, CO, S2 and CH4. We used the restored gas and condensate data to test the hypotheses that these time-series compositional data from the dome's fumaroles provide: (1) sufficient major-gas data to analyze long-term degassing trends of the dome's magma-hydrothermal system without the influence of sampling or contamination effects; (2) independent oxygen fugacity-versus-temperature estimates of the Showa-Shinzan dacite; (3) the order of release of trace elements, especially metals, from magma; and (4) useful information for assessing volcanic hazards. The 1954-1985 restored A-1 gas compositions confirm the first hypothesis because they are sufficient to reveal three long-term degassing trends: (1) they became increasingly H2O-rich with time due to the progressive influx of meteoric water into the dome; (2) their C/S and S/Cl ratios decreased dramatically while their Cl/F ratios stayed roughly constant, indicating the progressive outgassing of less soluble components (F ??? Cl > S > C) from the magma reservoir; and (3) their H2O/H2, CO2/CO and H2S/SO2 ratios increased significantly in concert with equilibrium changes expected for the ??? 500??C temperature drop. When plotted against reciprocal temperature, the restored-gas log oxygen fugacities follow a tight linear trend from < NNO + 0.5 at > 800??C to NNO + 2.5 at ??? 400??C. This trend largely disproves the second hypothesis because the oxygen fugacities for the < 800??C restored gases can only be explained by mixing of hot magmatic gases with ??? 350??C steam from superheated meteoric water. But above 800??C this trend intersects the opposing linear trend for other Usu eruptive products, implying a log oxygen fugacity of -11.45 at 902??C for the Showa-Shinzan magma. The time-series trace-element data also disprove the third hypothesis because rock- and incrustation-particle contaminants in the condensates account for most of the trace-element variation. Nonetheless, highly volatile elements like B and As are relatively unaffected by this particle contamination, and they show similar time-series trends as Cl and F. Finally, except for infrequent sampling around the 1977 Usu eruption, the results generally confirm the fourth hypothesis, since the time-series trends for the major gases and selected trace elements indicate that, with time, the system cooled, degassed and was infiltrated by meteoric water, all of which are positive signs that volcanic activity declined over the 31-year history. This study also suggests that second boiling of shallow magma within and possibly beneath the cryptodome sustained magmatic degassing for at least 20 years after emplacement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Symonds, R., Mizutani, Y., and Briggs, P., 1996, Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 177-211.","startPage":"177","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4990e4b0c8380cd68706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mizutani, Y.","contributorId":78609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizutani","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018107,"text":"70018107 - 1996 - Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:10:07","indexId":"70018107","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil","docAbstract":"The effect of flow on release rates of solutes from soil in a 39-m2 alpine catchment in the Colorado Rockies was measured during the summers of 1990-1994. Flow rates through the soil were varied by augmenting natural rainfall with deionized irrigation water. Daily water inputs averaged between 96 and 216 1 day-1 during the five field seasons, and mean discharge (inputs minus evapotranspiration) varied from 35 to 175 1 day-1. Volume-weighted mean concentrations of base cations and silica decreased only moderately in response to the increased water inputs. Input fluxes of solutes in precipitation were similar in each of the study seasons, but output fluxes of base cations and silica in surface outflow increased substantially in conjunction with the average water input rate for the season. Weathering rates calculated from the chemical fluxes increased substantially in response to increases in water input rates. The increases appear to be largely attributable to enhanced transport of solutes from the soil matrix under high flow conditions. At high flow, physical flushing of micropores presumably occurs to a greater extent than during low-flow periods because of greater soil wetness and higher hydrologic head. Increased flushing would also cause an increased rate of diffusion of solutes from microcracks in mineral surfaces and constricted pore spaces in response to an increased concentration gradient between those regions and adjacent areas in the soil matrix. Another consequence of the increased flushing that occurs during periods of high flow is that concentrations throughout the soil matrix tend to be lower, which might increase chemical weathering rates of some silicate minerals such as microcline, which are relatively close to saturation. Decreased Si concentrations under high-flow conditions appear to promote dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicates or desorption of Si from mineral surfaces, buffering Si concentrations in the soil solutions. Thus, both physical transport of solutes and subsequent chemical effects appear to be responsible for the positive relation observed between fluxes of weathering products and water input rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., and Drever, J., 1996, Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil: Chemical Geology, v. 132, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 131-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4.","startPage":"131","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266045,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfbee4b08c986b32ea9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drever, J.I.","contributorId":58407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drever","given":"J.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018113,"text":"70018113 - 1996 - Spatial partitioning of environmental correlates of avian biodiversity in the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-16T18:21:56","indexId":"70018113","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1005,"text":"Biodiversity Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial partitioning of environmental correlates of avian biodiversity in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used to create hierarchically organized models of the distribution of bird species richness across the conterminous United States. Species richness data were taken from the Breeding Bird Survey and were related to climatic and land use data. We used a systematic spatial grid of approximately 12,500 hexagons, each approximately 640 square kilometres in area. Within each hexagon land use was characterized by the Loveland et al. land cover classification based on Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from NOAA polar orbiting meteorological satellites. These data were aggregated to yield fourteen land classes equivalent to an Anderson level II coverage; urban areas were added from the Digital Chart of the World. Each hexagon was characterized by climate data and landscape pattern metrics calculated from the land cover. A CART model then related the variation in species richness across the 1162 hexagons for which bird species richness data were available to the independent variables, yielding an R2-type goodness of fit metric of 47.5% deviance explained. The resulting model recognized eleven groups of hexagons, with species richness within each group determined by unique sequences of hierarchically constrained independent variables. Within the hierarchy, climate data accounted for more variability in the bird data, followed by land cover proportion, and then pattern metrics. The model was then used to predict species richness in all 12,500 hexagons of the conterminous United States yielding a map of the distribution of these eleven classes of bird species richness as determined by the environmental correlates. The potential for using this technique to interface biogeographic theory with the hierarchy theory of ecology is discussed. ?? 1996 Blackwell Science Ltd.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2999723","issn":"09679952","usgsCitation":"O’Connor, R., Jones, M., White, D., Hunsaker, C., Loveland, T., Jones, B., and Preston, E., 1996, Spatial partitioning of environmental correlates of avian biodiversity in the conterminous United States: Biodiversity Letters, v. 3, no. 3, p. 97-110, https://doi.org/10.2307/2999723.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"110","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b948fe4b08c986b31ab77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Connor, R.J.","contributorId":37861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, M.T.","contributorId":71712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, D.","contributorId":39103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hunsaker, C.","contributorId":49540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunsaker","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Loveland, Tom 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":79645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jones, Bruce","contributorId":178280,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jones","given":"Bruce","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36810,"text":"U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":378512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Preston, E.","contributorId":93648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70018114,"text":"70018114 - 1996 - Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018114","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models","docAbstract":"In simulation modelling, it is desirable to quantify model uncertainties and provide not only point estimates for output variables but confidence intervals as well. Spatially distributed physical and ecological process models are becoming widely used, with runs being made over a grid of points that represent the landscape. This requires input values at each grid point, which often have to be interpolated from irregularly scattered measurement sites, e.g., weather stations. Interpolation introduces spatially varying errors which propagate through the model We extended established uncertainty analysis methods to a spatial domain for quantifying spatial patterns of input variable interpolation errors and how they propagate through a model to affect the uncertainty of the model output. We applied this to a model of potential evapotranspiration (PET) as a demonstration. We modelled PET for three time periods in 1990 as a function of temperature, humidity, and wind on a 10-km grid across the U.S. portion of the Columbia River Basin. Temperature, humidity, and wind speed were interpolated using kriging from 700- 1000 supporting data points. Kriging standard deviations (SD) were used to quantify the spatially varying interpolation uncertainties. For each of 5693 grid points, 100 Monte Carlo simulations were done, using the kriged values of temperature, humidity, and wind, plus random error terms determined by the kriging SDs and the correlations of interpolation errors among the three variables. For the spring season example, kriging SDs averaged 2.6??C for temperature, 8.7% for relative humidity, and 0.38 m s-1 for wind. The resultant PET estimates had coefficients of variation (CVs) ranging from 14% to 27% for the 10-km grid cells. Maps of PET means and CVs showed the spatial patterns of PET with a measure of its uncertainty due to interpolation of the input variables. This methodology should be applicable to a variety of spatially distributed models using interpolated inputs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Phillips, D., and Marks, D., 1996, Spatial uncertainty analysis: Propagation of interpolation errors in spatially distributed models: Ecological Modelling, v. 91, no. 1-3, p. 213-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3.","startPage":"213","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205872,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00191-3"},{"id":227229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94ade4b08c986b31abe3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phillips, D.L.","contributorId":10178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marks, D.G.","contributorId":79251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018118,"text":"70018118 - 1996 - Origin of Bermuda's clay-rich Quaternary paleosols and their paleoclimatic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T15:19:18.305791","indexId":"70018118","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of Bermuda's clay-rich Quaternary paleosols and their paleoclimatic significance","docAbstract":"<p><span>Red clayey paleosols that are chiefly the product of aerosolic dust deposition are interbedded in the Quaternary carbonate formations of the Bermuda oceanic island system. These paleosols provide a basis for reconstructing Quaternary atmospheric circulation patterns in the northwestern Atlantic. Geochemical analyses were performed on representative paleosol samples to identify their parent dust source. Fine-grained fractions were analyzed by energy-dispersive X ray fluorescence to determine trace element (Zr, Y, La, Ti, and Nb) concentrations and to derive geochemical signatures based on immobile element ratios. These ratios were compared with geochemical signatures determined for three possible sources of airborne dust: (1) Great Plains loess, (2) Mississippi River Valley loess, and (3) Saharan dust. The Zr/Y and Zr/La ratios provided the clearest distinction between the hypothesized dust sources. The low ratios in the paleosol B horizons most closely resemble Saharan dust in the &lt;2-μm size class fraction. Contributions from the two North American loessial source areas could not be clearly detected. Thus Bermuda paleosols have a predominantly Saharan aerosolic dust signature. Saharan dust deposition on Bermuda during successive Quaternary glacial periods is consistent with patterns of general circulation models, which indicate that during glacial maxima the northeast summer trade winds were stronger than at present and reached latitudes higher than 30°N despite lower-than-present sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JD02333","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Herwitz, S., Muhs, D., Prospero, J., Mahan, S., and Vaughn, B., 1996, Origin of Bermuda's clay-rich Quaternary paleosols and their paleoclimatic significance: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 101, no. 18, p. 23389-23400, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD02333.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"23389","endPage":"23400","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70c1e4b0c8380cd7621a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herwitz, S.R.","contributorId":107050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herwitz","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prospero, J.M.","contributorId":76476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prospero","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahan, S.","contributorId":98894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Vaughn, B.","contributorId":44679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughn","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018122,"text":"70018122 - 1996 - Predicting watershed acidification under alternate rainfall conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-19T10:19:05","indexId":"70018122","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting watershed acidification under alternate rainfall conditions","docAbstract":"The effect of alternate rainfall scenarios on acidification of a forested watershed subjected to chronic acidic deposition was assessed using the model of acidification of groundwater in catchments (MAGIC). The model was calibrated at the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, near Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. using measured soil properties, wet and dry deposition, and modeled hydrologic routing. Model forecast simulations were evaluated to compare alternate temporal averaging of rainfall inputs and variations in rainfall amount and seasonal distribution. Soil water alkalinity was predicted to decrease to substantially lower concentrations under lower rainfall compared with current or higher rainfall conditions. Soil water alkalinity was also predicted to decrease to lower levels when the majority of rainfall occurred during the growing season compared with other rainfall distributions. Changes in rainfall distribution that result in decreases in net soil water flux will temporarily delay acidification. Ultimately, however, decreased soil water flux will result in larger increases in soil- adsorbed sulfur and soil-water sulfate concentrations and decreases in alkalinity when compared to higher water flux conditions. Potential climate change resulting in significant changes in rainfall amounts, seasonal distribution of rainfall, or evapotranspiration will change net soil water flux and, consequently, will affect the dynamics of the acidification response to continued sulfate loading.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00282660","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Huntington, T.G., 1996, Predicting watershed acidification under alternate rainfall conditions: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 90, no. 3-4, p. 429-450, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00282660.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"429","endPage":"450","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227363,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81e0e4b0c8380cd7b7a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntington, Thomas G. 0000-0002-9427-3530 thunting@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-3530","contributorId":117440,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huntington","given":"Thomas","email":"thunting@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018123,"text":"70018123 - 1996 - Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:19:05.224822","indexId":"70018123","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces","docAbstract":"<p><span>Proper documentation of the extent and age of crust in the western US is critical for constraining a variety of geologic problems ranging from the growth rate of continents to Precambrian continental reconstructions. The secondary isotopic systematics of granitoids have been one of the principal means used to characterize continental crust in areas where the basement is covered. In southwestern Montana and eastern Idaho a group of Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic, dioritic to quartz monzonitic batholiths (e.g., Tobacco Root, Idaho, Pioneer, Boulder, etc.) share a limited range of Paleoproterozoic Sm-Nd depleted mantle model ages. The Tobacco Root batholith (TRB) has a Nd isotopic composition (</span><i>ϵ</i><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;= −17.9 to −19.1) and SmNd model age (</span><i>T</i><sub>DM</sub><span>&nbsp;= 1.63 to 1.90 Ga) typical of this group. The TRB, however, intruded Archean crust (∼3.3 Ga,&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;= ∼ −35), rather than the presumed Proterozoic crust intruded by the other plutons. The Archean heritage of the TRB is confirmed by the presence of premagmatic zircons which range from 2.2 to 3.0 Ga. The combination of U-Pb zircon and Nd model ages suggest that the batholith was derived from both Archean and Proterozoic crustal sources, as well as an ∼80 Ma mantle component. This contrasts with a sample from the northern Idaho batholith which exhibits concordancy between its Sm-Nd and premagmatic zircon systems at ∼1.74 Ga. These data point to the difficulties that can occur if crustal age provinces are defined solely on the basis of Nd model ages of younger plutons, particularly in areas such as the northwestern US where Archean and Proterozoic crust is poorly exposed and dispersed over a large area.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00151-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mueller, P., Heatherington, A., D’Arcy, K.A., Wooden, J.L., and Nutman, A., 1996, Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces: Tectonophysics, v. 265, no. 1-2, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00151-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.06377085731225,\n              46.66227149504411\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.06377085731225,\n              44.077720147519585\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.28647031561087,\n              44.077720147519585\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.28647031561087,\n              46.66227149504411\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.06377085731225,\n              46.66227149504411\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"265","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7de4b0c8380cd4db1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, P.A.","contributorId":86117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heatherington, A.L.","contributorId":75708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heatherington","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Arcy, K. A.","contributorId":71707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Arcy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nutman, A.P.","contributorId":16177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutman","given":"A.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018125,"text":"70018125 - 1996 - Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:15:48.886432","indexId":"70018125","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Genesis and Blue Star sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits occur within the 40-mile-long Carlin trend and are located in Eureka County, Nevada. The deposits are hosted within the Devonian calcareous Popovieh Formation, the siliciclastic Rodeo Creek unit and the siliciclastic Vinini Formation. The host rocks have undergone contact metamorphism, decalcification, silicification, argillization, and supergene oxidation.Detailed characterization of the alteration patterns, mineralogy, modes of occurrence, and associated geochemistry of clay minerals resulted in the following classifications: least altered rocks, found distal to the orebody, consisting of both metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed host rock that has not been completely decalcified; and altered rocks, found proximal to the orebody that have been decalcified. Altered rocks are classified further into the following groups based on clay mineral content: silicic, 1 to 10 percent clay; silicic-argillic, 10 to 35 percent clay; and argillic, 35 to 80 percent clay. Clay species identified are 1M illite, 2M&nbsp;</span><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;illite, kaolinite, halloysite, and dioctahedral smectite. An early hydrothermal event resulted in the precipitation of euhedral kaolinite and at least one generation of silica. This event occurred contemporaneously with decalcification which increased rock permeability and porosity. A second clay alteration event resulted in the precipitation of hydrothermal 1M illite which replaced hydrothermal kaolinite and is associated with gold deposition. Silver and silica deposition is also associated with this phase of hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal alteration was followed by supergene alteration which resulted in the formation of supergene kaolinite, halloysite, and smectite as well as the oxidation of iron-bearing minerals. Supergene clays are concentrated along faults, dike margins, and within rocks containing carbonate. Gold mineralization is not associated with supergene clay minerals within the Genesis and Blue Star deposits. Rocks classified as silicic-argillic in the Popovich Formation represent the most significant gold host. Silicic-argillic rocks commonly exhibit bedding-parallel alteration zones. This pattern of alteration indicates that stratigraphy as well as northwest-trending structures played a significant role in the migration of gold-bearing fluids. Based on K-Ar age determinations of hydrothermal 1M illite associated with gold, the main event of mineralization in the Genesis and Blue Star deposits occurred between 93 and 100 Ma, during mid-Cretaceous time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.8.1383","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Drews-Armitage, S.P., Romberger, S., and Whitney, C., 1996, Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 8, p. 1383-1393, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.8.1383.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1383","endPage":"1393","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f637e4b0c8380cd4c60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drews-Armitage, S. P.","contributorId":7022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drews-Armitage","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romberger, S.B.","contributorId":24114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romberger","given":"S.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitney, C.G.","contributorId":86361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018131,"text":"70018131 - 1996 - Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-22T07:15:39","indexId":"70018131","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis","docAbstract":"<p>Laboratory experiments employing radiotracer methodology were conducted to determine the assimilation efficiencies from ingested natural seston, the influx rates from the dissolved phase and the efflux rates of 6 trace elements (Ag, Am, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the mussel Mytilus edulis. A kinetic model was then employed to predict trace element concentration in mussel tissues in 2 locations for which mussel and environmental data are well described: South San Francisco Bay (California, USA) and Long Island Sound (New York, USA). Assimilation efficiencies from natural seston ranged from 5 to 18% for Ag, 0.6 to 1% for Am, 8 to 20% for Cd, 12 to 16% for Co, 28 to 34% for Se, and 32 to 41% for Zn. Differences in chlorophyll a concentration in ingested natural seston did not have significant impact on the assimilation of Am, Co, Se and Zn. The influx rate of elements from the dissolved phase increased with the dissolved concentration, conforming to Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The calculated dissolved uptake rate constant was greatest for Ag, followed by Zn &gt; Am = Cd &gt; Co &gt; Se. The estimated absorption efficiency from the dissolved phase was 1.53% for Ag, 0.34% for Am, 0.31% for Cd, 0.11% for Co, 0.03% for Se and 0.89% for Zn. Salinity had an inverse effect on the influx rate from the dissolved phase and dissolved organic carbon concentration had no significant effect on trace element uptake. The calculated efflux rate constants for all elements ranged from 1.0 to 3.0% d-1. The route of trace element uptake (food vs dissolved) and the duration of exposure to dissolved trace elements (12 h vs 6 d) did not significantly influence trace element efflux rates. A model which used the experimentally determined influx and efflux rates for each of the trace elements, following exposure from ingested food and from water, predicted concentrations of Ag, Cd, Se and Zn in mussels that were directly comparable to actual tissue concentrations independently measured in the 2 reference sites in national monitoring programs. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the total suspended solids load, which can affect mussel feeding activity, assimilation, and trace element concentration in the dissolved and particulate phases, can significantly influence metal bioaccumulation for particle-reactive elements such as Ag and Am. For all metals, concentrations in mussels are proportionately related to total metal load in the water column and their assimilation efficiency from ingested particles. Further, the model predicted that over 96% of Se in mussels is obtained from ingested food, under conditions typical of coastal waters. For Ag, Am, Cd, Co and Zn, the relative contribution from the dissolved phase decreases significantly with increasing trace element partition coefficients for suspended particles and the assimilation efficiency in mussels of ingested trace elements; values range between 33 and 67% for Ag, 5 and 17% for Am, 47 and 82% for Cd, 4 and 30% for Co, and 17 and 51% for Zn.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/meps140091","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Wang, W., Fisher, N., and Luoma, S., 1996, Kinetic determinations of trace element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 140, no. 1-3, p. 91-113, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps140091.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"113","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479129,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps140091","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265991,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps140091"}],"volume":"140","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a40a5e4b0c8380cd64f19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wang, W.-X.","contributorId":90477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"W.-X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, N.S.","contributorId":67668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"N.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018135,"text":"70018135 - 1996 - Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences: Implications for the earthquake initiation process","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:37:32.413921","indexId":"70018135","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences: Implications for the earthquake initiation process","docAbstract":"<p><span>We find that foreshocks provide clear evidence for an extended nucleation process before some earthquakes. In this study, we examine in detail the evolution of six California foreshock sequences, the 1986 Mount Lewis (</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 5.5), the 1986 Chalfant (</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 6.4), the 1986 Stone Canyon (</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 4.7), the 1990 Upland (</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 5.2), the 1992 Joshua Tree (</span><i>M<sub>W</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 6.1), and the 1992 Landers (</span><i>M<sub>W</sub></i><span>&nbsp;= 7.3) sequence. Typically, uncertainties in hypocentral parameters are too large to establish the geometry of foreshock sequences and hence to understand their evolution. However, the similarity of location and focal mechanisms for the events in these sequences leads to similar foreshock waveforms that we cross correlate to obtain extremely accurate relative locations. We use these results to identify small-scale fault zone structures that could influence nucleation and to determine the stress evolution leading up to the mainshock. In general, these foreshock sequences are not compatible with a cascading failure nucleation model in which the foreshocks all occur on a single fault plane and trigger the mainshock by static stress transfer. Instead, the foreshocks seem to concentrate near structural discontinuities in the fault and may themselves be a product of an aseismic nucleation process. Fault zone heterogeneity may also be important in controlling the number of foreshocks, i.e., the stronger the heterogeneity, the greater the number of foreshocks. The size of the nucleation region, as measured by the extent of the foreshock sequence, appears to scale with mainshock moment in the same manner as determined independently by measurements of the seismic nucleation phase. We also find evidence for slip localization as predicted by some models of earthquake nucleation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02269","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Dodge, D., Beroza, G., and Ellsworth, W., 1996, Detailed observations of California foreshock sequences: Implications for the earthquake initiation process: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 22371-22392, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02269.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"22371","endPage":"22392","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227671,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ff53e4b0c8380cd4f11c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodge, D.A.","contributorId":68324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodge","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beroza, G. C.","contributorId":95626,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beroza","given":"G. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.L.","contributorId":48541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018141,"text":"70018141 - 1996 - Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-22T20:46:48","indexId":"70018141","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2588,"text":"LITHOS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"Cores and cuttings of lamproite sills and host sedimentary country rocks in southeastern Kansas from up to 312 m depth were analyzed for major elements in whole rocks and minerals, certain trace elements in whole rocks (including the REE) and Sr isotopic composition of the whole rocks. The lamproites are ultrapotassic (K2O/Na2O = 2.0-19.9), alkalic [molecular (K2O/Na2O)/Al2O3 = 1.3-2.8], enriched in mantle-incompatible elements (light REE, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th, Hf, Ta) and have nearly homogeneous initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.707764-0.708114). These lamproites could have formed by variable degrees of partial melting of harzburgite country rock and cross-cutting veins composed of phlogopite, K-Ti richterite, titanite, diopside, K-Ti silicates, or K-Ba-phosphate under high H2O/CO2 ratios and reducing conditions. Variability in melting of veins and wall rock and variable composition of the metasomatized veins could explain the significantly different composition of the Kansas lamproites. Least squares fractionation models preclude the derivation of the Kansas lamproites by fractional crystallization from magmas similar in composition to higher silica phlogopite-sanidine lamproites some believe to be primary lamproite melts found elsewhere. In all but one case, least squares fractionation models also preclude the derivation of magmas similar in composition to any of the Kansas lamproites from one another. A magma similar in composition to the average composition of the higher SiO2 Ecco Ranch lamproite (237.5-247.5 m depth) could, however, have marginally crystallized about 12% richterite, 12% sanidine, 7% diopside and 6% phlogopite to produce the average composition of the Guess lamproite (305-312 m depth). Lamproite from the Ecco Ranch core is internally fractionated in K2O, Al2O3, Ba, MgO, Fe2O3, Co and Cr most likely by crystal accumulation-removal of ferromagnesian minerals and sanidine. In contrast, the Guess core (305-312 m depth) has little fractionation throughout most of the sill except in several narrow zones. Lamproite in the Guess core has large enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Th, Ta and Sc and depletions in MgO, Cr, Co and Rb possibly concentrated in these narrow zones during the last dregs of crystallization of this magma. The Ecco Ranch sill did not show any evidence of loss of volatiles or soluble elements into the country rock. This contrasts to the previously studied, shallow Silver City lamproite which did apparently lose H2O-rich fluid to the country rock. Perhaps a greater confining pressure and lesser amount of H2O-rich fluid prevented it from escaping.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"LITHOS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2","issn":"00244937","usgsCitation":"Cullers, R., Dorais, M., Berendsen, P., and Chaudhuri, S., 1996, Mineralogy and petrology of cretaceous subsurface lamproite sills, southeastern Kansas, USA: LITHOS, v. 38, no. 3-4, p. 185-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2.","startPage":"185","endPage":"206","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267971,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(96)00010-2"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ac5e4b0c8380cd6f100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cullers, R.L.","contributorId":103007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cullers","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorais, M. J.","contributorId":27209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dorais","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Berendsen, P.","contributorId":68037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berendsen","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chaudhuri, Sambhudas","contributorId":21708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chaudhuri","given":"Sambhudas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018145,"text":"70018145 - 1996 - Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:22","indexId":"70018145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain","docAbstract":"Spatially distributed biogeochemical models may be applied over grids at a range of spatial resolutions, however, evaluation of potential errors and loss of information at relatively coarse resolutions is rare. In this study, a georeferenced database at the 1-km spatial resolution was developed to initialize and drive a process-based model (Forest-BGC) of water and carbon balance over a gridded 54976 km2 area covering two river basins in mountainous western Oregon. Corresponding data sets were also prepared at 10-km and 50-km spatial resolutions using commonly employed aggregation schemes. Estimates were made at each grid cell for climate variables including daily solar radiation, air temperature, humidity, and precipitation. The topographic structure, water holding capacity, vegetation type and leaf area index were likewise estimated for initial conditions. The daily time series for the climatic drivers was developed from interpolations of meteorological station data for the water year 1990 (1 October 1989-30 September 1990). Model outputs at the 1-km resolution showed good agreement with observed patterns in runoff and productivity. The ranges for model inputs at the 10-km and 50-km resolutions tended to contract because of the smoothed topography. Estimates for mean evapotranspiration and runoff were relatively insensitive to changing the spatial resolution of the grid whereas estimates of mean annual net primary production varied by 11%. The designation of a vegetation type and leaf area at the 50-km resolution often subsumed significant heterogeneity in vegetation, and this factor accounted for much of the difference in the mean values for the carbon flux variables. Although area wide means for model outputs were generally similar across resolutions, difference maps often revealed large areas of disagreement. Relatively high spatial resolution analyses of biogeochemical cycling are desirable from several perspectives and may be particularly important in the study of the potential impacts of climate change.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Turner, D., Dodson, R., and Marks, D., 1996, Comparison of alternative spatial resolutions in the application of a spatially distributed biogeochemical model over complex terrain: Ecological Modelling, v. 90, no. 1, p. 53-67, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3.","startPage":"53","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205867,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(95)00143-3"},{"id":227188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f84de4b0c8380cd4cfe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, D.P.","contributorId":80024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dodson, R.","contributorId":67233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marks, D.","contributorId":93217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marks","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018159,"text":"70018159 - 1996 - 20th-century glacial-marine sedimentation in Vitus Lake, Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T02:00:23.547771","indexId":"70018159","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"20th-century glacial-marine sedimentation in Vitus Lake, Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p>Vitus Lake, the ice-marginal basin at the southeastern edge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., is a site of modern, rapid, glacial-marine sedimentation. Rather than being a fresh-water lake, Vitus Lake is a tidally influenced, marine to brackish embayment connected to the Pacific Ocean by an inlet, the Seal River. Vitus Lake consists of five deep bedrock basins, separated by interbasinal highs. Glacial erosion has cut these basins as much as 250 m below sea level. High-resolution seismic reflection surveys conducted in 1991 and 1993 of four of Vitus Lake's basins reveal a complex, variable three-component acoustic stratigraphy. Although not fully sampled, the stratigraphy is inferred to be primarily glacial-marine units of (1) basal contorted and deformed glacial-marine and glacial sediments deposited by basal ice-contact processes and submarine mass-wasting; (2) acoustically well-stratified glacial-marine sediment, which unconformably overlies the basal unit and which grades upward into (3) acoustically transparent or nearly transparent glacial-marine sediment. Maximum thicknesses of conformable glacial-marine sediment exceed 100 m. All of the acoustically transparent and stratified deposits in Vitus Lake are modern in age, having accumulated between 1967 and 1993. The basins where these three-part sequences of \"present-day\" glacial-marine sediment are accumulating are themselves cut into older sequences of stratified glacial and glacial-marine deposits. These older units outcrop on the islands in Vitus Lake.</p><p>In 1967, as the result of a major surge, glacier ice completely filled all five basins. Subsequent terminus retreat, which continued through August 1993, exposed these basins, providing new locations for glacial-marine sediment accumulation. A correlation of sediment thicknesses measured from seismic profiles at specific locations within the basins, with the year that each location became ice-free, shows that the sediment accumulation at some locations exceeds 10 m year<sup>-1</sup>.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/1996AoG22-1-205-210","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Molnia, B.F., Post, A., and Carlson, P., 1996, 20th-century glacial-marine sedimentation in Vitus Lake, Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 205-210, https://doi.org/10.3189/1996AoG22-1-205-210.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"210","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-205-210","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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F.","contributorId":29386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, A.","contributorId":51033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018161,"text":"70018161 - 1996 - Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon - Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T14:58:07.523436","indexId":"70018161","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon - Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008640\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Comparison of systematic variations in sediment magnetic properties to changes in pollen assemblages in middle Pleistocene lake sediments from Buck Lake indicates that the magnetic properties are sensitive to changes in climate. Buck Lake is located in southern Oregon just east of the crest of the Cascade Range. Lacustrine sediments, from 5.2 to 19.4 m in depth in core, contain tephra layers with ages of ≈300–400 ka at 9.5 m and ≈400–470 ka at 19.9 m. In these sediments magnetic properties reflect the absolute amount and relative abundances of detrital Fe-oxide minerals, titanomagnetite and hematite. The lacustrine section is divided into four zones on the basis of magnetic properties. Two zones (19.4–17.4 m and 14.5–10.3 m) of high magnetic susceptibility contain abundant Fe oxides and correspond closely to pollen zones that are indicative of cold, dry environments. Two low-susceptibility zones (17.4–14.5 m and 10.3–5.3 m) contain lesser amounts of Fe oxides and largely coincide with zones of warm-climate pollen. Transitions from cold to warm climate based on pollen are preceded by sharp changes in magnetic properties. This relation suggests that land-surface processes responded to these climate changes more rapidly than did changes in vegetation as indicated by pollen frequencies. Magnetic properties have been affected by three factors: (1) dissolution of Fe oxides, (2) variation in heavy-mineral content, and (3) variation in abundance of fresh volcanic rock fragments. Trace-element geochemistry, employing Fe and the immobile elements Ti and Zr, is utilized to detect postdepositional dissolution of magnetic minerals that has affected the magnitude of magnetic properties with little effect on the pattern of magnetic-property variation. Comparison of Ti and Zr values, proxies for heavy-mineral content, to magnetic properties demonstrates that part of the variation in the amount of magnetite and nearly all of the variation in the amount of hematite are due to changes in heavy-mineral content. Variation in the quantity of fresh volcanic rock fragments is the other source of change in magnetite content. Magnetic-property variations probably arise primarily from changes in peak runoff. At low to moderate flows magnetic properties reflect only the quantities of heavy minerals derived from soil and highly weathered rock in the catchment. At high flows, however, fresh volcanic rock fragments may be produced by breaking of pebbles and cobbles, and such fragments greatly increase the magnetite content of the resulting sediment. Climatically controlled factors that would affect peak runoff levels include the accumulation and subsequent melting of winter snow pack, the seasonality of precipitation, and the degree of vegetation cover of the land surface. Our results do not distinguish among the possible contributions of these disparate factors.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1328:ROMPCC>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Rosenbaum, J.G., Reynolds, R.L., Adam, D., Drexler, J., Sarna-Wojcicki, A., and Whitney, G., 1996, Record of middle Pleistocene climate change from Buck Lake, Cascade Range, southern Oregon - Evidence from sediment magnetism, trace-element geochemistry, and pollen: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 10, p. 1328-1341, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1328:ROMPCC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1328","endPage":"1341","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227407,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.8751846376905,\n              42.899776590965416\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8751846376905,\n              41.83648605920985\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.94159088769044,\n              41.83648605920985\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.94159088769044,\n              42.899776590965416\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.8751846376905,\n              42.899776590965416\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a272e4b0e8fec6cdb5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rosenbaum, J. G.","contributorId":96685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, R. L. 0000-0002-4572-2942","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-2942","contributorId":79885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"R.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adam, D.P.","contributorId":14815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drexler, J.","contributorId":54748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drexler","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sarna-Wojcicki, A.M. 0000-0002-0244-9149","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0244-9149","contributorId":104022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sarna-Wojcicki","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whitney, G.C.","contributorId":64404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"G.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018162,"text":"70018162 - 1996 - Outer-sphere Pb(II) adsorbed at specific surface sites on single crystal α-alumina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-21T12:10:56","indexId":"70018162","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Outer-sphere Pb(II) adsorbed at specific surface sites on single crystal α-alumina","docAbstract":"<p>Solvated Pb(II) ions were found to adsorb as structurally well-defined outer-sphere complexes at specific sites on the &alpha;-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0001) single crystal surface, as determined by grazing-incidence X-ray absorption fine structure (GI-XAFS) measurements. The XAFS results suggest that the distance between Pb(II) adions and the alumina surface is approximately 4.2 &Aring;. In contrast, Pb(II) adsorbs as more strongly bound inner-sphere complexes on &alpha;-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (1<span id=\"mmlsi1\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-0016703796002220-si1.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"11\" height=\"14\" data-loaded=\"true\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-0016703796002220-si1.gif\" /></span>02). The difference in reactivities of the two alumina surfaces has implications for modeling surface complexation reactions of contaminants in natural environments, catalysis, and compositional sector zoning of oxide crystals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00222-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Bargar, J.R., Towle, S.N., Brown, G.E., and Parks, G.A., 1996, Outer-sphere Pb(II) adsorbed at specific surface sites on single crystal α-alumina: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 18, p. 3541-3547, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00222-0.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"3541","endPage":"3547","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479058,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00222-0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205922,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00222-0"}],"volume":"60","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a71bae4b0c8380cd76722","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bargar, John R.","contributorId":14970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bargar","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Towle, Steven N.","contributorId":100554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Towle","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brown, Gordon E. Jr.","contributorId":10166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Gordon","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parks, George A.","contributorId":41433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parks","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018163,"text":"70018163 - 1996 - The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-08T01:39:31.090094","indexId":"70018163","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes","docAbstract":"In this paper we describe a new thermal model for the initial cooling of pahoehoe lava flows. The accurate modeling of this initial cooling is important for understanding the formation of the distinctive surface textures on pahoehoe lava flows as well as being the first step in modeling such key pahoehoe emplacement processes as lava flow inflation and lava tube formation. This model is constructed from the physical phenomena observed to control the initial cooling of pahoehoe flows and is not an empirical fit to field data. We find that the only significant processes are (a) heat loss by thermal radiation, (b) heat loss by atmospheric convection, (c) heat transport within the flow by conduction with temperature and porosity-dependent thermal properties, and (d) the release of latent heat during crystallization. The numerical model is better able to reproduce field measurements made in Hawai'i between 1989 and 1993 than other published thermal models. By adjusting one parameter at a time, the effect of each of the input parameters on the cooling rate was determined. We show that: (a) the surfaces of porous flows cool more quickly than the surfaces of dense flows, (b) the surface cooling is very sensitive to the efficiency of atmospheric convective cooling, and (c) changes in the glass forming tendency of the lava may have observable petrographic and thermal signatures. These model results provide a quantitative explanation for the recently observed relationship between the surface cooling rate of pahoehoe lobes and the porosity of those lobes (Jones 1992, 1993). The predicted sensitivity of cooling to atmospheric convection suggests a simple field experiment for verification, and the model provides a tool to begin studies of the dynamic crystallization of real lavas. Future versions of the model can also be made applicable to extraterrestrial, submarine, silicic, and pyroclastic flows.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004450050121","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., and Denlinger, R., 1996, The initial cooling of pahoehoe flow lobes: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 58, no. 1, p. 5-18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050121.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227454,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad45e4b08c986b323ad6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.","contributorId":47925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018166,"text":"70018166 - 1996 - Failure in laboratory fault models in triaxial tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:32:55.123874","indexId":"70018166","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Failure in laboratory fault models in triaxial tests","docAbstract":"<p><span>A model of a fault in the Earth is a sand-filled saw cut in a granite cylinder subjected to a triaxial test. The saw cut is inclined at an angle α to the cylinder axis, and the sand filling is intended to represent gouge. The triaxial test subjects the granite cylinder to a constant confining pressure and increasing axial stress to maintain a constant rate of shortening of the cylinder. The required axial stress increases at a decreasing rate to a maximum, beyond which a roughly constant axial stress is sufficient to maintain the constant rate of shortening. Such triaxial tests were run for saw cuts inclined at angles α of 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 45°, and 50° to the cylinder axis, and the apparent coefficient of friction μ</span><sub><i>a</i></sub><span>&nbsp;(ratio of the shear stress to the normal stress, both stresses resolved onto the saw cut) at failure was determined. Subject to the assumption that the observed failure involves slip on Coulomb shears (orientation unspecified), the orientation of the principal compression axis within the gouge can be calculated as a function of μ</span><sub><i>a</i></sub><span>&nbsp;for a given value of the coefficient of internal friction μ</span><sub><i>i</i></sub><span>. The rotation of the principal stress axes within the gouge in a triaxial test can then be followed as the shear strain across the gouge layer increases. For μ</span><sub><i>i</i></sub><span>&nbsp;∼ 0.8, an appropriate value for highly sheared sand, the observed values μ</span><sub><i>a</i></sub><span>&nbsp;imply that the principal axis of compression within the gouge rotates so as to approach being parallel to the cylinder axis for all saw cut angles (20° &lt; α &lt; 50°). In the limiting state (principal compression axis parallel to cylinder axis) the stress state in the gouge layer would be the same as that in the granite cylinder, and the failure criterion would be independent of the saw cut angle.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02094","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Savage, J., Lockner, D., and Byerlee, J., 1996, Failure in laboratory fault models in triaxial tests: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 22215-22224, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02094.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"22215","endPage":"22224","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227498,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0edee4b0c8380cd53675","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byerlee, J.D.","contributorId":69982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byerlee","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018168,"text":"70018168 - 1996 - Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T11:06:52","indexId":"70018168","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3226,"text":"Radiochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","docAbstract":"<div class=\"nova-c-card nova-c-card--spacing-m nova-c-card--elevation-none\"><div class=\"nova-c-card__body nova-c-card__body--spacing-inherit\"><div class=\"nova-e-text nova-e-text--size-m nova-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-e-text--spacing-auto nova-e-text--color-inherit\">Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite was studied as a function of pH in systems equilibrated with air, in the presence and absence of added phosphate and humic acid (HA). The objective was to determine the influence of PO43- and HA on uranium uptake. Below pH 7, the sorption of UO22+ typically increases with increasing pH (the 'low pH sorption edge'), with a sharp decrease in sorption above this pH value (the 'high pH edge'). The presence of ΣPO43- of 10-4 mol/L moved the low pH edge to the left by approximately 0.8 pH units. The PO43- was strongly bound by the ferrihydrite surface, and the increased uptake of U was attributed to the formation of ternary surface complexes involving both UO22+ and PO43-. The addition of HA (9 mg/L) increased U uptake at pH values below 7, with little effect at higher pH values. The positions of the pH edges were also affected by the ionic strength and total U content. These experiments show that sorption interactions involving PO43 and HA must be considered in order to model the behavior of U in natural systems, in which these components are often present.</div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.239","issn":"00338230","usgsCitation":"Payne, T., Davis, J., and Waite, T., 1996, Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid: Radiochimica Acta, v. 74, no. s1, p. 239-243, https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"s1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd81e4b08c986b32906b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, T.E.","contributorId":31916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018169,"text":"70018169 - 1996 - Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T17:03:53.68768","indexId":"70018169","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":620,"text":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff","docAbstract":"Channeled and unchanneled runoff from till-covered bedrock uplands is a major source of recharge to valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeastern United States. Streamflow measurements and model simulation of average steady-state conditions indicate that upland runoff accounted for more recharge to two valley-fill aquifers in moderately high topographic-relief settings than did direct infiltration of precipitation. Recharge from upland runoff to a modeled valley-fill aquifer in an area of lower relief was significant but less than that from direct infiltration of precipitation. The amount of upland runoff available for recharging valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated Northeast ranges from about 1.5 to 2.5 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area that borders the aquifer. Stream losses from tributaries that drain the uplands commonly range from 0.3 to 1.5 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of wetted channel where the tributaries cross alluvial fans in the main valleys. Recharge of valley-fill aquifers from channeled runoff was estimated from measured losses and average runoff rates and was represented in aquifer models as specified fluxes or simulated by head-dependent fluxes with streamflow routing in the model cells that represent the tributary streams. Unchanneled upland runoff, which includes overland and subsurface flow, recharges the valley-fill aquifers at the contact between the aquifer and uplands near the base of the bordering till-covered hillslopes. Recharge from unchanneled runoff was estimated from average runoff rates and the hillslope area that borders the aquifer and was represented as specified fluxes to model-boundary cells along the valley walls.","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/STP38381S","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Morrissey, D.J., 1996, Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff: ASTM Special Technical Publication, v. 1288, p. 97-113, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP38381S.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1288","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9666e4b0c8380cd81f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrissey, D. J.","contributorId":51305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018172,"text":"70018172 - 1996 - Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:28:29.058569","indexId":"70018172","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis","docAbstract":"Liquefaction features can be used in many field settings to estimate the recurrence interval and magnitude of strong earthquakes through much of the Holocene. These features include dikes, craters, vented sand, sills, and laterally spreading landslides. The relatively high seismic shaking level required for their formation makes them particularly valuable as records of strong paleo-earthquakes. This state-of-the-art summary for using liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic interpretation and analysis takes into account both geological and geotechnical engineering perspectives. The driving mechanism for formation of the features is primarily the increased pore-water pressure associated with liquefaction of sand-rich sediment. The role of this mechanism is often supplemented greatly by the direct action of seismic shaking at the ground surface, which strains and breaks the clay-rich cap that lies immediately above the sediment that liquefied. Discussed in the text are the processes involved in formation of the features, as well as their morphology and characteristics in field settings. Whether liquefaction occurs is controlled mainly by sediment grain size, sediment packing, depth to the water table, and strength and duration of seismic shaking. Formation of recognizable features in the field generally requires a low-permeability cap above the sediment that liquefied. Field manifestations are controlled largely by the severity of liquefaction and the thickness and properties of the low-permeability cap. Criteria are presented for determining whether observed sediment deformation in the field originated by seismically induced liquefaction. These criteria have been developed mainly by observing historic effects of liquefaction in varied field settings. The most important criterion is that a seismic liquefaction origin requires widespread, regional development of features around a core area where the effects are most severe. In addition, the features must have a morphology that is consistent with a very sudden application of a large hydraulic force. This article discusses case studies in widely separated and different geological settings: coastal South Carolina, the New Madrid seismic zone, the Wabash Valley seismic zone, and coastal Washington State. These studies encompass most of the range of settings and the types of liquefaction-induced features likely to be encountered anywhere. The case studies describe the observed features and the logic for assigning a seismic liquefaction origin to them. Also discussed are some types of sediment deformations that can be misinterpreted as having a seismic origin. Two independent methods for estimating prehistoric magnitude are discussed briefly. One method is based on determination of the maximum distance from the epicenter over which liquefaction-induced effects have formed. The other method is based on use of geotechnical engineering techniques at sites of marginal liquefaction, in order to bracket the peak accelerations as a function of epicentral distance; these accelerations can then be compared with predictions from seismological models.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0074-6142(96)80074-X","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Obermeier, S., 1996, Use of liquefaction-induced features for paleoseismic analysis: Engineering Geology, v. 44, no. 1-4, p. 1-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(96)80074-X.","productDescription":"76 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227631,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf38e4b08c986b329a20","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Obermeier, S. F.","contributorId":17602,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Obermeier","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018173,"text":"70018173 - 1996 - Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T14:55:18.267869","indexId":"70018173","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine","docAbstract":"<p>A suite of salt-marsh peat samples from four sites along the coast of Maine (Wells, Phippsburg, Gouldsboro, and Machiasport) has been analyzed using high-precision techniques to determine local relative sea-level trends and to evaluate proposed along-coast warping. A spatially variable set of relative sea-level records in Maine would have important implications for geophysical models that predict the response of the lithosphere during deglaciation and postglacial isostatic relaxation. These models are often at odds with observed relative sea-level indicators near the margins of former glaciation, including those from Maine.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1073:IHPAOH>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Gehrels, W., Belknap, D.F., and Kelley, J.T., 1996, Integrated high-precision analyses of Holocene relative sea-level changes: Lessons from the coast of Maine: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 9, p. 1073-1088, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1073:IHPAOH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1073","endPage":"1088","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227672,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.32570134415494,\n              43.96496369051931\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.2378107191551,\n              43.23301434452003\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.75441228165504,\n              42.71858349902169\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.1391779066552,\n              42.97633686321791\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.07374821915515,\n              43.86999708456139\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.49171696915519,\n              44.688004201877135\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.19484196915484,\n              45.49462025836914\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.32570134415494,\n              43.96496369051931\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c64e4b0c8380cd62cce","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gehrels, W.R.","contributorId":51035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gehrels","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belknap, D. F.","contributorId":96739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belknap","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kelley, J. T.","contributorId":34197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018179,"text":"70018179 - 1996 - Unrealistic parameter estimates in inverse modelling: A problem or a benefit for model calibration?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:12","indexId":"70018179","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unrealistic parameter estimates in inverse modelling: A problem or a benefit for model calibration?","docAbstract":"Estimation of unrealistic parameter values by inverse modelling is useful for constructed model discrimination. This utility is demonstrated using the three-dimensional, groundwater flow inverse model MODFLOWP to estimate parameters in a simple synthetic model where the true conditions and character of the errors are completely known. When a poorly constructed model is used, unreasonable parameter values are obtained even when using error free observations and true initial parameter values. This apparent problem is actually a benefit because it differentiates accurately and inaccurately constructed models. The problems seem obvious for a synthetic problem in which the truth is known, but are obscure when working with field data. Situations in which unrealistic parameter estimates indicate constructed model problems are illustrated in applications of inverse modelling to three field sites and to complex synthetic test cases in which it is shown that prediction accuracy also suffers when constructed models are inaccurate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Poeter, E.P., and Hill, M.C., 1996, Unrealistic parameter estimates in inverse modelling: A problem or a benefit for model calibration?: IAHS-AISH Publication, v. 237, p. 277-285.","startPage":"277","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbce1e4b08c986b328e53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poeter, E. P.","contributorId":63851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Poeter","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, M. C.","contributorId":48993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}