{"pageNumber":"1308","pageRowStart":"32675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70018583,"text":"70018583 - 1996 - Scientific objectives of human exploration of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018583","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":706,"text":"American Astronautical Society, Scientific Technology Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Scientific objectives of human exploration of Mars","docAbstract":"While human exploration of Mars is unlikely to be undertaken for science reasons alone, science will be the main beneficiary. A wide range of science problems can be addressed at Mars. The planet formed in a different part of the solar system from the Earth and retains clues concerning compositional and environmental conditions in that part of the solar system when the planets formed. Mars has had a long and complex history that has involved almost as wide a range of processes as occurred on Earth. Elucidation of this history will require a comprehensive program of field mapping, geophysical sounding, in situ analyses, and return of samples to Earth that are representative of the planet's diversity. The origin and evolution of the Mars' atmosphere are very different from the Earth's, Mars having experienced major secular and cyclical changes in climate. Clues as to precisely how the atmosphere has evolved are embedded in its present chemistry, possibly in surface sinks of former atmosphere-forming volatiles, and in the various products of interaction between the atmosphere and surface. The present atmosphere also provides a means of testing general circulation models applicable to all planets. Although life is unlikely to be still extant on Mars, life may have started early in the planet's history. A major goal of any future exploration will, therefore, be to search for evidence of indigenous life.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Astronautical Society, Scientific Technology Series","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"02784017","usgsCitation":"Carr, M.H., 1996, Scientific objectives of human exploration of Mars: American Astronautical Society, Scientific Technology Series, v. 86, p. 515-535.","startPage":"515","endPage":"535","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8789e4b08c986b31652f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carr, M. H.","contributorId":84727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70182513,"text":"70182513 - 1996 - NLEAP/GIS approach for identifying and mitigating regional nitrate-nitrogen leaching","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-27T10:48:59","indexId":"70182513","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"NLEAP/GIS approach for identifying and mitigating regional nitrate-nitrogen leaching","docAbstract":"<p><span>Improved simulation-based methodology is needed to help identify broad geographical areas where potential NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N leaching may be occurring from agriculture and suggest management alternatives that minimize the problem. The Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model was applied to estimate regional NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N leaching in eastern Colorado. Results show that a combined NLEAP/GIS technology can be used to identify potential NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N hot spots in shallow alluvial aquifers under irrigated agriculture. The NLEAP NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N Leached (NL) index provided the most promising single index followed by NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N Available for Leaching (NAL). The same combined technology also shows promise in identifying Best Management Practice (BMP) methods that help minimize NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>-N leaching in vulnerable areas. Future plans call for linkage of the NLEAP/GIS procedures with groundwater modeling to establish a mechanistic analysis of agriculture-aquifer interactions at a regional scale.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone, SSSA Special Publication 48","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2136/sssaspecpub48.c17","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, M., Hall, M., Wylie, B., and Wagner, D., 1996, NLEAP/GIS approach for identifying and mitigating regional nitrate-nitrogen leaching, chap. <i>of</i> Applications of GIS to the modeling of non-point source pollutants in the vadose zone, SSSA Special Publication 48, p. 283-294, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub48.c17.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"283","endPage":"294","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336147,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2015-10-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002d8e4b01ccd54fb27f3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Corwin, D.L.","contributorId":182405,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Corwin","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671359,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loague, K.","contributorId":77307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loague","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671360,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Shaffer, M.J.","contributorId":182404,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaffer","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hall, M.D.","contributorId":182403,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, B.K. 0000-0002-7374-1083","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":24877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"B.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wagner, D.G.","contributorId":182402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018952,"text":"70018952 - 1996 - Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T10:10:48","indexId":"70018952","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach","docAbstract":"In 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study to investigate the occurrence of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6- isopropylamino-s-triazine) and other agricultural chemicals in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental USA. Because about 83% of the atrazine concentrations from the USGS study were censored, standard statistical estimation procedures could not be used. To determine factors that affect atrazine concentrations in groundwater while accommodating the high degree of data censoring. Tobit models were used (normal homoscedastic, normal heteroscedastic, lognormal homoscedastic, and lognormal heteroscedastic). Empirical results suggest that the lognormal heteroscedastic Tobit model is the model of choice for this type of study. This model determined the following factors to have the strongest effect on atrazine concentrations in groundwater: percent of pasture within 3.2 km, percent of forest within 3.2 km (2 mi), mean open interval of the well, primary water use of a well, aquifer class (unconsolidated or bedrock), aquifer type (unconfined or confined), existence of a stream within 30 m (100 ft), existence of a stream within 30 m to 0.4 km (0.25 mi), and existence of a stream within 0.4 to 3.2 km. Examining the elasticities of the continuous explanatory factors provides further insight into their effects on atrazine concentrations in groundwater. This study documents a viable statistical method that can be used to accommodate the complicating presence of censured data, a feature that commonly occurs in environmental data.","language":"English","publisher":"ACSESS","doi":"10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050010x","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Liu, S., Yen, S., and Kolpin, D., 1996, Atrazine concentrations in near-surface aquifers: A censored regression approach: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 25, no. 5, p. 992-999, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1996.00472425002500050010x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"992","endPage":"999","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226896,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecbe4b0c8380cd49f84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, S.","contributorId":93170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yen, S.T.","contributorId":106659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yen","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018520,"text":"70018520 - 1996 - Galileo photometry of asteroid 243 Ida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018520","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galileo photometry of asteroid 243 Ida","docAbstract":"Galileo imaging observations over phase angles 19.5?? to 109.8?? are combined with near-opposition Earth-based data to derive the photometric properties of Ida. To first order these properties are uniform over the surface and well modeled at ?? = 0.55 ??m by Hapke parameters ????0 = 0.22, h = 0.020, B0 = 1.5, g = -0.33, and ?? = 18?? with corresponding geometric albedo p = 0.21??0.030.01 and Bond albedo AB = 0.081??0.0170.008. Ida's photometric properties are more similar to those of \"average S-asteroids\" (P. Helfenstein and J. Veverka 1989, Asteroids II, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson) than are those of 951 Gaspra. Two primary color units are identified on Ida: Terrain A exhibits a spectrum with relatively shallower 1-??m absorption and a relatively steeper red spectral slope than average Ida, while Terrain B has a deeper 1-??m absorption and a less steep red slope. The average photometric properties of Ida and Terrain A are similar while those of Terrain B differ mostly in having a slightly higher value of ????0 (0.22 versus 0.21), suggesting that Terrain B consists of slightly brighter, more transparent regolith particles. Galileo observations of Ida's satellite Dactyl over phase angles 19.5?? to 47.6?? suggest photometric characteristics similar to those of Ida, the major difference being Dactyl's slightly lower albedo (0.20 compared to 0.21). ?? 1990 Academic Press, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1996.0036","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Helfenstein, P., Veverka, J., Thomas, P., Simonelli, D., Klaasen, K., Johnson, T.V., Fanale, F., Granahan, J., McEwen, A.S., Belton, M., and Chapman, C., 1996, Galileo photometry of asteroid 243 Ida: Icarus, v. 120, no. 1, p. 48-65, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0036.","startPage":"48","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479131,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0036","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205932,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0036"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14ade4b0c8380cd54af1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helfenstein, P.","contributorId":69306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfenstein","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, P.C.","contributorId":32690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klaasen, K.","contributorId":101395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, T. V.","contributorId":79619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fanale, F.","contributorId":11340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanale","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Granahan, J.","contributorId":82073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granahan","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Belton, M.","contributorId":21712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Chapman, C.","contributorId":16951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70018513,"text":"70018513 - 1996 - Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:02:12.156911","indexId":"70018513","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 25.8-m-thick sedimentary section containing coral fragments occurs directly below a surface lava flow (the ∼1340 year old Panaewa lava flow) at the Hilo drill hole. Ten coral samples from this section dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon and five by thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS)&nbsp;</span><sup>230</sup><span>Th/U methods show good agreement. The calcareous unit is 9790 years old at the bottom and 1690 years old at the top and was deposited in a shallow lagoon behind an actively growing reef. This sedimentary unit is underlain by a 34-m-thick lava flow which in turn overlies a thin volcaniclastic silt with coral fragments that yield a single&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C date of 10,340 years. The age-depth relations of the dated samples can be compared with proposed eustatic sea level curves after allowance for island subsidence is taken. Island subsidence averages 2.2 mm/yr for the last 47 years based on measurements from a tide gage near the drill hole or 2.5–2.6 mm/yr for the last 500,000 years based on the ages and depths of a series of drowned coral reefs offshore from west Hawaii. The age-depth measurements of coral fragments are more consistent with eustatic sea levels as determined by coral dating at Barbados and Albrolhos Islands than those based on oxygen isotopic data from deep sea cores. The Panaewa lava flow entered a lagoon underlain by coral debris and covered the drill site with 30.9 m of lava of which 11 m was above sea level. This surface has now subsided to 4.2 m above sea level, but it demonstrates how a modern lava flow entering Hilo Bay would not only change the coastline but could extensively modify the offshore shelf.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03215","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Ingram, B., Ludwig, K., and Clague, D., 1996, Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11599-11605, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03215.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"11599","endPage":"11605","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc05e4b0c8380cd4e0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingram, B.L.","contributorId":51731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018445,"text":"70018445 - 1996 - Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:46:15.253825","indexId":"70018445","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif text-s\"><div id=\"ab1\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id6\"><p>The large volume of water, approximately one-fifth of the total surface fresh water on the planet, contained in Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia is distinguished by having a relatively high concentration of uranium (ca. 2 n<i>M</i>), and, together with the surface sediments, an unusually high<i><sup>234</sup>U<sup>238</sup>U</i><span>&nbsp;</span>alpha activity ratio of 1.95. About 80% of the input of uranium to the lake, with a<i><sup>234</sup>U<sup>238</sup>U</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratio of 2.0, comes from the Selenga River. Profiles of uranium, as well as the extent of isotopic disequilibrium in a 9 m sediment core collected on Academic Ridge, generally show high values during interglacial periods corresponding to high diatom frustule numbers (DiFr) and biogenic silica (BSi) data that have been reported elsewhere. During glacial periods (low DiFr and BSi), uranium progeny (<sup>234</sup>U and<sup>230</sup>Th) were in secular equilibrium with low concentrations of their parent<sup>238</sup>U. Radionuclide distributions were interpreted in terms of a quantitative model allowing for adsorption of riverine inputs of uranium onto two classes of sedimenting particles with differing<i><sup>238</sup>U<sup>232</sup>Th</i><span>&nbsp;</span>ratios and uranium progeny in secular equilibrium. If the<i><sup>234</sup>U<sup>238</sup>U</i><span>&nbsp;</span>activity ratio of adsorbed uranium has remained constant, mean sedimentation rates can be independently estimated as 3.6 ± 0.6 and 3.7 ± 0.9 cm · kyr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>for the decay of<sup>234</sup>U and in-growth of<sup>230</sup>Th, respectively. These rates are consistent with a mean rate of 3.76 cm · kyr<sup>−1</sup>, calculated by optimization of the correspondence between adsorbed<sup>238</sup>U and δ<sup>18</sup>O in dated oceanic sediments. The adsorbed uranium apparently tracks variable river flow during interglacials and is drastically reduced during periods of glaciation. Evidently, uranium has not been significantly redistributed within Baikal sediments over at least the past 250 kyr and is a unique, biologically non-essential, tracer for climate-sensitive processes, which provide their own internal geochronometers, potentially useful for ages up to 1 Myr BP.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(96)00085-4","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Edgington, D., Robbins, J.A., Colman, S.M., Orlandini, K., and Gustin, M., 1996, Uranium-series disequilibrium, sedimentation, diatom frustules, and paleoclimate change in Lake Baikal: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 142, no. 1-2, p. 29-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(96)00085-4.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"29","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227560,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              108.6328125,\n              53.1335898292448\n            ],\n            [\n              109.5556640625,\n              54.380557368630654\n            ],\n            [\n              109.9072265625,\n              55.429013452407396\n            ],\n            [\n              109.6875,\n              55.83831352210821\n            ],\n            [\n              109.16015624999999,\n              55.3915921070334\n            ],\n            [\n              108.56689453125,\n              54.62297813269033\n            ],\n            [\n              107.5341796875,\n              53.63161060657857\n            ],\n            [\n              106.61132812499999,\n              53.028000167735165\n            ],\n            [\n              105.6884765625,\n              52.348763181988105\n            ],\n            [\n              104.5458984375,\n              51.83577752045248\n            ],\n            [\n              103.68896484375,\n              51.69979984974196\n            ],\n            [\n              104.17236328125,\n              51.536085601784755\n            ],\n            [\n              105.40283203124999,\n              51.68617954855624\n            ],\n            [\n              106.23779296875,\n              51.890053935216926\n            ],\n            [\n              107.490234375,\n              52.72298552457067\n            ],\n            [\n              108.6328125,\n              53.1335898292448\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"142","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbe01e4b08c986b329365","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edgington, D.N.","contributorId":14587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edgington","given":"D.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Robbins, J. A.","contributorId":41843,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robbins","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colman, Steven M. 0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Orlandini, K.A.","contributorId":7434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orlandini","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gustin, M.-P.","contributorId":49126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gustin","given":"M.-P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018889,"text":"70018889 - 1996 - Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:13:36","indexId":"70018889","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron","docAbstract":"Solute transport simulations quantitatively constrained hydrologic and geochemical hypotheses about field observations of a pH modification in an acid mine drainage stream. Carbonate chemistry, the formation of solid phases, and buffering interactions with the stream bed were important factors in explaining the behavior of pH, aluminum, and iron. The precipitation of microcrystalline gibbsite accounted for the behavior of aluminum; precipitation of Fe(OH)3 explained the general pattern of iron solubility. The dynamic experiment revealed limitations on assumptions that reactions were controlled only by equilibrium chemistry. Temporal variation in relative rates of photoreduction and oxidation influenced iron behavior. Kinetic limitations on ferrous iron oxidation and hydrous oxide precipitation and the effects of these limitations on field filtration were evident. Kinetic restraints also characterized interaction between the water column and the stream bed, including sorption and desorption of protons from iron oxides at the sediment-water interface and post-injection dissolution of the precipitated aluminum solid phase.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es960055u","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Broshears, R.E., Runkel, R., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., and Bencala, K., 1996, Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 10, p. 3016-3024, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960055u.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3016","endPage":"3024","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":205776,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es960055u"},{"id":226711,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9586e4b0c8380cd81a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Broshears, R. E.","contributorId":75552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broshears","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kimball, B. A.","contributorId":87583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kimball","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bencala, K.E.","contributorId":105312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bencala","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018512,"text":"70018512 - 1996 - Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:53:45","indexId":"70018512","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion","docAbstract":"Much of our knowledge of the worldwide distribution of submarine gas hydrates comes from seismic observations of Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Full waveform inversion has proven to be a reliable technique for studying the fine structure of BSRs using the compressional wave velocity. We applied a non-linear full waveform inversion technique to a BSR at a location offshore Peru. We first determined the large-scale features of seismic velocity variations using a statistical inversion technique to maximise coherent energy along travel-time curves. These velocities were used for a starting velocity model for the full waveform inversion, which yielded a detailed velocity/depth model in the vicinity of the BSR. We found that the data are best fit by a model in which the BSR consists of a thin, low-velocity layer. The compressional wave velocity drops from 2.15 km/s down to an average of 1.70 km/s in an 18m thick interval, with a minimum velocity of 1.62 km/s in a 6 m interval. The resulting compressional wave velocity was used to estimate gas content in the sediments. Our results suggest that the low velocity layer is a 6-18 m thick zone containing a few percent of free gas in the pore space. The presence of the BSR coincides with a region of vertical uplift. Therefore, we suggest that gas at this BSR is formed by a dissociation of hydrates at the base of the hydrate stability zone due to uplift and subsequently a decrease in pressure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pecher, I., Minshull, T., Singh, S., and von Huene, R.E., 1996, Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 139, no. 3-4, p. 459-469, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5.","startPage":"459","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5"}],"volume":"139","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1fce4b08c986b32a87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minshull, T.A.","contributorId":75815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshull","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, S.C.","contributorId":106380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018589,"text":"70018589 - 1996 - A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T00:04:03.026088","indexId":"70018589","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica","docAbstract":"<div class=\"abstract-content\"><div class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"><p>We describe a high-precision (0.1–1.0 mK) borehole-temperature (BT) logging system developed at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for use in remote polar regions. We discuss calibration, operational and data-processing procedures, and present an analysis of the measurement errors. The system is modular to facilitate calibration procedures and field repairs. By interchanging logging cables and temperature sensors, measurements can be made in either shallow air-filled boreholes or liquid-filled holes up to 7 km deep. Data can be acquired in either incremental or continuous-logging modes. The precision of data collected by the new logging system is high enough to detect and quantify various thermal effects at the milli-Kelvin level. To illustrate this capability, we present sample data from the 3 km deep borehole at GISP2, Greenland, and from a 130 m deep air-filled hole at Taylor Dome, Antarctica. The precision of the processed GISP2 continuous temperature logs is 0.25–0.34 mK, while the accuracy is estimated to be 4.5 mK. The effects of fluid convection and the dissipation of the thermal disturbance caused by drilling the borehole are clearly visible in the data. The precision of the incremental Taylor Dome measurements varies from 0.11 to 0.32 mK. depending on the wind strength during the experiments. With this precision, we found that temperature fluctuations and multi-hour trends in the BT measurements correlate well with atmospheric-pressure changes.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/S0022143000003555","issn":"00221430","usgsCitation":"Clow, G., Saltus, R.W., and Waddington, E., 1996, A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica: Journal of Glaciology, v. 42, no. 142, p. 576-584, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0022143000003555.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"576","endPage":"584","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003555","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227217,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a3e4b0c8380cd467bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, G.D.","contributorId":46112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saltus, R. W.","contributorId":85588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saltus","given":"R.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waddington, E.D.","contributorId":36161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddington","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018811,"text":"70018811 - 1996 - Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-30T16:28:47.73829","indexId":"70018811","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media","docAbstract":"<p><span>Existing methods for measuring water imbibition rates are inadequate when imbibition rates are small (e.g., clay soils and many igneous rocks). We developed an improved laboratory method for performing imbibition measurements on soil or rock cores with a wide range of hydraulic properties. Core specimens are suspended from an electronic strain gauge (load cell) in a closed chamber while maintaining the lower end of the core in contact with a free water surface in a constant water level reservoir. The upper end of the core is open to the atmosphere. During imbibition, mass increase of the core is recorded continuously by a datalogger that converts the load cell voltage signal into mass units using a calibration curve. Computer automation allows imbibition rate measurement on as many as eight cores simultaneously and independently. Performance of each component of the imbibition apparatus was evaluated using a set of rock cores (2.5 cm in diameter and 2–5 cm in length) from a signle lithostratigraphic unit composed of non-to-moderately welded ash-flow tuff (a glass-rich pyroclastic rock partially fused by heat and pressure) with porosities ranging from 0.094 to 0.533 m</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>-3</sup><span>. Reproducibility of sample handling and testing procedures was demonstrated using replicate measurements. Precision and accuracy of load cell measurements were assessed using mass balance calculations and indicated agreement within a few tenths of a percent of total mass. Computed values of sorptivity,&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>, ranged from 8.83 × 10</span><sup>-6</sup><span>&nbsp;to 4.55 × 10</span><sup>-4</sup><span>&nbsp;m s</span><sup>-0.5</sup><span>. The developed method should prove useful for measuring imbibition rates on a wide range of porous materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010007x","issn":"03615995","usgsCitation":"Humphrey, M., Istok, J., Flint, L.E., and Flint, A.L., 1996, Improved method for measuring water imbibition rates on low-permeability porous media: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 1, p. 28-34, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010007x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"34","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227093,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a395be4b0c8380cd618c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Humphrey, M.D.","contributorId":63181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Humphrey","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018984,"text":"70018984 - 1996 - Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-newtonian fluids","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-12T16:42:21.20532","indexId":"70018984","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-newtonian fluids","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three tests on non-Newtonian fluids were used to verify the use of a vertically rotating flume (VRF) for the study of the rheological properties of debris flow. The VRF is described and a procedure for the analysis of results of tests made with the VRF is presented. The major advantages of the VRF are a flow field consistent with that found in nature, a large particle-diameter threshold, inexpensive operation, and verification using several different materials; the major limitations are a lack of temperature control and a certain error incurred from the use of the Bingham plastic model to describe a more complex phenomenon. Because the VRF has been verified with non-Newtonian fluids as well as Newtonian fluids, it can be used to measure the rheological properties of coarse-grained debris-flow materials.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(456)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Huizinga, R., 1996, Verification of vertically rotating flume using non-newtonian fluids: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 122, no. 8, p. 456-459, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(456).","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"456","endPage":"459","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226670,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc221e4b08c986b32a942","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huizinga, R.J.","contributorId":36970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huizinga","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018168,"text":"70018168 - 1996 - Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T11:06:52","indexId":"70018168","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3226,"text":"Radiochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","docAbstract":"<div class=\"nova-c-card nova-c-card--spacing-m nova-c-card--elevation-none\"><div class=\"nova-c-card__body nova-c-card__body--spacing-inherit\"><div class=\"nova-e-text nova-e-text--size-m nova-e-text--family-sans-serif nova-e-text--spacing-auto nova-e-text--color-inherit\">Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite was studied as a function of pH in systems equilibrated with air, in the presence and absence of added phosphate and humic acid (HA). The objective was to determine the influence of PO43- and HA on uranium uptake. Below pH 7, the sorption of UO22+ typically increases with increasing pH (the 'low pH sorption edge'), with a sharp decrease in sorption above this pH value (the 'high pH edge'). The presence of ΣPO43- of 10-4 mol/L moved the low pH edge to the left by approximately 0.8 pH units. The PO43- was strongly bound by the ferrihydrite surface, and the increased uptake of U was attributed to the formation of ternary surface complexes involving both UO22+ and PO43-. The addition of HA (9 mg/L) increased U uptake at pH values below 7, with little effect at higher pH values. The positions of the pH edges were also affected by the ionic strength and total U content. These experiments show that sorption interactions involving PO43 and HA must be considered in order to model the behavior of U in natural systems, in which these components are often present.</div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.239","issn":"00338230","usgsCitation":"Payne, T., Davis, J., and Waite, T., 1996, Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid: Radiochimica Acta, v. 74, no. s1, p. 239-243, https://doi.org/10.1524/ract.1996.74.special-issue.239.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"243","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"s1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd81e4b08c986b32906b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Payne, T.E.","contributorId":31916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waite, T.D.","contributorId":31116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018427,"text":"70018427 - 1996 - Upscaled soil-water retention using van Genuchten's function","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-08T14:38:10.740252","indexId":"70018427","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upscaled soil-water retention using van Genuchten's function","docAbstract":"<p><span>Soils are often layered at scales smaller than the block size used in numerical and conceptual models of variably saturated flow. Consequently, the small-scale variability in water content within each block must be homogenized (upscaled). Laboratory results have shown that a linear volume average (LVA) of water content at a uniform suction is a good approximation to measured water contents in heterogeneous cores. Here, we upscale water contents using van Genuchten's function for both the local and upscaled soil-water-retention characteristics. The van Genuchten (vG) function compares favorably with LVA results, laboratory experiments under hydrostatic conditions in 3-cm cores, and numerical simulations of large-scale gravity drainage. Our method yields upscaled vG parameter values by fitting the vG curve to the LVA of water contents at various suction values. In practice, it is more efficient to compute direct averages of the local vG parameter values. Nonlinear power averages quantify a feasible range of values for each upscaled vG shape parameter; upscaled values of&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;are consistently less than the harmonic means, reflecting broad pore-size distributions of the upscaled soils. The vG function is useful for modeling soil-water retention at large scales, and these results provide guidance for its application.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:3(123)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Green, T., Constantz, J., and Freyberg, D., 1996, Upscaled soil-water retention using van Genuchten's function: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 1, no. 3, p. 123-130, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1996)1:3(123).","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"123","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227296,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd6ce4b08c986b329000","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Green, T.R.","contributorId":86503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantz, J.E.","contributorId":22919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Freyberg, D.L.","contributorId":66867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freyberg","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018608,"text":"70018608 - 1996 - A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-10T14:49:52.892313","indexId":"70018608","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images","docAbstract":"<div class=\"\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) images, acquired with side lapping flight lines, provide dual angle observations of the same area on the ground and can thus be used to estimate variations in the atmospheric transmission with scan angle. The method was tested using TIMS aircraft data for six flight lines with about 30% sidelap for an area within Joshua Tree National Park, California. Generally the results correspond to predictions for the transmission scan-angle coefficient based on a standard atmospheric model although some differences were observed at the longer wavelength channels. A change was detected for the last pair of lines that may indicate either spatial or temporal atmospheric variation. The results demonstrate that the method provides information for correcting regional survey data (requiring multiple adjacent flight lines) that can be important in detecting subtle changes in lithology.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96GL02226","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Watson, K., 1996, A scan-angle correction for thermal infrared multispectral data using side lapping images: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 23, no. 18, p. 2421-2424, https://doi.org/10.1029/96GL02226.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2421","endPage":"2424","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227572,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e579e4b0c8380cd46d5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watson, K.","contributorId":39123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018678,"text":"70018678 - 1996 - Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:25:40","indexId":"70018678","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"Analysis of gravity and magnetic anomaly data helps characterize the geometry and physical properties of the source of the Missouri gravity low, an important cratonic feature of substantial width (about 125 km) and length (> 600 km). Filtered anomaly maps show that this prominent feature extends NW from the Reelfoot rift to the Midcontinent Rift System. Geologic reasoning and the simultaneous inversion of the gravity and magnetic data lead to an interpretation that the gravity anomaly reflects an upper crustal, 11-km-thick batholith with either near vertical or outward dipping boundaries. Considering the modeled characteristics of the batholith, structural fabric of Missouri, and relations of the batholith with plutons and regions of alteration, a tectonic model for the formation of the batholith is proposed. The model includes a mantle plume that heated the crust during Late Precambrian and melted portions of lower and middle crust, from which the low-density granitic rocks forming the batholith were partly derived. The batholith, called the Missouri batholith, may be currently related to the release of seismic energy in the New Madrid seismic zone (earthquake concentrations occur at the intersection of the Missouri batholith and the New Madrid seismic zone). Three qualitative mechanical models are suggested to explain this relationship with seismicity. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/96JB01908","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Griscom, A., Van Schmus, W.R., and Stuart, W., 1996, Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the New Madrid seismic zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 21921-21942, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB01908.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"21921","endPage":"21942","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a921de4b0c8380cd80678","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griscom, A.","contributorId":80018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Schmus, W. R.","contributorId":83114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schmus","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018991,"text":"70018991 - 1996 - Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T11:36:51","indexId":"70018991","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes","docAbstract":"Late Paleocene high-latitude (80°N) Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures are estimated from molluscan δ<sup>18</sup>O time series. Sampling of individual growth increments of two specimens of the bivalve <i>Camptochlamys alaskensis</i> provides a high-resolution record of shell stable isotope composition. The heavy carbon isotopic values of the specimens support a late Paleocene age for the youngest marine beds of the Prince Creek Formation exposed near Ocean Point, Alaska. The oxygen isotopic composition of regional freshwater runoff is estimated from the mean δ<sup>18</sup>O value of two freshwater bivalves collected from approximately coeval fluviatile beds. Over a 30 – 34‰ range of salinity, values assumed to represent the tolerance of <i>C. alaskensis</i>, the mean annual shallow-marine temperature recorded by these individuals is between 11° and 22°C. These values could represent maximum estimates of the mean annual temperature because of a possible warm-month bias imposed on the average δ<sup>18</sup>O value by slowing or cessation of growth in winter months. The amplitude of the molluscan δ<sup>18</sup>O time series probably records most of the seasonality in shallow-marine temperature. The annual temperature range indicated is approximately 6°C, suggesting very moderate high-latitude marine temperature seasonality during the late Paleocene. On the basis of analogy with modern <i>Chlamys</i> species, <i>C. alaskensis</i> probably inhabited water depths of 30–50 m. The seasonal temperature range derived from δ<sup>18</sup>O is therefore likely to be damped relative to the full range of annual sea surface temperatures. High-resolution sampling of molluscan shell material across inferred growth bands represents an important proxy record of seasonality of marine and freshwater conditions applicable at any latitude. If applied to other regions and time periods, the approach used here would contribute substantially to the paleoclimate record of seasonality.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/96PA00813","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Bice, K.L., Arthur, M.A., and Marincovich, L., 1996, Late Paleocene Arctic Ocean shallow-marine temperatures from mollusc stable isotopes: Paleoceanography, v. 11, no. 3, p. 241-249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96PA00813.","startPage":"241","endPage":"249","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280871,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96PA00813"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44fee4b0c8380cd66f53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bice, Karen L.","contributorId":107045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bice","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arthur, Michael A.","contributorId":90018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arthur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marincovich, Louie Jr.","contributorId":53403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marincovich","given":"Louie","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018426,"text":"70018426 - 1996 - Amplitude blanking in seismic profiles from Lake Baikal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:05:19","indexId":"70018426","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Amplitude blanking in seismic profiles from Lake Baikal","docAbstract":"Imaging of the deepest sedimentary section in Lake Baikal using multichannel seismic profiling was hampered by amplitude blanking that is regionally extensive, is associated with water depths greater than about 900 m and occurs at sub-bottom depths of 1-2 km in association with the first water-bottom multiple. Application of a powerful multiple suppression technique improved the quality of occasional discontinuous, dipping primary reflections, but failed to substantially alter the non-reflective character of the blanking zone. Detailed analysis of amplitudes from original data and synthetic models show that the threshold for detecting primary energy in deep water of Lake Baikal occurs when the primary is about 14-20 dB less than the multiple energy. The blanking occurs because of anomalously low reflectivities of the deep sediments coupled with this 20 dB limitation in real data processing. The blanking cuts across seismic stratal boundaries, and is therefore probably unrelated to depositional lithologies. The deepest, early rift deposits, inferred to come from a mixed fluvial and lacustrine setting, do not easily explain the widespread and uniform character of the blanked deposits. More likely, blanking occurs because of processes or phenomena that physically alter the deposits, causing them to be non-reflective and/or highly attenuating. No single process explains all the observations, but a combination of diagenesis, overpressure, and the presence of dispersed free gas at sub-bottom depths of 1-2 km, offer plausible and possible conditions that contribute to blanking. Copyright ?? 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0264-8172(95)00077-1","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., Agena, W., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1996, Amplitude blanking in seismic profiles from Lake Baikal: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 13, no. 5, p. 549-563, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)00077-1.","startPage":"549","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227249,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205877,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(95)00077-1"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9cbe4b0c8380cd48463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Agena, Warren F.","contributorId":67079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agena","given":"Warren F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1000680,"text":"1000680 - 1996 - Comparative biology of zebra mussels in Europe and North America: an overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T10:49:10","indexId":"1000680","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":749,"text":"American Zoologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative biology of zebra mussels in Europe and North America: an overview","docAbstract":"<p><span>SYNOPSIS. Since the discovery of the zebra mussel,&nbsp;</span><i>Dreissena polymorpha</i><span>, in the Great Lakes in 1988 comparisons have been made with mussel populations in Europe and the former Soviet Union. These comparisons include: Population dynamics, growth and mortality rates, ecological tolerances and requirements, dispersal rates and patterns, and ecological impacts. North American studies, mostly on the zebra mussel and a few on a second introduced species, the quagga mussel,&nbsp;</span><i>Dreissena bugensis</i><span>, have revealed some similarities and some differences. To date it appears that North American populations of zebra mussels are similar to European populations in their basic biological characteristics, population growth and mortality rates, and dispersal mechanisms and rates. Relative to European populations differences have been demonstrated for: (1) individual growth rates; (2) life spans; (3) calcium and pH tolerances and requirements; (4) potential distribution limits; and (5) population densities of veligers and adults. In addition, studies on the occurrence of the two dreissenid species in the Great Lakes are showing differences in their modes of life, depth distributions, and growth rates. As both species spread throughout North America, comparisons between species and waterbodies will enhance our ability to more effectively control these troublesome species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/icb/36.3.244","usgsCitation":"Mackie, G.L., and Schloesser, D.W., 1996, Comparative biology of zebra mussels in Europe and North America: an overview: American Zoologist, v. 36, no. 3, p. 244-258, https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/36.3.244.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"244","endPage":"258","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479104,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/36.3.244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":129060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b27e4b07f02db6b0e7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mackie, Gerald L.","contributorId":41774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mackie","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schloesser, Don W.","contributorId":21485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018522,"text":"70018522 - 1996 - Analysis of fractures intersecting Kahi Puka Well 1 and its relation to the growth of the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T10:26:19","indexId":"70018522","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of fractures intersecting Kahi Puka Well 1 and its relation to the growth of the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"As part of the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project, Kahi Puka Well 1 penetrated about 275 m of Mauna Loa basalts overlying a sequence of Mauna Kea flow units as it was drilled and cored to a total depth of 1053 m below land surface. A borehole televiewer (BHTV) was run in most of the well in successive stages prior to casing in order to obtain magnetically oriented acoustic images of the borehole wall. A total of 283 individual fractures were identified from this log and characterized in terms of strike and dip. These data are divided into three vertical sections based upon age and volcanic source, and lower hemisphere stereographic plots identify two predominant, subparallel fracture subsets common to each section. Assuming that most of the steeply dipping fractures observed in the BHTV log are tensile features generated within basalt flows during deposition and cooling, this fracture information can be combined with models of the evolution of the island of Hawaii to investigate the depositional history of these Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea basalts over the past 400 kyr. The directions of high-angle fractures appear to be generally parallel to topography or to the coastline at the time of deposition, as is supported by surface mapping of modern flows. Consequently, an overall counterclockwise rotation of about 75?? in the strike of these fractures from the bottom to the top of the well represents a systematic change in depositional slope direction over time. We attribute the observed rotation in the orientations of the two predominant fracture subsets over the past 400 kyr to changes in the configurations of volcanic sources during shield building and to the structural interference of adjacent volcanoes that produces shifts in topographic patterns.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95JB03848","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.H., and Paillet, F.L., 1996, Analysis of fractures intersecting Kahi Puka Well 1 and its relation to the growth of the island of Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11695-11699, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03848.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"11695","endPage":"11699","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227566,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb15e4b0c8380cd48be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Roger H. rhmorin@usgs.gov","contributorId":2432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Roger","email":"rhmorin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paillet, Frederick L.","contributorId":63820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paillet","given":"Frederick","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018123,"text":"70018123 - 1996 - Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-08-15T15:19:05.224822","indexId":"70018123","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces","docAbstract":"<p><span>Proper documentation of the extent and age of crust in the western US is critical for constraining a variety of geologic problems ranging from the growth rate of continents to Precambrian continental reconstructions. The secondary isotopic systematics of granitoids have been one of the principal means used to characterize continental crust in areas where the basement is covered. In southwestern Montana and eastern Idaho a group of Late Mesozoic to Cenozoic, dioritic to quartz monzonitic batholiths (e.g., Tobacco Root, Idaho, Pioneer, Boulder, etc.) share a limited range of Paleoproterozoic Sm-Nd depleted mantle model ages. The Tobacco Root batholith (TRB) has a Nd isotopic composition (</span><i>ϵ</i><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;= −17.9 to −19.1) and SmNd model age (</span><i>T</i><sub>DM</sub><span>&nbsp;= 1.63 to 1.90 Ga) typical of this group. The TRB, however, intruded Archean crust (∼3.3 Ga,&nbsp;</span><i>ϵ</i><sub>Nd</sub><span>&nbsp;= ∼ −35), rather than the presumed Proterozoic crust intruded by the other plutons. The Archean heritage of the TRB is confirmed by the presence of premagmatic zircons which range from 2.2 to 3.0 Ga. The combination of U-Pb zircon and Nd model ages suggest that the batholith was derived from both Archean and Proterozoic crustal sources, as well as an ∼80 Ma mantle component. This contrasts with a sample from the northern Idaho batholith which exhibits concordancy between its Sm-Nd and premagmatic zircon systems at ∼1.74 Ga. These data point to the difficulties that can occur if crustal age provinces are defined solely on the basis of Nd model ages of younger plutons, particularly in areas such as the northwestern US where Archean and Proterozoic crust is poorly exposed and dispersed over a large area.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00151-5","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Mueller, P., Heatherington, A., D’Arcy, K.A., Wooden, J.L., and Nutman, A., 1996, Contrasts between Sm-Nd whole-rock and U-Pb zircon systematics in the Tobacco Root batholith, Montana: Implications for the determination of crustal age provinces: Tectonophysics, v. 265, no. 1-2, p. 169-179, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00151-5.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"179","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227404,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.06377085731225,\n              46.66227149504411\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.06377085731225,\n              44.077720147519585\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.28647031561087,\n              44.077720147519585\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.28647031561087,\n              46.66227149504411\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.06377085731225,\n              46.66227149504411\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"265","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa7de4b0c8380cd4db1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, P.A.","contributorId":86117,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heatherington, A.L.","contributorId":75708,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heatherington","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Arcy, K. A.","contributorId":71707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Arcy","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nutman, A.P.","contributorId":16177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nutman","given":"A.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018125,"text":"70018125 - 1996 - Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:15:48.886432","indexId":"70018125","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Genesis and Blue Star sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposits occur within the 40-mile-long Carlin trend and are located in Eureka County, Nevada. The deposits are hosted within the Devonian calcareous Popovieh Formation, the siliciclastic Rodeo Creek unit and the siliciclastic Vinini Formation. The host rocks have undergone contact metamorphism, decalcification, silicification, argillization, and supergene oxidation.Detailed characterization of the alteration patterns, mineralogy, modes of occurrence, and associated geochemistry of clay minerals resulted in the following classifications: least altered rocks, found distal to the orebody, consisting of both metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed host rock that has not been completely decalcified; and altered rocks, found proximal to the orebody that have been decalcified. Altered rocks are classified further into the following groups based on clay mineral content: silicic, 1 to 10 percent clay; silicic-argillic, 10 to 35 percent clay; and argillic, 35 to 80 percent clay. Clay species identified are 1M illite, 2M&nbsp;</span><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;illite, kaolinite, halloysite, and dioctahedral smectite. An early hydrothermal event resulted in the precipitation of euhedral kaolinite and at least one generation of silica. This event occurred contemporaneously with decalcification which increased rock permeability and porosity. A second clay alteration event resulted in the precipitation of hydrothermal 1M illite which replaced hydrothermal kaolinite and is associated with gold deposition. Silver and silica deposition is also associated with this phase of hydrothermal alteration. Hydrothermal alteration was followed by supergene alteration which resulted in the formation of supergene kaolinite, halloysite, and smectite as well as the oxidation of iron-bearing minerals. Supergene clays are concentrated along faults, dike margins, and within rocks containing carbonate. Gold mineralization is not associated with supergene clay minerals within the Genesis and Blue Star deposits. Rocks classified as silicic-argillic in the Popovich Formation represent the most significant gold host. Silicic-argillic rocks commonly exhibit bedding-parallel alteration zones. This pattern of alteration indicates that stratigraphy as well as northwest-trending structures played a significant role in the migration of gold-bearing fluids. Based on K-Ar age determinations of hydrothermal 1M illite associated with gold, the main event of mineralization in the Genesis and Blue Star deposits occurred between 93 and 100 Ma, during mid-Cretaceous time.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.8.1383","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Drews-Armitage, S.P., Romberger, S., and Whitney, C., 1996, Clay alteration and gold deposition in the genesis and blue star deposits, Eureka County, Nevada: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 8, p. 1383-1393, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.8.1383.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1383","endPage":"1393","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f637e4b0c8380cd4c60e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drews-Armitage, S. P.","contributorId":7022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drews-Armitage","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romberger, S.B.","contributorId":24114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romberger","given":"S.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Whitney, C.G.","contributorId":86361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019356,"text":"70019356 - 1996 - Tectonics and seismicity of the southern Washington Cascade range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:04:17.446545","indexId":"70019356","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and seismicity of the southern Washington Cascade range","docAbstract":"<div id=\"136841883\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Geophysical, geological, and seismicity data are combined to develop a transpressional strain model for the southern Washington Cascades region. We use this model to explain oblique fold and fault systems, transverse faults, and a linear seismic zone just west of Mt. Rainier known as the western Rainier zone. We also attempt to explain a concentration of earthquakes that connects the northwest-trending Mount St. Helens seismic zone to the north-trending western Rainier zone. Our tectonic model illustrates the pervasive effects of accretionary processes, combined with subsequent transpressive forces generated by oblique subduction, on Eocene to present crustal processes, such as seismicity and volcanism.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08601A0001","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stanley, W.D., Johnson, S.Y., Qamar, A., Weaver, C., and Williams, J.M., 1996, Tectonics and seismicity of the southern Washington Cascade range: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 1 SUPPL. A, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08601A0001.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226290,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.06312586247054,\n              47.04113301131156\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06312586247054,\n              45.491923818603595\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.51429773747068,\n              45.491923818603595\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.51429773747068,\n              47.04113301131156\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06312586247054,\n              47.04113301131156\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1 SUPPL. A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba487e4b08c986b3203f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, W. D.","contributorId":86756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382456,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382454,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qamar, A.I.","contributorId":7853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qamar","given":"A.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382455,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, J. M.","contributorId":91142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018423,"text":"70018423 - 1996 - The 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating of lavas from the Hilo 1-km core hole, Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-08T08:58:15","indexId":"70018423","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating of lavas from the Hilo 1-km core hole, Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>Mauna Kea lava flows cored in the Hilo hole range in age from &lt;200 ka to about 400 ka based on<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar incremental heating and K‐Ar analyses of 16 groundmass samples and one coexisting plagioclase. The lavas, all subaerially deposited, include a lower section consisting only of tholeiitic basalts and an upper section of interbedded alkalic, transitional tholeiitic, and tholeiitic basalts. The lower section has yielded predominantly complex, discordant<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar age spectra that result from mobility of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar and perhaps K, the presence of excess<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar, and redistribution of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>39</sup>Ar by recoil. Comparison of K‐Ar ages with<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar integrated ages indicates that some of these samples have also lost<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>39</sup>Ar. Nevertheless, two plateau ages of 391 ± 40 and 400 ± 26 ka from deep in the hole, combined with data from the upper section, show that the tholeiitic section accumulated at an average rate of about 7 to 8 m/kyr and has a mean recurrence interval of 0.5 kyr/flow unit. Samples from the upper section yield relatively precise<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar plateau and isotope correlation ages of 326 ± 23, 241 ± 5, 232 ± 4, and 199 ± 9 ka for depths of −415.7 m to −299.2 m. Within their uncertainty, these ages define a linear relationship with depth, with an average accumulation rate of 0.9 m/kyr and an average recurrence interval of 4.8 kyr/flow unit. The top of the Mauna Kea sequence at −280 m must be older than the plateau age of 132 ± 32 ka, obtained for the basal Mauna Loa flow in the corehole. The upward decrease in lava accumulation rate is a consequence of the decreasing magma supply available to Mauna Kea as it rode the Pacific plate away from its magma source, the Hawaiian mantle plume. The age‐depth relation in the core hole may be used to test and refine models that relate the growth of Mauna Kea to the thermal and compositional structure of the mantle plume.</p></div><div class=\"accordion article-accordion\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></div>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95JB03702","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Sharp, W., Turrin, B.D., Renne, P., and Lanphere, M.A., 1996, The 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating of lavas from the Hilo 1-km core hole, Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11607-11616, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03702.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"11607","endPage":"11616","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba656e4b08c986b32107f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharp, W.D.","contributorId":88467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Renne, P.R.","contributorId":69312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renne","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018100,"text":"70018100 - 1996 - Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-17T14:17:39","indexId":"70018100","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan","docAbstract":"This study investigates 31 years of fumarole gas and condensate (trace elements) data from Showa-Shinzan, a dacitic dome-cryptodome complex that formed during the 1943-1945 eruption of Usu volcano. Forty-two gas samples were collected from the highest-temperature fumarole, named A-1, from 1954 (800??C) to 1985 (336??C), and from lower-temperature vents. Condensates were collected contemporaneously with the gas samples, and we reanalyzed ten of these samples, mostly from the A-1 vent, for 32 cations and three anions. Modeling using the thermochemical equilibrium program, SOLVGAS, shows that the gas samples are mild disequilibrium mixtures because they: (a) contain unequilibrated sedimentary CH4 and NH3; (b) have unequilibrated meteoric water; or (c) lost CO, either by air oxidation or by absorption by the sodium hydroxide sampling solution. SOLVGAS also enabled us to restore the samples by removing these disequilibrium effects, and to estimate their equilibrium oxygen fugacities and amounts of S2 and CH4. The restored compositions contain > 98% H2O with minor to trace amounts of CO2, H2, HCl, SO2, HF, H2S, CO, S2 and CH4. We used the restored gas and condensate data to test the hypotheses that these time-series compositional data from the dome's fumaroles provide: (1) sufficient major-gas data to analyze long-term degassing trends of the dome's magma-hydrothermal system without the influence of sampling or contamination effects; (2) independent oxygen fugacity-versus-temperature estimates of the Showa-Shinzan dacite; (3) the order of release of trace elements, especially metals, from magma; and (4) useful information for assessing volcanic hazards. The 1954-1985 restored A-1 gas compositions confirm the first hypothesis because they are sufficient to reveal three long-term degassing trends: (1) they became increasingly H2O-rich with time due to the progressive influx of meteoric water into the dome; (2) their C/S and S/Cl ratios decreased dramatically while their Cl/F ratios stayed roughly constant, indicating the progressive outgassing of less soluble components (F ??? Cl > S > C) from the magma reservoir; and (3) their H2O/H2, CO2/CO and H2S/SO2 ratios increased significantly in concert with equilibrium changes expected for the ??? 500??C temperature drop. When plotted against reciprocal temperature, the restored-gas log oxygen fugacities follow a tight linear trend from < NNO + 0.5 at > 800??C to NNO + 2.5 at ??? 400??C. This trend largely disproves the second hypothesis because the oxygen fugacities for the < 800??C restored gases can only be explained by mixing of hot magmatic gases with ??? 350??C steam from superheated meteoric water. But above 800??C this trend intersects the opposing linear trend for other Usu eruptive products, implying a log oxygen fugacity of -11.45 at 902??C for the Showa-Shinzan magma. The time-series trace-element data also disprove the third hypothesis because rock- and incrustation-particle contaminants in the condensates account for most of the trace-element variation. Nonetheless, highly volatile elements like B and As are relatively unaffected by this particle contamination, and they show similar time-series trends as Cl and F. Finally, except for infrequent sampling around the 1977 Usu eruption, the results generally confirm the fourth hypothesis, since the time-series trends for the major gases and selected trace elements indicate that, with time, the system cooled, degassed and was infiltrated by meteoric water, all of which are positive signs that volcanic activity declined over the 31-year history. This study also suggests that second boiling of shallow magma within and possibly beneath the cryptodome sustained magmatic degassing for at least 20 years after emplacement.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Symonds, R., Mizutani, Y., and Briggs, P., 1996, Long-term geochemical surveillance of fumaroles at Showa-Shinzan dome, Usu volcano, Japan: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 73, no. 3-4, p. 177-211.","startPage":"177","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":229058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"73","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4990e4b0c8380cd68706","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mizutani, Y.","contributorId":78609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizutani","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018107,"text":"70018107 - 1996 - Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-20T17:10:07","indexId":"70018107","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil","docAbstract":"The effect of flow on release rates of solutes from soil in a 39-m2 alpine catchment in the Colorado Rockies was measured during the summers of 1990-1994. Flow rates through the soil were varied by augmenting natural rainfall with deionized irrigation water. Daily water inputs averaged between 96 and 216 1 day-1 during the five field seasons, and mean discharge (inputs minus evapotranspiration) varied from 35 to 175 1 day-1. Volume-weighted mean concentrations of base cations and silica decreased only moderately in response to the increased water inputs. Input fluxes of solutes in precipitation were similar in each of the study seasons, but output fluxes of base cations and silica in surface outflow increased substantially in conjunction with the average water input rate for the season. Weathering rates calculated from the chemical fluxes increased substantially in response to increases in water input rates. The increases appear to be largely attributable to enhanced transport of solutes from the soil matrix under high flow conditions. At high flow, physical flushing of micropores presumably occurs to a greater extent than during low-flow periods because of greater soil wetness and higher hydrologic head. Increased flushing would also cause an increased rate of diffusion of solutes from microcracks in mineral surfaces and constricted pore spaces in response to an increased concentration gradient between those regions and adjacent areas in the soil matrix. Another consequence of the increased flushing that occurs during periods of high flow is that concentrations throughout the soil matrix tend to be lower, which might increase chemical weathering rates of some silicate minerals such as microcline, which are relatively close to saturation. Decreased Si concentrations under high-flow conditions appear to promote dissolution of amorphous aluminosilicates or desorption of Si from mineral surfaces, buffering Si concentrations in the soil solutions. Thus, both physical transport of solutes and subsequent chemical effects appear to be responsible for the positive relation observed between fluxes of weathering products and water input rates.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Clow, D.W., and Drever, J., 1996, Weathering rates as a function of flow through an alpine soil: Chemical Geology, v. 132, no. 1-4 SPEC. ISS., p. 131-141, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4.","startPage":"131","endPage":"141","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228461,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266045,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00048-4"}],"volume":"132","issue":"1-4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfbee4b08c986b32ea9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clow, D. W.","contributorId":23531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drever, J.I.","contributorId":58407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drever","given":"J.I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}