In order to evaluate details of the partitioning behaviours of Y, rare earth elements (REEs), and Ti between inorganic metal oxide surfaces and seawater, we studied the distribution of these elements in hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) crusts from the Central Pacific Ocean. Nonphosphatized Fe-Mn crusts display shale-normalized rare earths and yttrium (REYSN) patterns (Y inserted between Dy and Ho) that are depleted in light REEs (LREEs) and which show negative anomalies for Ysn, and positive anomalies for LaSN, EuSN, GdSN, and in most cases, Cesn. They show considerably smaller Y/ Ho ratios than seawater or common igneous and clastic rocks, indicating that Y and Ho are fractionated in the marine environment. Compared to P-poor crusts, REYSN patterns of phosphatized Fe-Mn crusts are similar, but yield pronounced positive Ysn anomalies, stronger positive LaSN anomalies, and enrichment of the HREEs relative to the MREEs. The data suggest modification of REY during phosphatization and indicate that studies requiring primary REY distributions or isotopic ratios should be restricted to non-phosphatized (layers of) Fe-Mn crusts.
Apparent bulk coefficients, Kdm, describing trace metal partitioning between nonphosphatized hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts and seawater, are similar for Pr to Eu and decrease for Eu to Yb. Exceptionally high values of KDCe, which are similar to those of Ti, result from oxidative scavenging of Ce and support previous suggestions that Ce (IV) is a hydroxide-dominated element in seawater. Yttrium and Gd show lower KD values than their respective neighbours in the REY series. Results of modelling the exchange equilibrium between REY dissolved in seawater and REY sorbed on hydrous Fe-Mn oxides corroborate previous studies that suggested the surface complexation of REY can be approximated by their first hydroxide binding constant. Negative “anomalies” occur for stabilities of bulk surface complexes of Gd, La, and particularly Y. The differences in inorganic surface complex stability between Y and Ho and between Gd and its REE neighbours are similar to those shown by the stabilities of complexes with aminocarboxylic acids and are significantly larger than those shown by stabilities of complexes with carboxylic acids. Hence, sorption of Y and REEs onto hydrous Fe-Mn oxides may contribute significantly to the positive YSN and GdSN anomalies in seawater.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4","usgsCitation":"Bau, M., Koschinsky, A., Dulski, P., and Hein, J.R., 1996, Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 10, p. 1709-1725, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1709","endPage":"1725","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227115,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8afe4b0c8380cd4d218","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bau, Michael","contributorId":103174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bau","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koschinsky, Andrea 0000-0002-9224-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-0663","contributorId":242599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koschinsky","given":"Andrea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":48477,"text":"Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dulski, Peter","contributorId":187708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dulski","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018458,"text":"70018458 - 1996 - Granular-flow rheology: Role of shear-rate number in transition regime","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-22T14:34:25.295441","indexId":"70018458","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2252,"text":"Journal of Engineering Mechanics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Granular-flow rheology: Role of shear-rate number in transition regime","docAbstract":"This paper examines the rationale behind the semiempirical formulation of a generalized viscoplastic fluid (GVF) model in the light of the Reiner-Rivlin constitutive theory and the viscoplastic theory, thereby identifying the parameters that control the rheology of granular flow. The shear-rate number ( N ) proves to be among the most significant parameters identified from the GVF model. As N → 0 and N →∞, the GVF model can reduce asymptotically to the theoretical stress versus shear-rate relations in the macroviscous and grain-inertia regimes, respectively, where the grain concentration ( C ) also plays a major role in the rheology of granular flow. Using available data obtained from the rotating-cylinder experiments of neutrally buoyant solid spheres dispersing in an interstitial fluid, the shear stress for granular flow in transition between the two regimes proves dependent on N and C in addition to some material constants, such as the coefficient of restitution. The insufficiency of data on rotating-cylinder experiments cannot presently allow the GVF model to predict how a granular flow may behave in the entire range of N ; however, the analyzed data provide an insight on the interrelation among the relevant dimensionless parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1996)122:5(469)","issn":"07339399","usgsCitation":"Chen, C., and Ling, C.#., 1996, Granular-flow rheology: Role of shear-rate number in transition regime: Journal of Engineering Mechanics, v. 122, no. 5, p. 469-479, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1996)122:5(469).","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"469","endPage":"479","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227116,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29c7e4b0c8380cd5ac1a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Chiu-Lan","contributorId":100979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Chiu-Lan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ling, C. #NAME?","contributorId":14133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018459,"text":"70018459 - 1996 - Semivariogram modeling by weighted least squares","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018459","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Semivariogram modeling by weighted least squares","docAbstract":"Permissible semivariogram models are fundamental for geostatistical estimation and simulation of attributes having a continuous spatiotemporal variation. The usual practice is to fit those models manually to experimental semivariograms. Fitting by weighted least squares produces comparable results to fitting manually in less time, systematically, and provides an Akaike information criterion for the proper comparison of alternative models. We illustrate the application of a computer program with examples showing the fitting of simple and nested models. Copyright ?? 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0098-3004(95)00095-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Jian, X., Olea, R., and Yu, Y., 1996, Semivariogram modeling by weighted least squares: Computers & Geosciences, v. 22, no. 4, p. 387-397, https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00095-X.","startPage":"387","endPage":"397","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487308,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00095-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205852,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00095-X"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d1ae4b08c986b31826c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jian, X.","contributorId":70941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jian","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Yu, Y.-S.","contributorId":98892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yu","given":"Y.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018460,"text":"70018460 - 1996 - Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018460","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF","docAbstract":"U.S. Weather Research Program (USWRP) prospectus development teams (PDTs) are small groups of scientists that are convened by the USWRP lead scientist on a one-time basis to discuss critical issues and to provide advice related to future directions of the program. PDTs are a principal source of information for the Science Advisory Committee, which is a standing committee charged with the duty of making recommendations to the Program Office based upon overall program objectives. PDT-1 focused on theoretical issues, and PDT-2 on observational issues; PDT-3 is the first of several to focus on more specialized topics. PDT-3 was convened to identify forecasting problems related to U.S. coastal weather and oceanic conditions, and to suggest likely solution strategies. There were several overriding themes that emerged from the discussion. First, the lack of data in and over critical regions of the ocean, particularly in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the upper-ocean mixed layer were identified as major impediments to coastal weather prediction. Strategies for data collection and dissemination, as well as new instrument implementation, were discussed. Second, fundamental knowledge of air-sea fluxes and boundary layer structure in situations where there is significant mesoscale variability in the atmosphere and ocean is needed. Companion field studies and numerical prediction experiments were discussed. Third, research prognostic models suggest that future operational forecast models pertaining to coastal weather will be high resolution and site specific, and will properly treat effects of local coastal geography, orography, and ocean state. The view was expressed that the exploration of coupled air-sea models of the coastal zone would be a particularly fruitful area of research. PDT-3 felt that forecasts of land-impacting tropical cyclones, Great Lakes-affected weather, and coastal cyclogenesis, in particular, would benefit from such coordinated modeling and field efforts. Fourth, forecasting for Arctic coastal zones is limited by our understanding of how sea ice forms. The importance of understanding air-sea fluxes and boundary layers in the presence of ice formation was discussed. Finally, coastal flash flood forecasting via hydrologic models is limited by the present accuracy of measured and predicted precipitation and storm surge events. Strategies for better ways to improve the latter were discussed.","largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","language":"English","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Rotunno, R., Pietrafesa, L., Allen, J.S., Colman, B., Dorman, C., Kreitzberg, C., Lord, S., McPhee, M., Mellor, G., Mooers, C., Niiler, P., Pielke, R., Powell, M., Rogers, D., Smith, J., Xie, L., and Carbone, R., 1996, Meeting summary - Coastal meteorology and oceanography: Report of the third prospectus development team of the U.S. Weather Research Program to NOAA and NSF, in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 77, no. 7, p. 1578-1585.","startPage":"1578","endPage":"1585","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"77","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5385e4b0c8380cd6cb36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rotunno, R.","contributorId":28022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotunno","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pietrafesa, L.J.","contributorId":82469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietrafesa","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, J. S.","contributorId":40354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colman, B.R.","contributorId":41976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dorman, C.M.","contributorId":55585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorman","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kreitzberg, C.W.","contributorId":18121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kreitzberg","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lord, S.J.","contributorId":79637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lord","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McPhee, M.G.","contributorId":81262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McPhee","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mellor, G.L.","contributorId":41162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellor","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Mooers, C.N.K.","contributorId":13762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooers","given":"C.N.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Niiler, P.P.","contributorId":71706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niiler","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Powell, M.D.","contributorId":21709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Rogers, D.P.","contributorId":61582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Xie, Lingtian","contributorId":65209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xie","given":"Lingtian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Carbone, R.","contributorId":96431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carbone","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70018461,"text":"70018461 - 1996 - Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:45:28","indexId":"70018461","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The distribution of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases in the unsaturated zone provides a geochemical signature of aerobic hydrocarbon degradation at petroleum product spill sites. The fluxes of these gases are proportional to the rate of aerobic biodegradation and are quantified by calibrating a mathematical transport model to the oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data. Reaction stoichiometry is assumed to convert the gas fluxes to a corresponding rate of hydrocarbon degradation. The method is applied at a gasoline spill site in Galloway Township, New Jersey, to determine the rate of aerobic degradation of hydrocarbons associated with passive and bioventing remediation field experiments. At the site, microbial degradation of hydrocarbons near the water table limits the migration of hydrocarbon solutes in groundwater and prevents hydrocarbon volatilization into the unsaturated zone. In the passive remediation experiment a site-wide degradation rate estimate of 34,400 g yr−1 (11.7 gal. yr−1) of hydrocarbon was obtained by model calibration to carbon dioxide gas concentration data collected in December 1989. In the bioventing experiment, degradation rate estimates of 46.0 and 47.9 g m−2 yr−1(1.45 × 10−3 and 1.51 × 10−3 gal. ft.−2yr−1) of hydrocarbon were obtained by model calibration to oxygen and carbon dioxide gas concentration data, respectively. Method application was successful in quantifying the significance of a naturally occurring process that can effectively contribute to plume stabilization.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00805","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., and Baehr, A.L., 1996, Estimation of rates of aerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation by simulation of gas transport in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 7, p. 2231-2249, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00805.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"2231","endPage":"2249","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba3e4b0c8380cd527f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018464,"text":"70018464 - 1996 - Hydrogen isotope systematics of phase separation in submarine hydrothermal systems: Experimental calibration and theoretical models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018464","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogen isotope systematics of phase separation in submarine hydrothermal systems: Experimental calibration and theoretical models","docAbstract":"Hydrogen isotope fractionation factors were measured for coexisting brines and vapors formed by phase separation of NaCl/H2O fluids at temperatures ranging from 399-450??C and pressures from 277-397 bars. It was found that brines are depleted in D compared to coexisting vapors at all conditions studied. The magnitude of hydrogen isotope fractionation is dependent on the relative amounts of Cl in the two phases and can be empirically correlated to pressure using the following relationship: 1000 ln ??(vap-brine) = 2.54(??0.83) + 2.87(??0.69) x log (??P), where ??(vap-brine) is the fractionation factor and ??P is a pressure term representing distance from the critical curve in the NaCl/H2O system. The effect of phase separation on hydrogen isotope distribution in subseafloor hydrothermal systems depends on a number of factors, including whether phase separation is induced by heating at depth or by decompression of hydrothermal fluids ascending to the seafloor. Phase separation in most subseafloor systems appears to be a simple process driven by heating of seawater to conditions within the two-phase region, followed by segregation and entrainment of brine or vapor into a seawater dominated system. Resulting vent fluids exhibit large ranges in Cl concentration with no measurable effect on ??D. Possible exceptions to this include hydrothermal fluids venting at Axial and 9??N on the East Pacific Rise. High ??D values of low Cl fluids venting at Axial are consistent with phase separation taking place at relatively shallow levels in the oceanic crust while negative ??D values in some low Cl fluids venting at 9??N suggest involvement of a magmatic fluid component or phase separation of D-depleted brines derived during previous hydrothermal activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00033-6","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Berndt, M., Seal, R., Shanks, W.C., and Seyfried, W., 1996, Hydrogen isotope systematics of phase separation in submarine hydrothermal systems: Experimental calibration and theoretical models: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 9, p. 1595-1604, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00033-6.","startPage":"1595","endPage":"1604","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205870,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00033-6"},{"id":227209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a334de4b0c8380cd5eec1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berndt, M.E.","contributorId":78487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berndt","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. II","contributorId":102097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shanks, Wayne C. III","contributorId":100527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanks","given":"Wayne","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seyfried, W.E. Jr.","contributorId":15347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seyfried","given":"W.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018469,"text":"70018469 - 1996 - Kinematics of the Eastern California shear zone: Evidence for slip transfer from Owens and Saline Valley fault zones to Fish Lake Valley fault zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-20T01:19:44.729313","indexId":"70018469","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kinematics of the Eastern California shear zone: Evidence for slip transfer from Owens and Saline Valley fault zones to Fish Lake Valley fault zone","docAbstract":"Late Quaternary slip rates and satellite-based geodetic data for the western Great Basin constrain regional fault-slip distribution and evolution. The geologic slip rate on the Fish Lake Valley fault zone (the northwest extension of the Furnace Creek fault zone) increases northward from about 3 to 5 mm/yr, in agreement with modeled geodetic data. The increase coincides with the intersections of the Deep Springs fault, connected to the Owens Valley fault zone, and of other faults connected to the Saline Valley fault. The combined geologic and geodetic data suggest that (1) the northwest-striking faults of the Eastern California shear zone north of the Garlock fault are connected by north- to northeast-striking normal faults that transfer slip in a series of right steps, and (2) the amount and distribution of slip among the many faults of this broad, complex plate boundary have changed through time.
Models of continental crustal magmagenesis commonly invoke the interaction of mafic mantle-derived magma and continental crust to explain geochemical and petrologic characteristics of crustal volcanic and plutonic rocks. This interaction and the specific mechanisms of crustal contamination associated with it are poorly understood. An excellent opportunity to study the progressive effects of crustal contamination is offered by the composite plutons of the Alaska Range, a series of nine early Tertiary, multiply intruded, compositionally zoned (Peridotite to granite) plutons. Large initial Sr and Nd isotopic contrasts between the crustal country rock and likely parental magmas allow evaluation of the mechanisms and extents of crustal contamination that accompanied the crystallization of these ultra-mafic through granitic rocks. Three contamination processes are distinguished in these plutons. The most obvious of these is assimilation of crustal country rock concurrent with magmatic fractional crystallization (AFC), as indicated by a general trend toward crustal-like isotopic signatures with increasing differentiation. Second, many ultramafic and mafic rocks have late-stage phenocryst reaction and orthocumulate textures that suggest interaction with felsic melt. These rocks also have variable and enriched isotopic compositions that suggest that this felsic melt was isotopically enriched and probably derived from crustal country rock. Partial melt from the flysch country rock may have reacted with and contaminated these partly crystalline magmas following the precipitation and accumulation of the cumulus phenocrysts but before complete solidification of the magma. This suggests that in magmatic mush (especially of ultramafic composition) crystallizing in continental crust, a second distinct process of crustal contamination may be super imposed on AFC or magma mixing involving the main magma body. Finally, nearly all rocks, including mafic and ultramafic rocks, have (87Sr/86Sr)i that are too high, and ε(T) Nd that are too low, to represent the expected isotopic composition of typical depleted mantle. However, gabbro xenoliths with typical depicted-mantle isotopic compositions are found in the plutons. This situation requires either an additional enriched mantle component to provide the parental magma for these plutons, or some mechanism of crustal contamination of the parent magma that did not cause significant crystallization and differentiation of the magma to more felsic compositions. Thermodynamic modeling indicates that assimilation of alkali-and water-rich partial melt of the metapelite country rock by fractionating, near-liquidus basaltic magma could cause significant contamination while suppressing significant crystallization and differentiation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/37.2.261","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Reiners, P., Nelson, B., and Nelson, S., 1996, Evidence for multiple mechanisms of crustal contamination of magma from compositionally zoned plutons and associated ultramafic intrusions of the Alaska Range: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, no. 2, p. 261-292, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/37.2.261.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"292","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227426,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d4ce4b0c8380cd52f23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiners, P.W.","contributorId":34241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiners","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nelson, B.K.","contributorId":85344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"B.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, S.W.","contributorId":67869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018477,"text":"70018477 - 1996 - Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-19T05:49:26","indexId":"70018477","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Several geochemical properties of an aquifer sediment that control metal-ion adsorption were investigated to determine their potential use as indicators of the spatial variability of metal adsorption. Over the length of a 4.5-m-long core from a sand and gravel aquifer, lead (Pb2+) and zinc (Zn2+) adsorption at constant chemical conditions (pH 5.3) varied by a factor of 2 and 4, respectively. Pb2+ and Zn2+ were adsorbed primarily by Fe- and Al-oxide coatings on quartz-grain surfaces. Per unit surface area, both Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption were significantly correlated with the amount of Fe and Al that dissolved from the aquifer material in a partial chemical extraction. The variability in conditional binding constants for Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption (log KADS) derived from a simple non-electrostatic surface complexation model were also predicted by extracted Fe and Al normalized to surface area. Because the abundance of Fe- and Al-oxide coatings that dominate adsorption does not vary inversely with grain size by a simple linear relationship, only a weak, negative correlation was found between the spatial variability of Pb2+ adsorption and grain size in this aquifer. The correlation between Zn2+ adsorption and grain size was not significant. Partial chemical extractions combined with surface-area measurements have potential use for estimating metal adsorption variability in other sand and gravel aquifers of negligible carbonate and organic carbon content.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Fuller, C.C., Davis, J., Coston, J., and Dixon, E., 1996, Characterization of metal adsorption variability in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 22, no. 3-4, p. 165-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-7722(95)00090-9.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"22","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4cfe4b0c8380cd4bf2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coston, J.A.","contributorId":59572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dixon, E.","contributorId":79254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018486,"text":"70018486 - 1996 - Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T18:01:55.779258","indexId":"70018486","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques","docAbstract":"The Colorado Plateau is a large crustal block in the southwestern United States that has been raised intact nearly 2 km above sea level since Cretaceous marine sediments were deposited on its surface. Controversy exists concerning the thickness of the plateau crust and the source of its buoyancy. Interpretations of seismic data collected on the plateau vary as to whether the crust is closer to 40 or 50 km thick. A thick crust could support the observed topography of the Colorado Plateau isostatically, while a thinner crust would indicate the presence of an underlying low-density mantle. This paper reports results on long-offset seismic data collected during the 1989 segment of the U.S. Geological Survey Pacific to Arizona Crustal Experiment that extended from the Transition Zone into the Colorado Plateau in northwest Arizona. We apply two new methods to analyze long-offset data that employ finite difference travel time calculations: (1) a first-arrival time inverter to find upper crustal velocity structure and (2) a forward-modeling technique that allows the direct use of the inverted upper crustal solution in modeling secondary reflected arrivals. We find that the crustal thickness increases from 30 km beneath the metamorphic core complexes in the southern Basin and Range province to about 42 km beneath the northern Transition Zone and southern Colorado Plateau margin. We observe some crustal thinning (to ∼37 km thick) and slightly higher lower crustal velocities farther inboard; beneath the Kaibab uplift on the north rim of the Grand Canyon the crust thickens to a maximum of 48 km. We observe a nonuniform crustal thickness beneath the Colorado Plateau that varies by ∼15% and corresponds approximately to variations in topography with the thickest crust underlying the highest elevations. Crustal compositions (as inferred from seismic velocities) appear to be the same beneath the Colorado Plateau as those in the Basin and Range province to the southwest, implying that the plateau crust represents an unextended version of the Basin and Range. Some of the variability in crustal structure appears to correspond to preserved lithospheric discontinuities that date back to the Proterozoic Era.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03742","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., McCarthy, J., Kohler, W., Ammon, C., Benz, H., Hole, J., and Criley, E., 1996, Crustal structure of the Colorado Plateau, Arizona: Application of new long-offset seismic data analysis techniques: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11173-11194, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03742.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"11173","endPage":"11194","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227648,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcede4b0c8380cd4e50c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarthy, J.","contributorId":50290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, W.M.","contributorId":62999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ammon, C.J.","contributorId":28389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ammon","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Criley, E.E.","contributorId":79498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Criley","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018487,"text":"70018487 - 1996 - Uranium-series dating of carbonate (tufa) deposits associated with quaternary fluctuations of Pyramid Lake, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:23","indexId":"70018487","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series dating of carbonate (tufa) deposits associated with quaternary fluctuations of Pyramid Lake, Nevada","docAbstract":"Uranium-series dating of dense tufa deposited in a small cave, at former lake margins, and in large tufa mounds clarifies the timing of lake-level variation during the past 400,000 yr in the Pyramid Lake basin. A moderate-sized lake occasionally overflowed the Emerson Pass sill at elevation of ???1207 m between ca. 400,000 and 170,000 and from ca. 60,000 to 20,000 yr B.P., as shown by 230Th/234U ages of the cave samples, 230Th-excess ages of tubular tufas, and average isochron-plot ages of shoreline-deposited tufas. (By comparison, modern Pyramid Lake is ???50 m below this sill). There is a lack of tufa record during the intervening period from ca. 170,000 to 60,000 yr B.P. After ca. 20,000 yr, Pyramid Lake underwent abrupt changes in level and, based on previous 14C ages, reached its highest elevation (ca 1335 m) at ca. 14,000 yr B.P. The youngest uranium-series ages are comparable with previously reported 14C ages. ?? 1996 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1996.0028","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Szabo, B.J., Bush, C.A., and Benson, L.V., 1996, Uranium-series dating of carbonate (tufa) deposits associated with quaternary fluctuations of Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Quaternary Research, v. 45, no. 3, p. 271-281, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0028.","startPage":"271","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205961,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0028"},{"id":227649,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdf7e4b08c986b329327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Barney J.","contributorId":6848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Barney","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bush, C. A.","contributorId":43344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Benson, L. V.","contributorId":50159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benson","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018491,"text":"70018491 - 1996 - Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:41:03.096522","indexId":"70018491","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","docAbstract":"Three seismic refraction-reflection profiles, part of the Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment, allow us to compare and contrast crust and upper mantle of the North American margin before and after it is modified by passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Upper crustal velocity models reveal an asymmetric Great Valley basin overlying Sierran or ophiolitic rocks at the latitude of Fort Bragg, California, and overlying Sierran or Klamath rocks near Redding, California. In addition, the upper crustal velocity structure indicates that Franciscan rocks underlie the Klamath terrane east of Eureka, California. The Franciscan complex is, on average, laterally homogeneous and is thickest in the triple junction region. North of the triple junction, the Gorda slab can be traced 150 km inboard from the Cascadia subduction zone. South of the triple junction, strong precritical reflections indicate partial melt and/or metamorphic fluids at the base of the crust or in the upper mantle. Breaks in these reflections are correlated with the Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults, suggesting that these faults extend at least to the mantle. We interpret our data to indicate tectonic thickening of the Franciscan complex in response to passage of the Mendocino triple junction and an associated thinning of these rocks south of the triple junction due to assimilation into melt triggered by upwelling asthenosphere. The region of thickened Franciscan complex overlies a zone of increased scattering, intrinsic attenuation, or both, resulting from mechanical mixing of lithologies and/or partial melt beneath the onshore projection of the Mendocino fracture zone. Our data reveal that we have crossed the southern edge of the Gorda slab and that this edge and/or the overlying North American crust may have fragmented because of the change in stress presented by the edge.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Godfrey, N.J., Klemperer, S., Lendl, C., Trehu, A., Henstock, T., Levander, A., Holl, J., Meltzer, A., Luetgert, J.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1996, Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment: Geology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California 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\"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb710e4b08c986b327033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, B. C.","contributorId":17629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, N. J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lendl, C.","contributorId":93641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henstock, T.J.","contributorId":99713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henstock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holl, J.E.","contributorId":84519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meltzer, A.S.","contributorId":50921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70018497,"text":"70018497 - 1996 - Chemical weathering rates of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium: I. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018497","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical weathering rates of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium: I. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates","docAbstract":"Mineral weathering rates are determined for a series of soils ranging in age from 0.2-3000 Ky developed on alluvial terraces near Merced in the Central Valley of California. Mineralogical and elemental abundances exhibit time-dependent trends documenting the chemical evolution of granitic sand to residual kaolinite and quartz. Mineral losses with time occur in the order: hornblende > plagioclase > K-feldspar. Maximum volume decreases of >50% occur in the older soils. BET surface areas of the bulk soils increase with age, as do specific surface areas of aluminosilicate mineral fractions such as plagioclase, which increases from 0.4-1.5 m2 g-1 over 600 Ky. Quartz surface areas are lower and change less with time (0.11-0.23 m2 g-1). BET surface areas correspond to increasing external surface roughness (?? = 10-600) and relatively constant internal surface area (??? 1.3 m2 g-1). SEM observations confirm both surface pitting and development of internal porosity. A numerical model describes aluminosilicate dissolution rates as a function of changes in residual mineral abundance, grain size distributions, and mineral surface areas with time. A simple geometric treatment, assuming spherical grains and no surface roughness, predicts average dissolution rates (plagioclase, 10-17.4; K-feldspar, 10-17.8; and hornblende, 10-17.5 mol cm-1 s-1) that are constant with time and comparable to previous estimates of soil weathering. Average rates, based on BET surface area measurements and variable surface roughnesses, are much slower (plagioclase, 10-19.9; K-feldspar, 10-20.5; and hornblende 10-20.1 mol cm-2 s-1). Rates for individual soil horizons decrease by a factor of 101.5 over 3000 Ky indicating that the surface reactivities of minerals decrease as the physical surface areas increase. Rate constants based on BET estimates for the Merced soils are factors of 103-104 slower than reported experimental dissolution rates determined from freshly prepared silicates with low surface roughness (?? <10). This study demonstrates that the utility of experimental rate constants to predict weathering in soils is limited without consideration of variable surface areas and processes that control the evolution of surface reactivity with time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(96)00106-8","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"White, A.F., Blum, A., Schulz, M.S., Bullen, T., Harden, J., and Peterson, M.L., 1996, Chemical weathering rates of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium: I. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, no. 14, p. 2533-2550, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00106-8.","startPage":"2533","endPage":"2550","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205854,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00106-8"}],"volume":"60","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f59ae4b0c8380cd4c2fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, A. F.","contributorId":36546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, A.E.","contributorId":100514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulz, M. S.","contributorId":7299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Peterson, M. L.","contributorId":49930,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018500,"text":"70018500 - 1996 - Geochemical characteristics and origin of the Lebowa Granite Suite, Bushveld Complex","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-15T11:58:18.438041","indexId":"70018500","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical characteristics and origin of the Lebowa Granite Suite, Bushveld Complex","docAbstract":"The ∼ 2052-Ma Lebowa Granite Suite (LGS) represents the culminating phase of an Early Proterozoic magmatic cycle in the Central Transvaal area of the Kaapvaal Province. Following extrusion of at least 200,000 km3 of intermediate to acid volcanics (Rooiberg Felsite), mafic and ultramafic magmas intruded at 2065 Ma to form the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS). The LGS includes the Nebo, Makhutso, Bobbejaankop, Lease, and Klipkloof granites. The Nebo Granite intruded the Rooiberg Felsite as sheets up to 4 km thick above the RLS. Smaller stocks of the other granites crosscut the Nebo.
We determined major-and trace-element compositions and oxygen, Rb-Sr, and Sm-Nd isotope ratios for samples of: Nebo Granite; Rooiberg Felsite; granophyre and granophyric granite; Makhutso, Bobbejaankop, and Lease granites; and feldspar porphyry from areas throughout the exposed area of the LGS (Dennilton, Verena-Balmoral, Enkeldoorn, Sekhukhune Plateau, Zaaiplaats-Potgeitersrus, and Western Transvaal). Coherent floor-to-roof geochemical trends exist in some areas, although it is not possible to model them convincingly. Regional variations in geochemistry exist and likely are related to source variations in the estimated 200,000 km3 of the Nebo Granite sheets. δ18O for the LGS range from +5.9‰ to + 9.5‰ if these are approximate primary magmatic values, pelitic sediments cannot have been an important source for the LGS. The Rb-Sr isotope system has been altered, a finding consistent with previous studies. A mineral isochron for Nebo Granite near Dennilton yields a York regression age of 1995 ± 99 Ma, with initial 143Nd/144Nd = 0.50978 ± 8 and εCHUR = −5.12. Samples from the Sekhukhune Plateau have higher 143Nd/144Nd ratios than do Dennilton-area samples, suggesting that the former originated from older or less LREE-enriched sources.
We suggest that intrusion of mafic to ultramafic magmas at depth in the continental crust triggered melting of Archean quartzofeldspathic crystalline rocks and formed siliceous melting-precipitating cells (SMPCs) (see, e.g., Huppert and Sparks, 1988). This mass of siliceous magma blocked ascent of denser mafic magmas to higher levels in the crust; hence the RLS is confined to a series of circumferential lobes around the periphery of the Bushveld Complex. Diapirs rose from the SMPCs to form sheets of Nebo Granite, which ascended in the center of the Bushveld Complex and spread laterally along the upper contacts of the RLS lenses.
In this paper the numerical model presented in the companion paper is tested and applied. Assessment of model accuracy was based on two approaches. First, predictions of evolution of a 13.5 km reach of the South Fork of the Forked Deer River, in west Tennessee, were compared to observations over a 24-yr period. Results suggest that although the model was able to qualitatively predict trends of widening and deepening, quantitative predictions were not reliable. Simulated widths and depths were within 15% of the corresponding observed values, but observed change in these parameters at the study sites were also close to these values. Simulated rates of depth adjustment were within 15% of observed rates, but observed rates of channel widening at the study sites were approximately three times those simulated by the model. In the second approach, the model was used to generate relationships between stable channel width and bank-full discharge. The model was able to successfully replicate the form of empirically derived regime-width equations. Simulations were used to demonstrate the model's ability to obtain more realistic predictions of bed evolution in widening channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(194)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Darby, S., Thorne, C., and Simon, A., 1996, Numerical simulation of widening and bed deformation of straight sand-bed rivers. II: Model evaluation: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 122, no. 4, p. 194-202, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(194).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692ee4b0c8380cd73be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darby, S.E.","contributorId":9012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darby","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, Colin R.","contributorId":78886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Colin R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018505,"text":"70018505 - 1996 - Testing and validating environmental models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018505","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Testing and validating environmental models","docAbstract":"Generally accepted standards for testing and validating ecosystem models would benefit both modellers and model users. Universally applicable test procedures are difficult to prescribe, given the diversity of modelling approaches and the many uses for models. However, the generally accepted scientific principles of documentation and disclosure provide a useful framework for devising general standards for model evaluation. Adequately documenting model tests requires explicit performance criteria, and explicit benchmarks against which model performance is compared. A model's validity, reliability, and accuracy can be most meaningfully judged by explicit comparison against the available alternatives. In contrast, current practice is often characterized by vague, subjective claims that model predictions show 'acceptable' agreement with data; such claims provide little basis for choosing among alternative models. Strict model tests (those that invalid models are unlikely to pass) are the only ones capable of convincing rational skeptics that a model is probably valid. However, 'false positive' rates as low as 10% can substantially erode the power of validation tests, making them insufficiently strict to convince rational skeptics. Validation tests are often undermined by excessive parameter calibration and overuse of ad hoc model features. Tests are often also divorced from the conditions under which a model will be used, particularly when it is designed to forecast beyond the range of historical experience. In such situations, data from laboratory and field manipulation experiments can provide particularly effective tests, because one can create experimental conditions quite different from historical data, and because experimental data can provide a more precisely defined 'target' for the model to hit. We present a simple demonstration showing that the two most common methods for comparing model predictions to environmental time series (plotting model time series against data time series, and plotting predicted versus observed values) have little diagnostic power. We propose that it may be more useful to statistically extract the relationships of primary interest from the time series, and test the model directly against them.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0048-9697(95)04971-1","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kirchner, J., Hooper, R.P., Kendall, C., Neal, C., and Leavesley, G., 1996, Testing and validating environmental models: Science of the Total Environment, v. 183, no. 1-2, p. 33-47, https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04971-1.","startPage":"33","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205884,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04971-1"},{"id":227301,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"183","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba5bfe4b08c986b320c4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirchner, J.W.","contributorId":45846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirchner","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neal, C.","contributorId":89269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leavesley, G.","contributorId":90483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavesley","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018506,"text":"70018506 - 1996 - Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-15T10:43:20","indexId":"70018506","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"The three‐dimensional P and S wave structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska, and the underlying crust to depths of 7–8 km is determined from 6219 P wave and 4008 S wave first‐arrival times recorded by a 30‐station seismograph network deployed on and around the volcano. First‐arrival times are calculated using a finite‐difference technique, which allows for flexible parameterization of the slowness model and easy inclusion of topography and source‐receiver geometry. The three‐dimensional P wave velocity structure and hypocenters are determined simultaneously, while the three‐dimensional Swave velocity model is determined using the relocated seismicity and an initial S wave velocity model derived from the P wave velocity model assuming an average Vp/Vs ratio of 1.78. Convergence is steady with approximately 73% and 52% reduction in P and Swave arrival time RMS, respectively, after 10 iterations. The most prominent feature observed in the three‐dimensional velocity models derived for both P and S waves is a relative low‐velocity, near‐vertical, pipelike structure approximately 1 km in diameter that extends from 1 to 6 km beneath sea level. This feature aligns axially with the bulk of seismicity and is interpreted as a highly fractured and altered zone encompassing a magma conduit. The velocity structure beneath the north flank of the volcano between depths of 1 and 6 km is characterized by large lateral velocity variations. High velocities within this region are interpreted as remnant dikes and sills and low velocities as regions along which magma migrates. No large low‐velocity body suggestive of a magma chamber is resolved in the upper 7–8 km of the crust.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/95JB03046","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Benz, H., Chouet, B., Dawson, P., Lahr, J., Page, R., and Hole, J., 1996, Three-dimensional P and S wave velocity structure of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 4, p. 8111-8128, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03046.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"8111","endPage":"8128","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb31de4b08c986b325bb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Benz, H.M.","contributorId":21594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benz","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P.B.","contributorId":75934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lahr, J.C.","contributorId":34892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahr","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Page, R.A.","contributorId":40197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hole, J.A.","contributorId":103422,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hole","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018507,"text":"70018507 - 1996 - A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-10T07:53:30","indexId":"70018507","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment","docAbstract":"Aniakchak caldera, located on the Alaska Peninsula of southwest Alaska, formerly contained a large lake (estimated volume 3.7 × 109 m3) that rapidly drained as a result of failure of the caldera rim sometime after ca. 3400 yr B.P. The peak discharge of the resulting flood was estimated using three methods: (1) flow-competence equations, (2) step-backwater modeling, and (3) a dam-break model. The results of the dam-break model indicate that the peak discharge at the breach in the caldera rim was at least 7.7 × 104 m3 s−1, and the maximum possible discharge was ≈1.1 × 106 m3 s−1. Flow-competence estimates of discharge, based on the largest boulders transported by the flood, indicate that the peak discharge values, which were a few kilometers downstream of the breach, ranged from 6.4 × 105 to 4.8 × 106 m3 s−1. Similar but less variable results were obtained by step-backwater modeling. Finally, discharge estimates based on regression equations relating peak discharge to the volume and depth of the impounded water, although limited by constraining assumptions, provide results within the range of values determined by the other methods. The discovery and documentation of a flood, caused by the failure of the caldera rim at Aniakchak caldera, underscore the significance and associated hydrologic hazards of potential large floods at other lake-filled calderas.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Walder, J.S., McGimsey, R.G., and Neal, C., 1996, A catastrophic flood caused by drainage of a caldera lake at Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, and implications for volcanic hazards assessment: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 7, p. 861-871, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0861:ACFCBD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"861","endPage":"871","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e33be4b0c8380cd45ec5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, C. F.","contributorId":10065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walder, J. S.","contributorId":32561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walder","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGimsey, R. G.","contributorId":93921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGimsey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neal, C.A. 0000-0002-7697-7825","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":91122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"C.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018510,"text":"70018510 - 1996 - Effects of thermal vapor diffusion on seasonal dynamics of water in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-30T12:32:33","indexId":"70018510","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of thermal vapor diffusion on seasonal dynamics of water in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"The response of water in the unsaturated zone to seasonal changes of temperature (T) is determined analytically using the theory of nonisothermal water transport in porous media, and the solutions are tested against field observations of moisture potential and bomb fallout isotopic (36Cl and 3H) concentrations. Seasonally varying land surface temperatures and the resulting subsurface temperature gradients induce thermal vapor diffusion. The annual mean vertical temperature gradient is close to zero; however, the annual mean thermal vapor flux is downward, because the temperature‐dependent vapor diffusion coefficient is larger, on average, during downward diffusion (occurring at high T) than during upward diffusion (low T). The annual mean thermal vapor flux is shown to decay exponentially with depth; the depth (about 1 m) at which it decays to e−1of its surface value is one half of the corresponding decay depth for the amplitude of seasonal temperature changes. This depth‐dependent annual mean flux is effectively a source of water, which must be balanced by a flux divergence associated with other transport processes. In a relatively humid environment the liquid fluxes greatly exceed the thermal vapor fluxes, so such a balance is readily achieved without measurable effect on the dynamics of water in the unsaturated zone. However, if the mean vertical water flux through the unsaturated zone is very small (<1 mm y−1), as it may be at many locations in a desert landscape, the thermal vapor flux must be balanced mostly by a matric‐potential‐induced upward flux of water. This return flux may include both vapor and liquid components. Below any near‐surface zone of weather‐related fluctuations of matric potential, maintenance of this upward flux requires an increase with depth in the annual mean matric potential; this theoretical prediction is supported by long‐term field measurements in the Chihuahuan Desert. The analysis also makes predictions, confirmed by the field observations, regarding the seasonal variations of matric potential at a given depth. The conceptual model of unsaturated zone water transport developed here implies the possibility of near‐surface trapping of any aqueous constituent introduced at the surface.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03489","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1996, Effects of thermal vapor diffusion on seasonal dynamics of water in the unsaturated zone: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 3, p. 509-518, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03489.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"509","endPage":"518","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227386,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a080ae4b0c8380cd51947","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, Paul C.D. 0000-0003-4389-3139 cmilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-3139","contributorId":2119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"Paul C.D.","email":"cmilly@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018512,"text":"70018512 - 1996 - Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:53:45","indexId":"70018512","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion","docAbstract":"Much of our knowledge of the worldwide distribution of submarine gas hydrates comes from seismic observations of Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs). Full waveform inversion has proven to be a reliable technique for studying the fine structure of BSRs using the compressional wave velocity. We applied a non-linear full waveform inversion technique to a BSR at a location offshore Peru. We first determined the large-scale features of seismic velocity variations using a statistical inversion technique to maximise coherent energy along travel-time curves. These velocities were used for a starting velocity model for the full waveform inversion, which yielded a detailed velocity/depth model in the vicinity of the BSR. We found that the data are best fit by a model in which the BSR consists of a thin, low-velocity layer. The compressional wave velocity drops from 2.15 km/s down to an average of 1.70 km/s in an 18m thick interval, with a minimum velocity of 1.62 km/s in a 6 m interval. The resulting compressional wave velocity was used to estimate gas content in the sediments. Our results suggest that the low velocity layer is a 6-18 m thick zone containing a few percent of free gas in the pore space. The presence of the BSR coincides with a region of vertical uplift. Therefore, we suggest that gas at this BSR is formed by a dissociation of hydrates at the base of the hydrate stability zone due to uplift and subsequently a decrease in pressure.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5","issn":"0012821X","usgsCitation":"Pecher, I., Minshull, T., Singh, S., and von Huene, R.E., 1996, Velocity structure of a bottom simulating reflector offshore Peru: Results from full waveform inversion: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 139, no. 3-4, p. 459-469, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5.","startPage":"459","endPage":"469","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227388,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(95)00242-5"}],"volume":"139","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1fce4b08c986b32a87c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pecher, I.A.","contributorId":14011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pecher","given":"I.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Minshull, T.A.","contributorId":75815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minshull","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Singh, S.C.","contributorId":106380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singh","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":379878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018513,"text":"70018513 - 1996 - Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:02:12.156911","indexId":"70018513","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole","docAbstract":"A 25.8-m-thick sedimentary section containing coral fragments occurs directly below a surface lava flow (the ∼1340 year old Panaewa lava flow) at the Hilo drill hole. Ten coral samples from this section dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon and five by thermal infrared multispectral scanner (TIMS) 230Th/U methods show good agreement. The calcareous unit is 9790 years old at the bottom and 1690 years old at the top and was deposited in a shallow lagoon behind an actively growing reef. This sedimentary unit is underlain by a 34-m-thick lava flow which in turn overlies a thin volcaniclastic silt with coral fragments that yield a single 14C date of 10,340 years. The age-depth relations of the dated samples can be compared with proposed eustatic sea level curves after allowance for island subsidence is taken. Island subsidence averages 2.2 mm/yr for the last 47 years based on measurements from a tide gage near the drill hole or 2.5–2.6 mm/yr for the last 500,000 years based on the ages and depths of a series of drowned coral reefs offshore from west Hawaii. The age-depth measurements of coral fragments are more consistent with eustatic sea levels as determined by coral dating at Barbados and Albrolhos Islands than those based on oxygen isotopic data from deep sea cores. The Panaewa lava flow entered a lagoon underlain by coral debris and covered the drill site with 30.9 m of lava of which 11 m was above sea level. This surface has now subsided to 4.2 m above sea level, but it demonstrates how a modern lava flow entering Hilo Bay would not only change the coastline but could extensively modify the offshore shelf.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03215","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., Ingram, B., Ludwig, K., and Clague, D., 1996, Coral ages and island subsidence, Hilo drill hole: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 5, p. 11599-11605, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03215.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"11599","endPage":"11605","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227428,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fc05e4b0c8380cd4e0aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingram, B.L.","contributorId":51731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingram","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clague, D.A.","contributorId":36129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018514,"text":"70018514 - 1996 - Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:20:28.282865","indexId":"70018514","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling","docAbstract":"Traveltime data from the 1993 Southern Sierra Nevada Continental Dynamics seismic refraction experiment reveal low crustal velocities in the southern Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range province of California (6.0 to 6.6 km/s), as well as low upper mantle velocities (7.6 to 7.8 km/s). The crust thickens from southeast to northwest along the axis of the Sierra Nevada from 27 km in the Mojave Desert to 43 km near Fresno, California. A crustal welt is present beneath the Sierra Nevada, but the deepest Moho is found under the western slopes, not beneath the highest topography. A density model directly derived from the crustal velocity model but with constant mantle density satisfies the pronounced negative Bouguer anomaly associated with the Sierra Nevada, but shows large discrepancies of >50 mgal in the Great Valley and in the Basin and Range province. Matching the observed gravity with anomalies in the crust alone is not possible with geologically reasonable densities; we require a contribution from the upper mantle, either by lateral density variations or by a thinning of the lithosphere under the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range province. Such a model is consistent with the interpretation that the uplift of the present Sierra Nevada is caused and dynamically supported by asthenospheric upwelling or lithospheric thinning under the Basin and Range province and eastern Sierra Nevada.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0367:TDCSOT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Fliedner, M., Ruppert, S., Malin, P., Park, S.K., Jiracek, G., Phinney, R.A., Saleeby, J., Wernicke, B., Clayton, R., Keller, R.H., Miller, K., Jones, C., Luetgert, J., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H., Klemperer, S., and Thompson, G.A., 1996, Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling: Geology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 367-370, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0367:TDCSOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -120.12451171875,\n 39.53793974517628\n ],\n [\n -121.17919921875001,\n 41.062786068733026\n ],\n [\n -122.2119140625,\n 41.19518982948959\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 39.58875727696545\n ],\n [\n -120.2783203125,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -118.80615234374999,\n 34.92197103616377\n ],\n [\n -115.72998046875,\n 35.94243575255426\n ],\n [\n -119.99267578124999,\n 38.95940879245423\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb324e4b08c986b325be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fliedner, M.M.","contributorId":32693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fliedner","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, S.","contributorId":9786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malin, P.E.","contributorId":108104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Park, S. K.","contributorId":29585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Park","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jiracek, G.","contributorId":53102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiracek","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phinney, R. 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A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}} ,{"id":70018520,"text":"70018520 - 1996 - Galileo photometry of asteroid 243 Ida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018520","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Galileo photometry of asteroid 243 Ida","docAbstract":"Galileo imaging observations over phase angles 19.5?? to 109.8?? are combined with near-opposition Earth-based data to derive the photometric properties of Ida. To first order these properties are uniform over the surface and well modeled at ?? = 0.55 ??m by Hapke parameters ????0 = 0.22, h = 0.020, B0 = 1.5, g = -0.33, and ?? = 18?? with corresponding geometric albedo p = 0.21??0.030.01 and Bond albedo AB = 0.081??0.0170.008. Ida's photometric properties are more similar to those of \"average S-asteroids\" (P. Helfenstein and J. Veverka 1989, Asteroids II, Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson) than are those of 951 Gaspra. Two primary color units are identified on Ida: Terrain A exhibits a spectrum with relatively shallower 1-??m absorption and a relatively steeper red spectral slope than average Ida, while Terrain B has a deeper 1-??m absorption and a less steep red slope. The average photometric properties of Ida and Terrain A are similar while those of Terrain B differ mostly in having a slightly higher value of ????0 (0.22 versus 0.21), suggesting that Terrain B consists of slightly brighter, more transparent regolith particles. Galileo observations of Ida's satellite Dactyl over phase angles 19.5?? to 47.6?? suggest photometric characteristics similar to those of Ida, the major difference being Dactyl's slightly lower albedo (0.20 compared to 0.21). ?? 1990 Academic Press, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/icar.1996.0036","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Helfenstein, P., Veverka, J., Thomas, P., Simonelli, D., Klaasen, K., Johnson, T.V., Fanale, F., Granahan, J., McEwen, A.S., Belton, M., and Chapman, C., 1996, Galileo photometry of asteroid 243 Ida: Icarus, v. 120, no. 1, p. 48-65, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0036.","startPage":"48","endPage":"65","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479131,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0036","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205932,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/icar.1996.0036"}],"volume":"120","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14ade4b0c8380cd54af1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helfenstein, P.","contributorId":69306,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helfenstein","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thomas, P.C.","contributorId":32690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Klaasen, K.","contributorId":101395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, T. 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S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Belton, M.","contributorId":21712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belton","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Chapman, C.","contributorId":16951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70018521,"text":"70018521 - 1996 - Key sources of uncertainty in QUAL2E model of passaic river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-23T14:36:52.663818","indexId":"70018521","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2501,"text":"Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Key sources of uncertainty in QUAL2E model of passaic river","docAbstract":"Application of stream water-quality models in decision making has been hampered by a lack of data appropriate for minimization of model-simulation uncertainty. A method for determining data needed to reduce model-prediction uncertainty is illustrated in this paper. First-order reliability analysis is applied to determine (1) the model parameters that significantly affect model-prediction uncertainty; and (2) the constituents for which model-prediction uncertainty is unacceptable. Additional data are required to reduce uncertainty in the parameters that significantly affect constituents with high prediction uncertainty and consequently in model prediction. The method is demonstrated for multiconstituent water-quality modeling on the Passaic River in New Jersey applying QUAL2E. The model-prediction uncertainty of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, ammonia, and chlorphyll a is considered. For this example, only the reaeration rate and the algal maximum-specific-growth rate contribute significant uncertainty to model prediction. The effect of reducing the uncertainty in the reaeration rate and algal maximum-specific-growth rate on the uncertainty on predicted dissolved oxygen and chlorphyll a, respectively, is demonstrated.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1996)122:2(105)","issn":"07339496","usgsCitation":"Melching, C., and Yoon, C., 1996, Key sources of uncertainty in QUAL2E model of passaic river: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 122, no. 2, p. 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1996)122:2(105).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a407ce4b0c8380cd64dd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoon, C.G.","contributorId":12217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoon","given":"C.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}