Breeding Bird Surveys (BBS), which are widely used to monitor trends in avian populations (e.g. Robbins et al. 1989, Sauer and Droege 1993), are conducted along roads but are used to infer changes in regionwide populations. Such inferences may be inaccurate if trends in habitat along roads differ from regionwide trends. For example, if forest cover regionwide remained constant but forest cover along roads declined (due for example to development), then BBS data for species found primarily in the forest might show declines despite regional populations being stable. We investigated this issue by measuring change in forest cover in western (i.e. unglaciated) Ohio (Fig. 1). Change in forest cover between 1963 and 1988 was determined for: (a) the complete study area; (b) areas 0 to 140 m from a road (inner roadside strip); and (c) areas 141 to 280 m from a road (outer roadside strip).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","usgsCitation":"Bart, J., Hofschen, M., and Peterjohn, B., 1995, Reliability of the Breeding Bird Survey: Effects of restricting surveys to roads: The Auk, v. 112, no. 3, p. 758-761.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"758","endPage":"761","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341078,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4088692"}],"volume":"112","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6343c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bart, J.","contributorId":76272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bart","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofschen, M.","contributorId":101363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofschen","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210709,"text":"5210709 - 1995 - Point count length and detection of forest neotropical migrant birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5210709","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:23:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":32,"text":"General Technical Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Point count length and detection of forest neotropical migrant birds","docAbstract":"Comparisons of bird abundances among years or among habitats assume that the rates at which birds are detected and counted are constant within species. We use point count data collected in forests of the Mid-Atlantic states to estimate detection probabilities for Neotropical migrant bird species as a function of count length. For some species, significant differences existed among years or observers in both the probability of detecting the species and in the rate at which individuals are counted. We demonstrate the consequence that variability in species' detection probabilities can have on estimates of population change, and discuss ways for reducing this source of bias in point count studies.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest Experiment Station.","collaboration":" PDF on file: 4725_Dawson.pdf","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., Smith, D., and Robbins, C., 1995, Point count length and detection of forest neotropical migrant birds: General Technical Report, iv, 181.","productDescription":"iv, 181","startPage":"35","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94534,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr149/psw_gtr149_pg35_44.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684c84","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506944,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506943,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Droege, Sam sdroege@usgs.gov","contributorId":3464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","email":"sdroege@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506942,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5230218,"text":"5230218 - 1995 - Residues and trends of organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyls in birds from Texas, 1965-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T09:38:34","indexId":"5230218","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":192,"text":"National Biological Service, Fish & Wildlife Research","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"14","title":"Residues and trends of organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyls in birds from Texas, 1965-88","docAbstract":"Concentrations of DDE (a metabolite of DDT) in birds decreased during recent years in most areas of the continental United States. Organochlorine pesticides were widely used in agriculture in Texas from the early 1950s to the 1970s. I used previously published data to determine whether concentrations of DDE and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in birds from Texas have followed a decreasing trend similar to that in birds from other areas in the United States. A total of 2,669 bird samples was collected between 1965 and 1988 from diverse locations in Texas and was analyzed for organochlorines and other environmental contaminants. The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), laughing gull (Larus atricilla), black skimmer (Rynchops niger), and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) were the most frequently studied species. DDE and PCBs were the most commonly detected organochlorines in bird tissues. Mean DDE concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 61.00 parts per million (ppm) wet weight (ww) and PCBs from 0.02 to 32.00 ppm ww. Concentrations of DDE in eggs and carcasses of black skimmers decreased significantly during 1970-84 and dropped from approximately 10 to nearly 3 ppm ww. PCBs decreased from approximately 7 ppm ww to 1 ppm ww in eggs and carcasses. DDE concentrations in eggs of brown pelicans varied from more than 3 ppm ww in 1970 to approximately 1 ppm ww in 1983; and PCB concentrations diminished from about 10 to 1 ppm ww. Decreasing trends in concentrations of DDE and PBCs were observed in most species, although in some cases, the estimated trends were not significantly different from zero. Concentrations of DDE in birds from the Texas coast decreased from more than 6.0 ppm in 1978 to below 0.5 ppm in 1985. The decreasing ratios in selected species varied from approximately 2.0 to 12.0 (DDE) and from 4.5 to 9.0 (PCBs). The results indicate that in general from 1965 to 1988, DDE and PCBs declined in birds from Texas.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Mora, M.A., 1995, Residues and trends of organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyls in birds from Texas, 1965-88: National Biological Service, Fish & Wildlife Research 14, ii, 26 p.","productDescription":"ii, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b97d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mora, Miguel A. 0000-0002-8393-0216","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8393-0216","contributorId":46643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"Miguel","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210854,"text":"5210854 - 1995 - Population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5210854","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION: Most Neotropical migrant birds are difficult to count accurately and are moderately common over large breeding distributions. Consequently, little historical information exists on their large-scale population changes, and most of this information is anecdotal. Surveys begun in this century such as Breeding Bird Censuses and Christmas Bird Counts have the potential to provide this information, but only the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) achieves the extensive continental coverage necessary to document population changes for most Neotropical migrant birds. Conservationists and ecologists have begun to use BBS data to estimate population trends, but there is still widespread confusion over exactly what these data show regarding population changes. In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding population changes in Neotropical migrant birds and the methods used to analyze these changes. The primary emphasis is on the BBS (Robbins et al. 1986) because this survey provides the best available data for estimating trends of Neotropical migrants on a continental scale. To address questions about methods of analyzing survey data, we review and compare some alternative methods of analyzing BBS data. We also discuss the effectiveness of the BBS in sampling Neotropical migrant species, and review possibilities for use of alternative data sets to verify trends from the BBS.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B., Sauer, J., and Robbins, C., 1995, Population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues, p. 3-39.","productDescription":"xvi, 489","startPage":"3","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e04","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507212,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finch, Deborah M.","contributorId":59894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507213,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210733,"text":"5210733 - 1995 - Estimating bird species richness from capture and count data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:18","indexId":"5210733","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Estimating bird species richness from capture and count data","docAbstract":"We used capture-recapture methods to estimate bird species richness from mist-net and point-count data from a study area in Campeche, Mexico. We estimated species richness separately for each survey technique for two habitats, forest and pasture, in six sampling periods. We then estimated richness based on species' detections by either technique, and estimated the proportion of species detected by each technique that are not part of the population sampled by the other technique. No consistent differences existed between richness estimates from count data and from capture data in the two habitats. In some sampling periods, over 50% of the richness estimate from one survey technique may be species that are not sampled by the other technique, suggesting that one technique may not be adequate to estimate total species richness and that comparing estimates from areas sampled by different techniques may not be valid.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistics and Ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING Technical Meeting, 19-24 September, 1994","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"OCLC 34316323; 'Full title': State-of-the-art data analysis for studies of marked birds.","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D., Sauer, J., Wood, P., Berlanga, M., Wilson, M., and Robbins, C., 1995, Estimating bird species richness from capture and count data, chap. of Statistics and Ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING Technical Meeting, 19-24 September, 1994, p. 1063-1068.","productDescription":"553-1081","startPage":"1063","endPage":"1068","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672550","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"North, P.M.","contributorId":35852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506987,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506986,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, P.A.","contributorId":106540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Berlanga, M.","contributorId":105022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlanga","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210727,"text":"5210727 - 1995 - Netting bias in tropical bird studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210727","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"727","title":"Netting bias in tropical bird studies","docAbstract":"Mist netting is the method most commonly used for gathering quantitative information on birds in the American tropics. Point count surveys or other methods often are used in conjunction with netting to reduce some of the many biases associated with netting, specially the failure of stationary nets within 2 m of the ground to sample birds of the tall canopy. We compare totals by both methods. Even close to the ground there are biases related to time of day and mesh size that have not been addressed in tropical studies. Some researchers operate nets all day, others only in the morning or in the morning and evening. Since 1986 we have netted birds and conducted point count surveys at more than 130 sites representing a broad spectrum of habitats in Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. Using data only from those days when we could operate nets continuously from about dawn to dusk, we compare capture rates throughout the day to show the bias per part-day operations for certain families and species of birds and for the ratio of neotropical migrants to resident birds. More than half of 5000+ birds captured were caught after noon. Trochilidae and parulinae were captured primarily in the morning, Dendrocolaptidae in the middle of the day. Tyrannidae were more active than most birds in early afternoon, and Turdinae had morning and evening peaks. At each site we use a combination of 30-mm and 36-mm nets. The 30-mm mesh consistently captured more seedeaters, gnatcatchers, and small warblers, whereas the 36-mm mesh was more effective for birds of thrush size and larger.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station.","collaboration":"Title and abstract are also in Spanish. OCLC 34281491","usgsCitation":"Coates-Estrada, R., Dowell, B., Fallon, J., and Robbins, C., 1995, Netting bias in tropical bird studies, chap. of Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop, p. 260-261(abs).","productDescription":"viii, 288","startPage":"260","endPage":"261(abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697a9d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Marcia H.","contributorId":6149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506974,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, Steven A.","contributorId":112282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"Steven A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506975,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Coates-Estrada, R.","contributorId":106599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coates-Estrada","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fallon, J.E.","contributorId":50629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fallon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210726,"text":"5210726 - 1995 - Population dynamics of neotropical migratory birds using agriculture-forest mosaics in Campeche, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210726","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"727","title":"Population dynamics of neotropical migratory birds using agriculture-forest mosaics in Campeche, Mexico","docAbstract":"In many areas of the tropics, forests are being converted to agriculture and other uses at a rapid rate. Previous research has documented that forest-breeding migratory birds are distributed across a wide variety of habitat types during midwinter. However, to evaluate the relative importance of different habitat types to wintering birds, we need to examine habitat-specific estimates of survival. During the winter of 1992-1993, mist nets, observations of individually marked birds and point counts were used to sample bird populations in a pasture-forest mosaic in southern Mexico. Sampling was conducted four times throughout the winter on a total of six grids. Twenty nets were run for two days in each grid. A total of 129 species were captured and 3,585 individuals banded. Neotropical migrants made up 31% of the species captured and 47% of the individuals banded. The banding data were used to estimate species richness for permanent and winter residents in different habitats and at different time periods. Capture-recapture models were used to estimate overwintering survival for selected species.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop. ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station.","collaboration":"Title and abstract are also in Spanish. OCLC 34281491","usgsCitation":"Wilson, M., Berlanga, M., Dawson, D., Wood, P., Sauer, J., and Robbins, C., 1995, Population dynamics of neotropical migratory birds using agriculture-forest mosaics in Campeche, Mexico, chap. of Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop. .","productDescription":"viii, 288","startPage":"257 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682e98","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Marcia H.","contributorId":6149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506972,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, Steven A.","contributorId":112282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"Steven A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506973,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berlanga, M.","contributorId":105022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlanga","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, D.","contributorId":72901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wood, P.","contributorId":37857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sauer, J.","contributorId":29771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210728,"text":"5210728 - 1995 - Accuracy of migrant landbird habitat maps produced from LANDSAT TM data: Two case studies in southern Belize","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210728","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"727","title":"Accuracy of migrant landbird habitat maps produced from LANDSAT TM data: Two case studies in southern Belize","docAbstract":"The study investigated the utility of Landsat TM data applied to produce geo-referenced habitat maps for two study areas (Toledo and Stann Creek). Locational and non-site-specific map accuracy was evaluated by stratified random sampling and statistical analysis of satellite classification (SCR) versus air photo interpretation results (PIR) for the overall classification and individual classes. The effect of classification scheme specificity on map accuracy was also assessed. A decision criteria was developed for the minimum acceptable level of map performance (i.e., classification accuracy and scheme specificity). A satellite map was deemed acceptable if it has a useful degree of classification specificity, plus either an adequate overall locational agreement (< 70%) and/or non-site specific agreement (Chi Square goodness of fit test results indicating insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the overall classification distribution for the SCR and PIR are equal). For the most detailed revised classification, overall locational accuracy ranges from 52% (5 classes) for the Toledo to 63% (9 classes) for the Stann Creek. For the least detailed revised classification, overall locational accuracy ranges from 91% (2 classes) for Toledo to 86% (5 classes) for Stann Creek. Considering both location and non-site-specific accuracy results, the most detailed yet insufficient accurate classification for both sites includes low/medium/tall broadleaf forest, broadleaf forest scrub and herb-dominated openings. For these classifications, the overall locational accuracy is 72% for Toledo (4 classes) and 75% for Stann Creek (7 classes). This level of classification detail is suitable for aiding many analyses of migrant landbird habitat use.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station.","collaboration":"Title and abstract are also in Spanish. OCLC 34281491","usgsCitation":"Spruce, J., Sader, S., Robbins, C., and Dowell, B., 1995, Accuracy of migrant landbird habitat maps produced from LANDSAT TM data: Two case studies in southern Belize, chap. of Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop , p. 271-272(abs).","productDescription":"viii, 288","startPage":"271","endPage":"272(abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698d68","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Marcia H.","contributorId":6149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506976,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, Steven A.","contributorId":112282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"Steven A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Spruce, J.P.","contributorId":34232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruce","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, S.","contributorId":10906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210972,"text":"5210972 - 1995 - Forested wetlands constructed for mitigation of destroyed natural wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5210972","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Forested wetlands constructed for mitigation of destroyed natural wetlands","docAbstract":"Forested wetlands constructed for mitigation were evaluated at six sites in Maryland to determine the success of these areas for providing suitable wildlife habitat. Natural forested wetlands were used as reference sites. Initial mortality of planted woody shrubs and trees was high (avg. 55%) and mostly attributed to excessive moisture. The number of woody seedlings from natural regeneration was inversely proportional to the amount of grass cover on the site, which was planted for erosion control. The number of volunteer woody seedlings was also inversely proportional to the distance from adjacent natural forests. Preliminary data indicate that cost does not support use of transplants and that enhancement of soil with organic supplements, followed by widespread and heavy seeding of woody plants would be more efficient and effective. Wildlife use of areas measured by avian surveys and trapping of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians showed that in general wildlife species were more representative of open grassland areas than forested habitats. Natural succession of the sites probably will take at least 20-30 years before typical values and functions of forested wetlands are obtained.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"ECOSET '95: International conference on ecological system enhancement technology for aquatic environments","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Japan International Marine Science and Technology Federation","publisherLocation":"Tokyo","collaboration":"OCLC 39283836","usgsCitation":"Perry, M., Pugh, S., and Deller, A., 1995, Forested wetlands constructed for mitigation of destroyed natural wetlands, chap. of ECOSET '95: International conference on ecological system enhancement technology for aquatic environments, p. 257-262.","startPage":"257","endPage":"262","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c651f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Matthew C. 0000-0001-6452-9534","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6452-9534","contributorId":16372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Matthew C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pugh, S.B.","contributorId":89640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pugh","given":"S.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deller, A.S.","contributorId":38677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deller","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210721,"text":"5210721 - 1995 - The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210721","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations","docAbstract":"Concerns about Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) have arisen because of their rapid population increase across North America and their economic impact on several aquaculture and commercial fish industries. In spite of the concern for cormorants, little published research is available that addresses either basic population biology questions or management issues. Based on a literature review, I recommend that research be conducted in four areas. First, a large-scale banding and marking program should be initiated so that population models can be used to estimate age- and sex-specific survival and fecundity (as has been done for the Shag [P. aristotelis] in Europe). By marking individual birds, survival and movement rates can be estimated between nesting colonies, which will provide information about potential source versus sink colonies. Second, studies of movements during migration and winter are required. Presently, no data are available on habitat use during migration or on the length-of-stay by individual birds. This has important implications to how cormorants interact with other fish and wildlife species over a broad range. Studies of movements during winter with radio-marked birds should indicate whether the 'problem birds' at aquaculture sites are merely a few specialists. Third, limiting factors, such as contaminants and disease, should receive further investigation, especially in light of recent concerns over the outbreak of Newcastle disease. The relationship between contaminant levels and developmental abnormalities in young cormorants in certain areas of the Great Lakes in Canada and the United States remains equivocal. Fourth, further studies are needed to document the economic impacts of cormorants on Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and other cultured fishes and to determine ways to reduce predation by fish-eating birds. Mesocosm experiments should be conducted to evaluate how different fish extraction rates affect final productivity of fish. Controlled experiments with different exclusion and scaring devices are needed. With radio-marked birds, it should be determined what the behavioral responses are to the different scaring devises. Also, providing alternative wetland feeding sites in regions of fish farm depredation might alleviate some of the pressure on farmers. Studies with radio-marked birds could evaluate effects of manipulation of 'natural' wetlands on use by birds during the winter period. Finally, any research directed at the Double-crested Cormorant should also evaluate its interactions with other fisheating waterbirds. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The double-crested cormorant: Biology, conservation, and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1995, The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations, chap. of The double-crested cormorant: Biology, conservation, and management, p. 240-246.","productDescription":"256","startPage":"240","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"256","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6681cb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nettleship, David N.","contributorId":35374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nettleship","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12590,"text":"Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":506962,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duffy, David C.","contributorId":112701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506963,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210729,"text":"5210729 - 1995 - A capture-recapture survival analysis model for radio-tagged animals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210729","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"A capture-recapture survival analysis model for radio-tagged animals","docAbstract":"In recent years, survival analysis of radio-tagged animals has developed using methods based on the Kaplan-Meier method used in medical and engineering applications (Pollock et al., 1989a,b). An important assumption of this approach is that all tagged animals with a functioning radio can be relocated at each sampling time with probability 1. This assumption may not always be reasonable in practice. In this paper, we show how a general capture-recapture model can be derived which allows for some probability (less than one) for animals to be relocated. This model is not simply a Jolly-Seber model because it is possible to relocate both dead and live animals, unlike when traditional tagging is used. The model can also be viewed as a generalization of the Kaplan-Meier procedure, thus linking the Jolly-Seber and Kaplan-Meier approaches to survival estimation. We present maximum likelihood estimators and discuss testing between submodels. We also discuss model assumptions and their validity in practice. An example is presented based on canvasback data collected by G. M. Haramis of Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistics and ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING technical meeting, 19-24 September, 1994","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"OCLC 34316323; 'Full title': State-of-the-art data analysis for studies of marked birds.","usgsCitation":"Pollock, K.H., Bunck, C., Winterstein, S.R., and Chen, C., 1995, A capture-recapture survival analysis model for radio-tagged animals, chap. of Statistics and ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING technical meeting, 19-24 September, 1994, p. 661-672.","productDescription":"553-1081","startPage":"661","endPage":"672","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200455,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b1127","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"North, P.M.","contributorId":35852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506979,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506978,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Pollock, K. H.","contributorId":65184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pollock","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bunck, C.M.","contributorId":72337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bunck","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winterstein, Scott R.","contributorId":66807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winterstein","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chen, Chiu-Lan","contributorId":100979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"Chiu-Lan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5210505,"text":"5210505 - 1995 - California condors","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210505,"text":"5210505 - 1995 - California condors","indexId":"5210505","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"California condors"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:53:36","indexId":"5210505","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"California condors","docAbstract":"The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a member of the vulture family. With a wingspan of about 3 m (9 ft) and weighing about 9 kg (20 lb), it spends much of its time in soaring flight visually seeking dead animals as food. The California condor has always been rare (Wilbur 1978; Pattee and Wilbur 1989). Although probably numbering in the thousands during the Pleistocene epoch in North America, its numbers likely declined dramatically with the extinction of most of North America's large mammals 10,000 years ago. Condors probably numbered in the hundreds and were nesting residents in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California, and Baja California around 1800. In 1939 the condor population was estimated at 60-100 birds, and its home range was reduced to the mountains and foothills of California, south of San Francisco and north of Los Angeles.
Conservation to halt the condor's decline included establishing the Sisquoc (1937) and Sespe (1947) condor sanctuaries within the Los Padres National Forest, obtaining fully protected status under California Fish and Game Code (1953), placement on California's first state endangered species list (1971), and, finally, being listed by the federal government under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Wilbur 1978). The success of these efforts could not be judged, however, because verifiable status and trends data did not become available until 1982. By using these data, we confirmed the decline in condor numbers over the past 50 years was even greater than thought.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Pattee, O.H., and Mesta, R., 1995, California condors, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 80-81.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"80","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339889,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8eae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506563,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506566,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506564,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506565,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506562,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Pattee, Oliver H.","contributorId":45412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pattee","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mesta, Robert","contributorId":95988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mesta","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210584,"text":"5210584 - 1995 - Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210584,"text":"5210584 - 1995 - Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","indexId":"5210584","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"6","title":"Making sense of soil ecotoxicology"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T14:18:58","indexId":"5210584","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"6","title":"Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","docAbstract":"The toxicity of pesticides and environmental contaminants to soil organisms has been measured in studies on earthworms,1 soil arthropods,3-6 soil microorganisms,7 and other soil organisms.8 Toxicity data on earthworms produced in the pesticide registration procedure required by the OECD (Organization for economic cooperation and Development) will provide data on many additional chemicals.9 Deciding how to use the data generated is troublesome. In 1965, Edwards10 suggested that the effects of soil insecticides on soils may remain long after the pesticides have disappeared, and that it was clear that pesticides could drastically change the populations of soil organisms; Edwards noted, however, that the effects did not seem to be serious when compared with the benefits to crop production of using pesticides. Since 1965, many studies have been conducted on changes in soil ecosystems caused by environmental contaminants, but we still know little about what the toxicity to particular groups of soil organisms means to the functioning of the soil ecosystem. the problem was illustrated in discussions at the International Conference on Earthworm Ecotoxicology in Sheffield, England, in 1991. there was general agreement that earthworms ahould be taken into account when evaluating pesticides. However, it was unclear what level of reduction in earthworm populations would reduce soil quality or crop yeild. Because populations of earthworms naturally fluctuate greatly even in the absence of pesticides, and because some soils are fertile without any earthworms, it is difficult to equate their population decreases with damage to the soil ecosystem. Broadbent and Tomlin found that the insecticide carbofuran caused fluctuations in the populations of some microarthropods in a cornfield but, in comparing the effects to those of cultivation or adding compost, they concluded that it was unlikely that litter decomposition was significantly affected.3
the discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT, which led to its subsequent use in pest control,w as hailed as a tremendous scientiffic achievement. Initial success with DDT in controlling human health pests during World War II, and subsequent success in agricultural pest control, stimulated the synthesis and development of related organochlorine pestidices; their use increased exponentially following the war.1 At first, evidence slowly accumulated that nearly all of these compounds were having widespread adverse effects on nontarget organisms. Later, a veritable mountain of evidence was amassed relating to their toxicity, persistence, and lipophilic characteristics, which resulted in accumulation of residues, mortality, lowered reproductive success, and decline - even extirpation - of certain populations of wildlife.2,3 Ecotoxicological data for organochlorine pesticides are limited in much of the world because most research has been conducted in relatively few countries. It is likely that no other group of contaminants of anthropogenic origin has exacted such a heavy toll on the environment as have the organochlorine pesticide.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Blus, L.J., 1995, Organochlorine pesticides, chap. 13 of Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 275-300.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"275","endPage":"300","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a88d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506737,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506736,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506738,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506739,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Blus, Lawrence J.","contributorId":35199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5210509,"text":"5210509 - 1995 - Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210509,"text":"5210509 - 1995 - Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92","indexId":"5210509","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T14:52:51","indexId":"5210509","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) was begun in 1966 to collect standardized data on bird populations along more than 3,400 survey routes across the continental United States and southern Canada. The BBS has been used to document distributions and establish continental, regional, and local population trends for more than 250 species.
We summarize here survey-wide patterns in the 1966-92 population trend estimates for 245 species of birds observed on a minimum of 40 routes with a mean relative abundance of 1.0 bird per route. Survey-wide trend estimates are also summarized for six groupings of birds, providing insight into broad geographical patterns of population trends of North American birds.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B.G., Sauer, J.R., and Orsillo, S., 1995, Breeding bird survey: Population trends 1966-92, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 17-21.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339871,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fce52","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506583,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506586,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506584,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506585,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506582,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, Bruce G. bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","contributorId":4493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"Bruce","email":"bpeterjohn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":328568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":138949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orsillo, Sandra","contributorId":106224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orsillo","given":"Sandra","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5200261,"text":"5200261 - 1995 - The Summer Atlas of North American Birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5200261","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"The Summer Atlas of North American Birds","docAbstract":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey comprises a network of regularly censussed, road-based survey routes and constitutes the most comprehensive set of data on the relative abundance and population trends of these birds during the summer months. Its value was highlighted in 1989, when the data were used to confirm suspected population declines in a number of species of neotropical migrants breeding in the northeastern United States and Canada. In this book Jeff and Amy Price and Sam Droege have used these data to create detailed, computer-generated maps showing the relative abundance of 450 species that summer in the contiguous United States and southern Canada. Tabular information on distribution hotspots for these, and a further 50 or so species too local in occurrence to map effectively, are also presented. As a data-based survey, the focus of the maps is on places where occurrence has been systematically confirmed over a number of years. As such, the maps provide a baseline for future and more regionally based studies. Supporting chapters provide details on the survey methodology, the mapping procedures used, and some current concerns in North American bird conservation.","language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","collaboration":"ISBN: 0-12-564660-7","usgsCitation":"Price, J., Droege, S., and Price, A., 1995, The Summer Atlas of North American Birds, x, 364.","productDescription":"x, 364","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67a7e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Price, J.","contributorId":91822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":327356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Price, A.","contributorId":78850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70039441,"text":"70039441 - 1995 - Development of a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-08-11T01:01:52","indexId":"70039441","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-22T14:57:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Development of a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework","docAbstract":"This proposal of a data framework to organize and enhance the activities of the geospatial data community to meet needs for basic themes of data was developed in response to a request in Executive Order 12906, Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (U.S. Executive Office of the President, 1994). The request stated: in consultation with State, local, and tribal governments and within 9 months of the date of this order, the FGDC shall submit a plan and schedule to OMB [U.S. Office of Management and Budget] for completing the initial implementation of a national digital geospatial data framework (\"framework\") by January 2000 and for establishing a process of ongoing data maintenance. The framework shall include geospatial data that are significant, in the determination of the FGDC, to a broad variety of users within any geographic area or nationwide. At a minimum, the plan shall address how the initial transportation, hydrology, and boundary elements of the framework might be completed by January 1998 in order to support the decennial census of 2000. The proposal was developed by representatives of local, regional, State, and Federal agencies under the auspices of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). The individuals are listed in the appendix of this report. This Framework Working Group identified the purpose and goals for the framework; identified incentives for participation; defined the information content; developed preliminary technical, operational, and business contexts; specified the institutional roles needed; and developed a strategy for a phased implementation of the framework.Members of the working group presented the concepts of the framework for discussion at several national and regional public meetings. The draft of the report also was provided for public, written review. These discussions and reviews were the source of many improvements to the report.The FGDC approved the report for submission to the Office of Management and Budget on March 31, 1995.","language":"English","publisher":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/70039441","usgsCitation":"Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1995, Development of a National Digital Geospatial Data Framework, viii, 23 p.; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039441.","productDescription":"viii, 23 p.; Appendix","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":261580,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039441/report.pdf"},{"id":261581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70039441/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a002fe4b0c8380cd4f626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","contributorId":128057,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Federal Geographic Data Committee","id":535302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70196427,"text":"70196427 - 1995 - Glaciological observations of Brúarjökull, Iceland, using synthetic aperture radar and thematic mapper satellite data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T11:05:01","indexId":"70196427","displayToPublicDate":"2005-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Glaciological observations of Brúarjökull, Iceland, using synthetic aperture radar and thematic mapper satellite data","docAbstract":"The first European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images offer opportunities for studying glacier surface properties and near-surface features. Analysis of back-scatter values from digital SAR data from 18 January, 7 June, 1 September and 25 October 1993 of Brúarjökull, an outlet glacier on the northeastern margin of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, that has a history of episodic surges, reveals several back-scatter boundaries that may relate to glacier facies and, inferentially, to mass balance. For example, a strong back-scatter boundary on the 18 January image of the snow-covered glacier, representing a back-scatter coefficient, σ°, difference of 4.34dB, appears to coincide with the position of the transient snow line at the end of the 1990–91 budget year. The boundary is visible on the 7 September 1991 Landsat thematic mapper (TM) image. The terminus is very difficult to define because of back-wasting from the last surge (1963–64) but is most easily delineated on the 1 September 1993 SAR and the 7 September 1991 TM images, in part due to the presence of ice-margin lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"International Glaciological Society","doi":"10.3189/S0260305500015937","usgsCitation":"Hall, D.K., Williams, R.S., and Sigurdsson, O., 1995, Glaciological observations of Brúarjökull, Iceland, using synthetic aperture radar and thematic mapper satellite data: Annals of Glaciology, v. 21, p. 271-276, https://doi.org/10.3189/S0260305500015937.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"276","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500015937","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":353216,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Iceland","otherGeospatial":"Brúarjökull","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -18.3251953125,\n 63.61698233975829\n ],\n [\n -14.589843749999998,\n 63.61698233975829\n ],\n [\n -14.589843749999998,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -18.3251953125,\n 64.95146502589559\n ],\n [\n -18.3251953125,\n 63.61698233975829\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff2081e4b0da30c1bfd5a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hall, Dorothy K.","contributorId":24697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hall","given":"Dorothy","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":7049,"text":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":732886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Richard S. Jr.","contributorId":19946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sigurdsson, Oddur","contributorId":38666,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sigurdsson","given":"Oddur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":72355,"text":"ofr95257 - 1995 - Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:01","indexId":"ofr95257","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-257","title":"Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The construction of a probabilistic ground-motion hazard map for a region follows a sequence of analyses beginning with the selection of an earthquake catalog and ending with the mapping of calculated probabilistic ground-motion values (Hanson and others, 1992). An integral part of this process is the creation of sources used for the calculation of earthquake recurrence rates and ground motions. These sources consist of areas and lines that are representative of geologic or tectonic features and faults.\r\nAfter the design of the sources, it is necessary to arrange the coordinate points in a particular order compatible with the input format for the SEISRISK-III program (Bender and Perkins, 1987). Source zones are usually modeled as a point-rupture source. Where applicable, linear rupture sources are modeled with articulated lines, representing known faults, or a field of parallel lines, representing a generalized distribution of hypothetical faults. Based on the distribution of earthquakes throughout the individual source zones (or a collection of several sources), earthquake recurrence rates are computed for each of the sources, and a minimum and maximum magnitude is assigned.\r\nOver a period of time from 1978 to 1980 several conferences were held by the USGS to solicit information on regions of the United States for the purpose of creating source zones for computation of probabilistic ground motions (Thenhaus, 1983). As a result of these regional meetings and previous work in the Pacific Northwest, (Perkins and others, 1980), California continental shelf, (Thenhaus and others, 1980), and the Eastern outer continental shelf, (Perkins and others, 1979) a consensus set of source zones was agreed upon and subsequently used to produce a national ground motion hazard map for the United States (Algermissen and others, 1982).\r\nIn this report and on the accompanying disk we provide a complete list of source areas and line sources as used for the 1982 and later 1990 seismic hazard maps for the conterminous U.S. and Alaska. These source zones are represented in the input form required for the hazard program SEISRISK-III, and they include the attenuation table and several other input parameter lines normally found at the beginning of an input data set for SEISRISK-III.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95257","usgsCitation":"Hanson, S.L., and Perkins, D.M., 1995, Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-257, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95257.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7322,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb877","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Stanley L.","contributorId":8113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, David M. perkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"David","email":"perkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70206,"text":"b2064C - 1995 - Stratigraphic setting of sediment-hosted mineral deposits in the eastern part of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and part of the southern part of the Challis 1° x 2° quadrangle, south-central Idaho","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70206,"text":"b2064C - 1995 - Stratigraphic setting of sediment-hosted mineral deposits in the eastern part of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and part of the southern part of the Challis 1° x 2° quadrangle, south-central Idaho","indexId":"b2064C","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"C","title":"Stratigraphic setting of sediment-hosted mineral deposits in the eastern part of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and part of the southern part of the Challis 1° x 2° quadrangle, south-central Idaho"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":33263,"text":"b2064AR - 1995 - Geology and mineral resources of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and the western part of the Idaho Falls 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho","indexId":"b2064AR","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"A-R","title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and the western part of the Idaho Falls 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":33263,"text":"b2064AR - 1995 - Geology and mineral resources of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and the western part of the Idaho Falls 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho","indexId":"b2064AR","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Geology and mineral resources of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and the western part of the Idaho Falls 1° x 2° quadrangle, Idaho"},"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T21:17:43.770715","indexId":"b2064C","displayToPublicDate":"2005-03-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2064","chapter":"C","title":"Stratigraphic setting of sediment-hosted mineral deposits in the eastern part of the Hailey 1° x 2° quadrangle and part of the southern part of the Challis 1° x 2° quadrangle, south-central Idaho","docAbstract":"The paper version of the Geologic map of outcrop areas of sedimentary units in the eastern part of the Hailey 1x2 Quadrangle and part of the southern part of the Challis 1x2 Quadrangle, south-central Idaho was compiled by Paul Link and others in 1995. The plate was compiled on a 1:100,000 scale topographic base map. TechniGraphic System, Inc. of Fort Collins Colorado digitized this map under contract for N.Shock. G.Green edited and prepared the digital version for publication as a GIS database. 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