In situ sediment−porewater partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured in three cores from Boston Harbor, MA, has led us to suggest that only a fraction of the total measured sediment PAH concentration is available for equilibrium partitioning (AEP fraction). To test this, aqueous PAH concentrations were measured in laboratory desorption experiments using subsamples of the same Boston Harbor sediments. The observed concentrations were consistent with what we predicted from the field-derived AEP values: Caqueous = (Csediment × AEP)/(foc × Koc) where foc is the fraction organic carbon in the sediment and Koc is the organic carbon normalized sediment−water partition coefficient. Equilibrium partitioning models based on the total measured sediment PAH concentrations overestimated the measured aqueous PAH concentrations by as much as 100 times in some cases. Only a small fraction of the sediment phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations (1−40%) appeared to be available for equilibrium partitioning. Both in situ and laboratory desorption aqueous polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations were consistent with equilibrium partitioning models and the assumption that 100% of these compounds was available for equilibrium partitioning. These results are particularly important to efforts to predict the environmental mobility and bioavailability of the PAHs.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es950218z","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Mcgroddy, S., Farrington, J., and Gschwend, P., 1996, Comparison of the in situ and desorption sediment-water partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 30, no. 1, p. 172-177, https://doi.org/10.1021/es950218z.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"172","endPage":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227616,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Boston Harbor, Fort Point Channel, Spectacle Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.05683424005889,\n 42.34563911821937\n ],\n [\n -71.05486162710089,\n 42.345693791242354\n ],\n [\n -71.05318490608666,\n 42.3478077783453\n ],\n [\n -71.05298764479056,\n 42.34824514611182\n ],\n [\n -71.0525931221991,\n 42.34853672293204\n ],\n [\n -71.05143421208611,\n 42.35006747905015\n ],\n [\n -71.05143421208611,\n 42.35028615545252\n ],\n [\n -71.05099037417042,\n 42.350796397432674\n ],\n [\n -71.05081777053648,\n 42.35094218009502\n ],\n [\n -71.04889447290194,\n 42.35338398942224\n ],\n [\n -71.0482533736909,\n 42.3540764255479\n ],\n [\n -71.04734104019745,\n 42.35467774546839\n ],\n [\n -71.04608349943679,\n 42.35504217898318\n ],\n [\n -71.04492458932381,\n 42.3550239573575\n ],\n [\n -71.04953557211367,\n 42.35622657331251\n ],\n [\n -71.05180407701545,\n 42.3530013240794\n ],\n [\n -71.05200133831156,\n 42.3530013240794\n ],\n [\n -71.05249449155068,\n 42.35254576706279\n ],\n [\n -71.052395860903,\n 42.35232709852173\n ],\n [\n -71.05683424005889,\n 42.34563911821937\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.98436332272189,\n 42.322513257101946\n ],\n [\n -70.98386479531038,\n 42.32632809465244\n ],\n [\n -70.98398942716324,\n 42.327046806266\n ],\n [\n -70.98339119426879,\n 42.327433801425656\n ],\n [\n -70.98354075249237,\n 42.32798664752431\n ],\n [\n -70.98456273368697,\n 42.32833678087388\n ],\n [\n -70.98663162244684,\n 42.32852106080114\n ],\n [\n -70.98720492897057,\n 42.32841049290943\n ],\n [\n -70.98827676290584,\n 42.328355208891\n ],\n [\n -70.99049520988936,\n 42.32761808399823\n ],\n [\n -70.99116822189524,\n 42.326880950468365\n ],\n [\n -70.9912430010074,\n 42.32630966604205\n ],\n [\n -70.99049520988936,\n 42.32548037296499\n ],\n [\n -70.98967263965987,\n 42.32514865267336\n ],\n [\n -70.98840139475874,\n 42.32439306103535\n ],\n [\n -70.98807735194156,\n 42.32336101877024\n ],\n [\n -70.98797764645863,\n 42.32245796790039\n ],\n [\n -70.98947322869476,\n 42.321776063757284\n ],\n [\n -70.98887499580033,\n 42.32083612971536\n ],\n [\n -70.98787794097645,\n 42.321204732973996\n ],\n [\n -70.98797764645863,\n 42.32054124555404\n ],\n [\n -70.98815213105297,\n 42.31998833402639\n ],\n [\n -70.98787794097645,\n 42.319324833779916\n ],\n [\n -70.98673132792896,\n 42.31893778873879\n ],\n [\n -70.9858090522166,\n 42.3189746502741\n ],\n [\n -70.98546008302867,\n 42.31973030698447\n ],\n [\n -70.98496155561635,\n 42.32039380295541\n ],\n [\n -70.98403927990395,\n 42.3215180440458\n ],\n [\n -70.98406420627468,\n 42.321868213397664\n ],\n [\n -70.98436332272189,\n 42.322513257101946\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-12-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8ade4b0c8380cd4d208","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mcgroddy, S.E.","contributorId":60793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mcgroddy","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrington, J.W.","contributorId":89160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrington","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gschwend, P.M.","contributorId":24115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gschwend","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018612,"text":"70018612 - 1996 - Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-13T15:01:06.435766","indexId":"70018612","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2429,"text":"Journal of Physics of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data","docAbstract":"Near-source ground motions, teleseismic body waveforms, and geodetic displacements produced by the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake have been used to determine the spatial and temporal dislocation pattern on the faulting surfaces. A linear, least-squares approach was used to invert the data sets both independently and in unison in order to investigate the resolving power of each data set and to determine a model most consistent with all the available data. A two-fault model was used, with a single rupture plane representing faulting beneath Kobe and a second plane representing slip underneath Awaji Island. The total seismic moment is estimated to be 2.4×1019Nm (MW 6.9), with rupture partitioned such that about 40% of the slip was relatively deep (5-20 km) and northeast of the epicenter toward Kobe, and about 60% was toward the southwest and shallower (mostly 0-10 km) beneath Awaji Island. Analysis of the slip model indicates that the ground motions recorded within the severely damaged region of Kobe originated from the region of relatively low slip (about 1 m) deep beneath Kobe and not from the shallow, higher slip regions (about 3 m) beneath Awaji Island. Although the slip was relatively low beneath Kobe, the combined effects of source rupture directivity, a short slip duration, and site amplification conspired to generate very damaging ground motions within the city.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Seismological Society of Japan, The Volcanological Society of Japan, The Geodetic Society of Japan","doi":"10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","issn":"00223743","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., 1996, Slip history of the 1995 Kobe, Japan, earthquake determined from strong motion, teleseismic, and geodetic data: Journal of Physics of the Earth, v. 44, no. 5, p. 489-503, https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"503","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479170,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.489","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227655,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9148e4b08c986b3197ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018615,"text":"70018615 - 1996 - Shallow subsurface geology of part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:15","indexId":"70018615","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3443,"text":"Southeastern Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shallow subsurface geology of part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina","docAbstract":"The depth to which Coastal Plain rivers incise underlying formations is an important control on local and regional hydrologic flow systems. In order to clarify these stream/aquifer relations, a better understanding of the shallow subsurface geology of the Savannah River was necessary. To accomplish this, three drillhole transects were completed across a part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in September 1993, and five geologic sections were constructed from the data. The alluvium is coarser, more angular, and more poorly sorted than the underlying formations, and lithologic differences between the strata are readily apparent, especially in areas where the underlying strata are of marine origin. Inspection of the transects indicates an asymmetry to both the alluvial terrace complex and the underlying bedrock strath. The alluvium thins in a coastward direction; and similarly, bulk-grain size diminishes in a downstream direction. This phenomenon has remained constant over time and is most likely a function of the change in slope which occurs when the river traverses the Fall Line north of the study area. The maximum thickness of the alluvial valley fill is 50 ft. The elevation of the unconformity between the alluvium and the underlying formation is far below the lowest elevation of the modern-day thalweg, indicating that the alluvial system has aggraded to form the modern-day Savannah River Valley. Formerly, the Savannah River was located immediately adjacent to and east of the modern floodplain when the river valley was formed by a cyclic pattern of infilling and subsequent entrenchment that gave rise to an irregular bedrock surface beneath the depositional terrace system. After this depositional period, the river migrated to the southwest and began a period of downcutting that ended with the formation of the unconformity (erosional terrace) that lies some 45 ft. beneath the modern-day river. The protracted southwestward migration of the river system is perhaps the best indication that pre-historic tectonism exerts an influence on the modern-day alluvial system.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00383678","usgsCitation":"Leeth, D., and Nagle, D., 1996, Shallow subsurface geology of part of the Savannah River alluvial valley in the upper Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina: Southeastern Geology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 1-14.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e3ee4b08c986b3187fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leeth, D.C.","contributorId":12991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nagle, D.D.","contributorId":59072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagle","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018621,"text":"70018621 - 1996 - Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-08T12:04:11.780804","indexId":"70018621","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inelastic models of lithospheric stress - I. Theory and application to outer-rise plate deformation","docAbstract":"Transient groundwater interactions and lake stage were simulated for Lake Barco, an acidic seepage lake in the mantled karst of north central Florida. Karst subsidence features affected groundwater flow patterns in the basin and groundwater fluxes to and from the lake. Subsidence features peripheral to the lake intercepted potential groundwater inflow and increased leakage from the shallow perimeter of the lake bed. Simulated groundwater fluxes were checked against net groundwater flow derived from a detailed lake hydrologic budget with short-term lake evaporation computed by the energy budget method. Discrepancies between modeled and budget-derived net groundwater flows indicated that the model underestimated groundwater inflow, possibly contributed to by transient water table mounding near the lake. Recharge from rainfall reduced lake leakage by 10 to 15 times more than it increased groundwater inflow. As a result of the karst setting, the contributing groundwater basin to the lake was 2.4 ha for simulated average rainfall conditions, compared to the topographically derived drainage basin area of 81 ha. Short groundwater inflow path lines and rapid travel times limit the contribution of acid-neutralizing solutes from the basin, making Lake Barco susceptible to increased acidification by acid rain.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00162","usgsCitation":"Lee, T.M., 1996, Hydrogeologic controls on the groundwater interactions with an acidic lake in karst terrain, Lake Barco, Florida: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 4, p. 831-844, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00162.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"844","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227309,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33a4e4b0c8380cd5f148","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, T. M.","contributorId":67855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018640,"text":"70018640 - 1996 - Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:26","indexId":"70018640","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA","docAbstract":"The recharge and discharge components of the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system were defined by remote sensing and GIS techniques that integrated disparate data types to develop a spatially complex representation of near-surface hydrological processes. Image classification methods were applied to multispectral satellite data to produce a vegetation map. This map provided a basis for subsequent evapotranspiration and infiltration estimations. The vegetation map was combined with ancillary data in a GIS to delineate different types of wetlands, phreatophytes and wet playa areas. Existing evapotranspiration-rate estimates were then used to calculate discharge volumes for these areas. A previously used empirical method of groundwater recharge estimation was modified by GIS methods to incorporate data describing soil-moisture conditions, and a recharge potential map was produced. These discharge and recharge maps were readily converted to data arrays for numerical modelling codes. Inverse parameter estimation techniques also used these data to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of estimated values.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"D’Agnese, F.A., Faunt, C., and Keith, T.A., 1996, Using remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate discharge and recharge. fluxes for the Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, USA: IAHS-AISH Publication, no. 235, p. 503-511.","startPage":"503","endPage":"511","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"235","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc095e4b08c986b32a1e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agnese, F. A.","contributorId":6096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, C.C. 0000-0001-5659-7529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":103314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"C.C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keith, Turner A.","contributorId":80549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Turner","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018641,"text":"70018641 - 1996 - The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018641","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3108,"text":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications","docAbstract":"The composition of fluids extracted from ore and gangue sulfide minerals that span most of the paragenesis of the Silesian-Cracow district was determined using a newly developed ion chromatographic (IC) technique. Ionic species determined were Na+, NH+4, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Rb+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Cl-, Br-, F-, I-, PO3-4, CO2-3, HS-, S2O2-3, SO2-4, NO-3, and acetate. Mineral samples included six from the Pomorzany mine and one from the Trzebionka mine which are hosted in the Triassic Muschelkalk Formation, and two samples of drill core from mineralized Upper Devonian strata. Nine paragenetically identifiable sulfide minerals occur throughout the Silesian-Cracow district. These include from earliest to latest: early iron sulfides, granular sphalerite, early galena, light-banded sphalerite, galena, dark-banded sphalerite, iron sulfides, late dark-banded sphalerite with late galena, and late iron sulfides. Seven of the minerals were sampled for fluid inclusion analysis in this study. Only the early iron sulfides and the last galena stage were not sampled. Although the number of analyses are limited to nine samples and two replicates and there is uncertainty about the characteristics of the fluid inclusions analyzed, the data show clear temporal trends in the composition of the fluids that deposited these minerals. Fluid inclusions in minerals deposited later in the paragenesis have significantly more K+, Br-, NH+4, and acetate but less Sr2+ than those deposited earlier in the paragenesis. The later minerals are also characterized by isotopically lighter sulfur and significantly more Tl and As in the solid minerals. The change in ore-fluid chemistry is interpreted to reflect a major change in the hydrologic regime of the district. Apparently, the migrational paths of ore fluids from the Upper Silesian basin changed during ore deposition and the fluids which deposited early minerals reacted with aquifers with very different geochemical characteristics than those that deposited late minerals. The early fluids may have reacted primarily with Devonian and Lower Carboniferous carbonate aquifers deeper in the basin, whereas the later fluids appear to have had extensive contact with organic-rich rocks, probably the shallower Middle and Upper Carboniferous flysch associated with coal measures. High concentrations of toxic Tl and As occur in the readily oxidized marcasite and pyrite minerals deposited by the later fluids. In general, the geochemistry of both the early and late fluids may be explained by an evaporite related origin or by water-rock modification of a saline basinal brine. When compared to the composition of fluid inclusions in Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) ore minerals from the Ozark region of the United States, fluid inclusions in minerals from Silesian-Cracow are fundamentally different, containing more Ca2+, Mg2+, NH+4, Br-, Sr2+ and acetate in all mineral stages with significantly more K+ in later stage minerals. The differences in ore fluid chemistry between the two regions are consistent with the lithologic differences of the respective basins thought to be the source of the mineralizing brines.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08669465","usgsCitation":"Viets, J., Hofstra, A., Emsbo, P., and Kozlowski, A., 1996, The composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals from the Silesian-Cracow Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb deposits Poland: Genetic and environmental implications: Prace - Panstwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, v. 154, p. 85-103.","startPage":"85","endPage":"103","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"154","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baa4be4b08c986b3227ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Viets, J.G.","contributorId":82300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"J.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hofstra, A. H. 0000-0002-2450-1593","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":41426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"A. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Emsbo, P.","contributorId":59901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Emsbo","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kozlowski, A.","contributorId":49124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kozlowski","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018646,"text":"70018646 - 1996 - Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-16T22:13:36.48206","indexId":"70018646","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2186,"text":"Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard","docAbstract":"A new automated observatory dedicated to the radiometry of the moon has been constructed to provide new radiance information for calibration of earth-orbiting imaging instruments, particularly Earth Observing System instruments. Instrumentation includes an imaging photometer with 4.5-in. resolution on a fully digital mount and a full-aperture radiance calibration source. Interference filters within 0.35–0.95 µm correspond to standard stellar magnitude systems, accommodate wavelengths of lunar spectral contrast, and approximate some band-passes of planned earth-orbiting instruments (ASTER, Landsat-7 ETM, MISR, MODIS, and SeaWIFS).
The same equipment is used for lunar and stellar observations, with the use of an aperture stop in lunar imaging to comply with Nyquist's theorem and lengthen exposure times to avoid scintillation effects. A typical robotic night run involves observation of about 60 photometric standard stars and the moon; about 10 of the standard stars are observed repeatedly to determine atmospheric extinction, and the moon is observed several times. Observations are to be made on every photometric night during the bright half of the month for at least 4.5 years to adequately cover phase and libration variation. Each lunar image is reduced to absolute exoatmospheric radiance and reprojected to a fixed selenographic grid system. The collection of these images at various liberators and phase angles will be reduced to photometric models for each of the approximately 120 000 points in the lunar grid for each filter. Radiance models of the moon can then be produced for the precise geometry of an orbiting instrument observation. Expected errors are under 1% relative and 2.5% absolute. A second telescope operating from 1.0 to 2.5 µm is planned.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013%3C0360:ETMAAS%3E2.0.CO;2","issn":"07390572","usgsCitation":"Kieffer, H.H., and Wildey, R., 1996, Establishing the moon as a spectral radiance standard: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v. 13, no. 2, p. 360-375, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013%3C0360:ETMAAS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"360","endPage":"375","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227486,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a65e4b0c8380cd5233b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wildey, R.L.","contributorId":9700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildey","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018649,"text":"70018649 - 1996 - Observations and analysis of self-similar branching topology in glacier networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-06T17:27:43.2115","indexId":"70018649","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations and analysis of self-similar branching topology in glacier networks","docAbstract":"Glaciers, like rivers, have a branching structure which can be characterized by topological trees or networks. Probability distributions of various topological quantities in the networks are shown to satisfy the criterion for self-similarity, a symmetry structure which might be used to simplify future models of glacier dynamics. Two analytical methods of describing river networks, Shreve's random topology model and deterministic self-similar trees, are applied to the six glaciers of south central Alaska studied in this analysis. Self-similar trees capture the topological behavior observed for all of the glaciers, and most of the networks are also reasonably approximated by Shreve's theory.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB02536","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Bahr, D., and Peckham, S., 1996, Observations and analysis of self-similar branching topology in glacier networks: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B11, p. 25511-25521, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02536.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"25511","endPage":"25521","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227573,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-11-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a69e4b0c8380cd74169","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bahr, D.B.","contributorId":16173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bahr","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peckham, S.D.","contributorId":87704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peckham","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018653,"text":"70018653 - 1996 - The enigma of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-28T14:57:53.331686","indexId":"70018653","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":806,"text":"Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The enigma of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812","docAbstract":"Continental North America's greatest earthquake sequence struck on the western frontier of the United States. The frontier was not then California but the valley of the continent's greatest river, the Mississippi, and the sequence was the New Madrid earthquakes of the winter of 1811–1812. Their described impacts on the land and the river were so dramatic as to produce widespread modern disbelief. However, geological, geophysical, and historical research, carried out mostly in the past two decades, has verified much in the historical accounts. The sequence included at least six (possibly nine) events of estimated moment magnitude M ≥ 7 and two of M ≃ 8. The faulting was in the intruded crust of a failed intracontinental rift, beneath the saturated alluvium of the river valley, and its violent shaking resulted in massive and extensive liquefaction. The largest earthquakes ruptured at least six (and possibly more than seven) intersecting fault segments, one of which broke the surface as a thrust fault that disrupted the bed of the Mississippi River in at least 2 (and possibly four) places.
","language":"English","publisher":"Annual Reviews","doi":"10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.339","usgsCitation":"Johnston, A.C., and Schweig, E., 1996, The enigma of the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811-1812: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 24, p. 339-384, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.24.1.339.","productDescription":"46 p.","startPage":"339","endPage":"384","numberOfPages":"46","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227619,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"New Madrid seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -91,\n 37\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babcde4b08c986b3230a3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schweig, E.S.","contributorId":34538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweig","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018654,"text":"70018654 - 1996 - Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-02T15:22:54.099877","indexId":"70018654","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study","docAbstract":"The human species has been modifying the landscape long before the development of modern agrarian techniques. Much of the land area of the conterminous United States is currently used for agricultural production. In certain regions this change in vegetative cover from its natural state may have led to local climatic change. A regional climate version of the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was used to assess the impact of a natural versus current vegetation distribution on the weather and climate of July 1989. The results indicate that coherent regions of substantial changes, of both positive and negative sign, in screen height temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation are a possible consequence of land use change throughout the United States. The simulated changes in the screen height quantities were closely related to changes in the vegetation parameters of albedo, roughness length, leaf area index, and fractional coverage.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JD02676","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Copeland, J., Pielke, R., and Kittel, T., 1996, Potential climatic impacts of vegetation change: A regional modeling study: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 101, no. D3, p. 7409-7418, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JD02676.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"7409","endPage":"7418","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227620,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"D3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7ec1e4b0c8380cd7a719","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Copeland, J.H.","contributorId":61973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copeland","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pielke, R.A.","contributorId":56814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kittel, T.G.F.","contributorId":21500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"T.G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018655,"text":"70018655 - 1996 - A two-stage model of fracture of rocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:24","indexId":"70018655","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3208,"text":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A two-stage model of fracture of rocks","docAbstract":"In this paper we propose a two-stage model of rock fracture. In the first stage, cracks or local regions of failure are uncorrelated occur randomly throughout the rock in response to loading of pre-existing flaws. As damage accumulates in the rock, there is a gradual increase in the probability that large clusters of closely spaced cracks or local failure sites will develop. Based on statistical arguments, a critical density of damage will occur where clusters of flaws become large enough to lead to larger-scale failure of the rock (stage two). While crack interaction and cooperative failure is expected to occur within clusters of closely spaced cracks, the initial development of clusters is predicted based on the random variation in pre-existing Saw populations. Thus the onset of the unstable second stage in the model can be computed from the generation of random, uncorrelated damage. The proposed model incorporates notions of the kinetic (and therefore time-dependent) nature of the strength of solids as well as the discrete hierarchic structure of rocks and the flaw populations that lead to damage accumulation. The advantage offered by this model is that its salient features are valid for fracture processes occurring over a wide range of scales including earthquake processes. A notion of the rank of fracture (fracture size) is introduced, and criteria are presented for both fracture nucleation and the transition of the failure process from one scale to another.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pure and Applied Geophysics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00334553","usgsCitation":"Kuksenko, V., Tomilin, N., Damaskinskaya, E., and Lockner, D., 1996, A two-stage model of fracture of rocks: Pure and Applied Geophysics, v. 146, no. 2.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227658,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"146","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e609e4b0c8380cd47108","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuksenko, V.","contributorId":15771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuksenko","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tomilin, N.","contributorId":52343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tomilin","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Damaskinskaya, E.","contributorId":82075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaskinskaya","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lockner, D.","contributorId":102190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018661,"text":"70018661 - 1996 - The Springdale, Utah, landslide: An extraordinary event","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-17T15:18:49.508245","indexId":"70018661","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Springdale, Utah, landslide: An extraordinary event","docAbstract":"The most dramatic geologic effect of the M-5.7 St. George, Utah earthquake of 2 September 1992 was the triggering of the 14,000,000-m3 Springdale, Utah landslide. The roughly 10 m of landslide movement destroyed three houses, threatened several condominiums, disrupted utility lines, and temporarily closed the southwest entrance to Zion National Park. The seismic triggering of this landslide is puzzling because its distance from the earthquake epicenter, 44 km, is much greater than the farthest distance (18 km) at which similar landslides have been triggered in worldwide earthquakes of the same magnitude. Other Colorado Plateau earthquakes also have produced landslides far beyond worldwide distance limits, which suggests that regional variations in ground-shaking attenuation may require different landslide-triggering distance limits for different seismotectonic regions. Slope stability analysis and historical records of landslide movement suggest that the Springdale landslide was only slightly above limit-equilibrium conditions at the time of the earthquake. Dynamic stability analysis using Newmark's permanent-displacement method indicates coseismic landslide displacement of only 1-8 cm; this rather modest displacement probably induced enough deformation in the montmorillonitic clays along the failure surface to reduce shear strength and destabilize the slide, which continued to move for several hours after the earthquake.","language":"English","publisher":"Environmental Engineering Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.II.2.137","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Jibson, R., and Harp, E.L., 1996, The Springdale, Utah, landslide: An extraordinary event: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 2, no. 2, p. 137-150, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.II.2.137.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"150","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227002,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.35586933298275,\n 37.55683192885232\n ],\n [\n -113.35586933298275,\n 36.971021423655\n ],\n [\n -111.99356464548232,\n 36.971021423655\n ],\n [\n -111.99356464548232,\n 37.55683192885232\n ],\n [\n -113.35586933298275,\n 37.55683192885232\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba904e4b08c986b321fe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jibson, R.W.","contributorId":8467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jibson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harp, E. L.","contributorId":59026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harp","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018663,"text":"70018663 - 1996 - A simulation-based approach for designing effective field-sampling programs to evaluate contamination risk of groundwater supplies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:16:23.782848","indexId":"70018663","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A simulation-based approach for designing effective field-sampling programs to evaluate contamination risk of groundwater supplies","docAbstract":"An approach to model discrimination and network design for evaluation of groundwater contamination risk is proposed and demonstrated by application to a site in a glaciofluvial aquifer in Sweden. The approach consists of first hypothesizing alternative conceptual models of hydrogeology at the site on the basis of both quantitative data and qualitative information. The conceptual models are then expressed as two-dimensional numerical models of groundwater flow and solute transport, and model attributes controlling risk to the water supply are determined by simulation. Model predictions of response to a specific field test are made with each model that affects risk. Regions for effective measurement networks are then identified. Effective networks are those that capture sufficient information to determine which of the hypothesized models best describes the system with a minimum of measurement points. For the example site in Sweden, the network is designed such that important system parameters may be accurately estimated at the same time as model discrimination is carried out.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050081","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Nordqvist, R., and Voss, C., 1996, A simulation-based approach for designing effective field-sampling programs to evaluate contamination risk of groundwater supplies: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 3, p. 23-39, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050081.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"23","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227042,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e597e4b0c8380cd46e63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nordqvist, R.","contributorId":96026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordqvist","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, C.I.","contributorId":79515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"C.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018666,"text":"70018666 - 1996 - Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey coastal plain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T07:22:28","indexId":"70018666","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey coastal plain","docAbstract":"Groundwater age dating through the combination of transient tracer methods (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium 3 (3H/3He)) and groundwater flow path analysis is useful for investigating groundwater travel times, flow patterns, and recharge rates, as demonstrated by this study of the homogeneous shallow, unconfined Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system in the southern New Jersey coastal plain. Water samples for age dating were collected from three sets of nested observation wells (10 wells) with 1.5-m-long screens located near groundwater divides. Three steady state finite difference groundwater flow models were calibrated by adjusting horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities to match measured heads and head differences (range, 0.002–0.23 m) among the nested wells, with a uniform recharge rate of 0.46 m per year and porosities of 0.35 (sand) and 0.45 (silt) that were assumed constant for all model simulations and travel time calculations. The simulated groundwater travel times increase with depth in the aquifer, ranging from about 1.5 to 6.5 years for the shallow wells (screen bottoms 3–4 m below the water table), from about 10 to 25 years for the medium-depth wells (screen bottoms 8–19 m below the water table), and from about 30 to more than 40 years for the deep wells (screen bottoms 24–26 m below the water table). Apparent groundwater ages based on CFC- and 3H/3He-dating techniques and model-based travel times could not be statistically differentiated, and all were strongly correlated with depth. Confinement of 3He was high because of the rapid vertical flow velocity (of the order of 1 m/yr), resulting in clear delineation of groundwater travel times based on the 3H/3He-dating technique. The correspondence between the 3H/3He and CFC ages indicates that dispersion has had a minimal effect on the tracer-based ages of water in this aquifer. Differences between the tracer-based apparent ages for seven of the 10 samples were smaller than the error values. A slight bias toward older apparent ages, found not to be statistically significant, was noted for the 3H/3He-dating technique relative to the CFC-dating technique. This result may be caused by enrichment of local air in CFC-Il and CFC-12 from urban and industrial sources in the northeastern United States and minor contamination from sampling equipment. The demonstrated validity of the combined tracer-dating techniques to determine the age of water in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system indicates that groundwater flow models can be refined when apparent ages based on 3H/3He- and CFC- dating are used as calibration targets.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96WR00068","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Rice, D., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Drenkard, S., and Schlosser, P., 1996, Age dating of shallow groundwater with chlorofluorocarbons, tritium/helium: 3, and flow path analysis, southern New Jersey coastal plain: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 4, p. 1023-1038, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR00068.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1023","endPage":"1038","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 38.676933444637925\n ],\n [\n -73.487548828125,\n 38.676933444637925\n ],\n [\n -73.487548828125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -75.245361328125,\n 38.676933444637925\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8e7e4b0c8380cd47f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, D.E.","contributorId":44188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Drenkard, S.","contributorId":89292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drenkard","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schlosser, P.","contributorId":106656,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018667,"text":"70018667 - 1996 - Integrating a geographic information system, a scientific visualization system, and a precipitation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-19T10:50:13","indexId":"70018667","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3718,"text":"Water Resources Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-1370","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Integrating a geographic information system, a scientific visualization system, and a precipitation model","docAbstract":"Investigating natural, potential, and human-induced impacts on hydrologic systems commonly requires complex modeling with overlapping data requirements, plus massive amounts of one- to four-dimensional data at multiple scales and formats. Given the complexity of most hydrologic studies, the requisite software infrastructure must incorporate many components including simulation modeling and spatial analysis with a flexible, intuitive display. Integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and scientific visualization systems (SVS) provides such an infrastructure. This paper describes an integrated system consisting of an orographic precipitation model, a GIS, and an SVS. The results of this study provide a basis for improving the understanding of hydro-climatic processes in mountainous regions. An additional benefit of the integrated system, the value of which is often underestimated, is the improved ability to communicate model results, leading to a broader understanding of the model assumptions, sensitivities, and conclusions at a management level.Investigating natural, potential, and human-induced impacts on hydrologic systems commonly requires complex modeling with overlapping data requirements, plus massive amounts of one- to four-dimensional data at multiple scales and formats. Given the complexity of most hydrologic studies, the requisite software infrastructure must incorporate many components including simulation modeling and spatial analysis with a flexible, intuitive display. Integrating geographic information systems (GIS) and scientific visualization systems (SVS) provides such an infrastructure. This paper describes an integrated system consisting of an orographic precipitation model, a GIS, and an SVS. The results of this study provide a basis for improving the understanding of hydro-climatic processes in mountainous regions. An additional benefit of the integrated system, the value of which is often underestimated, is the improved ability to communicate model results, leading to a broader understanding of the model assumptions, sensitivities, and conclusions at a management level.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water Resources Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Water Resources Assoc","publisherLocation":"Herndon, VA, United States","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03458.x","issn":"00431370","usgsCitation":"Hay, L., and Knapp, L., 1996, Integrating a geographic information system, a scientific visualization system, and a precipitation model: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 32, no. 2, p. 357-369, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03458.x.","startPage":"357","endPage":"369","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227131,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267679,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1996.tb03458.x"}],"volume":"32","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3c75e4b0c8380cd62d56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knapp, L.K.","contributorId":95214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knapp","given":"L.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018671,"text":"70018671 - 1996 - Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-06T12:13:31.433932","indexId":"70018671","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of a ground water flow model of the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, using carbon-14-based ages and paleohydrology","docAbstract":"A study was undertaken to understand the groundwater flow conditions in the Bangkok Basin, Thailand, by comparing 14C-based and simulated groundwater ages. 14C measurements were made on about 50 water samples taken from wells throughout the basin. Simulated ages were obtained using 1) backward-pathline tracking based on the well locations, and 2) results from a three-dimensional groundwater flow model. Comparisons of ages at these locations reveal a large difference between 14C-based ages and ages predicted by the steady-state groundwater flow model. Mainly, 14C and 13C analyses indicate that groundwater in the Bangkok area is about 20,000 years old, whereas steady-state flow and transport simulations imply that groundwater in the Bangkok area is 50,000–100,000 years old. One potential reason for the discrepancy between simulated and 14C-based ages is the assumption in the model of steady-state flow. Groundwater velocities were probably greater in the region before about 10,000 years ago, during the last glacial maximum, because of the lower position of sea level and the absence of the surficial Bangkok Clay. Paleoflow conditions were estimated and then incorporated into a second set of simulations. The new assumption was that current steady-state flow conditions existed for the last 8,000 years but were preceded by steady-state conditions representative of flow during the last glacial maximum. This “transient” paleohydrologic simulation yielded a mean simulated age that more closely agrees with the mean 14C-based age, especially if the 14C-based age corrected for diffusion into clay layers. Although the uncertainties in both the simulated and 14C-based ages are nontrivial, the magnitude of the improved match in the mean age using a paleohydrologic simulation instead of a steady-state simulation suggests that flow conditions in the basin have changed significantly over the last 10,000–20,000 years. Given that the valid age range of 14C-dating methods and the timing of the last glacial maximum are of similar magnitude, adjustments for paleohydrologic conditions may be required for many such studies.
A practical approach to modeling the hydraulic interaction of a stream and aquifer via streambed leakage is based on the established U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) model, MODFLOW. To represent flood-wave propagation and the associated bank storage, MODFLOW's STREAM module is replaced by the Muskingum-Cunge diffusive-wave-routing scheme. The diffusive wave model closely approximates a dynamic model of a flood wave's speed, shape, and streambed leakage. Because the stream responds more rapidly to disturbances than the aquifer, streambed leakage is calculated at the flood routing time scale in order to properly represent the stream-aquifer coupling. However, both the relative magnitude and timing of aquifer response to a flood wave depend on the strength of this coupling. We find discrepancies in both the flood wave and the streambed leakage when the wave and ground-water motions are evaluated at different time scales. These discrepancies are significant in the case of a strong stream-aquifer coupling, for which equal aquifer and flood-routing time steps may be required. Wave diffusion and bank storage are shown to be comparable in magnitude and should, therefore, be included in stream-aquifer interaction models. Diffusive wave routing more accurately represents wave propagation, bed leakage, and aquifer response if short aquifer time steps are taken, and is preferable to the STREAM module for simulating short time transients. However, the STREAM module is useful for simulating large time frames if accurate modeling of the flood-wave propagation is not required.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(210)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Perkins, S., and Koussis, A.D., 1996, Stream-aquifer interaction model with diffusive wave routing: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 122, no. 4, p. 210-218, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(210).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"210","endPage":"218","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227310,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9a92e4b08c986b31c9f0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, S.P.","contributorId":12211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Koussis, Antonis D.","contributorId":99299,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koussis","given":"Antonis","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018678,"text":"70018678 - 1996 - Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T12:25:40","indexId":"70018678","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"Analysis of gravity and magnetic anomaly data helps characterize the geometry and physical properties of the source of the Missouri gravity low, an important cratonic feature of substantial width (about 125 km) and length (> 600 km). Filtered anomaly maps show that this prominent feature extends NW from the Reelfoot rift to the Midcontinent Rift System. Geologic reasoning and the simultaneous inversion of the gravity and magnetic data lead to an interpretation that the gravity anomaly reflects an upper crustal, 11-km-thick batholith with either near vertical or outward dipping boundaries. Considering the modeled characteristics of the batholith, structural fabric of Missouri, and relations of the batholith with plutons and regions of alteration, a tectonic model for the formation of the batholith is proposed. The model includes a mantle plume that heated the crust during Late Precambrian and melted portions of lower and middle crust, from which the low-density granitic rocks forming the batholith were partly derived. The batholith, called the Missouri batholith, may be currently related to the release of seismic energy in the New Madrid seismic zone (earthquake concentrations occur at the intersection of the Missouri batholith and the New Madrid seismic zone). Three qualitative mechanical models are suggested to explain this relationship with seismicity. Copyright 1996 by the American Geophysical Union.","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/96JB01908","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Griscom, A., Van Schmus, W.R., and Stuart, W., 1996, Quantitative investigations of the Missouri gravity low: A possible expression of a large, Late Precambrian batholith intersecting the New Madrid seismic zone: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 21921-21942, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB01908.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"21921","endPage":"21942","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227353,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a921de4b0c8380cd80678","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griscom, A.","contributorId":80018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griscom","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Schmus, W. R.","contributorId":83114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Schmus","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018679,"text":"70018679 - 1996 - Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:50:08","indexId":"70018679","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance","docAbstract":"The Lower Jurassic Anyao Formation crops out near Jiyuan city, western Henan Province, central China. It is part of the infill of the nonmarine early Mesozoic Jiyuan‐Yima Basin. In the Jiyuan section, this unit is about 100 m thick and consists of laterally persistent, thin and thick‐bedded turbidite sandstones and mudstones displaying complete and base‐or top‐absent Bouma sequences, and thick‐bedded massive sandstones. The Anyao Formation records sedimentation within a lacustrine turbidite system developed in a pull‐apart basin. Processes involved include high and low density turbidity currents, sometimes affected by liquefaction or fluidization. Facies analysis suggests that this succession is formed by stacked aggradational turbidite lobes. The absence of thick mudstone packages indicates that background sedimentation was subordinate to high frequency turbidite deposition.
The Anyao Formation hosts a moderately diverse ichnofauna preserved as hypichnial casts on the soles of thin‐bedded turbidite sandstones. The ichnofauna consists of Cochlichnus anguineus, Hel‐minthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis abeli, H. hieroglyphica, Mono‐morphichnus lineatus, Paracanthorhaphe togwunia, Tuberculichnus vagans, Vagorichnus anyao, tiny grazing trails, and irregularly branching burrows. Vagorichnus anyao occurs not only as a discrete trace, but also as a compound ichnotaxon intergrading with Gordia marina and Tuberculichnus vagans. Both predepositional and post‐depositional traces are present on the soles of turbidites.
This ichnofauna comprises both feeding and grazing traces produced by a deposit‐feeding lacustrine benthic biota. Crawling traces are rare. Although certain ichnofossils (e.g. V. anyao, P. togwunia) show overall similarities with deep‐sea agrichnia, they differ in reflecting remarkably less specialized feeding strategies, displaying overcrossing between specimens (and to a lesser extent, self‐crossing), and in the case of V’ anyaorecording post‐turbidite burrowing activity. The development of less specialized strategies than those displayed by deep‐marine ichnofaunas may be related to less stable conditions, typical of lake settings. Oxyenation, energy, sedimentation rate (both event and background), food supply, soft‐sediment deformation and erosion rate have mainly influenced trace‐fossil distribution. Turbidity currents would have ensured oxygen (as well as food) supply to deep lake settings, thus allowing the establishment of a moderately diverse biota. Biogenic structures were mostly confined to the outer, low energy areas. High sedimentation rates and strong erosion precluded preservation of ichnofossils in inner lobe settings.
The Anyao ichnofauna is of significance in furthering knowledge of the colonization of deep lakes throughout the stratigraphie record and in identification of additional nonmarine ichnofacies. The ana‐lyzed ichnofauna resembles late Paleozoic lacustrine assemblages described from different localities around the world and is regarded as a Mesozoic example of the Mermia ichnofacies. However, when compared with Paleozoic assemblages, the Anyao ichnofauna shows a clear dominance of burrows over surface trails, deeper burrowing penetration, larger size, and presence of relatively more complex structures. The high burrow/surface trail ratio may be indicative of lower preservation potential in the latter, thus reflecting a tap‐honomic overprint. In contrast to the Paleozoic examples, the establishment of a relatively well‐developed lacustrine infauna may have precluded preservation of surface trails. Burrower activity probably obliterated biogenic structures formed close to the sediment‐water interface.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420949609380137","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L.A., Mángano, M., Wu, X., and Zhang, G., 1996, Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the Anyao Formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 4, no. 4, p. 287-303, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420949609380137.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"287","endPage":"303","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb666e4b08c986b326c42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, Luis A. 0000-0001-9523-750X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-750X","contributorId":195823,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buatois","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":380432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wu, Xiantao","contributorId":166681,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wu","given":"Xiantao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, Guocheng","contributorId":145713,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhang","given":"Guocheng","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018681,"text":"70018681 - 1996 - Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-01T15:13:15","indexId":"70018681","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2700,"text":"Mathematical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging","docAbstract":"Smoothing is a characteristic inherent to all minimum mean-square-error spatial estimators such as kriging. Cross-validation can be used to detect and model such smoothing. Inversion of the model produces a new estimator-compensated kriging. A numerical comparison based on an exhaustive permeability sampling of a 4-fr2 slab of Berea Sandstone shows that the estimation surface generated by compensated kriging has properties intermediate between those generated by ordinary kriging and stochastic realizations resulting from simulated annealing and sequential Gaussian simulation. The frequency distribution is well reproduced by the compensated kriging surface, which also approximates the experimental semivariogram well - better than ordinary kriging, but not as well as stochastic realizations. Compensated kriging produces surfaces that are more accurate than stochastic realizations, but not as accurate as ordinary kriging. ?? 1996 International Association for Mathematical Geology.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mathematical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02083653","issn":"08828121","usgsCitation":"Olea, R., and Pawlowsky, V., 1996, Compensating for estimation smoothing in kriging: Mathematical Geology, v. 28, no. 4, p. 407-417, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02083653.","startPage":"407","endPage":"417","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":268635,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083653"},{"id":227437,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f8c7e4b0c8380cd4d2c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olea, Ricardo A. 0000-0003-4308-0808","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4308-0808","contributorId":26436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olea","given":"Ricardo A.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":380440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pawlowsky, Vera","contributorId":83289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlowsky","given":"Vera","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018684,"text":"70018684 - 1996 - Geyser periodicity and the response of geysers to deformation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-06T13:06:48","indexId":"70018684","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geyser periodicity and the response of geysers to deformation","docAbstract":"Numerical simulations of multiphase fluid and heat transport through a porous medium define combinations of rock properties and boundary conditions which lead to geyser‐like periodic discharge. Within the rather narrow range of conditions that allow geyser‐like behavior, eruption frequency and discharge are highly sensitive to the intrinsic permeabilities of the geyser conduit and the surrounding rock matrix, to the relative permeability functions assumed, and to pressure gradients in the matrix. In theory, heat pipes (concomitant upward flow of steam and downward flow of liquid) can exist under similar conditions, but our simulations suggest that the periodic solution is more stable. Simulated time series of geyser discharge are chaotic, but integrated quantities such as eruption frequency and mass discharge per eruption are free of chaos. These results may explain the observed sensitivity of natural geysers to small strains such as those caused by remote earthquakes, if ground motion is sufficient to induce permeability changes. Changes in geyser behavior caused by minor preseismic deformation, periodic surface loading, and Earth tides are more difficult to explain in the context of our current model.
","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/96JB02285","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Rojstaczer, S., 1996, Geyser periodicity and the response of geysers to deformation: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. B10, p. 21891-21905, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB02285.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"21891","endPage":"21905","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479133,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.601.9222","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28e7e4b0c8380cd5a509","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rojstaczer, S.A.","contributorId":54620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rojstaczer","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018685,"text":"70018685 - 1996 - Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 3. Composition of adsorbed organic acids from compost leachate on alumina by solid-state 13C NMR","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T09:51:43","indexId":"70018685","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1268,"text":"Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 3. Composition of adsorbed organic acids from compost leachate on alumina by solid-state 13C NMR","docAbstract":"The adsorption of compost leachate DOC on alumina is used as a model for elucidation of the mechanism of formation of natural organic coatings on hydrous metal oxide surfaces in soils and sediments. Compost leachate DOC is composed mainly of organic acid molecules. The solid-state 13C NMR spectra of these organic acids indicate that they are very similar in composition to aquatic humic substances. Changes in the solid-state 13C NMR spectra of compost leachate DOC fractions adsorbed on alumina indicate that the DOC molecules are most likely adsorbed on metal oxide surfaces through a combination of polar and hydrophobic interaction mechanisms. This combination of polar and hydrophobic mechanism leads to the formation of bilayer coatings of the leachate molecules on the oxide surfaces.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0927-7757(95)03402-1","issn":"09277757","usgsCitation":"Wershaw, R., Llaguno, E., and Leenheer, J., 1996, Mechanism of formation of humus coatings on mineral surfaces 3. Composition of adsorbed organic acids from compost leachate on alumina by solid-state 13C NMR: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, v. 108, no. 2-3, p. 213-223, https://doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03402-1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"223","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227441,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":205919,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(95)03402-1"}],"volume":"108","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5364e4b0c8380cd6ca56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wershaw, R.L.","contributorId":62223,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wershaw","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Llaguno, E.C.","contributorId":69729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Llaguno","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018689,"text":"70018689 - 1996 - Using nonlinear forecasting to learn the magnitude and phasing of time-varying sediment suspension in the surf zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T16:28:07.083869","indexId":"70018689","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using nonlinear forecasting to learn the magnitude and phasing of time-varying sediment suspension in the surf zone","docAbstract":"The time-dependent response of sediment suspension to flow velocity was explored by modeling field measurements collected in the surf zone during a large storm. Linear and nonlinear models were created and tested using flow velocity as input and suspended-sediment concentration as output. A sequence of past velocities (velocity history), as well as velocity from the same instant as the suspended-sediment concentration, was used as input; this velocity history length was allowed to vary. The models also allowed for a lag between input (instantaneous velocity or end of velocity sequence) and output (suspended-sediment concentration). Predictions of concentration from instantaneous velocity or instantaneous velocity raised to a power (up to 8) using linear models were poor (correlation coefficients between predicted and observed concentrations were less than 0.10). Allowing a lag between velocity and concentration improved linear models (correlation coefficient of 0.30), with optimum lag time increasing with elevation above the seabed (from 1.5 s at 13 cm to 8.5 s at 60 cm). These lags are largely due to the time for an observed flow event to effect the bed and mix sediment upward. Using a velocity history further improved linear models (correlation coefficient of 0.43). The best linear model used 12.5 s of velocity history (approximately one wave period) to predict concentration. Nonlinear models gave better predictions than linear models, and, as with linear models, nonlinear models using a velocity history performed better than models using only instantaneous velocity as input. Including a lag time between the velocity and concentration also improved the predictions. The best model (correlation coefficient of 0.58) used 3 s (approximately a quarter wave period) of the cross-shore velocity squared, starting at 4.5 s before the observed concentration, to predict concentration. Using a velocity history increases the performance of the models by specifying a more complete description of the dynamical forcing of the flow (including accelerations and wave phase and shape) responsible for sediment suspension. Incorporating such a velocity history and a lag time into the formulation of the forcing for time-dependent models for sediment suspension in the surf zone will greatly increase our ability to predict suspended-sediment transport.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JC00495","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Jaffe, B.E., and Rubin, D.M., 1996, Using nonlinear forecasting to learn the magnitude and phasing of time-varying sediment suspension in the surf zone: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C6, p. 14283-14296, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JC00495.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"14283","endPage":"14296","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227530,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc084e4b08c986b32a180","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jaffe, B. E.","contributorId":88327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jaffe","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380461,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rubin, D. M.","contributorId":103689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}