Sediments in many Great Lakes harbors and tributary rivers are contaminated. As part of the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment (ARCS) program, a number of studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of sediment contamination in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC). This paper describes the composition of benthic invertebrate communities in contaminated sediments and is one in a series of papers describing studies conducted to evaluate sediment toxicity from three AOC's (Buffalo River, NY; Indiana Harbor, IN; Saginaw River, MI), as part of the ARCS Program. Oligochaeta (worms) and Chironomidae (midge) comprised over 90% of the benthic invertebrate numbers in samples collected from depositional areas. Worms and midge consisted of taxa identified as primarily contaminant tolerant organisms. Structural deformities of mouthparts in midge larvae were pronounced in many of the samples. Good concurrence was evident between measures of laboratory toxicity, sediment contaminant concentration, and benthic invertebrate community composition in extremely contaminated samples. However, in moderately contaminated samples, less concordance was observed between the benthos community composition and either laboratory toxicity test results or sediment contaminant concentration. Laboratory sediment toxicity tests may better identify chemical contamination in sediments than many commonly used measures of benthic invertebrate community composition. Benthic measures may also reflect other factors such as habitat alteration. Evaluation of non-contaminant factors are needed to better interpret the response of benthic invertebrates to sediment contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4","usgsCitation":"Canfield, T., Dwyer, F.J., Fairchild, J.F., Haverland, P.S., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., Mount, D.R., La Point, T.W., Burton, G.A., and Swift, M.C., 1996, Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 565-583, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"583","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcabc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haverland, Pamela S.","contributorId":176137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverland","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mount, David R.","contributorId":150725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mount","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18078,"text":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swift, M. C.","contributorId":176138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70017833,"text":"70017833 - 1996 - Source parameters controlling the generation and propagation of potential local tsunamis along the cascadia margin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-09T13:16:28","indexId":"70017833","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2822,"text":"Natural Hazards","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source parameters controlling the generation and propagation of potential local tsunamis along the cascadia margin","docAbstract":"The largest uncertainty in assessing hazards from local tsunamis along the Cascadia margin is estimating the possible earthquake source parameters. We investigate which source parameters exert the largest influence on tsunami generation and determine how each parameter affects the amplitude of the local tsunami. The following source parameters were analyzed: (1) type of faulting characteristic of the Cascadia subduction zone, (2) amount of slip during rupture, (3) slip orientation, (4) duration of rupture, (5) physical properties of the accretionary wedge, and (6) influence of secondary faulting. The effect of each of these source parameters on the quasi-static displacement of the ocean floor is determined by using elastic three-dimensional, finite-element models. The propagation of the resulting tsunami is modeled both near the coastline using the two-dimensional (x-t) Peregrine equations that includes the effects of dispersion and near the source using the three-dimensional (x-y-t) linear long-wave equations. The source parameters that have the largest influence on local tsunami excitation are the shallowness of rupture and the amount of slip. In addition, the orientation of slip has a large effect on the directivity of the tsunami, especially for shallow dipping faults, which consequently has a direct influence on the length of coastline inundated by the tsunami. Duration of rupture, physical properties of the accretionary wedge, and secondary faulting all affect the excitation of tsunamis but to a lesser extent than the shallowness of rupture and the amount and orientation of slip. Assessment of the severity of the local tsunami hazard should take into account that relatively large tsunamis can be generated from anomalous ‘tsunami earthquakes’ that rupture within the accretionary wedge in comparison to interplate thrust earthquakes of similar magnitude.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF00138481","issn":"0921030X","usgsCitation":"Geist, E.L., and Yoshioka, S., 1996, Source parameters controlling the generation and propagation of potential local tsunamis along the cascadia margin: Natural Hazards, v. 13, no. 2, p. 151-177, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00138481.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228819,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9335e4b08c986b31a37a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Eric L. 0000-0003-0611-1150 egeist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0611-1150","contributorId":1956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geist","given":"Eric","email":"egeist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":377686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoshioka, Shoichi","contributorId":7358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshioka","given":"Shoichi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018052,"text":"70018052 - 1996 - Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the North Range group of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-03T16:18:07.424173","indexId":"70018052","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the North Range group of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"Concentrations of tourmaline in Early Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota, provide a basis for redefinition of the evolutionary history of the area. Manganiferous iron ore forms beds within the Early Proterozoic Trommald Formation, between thick-bedded granular iron-formation having shallow-water alepositional attributes and thin-bedded, nongranular iron-formation having deeper water attributes. These manganese-rich units were previously assumed to be sedimentary in origin. However, a reevaluation of drill core and mine samples from the Cuyuna North range has identified strata-bound tourmaline and tourmalinite, which has led to a rethinking of genetic models for the geology of the North range. We interpret the tourmaline-rich rocks of the area to be a product of submarine-hydrothermal solutions flowing along and beneath the sediment-seawater interface. This model for the depositional environment of the tourmaline is supported by previously reported mineral assemblages within the Trommald Formation that comprise aegirine; barium feldspar; manganese silicates, carbonates, and oxides; and Sr-rich barite veins.In many places, tourmaline-rich metasedimentary rocks and tourmalinites are associated locally with strata-bound sulfide deposits. At those localities, the tourmaline-rich strata are thought to be lateral equivalents of exhalative sulfide zones or genetically related subsea-floor replacements. On the basis of the occurrence of the tourmaline-rich rocks and tourmalinites, and on the associated minerals, we suggest that there is a previously unrecognized potential for sediment-hosted sulfide deposits in the Cuyuna North range.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.91.7.1282","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Cleland, J., Morey, G.B., and McSwiggen, P., 1996, Significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the North Range group of the Cuyuna iron range, east-central Minnesota: Economic Geology, v. 91, no. 7, p. 1282-1291, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.7.1282.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1282","endPage":"1291","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228876,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f21e4b08c986b318d43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleland, J.M.","contributorId":100559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleland","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McSwiggen, P.L.","contributorId":61970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSwiggen","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018072,"text":"70018072 - 1996 - A model of Precambrian geology of Kansas derived from gravity and magnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:58","indexId":"70018072","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A model of Precambrian geology of Kansas derived from gravity and magnetic data","docAbstract":"The fabric of the Precambrian geology of Kansas is revealed through inversion of gravity and magnetic data to pseudo-lithology. There are five main steps in the inversion process: (1) reduction of potential-field data to a horizontal plane in the wavenumber domain; (2) separation of the residual anomaly of interest from the regional background, where an assumption is made that the regional anomaly could be represented by some order of polynomial; (3) subtraction of the signal due to the known topography on the Phanerozoic/Precambrian boundary from the residual anomaly (we assume what is left at this stage are the signals due to lateral variation in the Precambrian lithology); (4) inversion of the residual anomaly in the wavenumber domain to density and magnetization distribution in the top part of the Precambrian constrained by the known geologic information; (5) derivation of pseudo-lithology by characterization of density and magnetization. The boundary between the older Central Plains Province to the north and the Southern Granite-Rhyolite Province to the south is clearly delineated. The Midcontinent Rift System appears to widen in central Kansas and involve a considerable portion of southern Kansas. Lithologies in southwestern Kansas appear to change over fairly small areas and include mafic rocks which have not been encountered in drill holes. The texture of the potential field data from southwestern Kansas suggests a history of continental growth by broad extension. Copyright ?? 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00045-3","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Xia, J., Sprowl, D., and Steeples, D., 1996, A model of Precambrian geology of Kansas derived from gravity and magnetic data: Computers & Geosciences, v. 22, no. 8, p. 883-895, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00045-3.","startPage":"883","endPage":"895","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206120,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(96)00045-3"},{"id":228502,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e47ee4b0c8380cd46677","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Xia, J.","contributorId":63513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sprowl, D.R.","contributorId":62775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprowl","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steeples, D.W.","contributorId":45057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steeples","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018062,"text":"70018062 - 1996 - Simultaneous confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer groundwater flow model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70018062","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1934,"text":"IAHS-AISH Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simultaneous confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer groundwater flow model","docAbstract":"Using the optimization method of Vecchia & Cooley (1987), nonlinear Scheffe??-type confidence intervals were calculated tor the parameters and the simulated heads of a steady-state groundwater flow model covering 450 km2 of a leaky aquifer. The nonlinear confidence intervals are compared to corresponding linear intervals. As suggested by the significant nonlinearity of the regression model, linear confidence intervals are often not accurate. The commonly made assumption that widths of linear confidence intervals always underestimate the actual (nonlinear widths was not correct for the head intervals. Results show that nonlinear effects can cause the nonlinear intervals to be offset from, and either larger or smaller than, the linear approximations. Prior information on some transmissivities helps reduce and stabilize the confidence intervals, with the most notable effects occurring for the parameters on which there is prior information and for head values in parameter zones for which there is prior information on the parameters.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IAHS-AISH Publication","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01447815","usgsCitation":"Christensen, S., and Cooley, R., 1996, Simultaneous confidence intervals for a steady-state leaky aquifer groundwater flow model: IAHS-AISH Publication, v. 237, p. 561-569.","startPage":"561","endPage":"569","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"237","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90cfe4b08c986b31967c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, S.","contributorId":30387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooley, R.L.","contributorId":9272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooley","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018159,"text":"70018159 - 1996 - 20th-century glacial-marine sedimentation in Vitus Lake, Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-31T02:00:23.547771","indexId":"70018159","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":794,"text":"Annals of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"20th-century glacial-marine sedimentation in Vitus Lake, Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Vitus Lake, the ice-marginal basin at the southeastern edge of Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A., is a site of modern, rapid, glacial-marine sedimentation. Rather than being a fresh-water lake, Vitus Lake is a tidally influenced, marine to brackish embayment connected to the Pacific Ocean by an inlet, the Seal River. Vitus Lake consists of five deep bedrock basins, separated by interbasinal highs. Glacial erosion has cut these basins as much as 250 m below sea level. High-resolution seismic reflection surveys conducted in 1991 and 1993 of four of Vitus Lake's basins reveal a complex, variable three-component acoustic stratigraphy. Although not fully sampled, the stratigraphy is inferred to be primarily glacial-marine units of (1) basal contorted and deformed glacial-marine and glacial sediments deposited by basal ice-contact processes and submarine mass-wasting; (2) acoustically well-stratified glacial-marine sediment, which unconformably overlies the basal unit and which grades upward into (3) acoustically transparent or nearly transparent glacial-marine sediment. Maximum thicknesses of conformable glacial-marine sediment exceed 100 m. All of the acoustically transparent and stratified deposits in Vitus Lake are modern in age, having accumulated between 1967 and 1993. The basins where these three-part sequences of \"present-day\" glacial-marine sediment are accumulating are themselves cut into older sequences of stratified glacial and glacial-marine deposits. These older units outcrop on the islands in Vitus Lake.
In 1967, as the result of a major surge, glacier ice completely filled all five basins. Subsequent terminus retreat, which continued through August 1993, exposed these basins, providing new locations for glacial-marine sediment accumulation. A correlation of sediment thicknesses measured from seismic profiles at specific locations within the basins, with the year that each location became ice-free, shows that the sediment accumulation at some locations exceeds 10 m year-1.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.3189/1996AoG22-1-205-210","issn":"02603055","usgsCitation":"Molnia, B.F., Post, A., and Carlson, P., 1996, 20th-century glacial-marine sedimentation in Vitus Lake, Bering Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 205-210, https://doi.org/10.3189/1996AoG22-1-205-210.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"210","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479066,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3189/1996aog22-1-205-210","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227367,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Glacier, Vitus Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -143.6306813996031,\n 60.07535180780221\n ],\n [\n -143.59909570624376,\n 60.073981617708796\n ],\n [\n -143.59222925116563,\n 60.08596885104012\n ],\n [\n -143.61008203436873,\n 60.095555500349946\n ],\n [\n -143.5791829865172,\n 60.10103233380235\n ],\n [\n -143.5736898224546,\n 60.09178964924078\n ],\n [\n -143.5640767853452,\n 60.09076252425069\n ],\n [\n -143.54279077460308,\n 60.100690058382014\n ],\n [\n -143.4981588165953,\n 60.0791195370453\n ],\n [\n -143.46794641425151,\n 60.074666719871345\n ],\n [\n -143.46794641425151,\n 60.06850028805505\n ],\n [\n -143.43224084784535,\n 60.069870705863536\n ],\n [\n -143.43361413886092,\n 60.07946203654018\n ],\n [\n -143.40614831854842,\n 60.082544371906806\n ],\n [\n -143.33405054022816,\n 60.12498277809601\n ],\n [\n -143.28941858222038,\n 60.11472043499424\n ],\n [\n -143.25851953436865,\n 60.12908681963685\n ],\n [\n -143.23929346015,\n 60.125666820560326\n ],\n [\n -143.2180074494077,\n 60.13250646332153\n ],\n [\n -143.2180074494077,\n 60.1369514688416\n ],\n [\n -143.21388757636086,\n 60.14549786858643\n ],\n [\n -143.21457422186865,\n 60.15164990147355\n ],\n [\n -143.19740808417333,\n 60.15609232054297\n ],\n [\n -143.18916833807967,\n 60.16326726793568\n ],\n [\n -143.2049611847594,\n 60.17283142820989\n ],\n [\n -143.17955530097026,\n 60.17931980866754\n ],\n [\n -143.18024194647805,\n 60.185806907475296\n ],\n [\n -143.21388757636086,\n 60.19399930586923\n ],\n [\n -143.20908105780626,\n 60.197753471889484\n ],\n [\n -143.20908105780626,\n 60.20355452019382\n ],\n [\n -143.25508630682958,\n 60.19877726082038\n ],\n [\n -143.27499902655617,\n 60.192975367877125\n ],\n [\n -143.27843225409524,\n 60.188879296466666\n ],\n [\n -143.31688440253285,\n 60.18546551317212\n ],\n [\n -143.3649495880797,\n 60.19468191345129\n ],\n [\n -143.38348901679058,\n 60.18990336223709\n ],\n [\n -143.4171346466734,\n 60.16634176593172\n ],\n [\n -143.44734704901714,\n 60.16839127145647\n ],\n [\n -143.4706929962828,\n 60.175222033290424\n ],\n [\n -143.49129236151717,\n 60.1759050313577\n ],\n [\n -143.5221914093687,\n 60.18614829822869\n ],\n [\n -143.5599569122984,\n 60.18273423094959\n ],\n [\n -143.56613672186873,\n 60.17761246439278\n ],\n [\n -143.5764364044859,\n 60.17761246439278\n ],\n [\n -143.59085596014992,\n 60.18990336223709\n ],\n [\n -143.60939538886095,\n 60.19024471039472\n ],\n [\n -143.6313680451109,\n 60.18717244919057\n ],\n [\n -143.64441430975933,\n 60.176246525065864\n ],\n [\n -143.64372766425157,\n 60.159167489789695\n ],\n [\n -143.6279348175718,\n 60.14789046259247\n ],\n [\n -143.62862146307958,\n 60.119852006435934\n ],\n [\n -143.66776025702498,\n 60.103770409151196\n ],\n [\n -143.6306813996031,\n 60.07535180780221\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e250e4b0c8380cd45aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molnia, B. F.","contributorId":29386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Post, A.","contributorId":51033,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Post","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carlson, P.R.","contributorId":97055,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carlson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018169,"text":"70018169 - 1996 - Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-06T17:03:53.68768","indexId":"70018169","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":620,"text":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff","docAbstract":"Channeled and unchanneled runoff from till-covered bedrock uplands is a major source of recharge to valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeastern United States. Streamflow measurements and model simulation of average steady-state conditions indicate that upland runoff accounted for more recharge to two valley-fill aquifers in moderately high topographic-relief settings than did direct infiltration of precipitation. Recharge from upland runoff to a modeled valley-fill aquifer in an area of lower relief was significant but less than that from direct infiltration of precipitation. The amount of upland runoff available for recharging valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated Northeast ranges from about 1.5 to 2.5 cubic feet per second per square mile of drainage area that borders the aquifer. Stream losses from tributaries that drain the uplands commonly range from 0.3 to 1.5 cubic feet per second per 1,000 feet of wetted channel where the tributaries cross alluvial fans in the main valleys. Recharge of valley-fill aquifers from channeled runoff was estimated from measured losses and average runoff rates and was represented in aquifer models as specified fluxes or simulated by head-dependent fluxes with streamflow routing in the model cells that represent the tributary streams. Unchanneled upland runoff, which includes overland and subsurface flow, recharges the valley-fill aquifers at the contact between the aquifer and uplands near the base of the bordering till-covered hillslopes. Recharge from unchanneled runoff was estimated from average runoff rates and the hillslope area that borders the aquifer and was represented as specified fluxes to model-boundary cells along the valley walls.","language":"English","publisher":"ASTM","doi":"10.1520/STP38381S","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Morrissey, D.J., 1996, Recharge of valley-fill aquifers in the glaciated northeast from upland runoff: ASTM Special Technical Publication, v. 1288, p. 97-113, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP38381S.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227545,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1288","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9666e4b0c8380cd81f87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.H.","contributorId":29482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morrissey, D. J.","contributorId":51305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018091,"text":"70018091 - 1996 - Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-20T08:53:29","indexId":"70018091","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal","docAbstract":"Ground-water withdrawal from a confined or semiconfined aquifer causes three-dimensional deformation in the pumped aquifer and in adjacent layers (overlying and underlying aquifers and aquitards). In response to the deformation, hydraulic head in the adjacent layers could rise or fall almost immediately after the start of pumping. This deformation-induced effect suggest that an adjacent layer undergoes horizontal compression and vertical extension when pumping begins. Hydraulic head initially drops in a region near the well and close to the pumped aquifer, but rises outside this region. Magnitude of head change varies from a few centimeters to more than 10 centimeters. Factors that influence the development of deformation-induced effects includes matrix rigidity (shear modulus), the arrangement of aquifer and aquitards, their thicknesses, and proximity to land surface. Induced rise in hydraulic head is prominent in an aquitard that extends from land surface to a shallow pumped aquifer. Induced drop in hydraulic head is likely observed close to the well in an aquifer that is separated from the pumped aquifer by a relatively thin aquitard. Induced effects might last for hours in an aquifer, but could persist for many days in an aquitard. Induced effects are eventually dissipated by fluid flow from regions of higher head to regions of lower head, and by propagation of drawdown from the pumped aquifer into adjacent layers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02174.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Hsieh, P.A., 1996, Deformation-induced changes in hydraulic head during ground-water withdrawal: Ground Water, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1082-1089, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02174.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1082","endPage":"1089","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228879,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe4ee4b0c8380cd4ec66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hsieh, Paul A. 0000-0003-4873-4874 pahsieh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-4874","contributorId":1634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"Paul","email":"pahsieh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":39113,"text":"WMA - Office of Quality Assurance","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":378446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018437,"text":"70018437 - 1996 - Thermal and mass implications of magmatic evolution in the Lassen volcanic region, California, and minimum constraints on basalt influx to the lower crust","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:31:15.712417","indexId":"70018437","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal and mass implications of magmatic evolution in the Lassen volcanic region, California, and minimum constraints on basalt influx to the lower crust","docAbstract":"We have analyzed the heat and mass demands of a petrologic model of basalt-driven magmatic evolution in which variously fractionated mafic magmas mix with silicic partial melts of the lower crust. We have formulated steady state heat budgets for two volcanically distinct areas in the Lassen region: the large, late Quaternary, intermediate to silicic Lassen volcanic center and the nearby, coeval, less evolved Caribou volcanic field. At Caribou volcanic field, heat provided by cooling and fractional crystallization of 52 km3 of basalt is more than sufficient to produce 10 km of rhyolitic melt by partial melting of lower crust. Net heat added by basalt intrusion at Caribou volcanic field is equivalent to an increase in lower crustal heat flow of ∼7 mW m−2, indicating that the field is not a major crustal thermal anomaly. Addition of cumulates from fractionation is offset by removal of erupted partial melts. A minimum basalt influx of 0.3 km3 (km2 Ma)−1 is needed to supply Caribou volcanic field. Our methodology does not fully account for an influx of basalt that remains in the crust as derivative intrusives. On the basis of comparison to deep heat flow, the input of basalt could be ∼3 to 7 times the amount we calculate. At Lassen volcanic center, at least 203 km3 of mantle-derived basalt is needed to produce 141 km3 of partial melt and drive the volcanic system. Partial melting mobilizes lower crustal material, augmenting the magmatic volume available for eruption at Lassen volcanic center; thus the erupted volume of 215 km3 exceeds the calculated basalt input of 203 km3. The minimum basalt input of 1.6 km3 (km2 Ma)−1 is >5 times the minimum influx to the Caribou volcanic field. Basalt influx high enough to sustain considerable partial melting, coupled with locally high extension rate, is a crucial factor in development of Lassen volcanic center; in contrast, Caribou volcanic field has failed to develop into a large silicic center primarily because basalt supply there has been insufficient.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03463","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Guffanti, M., Clynne, M., and Muffler, L., 1996, Thermal and mass implications of magmatic evolution in the Lassen volcanic region, California, and minimum constraints on basalt influx to the lower crust: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 2, p. 3003-3013, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03463.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"3003","endPage":"3013","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227471,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb20ee4b08c986b325589","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guffanti, M.","contributorId":75693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guffanti","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clynne, M.A.","contributorId":90722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clynne","given":"M.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muffler, L.J.P.","contributorId":63383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muffler","given":"L.J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018069,"text":"70018069 - 1996 - The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:09:36.133894","indexId":"70018069","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Eocene Big Timber stock, south-central Montana: Development of extensive compositional variation in an arc-related intrusion by side-wall crystallization and cumulate glomerocryst remixing","docAbstract":"The Eocene Big Timber stock in the Crazy Mountains of south-central Montana is an elliptical, 8 by 13 km, compositionally and texturally diverse composite intrusion with a well-developed radial dike swarm. A sharp intrusive contact separates its two phases: the core of the intrusion is fine-grained quartz monzodiorite, and the volumetrically dominant remainder is composed of medium-grained diorite and gabbro.
Differentiation-related major oxide variation within the stock is extensive and spatially nonsystematic. However, abundances of most trace elements were not strongly influenced by differentiation; late zircon and apatite fractionation caused moderate heavy and slight light rare earth element abundance depletions, respectively. Mineral compositions and assemblages indicate crystallization between ≈950 and 700 °C at a pressure of ≈0.8 kbar (3 km). Mixing models indicate that fractionation of varying amounts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, magnesio-hastingsite, hornblende, biotite, titanite, apatite, and magnetite (the stock's principal constituents, with quartz and potassium feldspar) and remixing of these minerals and residual liquids controlled compositional evolution in the reservoir. Crystals apparently nucleated at the reservoir wall while residual silicate liquid was displaced inward and remixed. Some crystals were plucked from the solidification front, as indicated by glomerocrysts present throughout the stock, and also remixed with residual liquid. Solidification of the reservoir represented by the stock involved heat loss to enclosing wall rock, side-wall crystallization, and subsequent, variably effective, crystal-liquid remixing. This process is an important variant of conventionally invoked models pertaining to solidification of intrusions and explains extensive, relatively nonsystematic compositional variation. The genesis of compositional evolution in other intrusions characterized by extensive, spatially nonsystematic variation may result from the important process documented herein.
Compositional and geologic relationships are consistent with magma genesis related to subduction and magmatic-arc processes inboard from the western edge of the early Cenozoic North American plate. Arc magmatism in south-central Montana during Eocene time is consistent with models pertaining to early Cenozoic southward sweep and westward retreat of magmatism. Magmatism represented by the Big Timber stock provides significant new support for steepening subduction, westward retreat of the subduction hinge line, and development of an asthenospheric mantle wedge that fueled renewed magmatism beneath the western edge of the North American continent following early Cenozoic shallow subduction.
We invert geodetic measurements of coseismic surface displacements to determine a dislocation model for the April 25, 1992, M = 7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake. The orientation of the model slip vector, which nearly parallels North America-Juan de Fuca relative plate convergence, and the location and orientation of the model fault relative to the offshore Cascadia megathrust, suggest that the 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquake is the first well-recorded event to relieve strain associated with the Cascadia subduction zone. We use data from three geodetic techniques: (1) the horizontal and vertical displacements of 13 monuments surveyed with the Global Positioning System, corrected for observed horizontal interseismic strain accumulation, (2) 88 section-elevation differences between leveling monuments, and (3) the uplift of 12 coastal sites observed from the die-off of intertidal marine organisms. Maximum observed displacements are 0.4 m of horizontal movement and 1.5 m of uplift along the coast. We use Monte Carlo techniques to estimate an optimal uniform slip rectangular fault geometry and its uncertainties. The optimal model using all the data resolves 4.9 m of slip on a 14 by 15 km fault that dips 28° SE. The fault extends from 1.5 to 8.7 km in depth and the main-shock hypocenter is close to the downdip projection of the fault. The shallowly dipping fault plane is consistent with the observed aftershock locations, and the estimated geodetic moment is 3.1 × 1019 N m, 70% of the seismic moment. Other models that exclude leveling data collected in 1935 and 1942 are more consistent with seismological estimates of the fault geometry. If the earthquake is characteristic for this segment, the estimated horizontal slip vector compared with plate convergence rates suggests a recurrence interval of 140 years, with a 95% confidence range of 100–670 years. The coseismic uplift occurred in a region that also has high Quaternary uplift rates determined from marine terrace studies. If repeated ruptures of this southernmost segment of the Cascadia megathrust are responsible for the Quaternary uplift, a comparison of the coseismic uplift with coastal uplift rates suggests a recurrence interval of 200–400 years. Thus comparing horizontal and vertical coseismic to long-term deformation suggests a recurrence interval of about 100–300 years for M = 7 events at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02623","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Murray, M., Marshall, G., Lisowski, M., and Stein, R., 1996, The 1992 M=7 Cape Mendocino, California, earthquake: Coseismic deformation at the south end of the Cascadia megathrust: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 8, p. 17707-17725, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02623.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"17707","endPage":"17725","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226313,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba632e4b08c986b320f61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marshall, G.A.","contributorId":42615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, M.","contributorId":70381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stein, R.S.","contributorId":8875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":2000051,"text":"2000051 - 1996 - Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:55","indexId":"2000051","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"7","title":"Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75","docAbstract":"The bathymetric distributions of fishes in Lake Superior, which is one of the largest and deepest lakes in the world, has not been studied on a lakewide scale. Knowledge about the bathymetric distributions will aid in designing fish sampling programs, estimating absolute abundances, and modeling energy flow in the lake. Seasonal bathymetric distributions were determined , by 10-m depth intervals, for 16 fishes collected with bottom trawls and bottom-set gill nets within the upper 150 m of Lake Superior during 1958-75. In spring trawl catches, maximum abundance occurred at these depths: 15 m for round whitefish (Prosopium cylindraceum); 25m for longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus); 35 m for lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax); 45 m for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); 65 m for pygmy whitefish (Prospoium coulteri) and bloater (Coregonus hoyi); 75 m for trout- perch (Percopsis omiscomaycus); 105 m for shortjaw cisco (Coregonus zenithicus); and 115 m for ninespine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius), burbot (Lota lota), slimy sculpin (Cottus cogantus), spoonhead sculpin (Cottus ricei), and deepwater sculpin (Myoxcephalus thompsoni). Bathymetric distributions in spring gill nets were similar to those in trawls, except that depths of maximum abundances in gill nets were shallower than those in trawls for lake trout, rainbow smelt, longnose sucker, and burbot. Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) and kiyi (Coregonus kiyi) were rarely caught in trawls, and their maximum abundances in spring gill net collections were at depths of 25 and 145 m, respectively. In summer, pygmy whitefish, shortjaw cisco, lake herring, kiyi, longnose sucker, burbot, ninespine stickleback, trout-perch, slimy sculpin, and spponhead sculpin were at shallower depths than in spring, whereas rainbow smelt were found in deeper water; there was no change for other species. In fall, shortjaw cisco was at shallower depths than in summer, whereas the remaining species were found deeper, except for lake whitefish and lake trout whose modal depths did not change. Distributions of lake trout and lake whitefish were analyzed by age group, and the young (ages 1-3) of both species were often found in shallower water than were older fish. The shallow-water species exhibited little seasonal changes in bathymetric distributions, whereas the species that inhabited the middepths of deeper water generally moved shallower as the seasons progressed. Most of the more pronounced seasaonl changes in bathymetric distribution were associated with spawning movements.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Selgeby, J.H., and Hoff, M.H., 1996, Seasonal bathymetric distributions of 16 fishes in Lake Superior, 1958-75: Biological Science Report 7, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"0","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":198770,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc3df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selgeby, James H.","contributorId":89828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selgeby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoff, Michael H.","contributorId":23878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187936,"text":"70187936 - 1996 - Hazard ranking of contaminated sediments based on chemical analysis, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community composition: Prioritizing sites for remedial action","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:49:18","indexId":"70187936","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard ranking of contaminated sediments based on chemical analysis, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community composition: Prioritizing sites for remedial action","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) organized a research program to assess the extent of and possible methods for managing contaminated sediments. As part of this program, we developed a method by which multiple forms of information on sediment contamination (i.e., chemistry, laboratory toxicity, and benthic community composition) could be combined to rank the relative hazard to aquatic life of a series of sediment samples. The process that was developed incorporates chemistry and bioavailability into the ranking as toxic units in pore water based on U.S. EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). Laboratory toxicity is incorporated into the ranking process as mean response relative to control response. Benthic community information is incorporated into the ranking process through the use of relative tolerance to pollution among benthic invertebrate taxa, from which the mean tolerance to pollution of the benthic community is calculated. The three resulting ranks are then averaged to produce a relative ranking of risk to aquatic life among sediment samples. Our results demonstrate that, as long as a moderate list of laboratory toxicity test results are included in the ranking process (i.e., tests from a fish, a zooplankter, a benthic invertebrate, a phytoplankter, and a microbe), the resultant rankings among samples does not significantly change with inclusion of more laboratory toxicity test results. Without any benthic community structure information, with only laboratory toxicity test results from Microtox,® and with only a short list of chemicals, relative ranking among sites changes drastically. Our results demonstrate the general utility of the ranking process as one way of assessing the relative hazard among many sites when resource limitations necessitate prioritization of sites for remediation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70986-3","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M.L., and Schmitt, C.J., 1996, Hazard ranking of contaminated sediments based on chemical analysis, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community composition: Prioritizing sites for remedial action: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 639-652, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70986-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"652","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bcfe4b0b7ff9fb489c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70187659,"text":"70187659 - 1996 - A digital system for surface reconstruction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T11:14:24","indexId":"70187659","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A digital system for surface reconstruction","docAbstract":"A digital photogrammetric system, STEREO, was developed to determine three dimensional coordinates of points of interest (POIs) defined with a grid on a textureless and smooth-surfaced specimen. Two CCD cameras were set up with unknown orientation and recorded digital images of a reference model and a specimen. Points on the model were selected as control or check points for calibrating or assessing the system. A new algorithm for edge-detection called local maximum convolution (LMC) helped extract the POIs from the stereo image pairs. The system then matched the extracted POIs and used a least squares “bundle” adjustment procedure to solve for the camera orientation parameters and the coordinates of the POIs. An experiment with STEREO found that the standard deviation of the residuals at the check points was approximately 24%, 49% and 56% of the pixel size in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. The average of the absolute values of the residuals at the check points was approximately 19%, 36% and 49% of the pixel size in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. With the graphical user interface, STEREO demonstrated a high degree of automation and its operation does not require special knowledge of photogrammetry, computers or image processing.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Zhou, W., Brock, R.H., and Hopkins, P.F., 1996, A digital system for surface reconstruction: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 6, p. 719-726.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"726","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, Weiyang","contributorId":191986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Weiyang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, Robert H.","contributorId":191987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brock","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, Paul F.","contributorId":191988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003046,"text":"1003046 - 1996 - Survival of radiomarked canvasback ducklings in northwestern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-30T16:15:40.817953","indexId":"1003046","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of radiomarked canvasback ducklings in northwestern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Duckling survival, an important factor affecting annual recruitment, has not been determined adequately for canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria). We investigated the magnitude, timing, and causes of mortality of canvasback ducklings from hatch to fledging at the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in northwestern Minnesota during 1987-90. During the 4 years, 217 day-old ducklings were radiomarked and released in 52 broods. Another 141 ducklings were radiomarked at ≥ to 4 weeks of age. Survival was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier nonparametric estimator and the Weibull parametric model. Most mortalities occurred within 10 days after hatch. Total brood loss occurred in 18 (85%) of 52 broods released. The primary sources of mortality were predation principally by mink (Mustela vison), and exposure to precipitation and cold temperature. For combined years, females had lower survival than males (P=0.03). If the disparate survival between sexes of canvasbacks observed in this study is representative of canvasbacks in their breeding range, this phenomenon contributes to reduced reproductive potential and the male-biased sex ratio of the species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802046","usgsCitation":"Korschgen, C.E., Kenow, K.P., Green, W.L., Johnson, D.H., Samuel, M.D., and Sileo, L., 1996, Survival of radiomarked canvasback ducklings in northwestern Minnesota: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 60, no. 1, p. 120-132, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802046.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"132","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133979,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.04305810184958,\n 48.43108354830676\n ],\n [\n -96.04305810184958,\n 48.23643566664873\n ],\n [\n -95.83452646164501,\n 48.23643566664873\n ],\n [\n -95.83452646164501,\n 48.43108354830676\n ],\n [\n -96.04305810184958,\n 48.43108354830676\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"60","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68813c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Korschgen, Carl E.","contributorId":29354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenow, Kevin P. 0000-0002-3062-5197 kkenow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-5197","contributorId":3339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"Kevin","email":"kkenow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, William L.","contributorId":84324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641 douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":1387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"douglas_h_johnson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Samuel, Michael D. msamuel@usgs.gov","contributorId":1419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"Michael","email":"msamuel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sileo, Louis","contributorId":94623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"Louis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018713,"text":"70018713 - 1996 - New USGS seismic hazard maps for the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:27","indexId":"70018713","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"New USGS seismic hazard maps for the United States","docAbstract":"The US Geological Survey (USGS) is preparing new seismic national maps for release in April 1996. The new maps plot probabilistic ground motions for return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years. Deterministic (scenario) ground-motion maps are being prepared for selected faults in the western US. Due to the diversity of tectonic settings in the US, mapping methodologies for different regions had to be modified. A four-model approach is used to eliminate the need for drawing seismic source zones to determine seismic activity levels. A logic tree approach is used to incorporate alternative models of seismic hazard and alternative relations of seismic attenuation.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 1996 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction","conferenceDate":"3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996","conferenceLocation":"Washington, DC, USA","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Mueller, C., Perkins, D., Barnhard, T., Leyendecker, E., Safak, E., Hanson, S., Dickman, N., and Hopper, M., 1996, New USGS seismic hazard maps for the United States, in Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction, Washington, DC, USA, 3 December 1996 through 5 December 1996, p. 173-174.","startPage":"173","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227180,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a653fe4b0c8380cd72b4c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","contributorId":128376,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Housner G.W.Chung R.M.","id":536433,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A. 0000-0001-9119-6106","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9119-6106","contributorId":41593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, C.","contributorId":40201,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Perkins, D.","contributorId":83589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnhard, T.","contributorId":63458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhard","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leyendecker, E.","contributorId":68049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leyendecker","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Safak, E.","contributorId":104070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Safak","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hanson, S.","contributorId":35781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dickman, N.","contributorId":17279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickman","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hopper, M.","contributorId":25999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70018168,"text":"70018168 - 1996 - Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-21T11:06:52","indexId":"70018168","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3226,"text":"Radiochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium adsorption on ferrihydrite - Effects of phosphate and humic acid","docAbstract":"In this paper the numerical model presented in the companion paper is tested and applied. Assessment of model accuracy was based on two approaches. First, predictions of evolution of a 13.5 km reach of the South Fork of the Forked Deer River, in west Tennessee, were compared to observations over a 24-yr period. Results suggest that although the model was able to qualitatively predict trends of widening and deepening, quantitative predictions were not reliable. Simulated widths and depths were within 15% of the corresponding observed values, but observed change in these parameters at the study sites were also close to these values. Simulated rates of depth adjustment were within 15% of observed rates, but observed rates of channel widening at the study sites were approximately three times those simulated by the model. In the second approach, the model was used to generate relationships between stable channel width and bank-full discharge. The model was able to successfully replicate the form of empirically derived regime-width equations. Simulations were used to demonstrate the model's ability to obtain more realistic predictions of bed evolution in widening channels.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(194)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Darby, S., Thorne, C., and Simon, A., 1996, Numerical simulation of widening and bed deformation of straight sand-bed rivers. II: Model evaluation: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 122, no. 4, p. 194-202, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:4(194).","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"194","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a692ee4b0c8380cd73be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darby, S.E.","contributorId":9012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Darby","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thorne, Colin R.","contributorId":78886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorne","given":"Colin R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Simon, A.","contributorId":43501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018566,"text":"70018566 - 1996 - Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T15:20:52","indexId":"70018566","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill","docAbstract":"An integral simulation model has been developed for understanding and simulating the process of a density current and the transport of spilled chemicals in a stratified reservoir. The model is capable of describing flow behavior and mixing mechanisms in different flow regimes (plunging flow, underflow, and interflow). It computes flow rate, velocity, flow thickness, mixing parameterized by entrainment and dilution, depths of plunging, separation and intrusion, and time of travel. The model was applied to the Shasta Reservoir in northern California during the July 1991 Sacramento River chemical spill. The simulations were used to assist in the emergency response, confirm remediation measures, and guide data collection. Spill data that were available after the emergency response are used to conduct a postaudit of the model results. Predicted flow parameters are presented and compared with observed interflow intrusion depth, travel time, and measured concentrations of spilled chemicals. In the reservoir, temperature difference between incoming river flow and ambient lake water played a dominant role during the processes of flow plunging, separation, and intrusion. With the integral approach, the gross flow behavior can be adequately described and information useful in the analysis of contaminated flow in a reservoir after a spill is provided.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR03486","usgsCitation":"Gu, R., McCutcheon, S.C., and Wang, P., 1996, Modeling reservoir density underflow and interflow from a chemical spill: Water Resources Research, v. 32, no. 3, p. 695-705, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR03486.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"695","endPage":"705","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227569,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c23e4b0c8380cd6fa7f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gu, Ruochuan","contributorId":152295,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gu","given":"Ruochuan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCutcheon, Steve C.","contributorId":84374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCutcheon","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Pei-Fang","contributorId":176998,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Pei-Fang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018420,"text":"70018420 - 1996 - Imaging the San Andreas fault with explosion and earthquake sources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-18T12:37:14.333112","indexId":"70018420","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging the San Andreas fault with explosion and earthquake sources","docAbstract":"Mounting evidence suggests that fault zone heterogeneity may play a crucial role in the localization of rupture in earthquakes [Aki, 1995]. The heterogeneity can take several forms: spatial variations in physical properties (elastic properties, pore fluid pressure, etc.) or complexity in the fault surface (bends, offsets, etc.). High-resolution, three-dimensional models of the P and S wave velocity (Vp and Vs) structure and accurate hypocenters provide tools for studying the effects of fault zone heterogeneity on rupture localization.
A dense, passive array of 48 seismic instruments was deployed south of Hollister, California, from mid-November 1994 to late May 1995. The array obtained local-earthquake seismograms for high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging of the (Vp and Vs) structure in the San Andreas fault zone. In mid-May, anactive seismic experiment was also carried out. Figure 1 shows a 7-km wide, 3- to 4-km deep zone of very low Vp imaged during the experiment. The zone is bounded on the southwest by the San Andreas fault and the adjacent Northern Gabilan Range. The San Andreas fault appears to be approximately vertical to at least 5 km depth (the limit of good model resolution), contrary to an existing model based on gravity data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96EO00032","issn":"00963941","usgsCitation":"Thurber, C., Roecker, S., Lutter, W., and Ellsworth, W., 1996, Imaging the San Andreas fault with explosion and earthquake sources: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 77, no. 6, p. 45-48, https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00032.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227159,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas","volume":"77","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3887e4b0c8380cd615de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thurber, C.","contributorId":107046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurber","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roecker, S.","contributorId":10173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roecker","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lutter, W.","contributorId":56390,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ellsworth, W.","contributorId":59967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018589,"text":"70018589 - 1996 - A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-07T00:04:03.026088","indexId":"70018589","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2328,"text":"Journal of Glaciology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new high-precision borehole-temperature logging system used at GISP2, Greenland, and Taylor Dome, Antarctica","docAbstract":"We describe a high-precision (0.1–1.0 mK) borehole-temperature (BT) logging system developed at the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for use in remote polar regions. We discuss calibration, operational and data-processing procedures, and present an analysis of the measurement errors. The system is modular to facilitate calibration procedures and field repairs. By interchanging logging cables and temperature sensors, measurements can be made in either shallow air-filled boreholes or liquid-filled holes up to 7 km deep. Data can be acquired in either incremental or continuous-logging modes. The precision of data collected by the new logging system is high enough to detect and quantify various thermal effects at the milli-Kelvin level. To illustrate this capability, we present sample data from the 3 km deep borehole at GISP2, Greenland, and from a 130 m deep air-filled hole at Taylor Dome, Antarctica. The precision of the processed GISP2 continuous temperature logs is 0.25–0.34 mK, while the accuracy is estimated to be 4.5 mK. The effects of fluid convection and the dissipation of the thermal disturbance caused by drilling the borehole are clearly visible in the data. The precision of the incremental Taylor Dome measurements varies from 0.11 to 0.32 mK. depending on the wind strength during the experiments. With this precision, we found that temperature fluctuations and multi-hour trends in the BT measurements correlate well with atmospheric-pressure changes.