{"pageNumber":"1314","pageRowStart":"32825","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184769,"records":[{"id":70168784,"text":"70168784 - 2014 - A continuous record of intereruption velocity change at Mount St. Helens from coda wave interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-02T14:37:05","indexId":"70168784","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A continuous record of intereruption velocity change at Mount St. Helens from coda wave interferometry","docAbstract":"<p><span>In September 2004, Mount St. Helens volcano erupted after nearly 18&thinsp;years of quiescence. However, it is unclear from the limited geophysical observations when or if the magma chamber replenished following the 1980&ndash;1986 eruptions in the years before the 2004&ndash;2008 extrusive eruption. We use coda wave interferometry with repeating earthquakes to measure small changes in the velocity structure of Mount St. Helens volcano that might indicate magmatic intrusion. By combining observations of relative velocity changes from many closely located earthquake sources, we solve for a continuous function of velocity changes with time. We find that seasonal effects dominate the relative velocity changes. Seismicity rates and repeating earthquake occurrence also vary seasonally; therefore, velocity changes and seismicity are likely modulated by snow loading, fluid saturation, and/or changes in groundwater level. We estimate hydrologic effects impart stress changes on the order of tens of kilopascals within the upper 4&thinsp;km, resulting in annual velocity variations of 0.5 to 1%. The largest nonseasonal change is a decrease in velocity at the time of the deep&nbsp;</span><i>M<span>w</span></i><span>&thinsp;=&thinsp;6.8 Nisqually earthquake. We find no systematic velocity changes during the most likely times of intrusions, consistent with a lack of observable surface deformation. We conclude that if replenishing intrusions occurred, they did not alter seismic velocities where this technique is sensitive due to either their small size or the finite compressibility of the magma chamber. We interpret the observed velocity changes and shallow seasonal seismicity as a response to small stress changes in a shallow, pressurized system.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2013JB010742","usgsCitation":"Hotovec-Ellis, A.J., Gomberg, J.S., Vidale, J., and Creager, K.C., 2014, A continuous record of intereruption velocity change at Mount St. Helens from coda wave interferometry: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 119, no. 3, p. 2199-2214, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010742.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2199","endPage":"2214","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052622","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010742","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318514,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d81cbae4b015c306f62bb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hotovec-Ellis, Alicia J.","contributorId":81023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hotovec-Ellis","given":"Alicia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, Joan S. 0000-0002-0134-2606 gomberg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0134-2606","contributorId":1269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","email":"gomberg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vidale, John","contributorId":95804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vidale","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Creager, Ken C.","contributorId":88603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"Ken","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":621760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70107437,"text":"pp18019 - 2014 - A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawaii","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70107437,"text":"pp18019 - 2014 - A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawaii","indexId":"pp18019","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"9","displayTitle":"A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawai'i","title":"A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawaii"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70128419,"text":"pp1801 - 2014 - Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes","indexId":"pp1801","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70128419,"text":"pp1801 - 2014 - Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes","indexId":"pp1801","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T19:06:39.427436","indexId":"pp18019","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1801","chapter":"9","displayTitle":"A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawai'i","title":"A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p>The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) was established as a natural laboratory to study volcanic processes. Since the most frequent form of volcanic activity in Hawai&lsquo;i is effusive, a major contribution of the past century of research at HVO has been to describe and quantify lava flow emplacement processes. Lava flow research has taken many forms; first and foremost it has been a collection of basic observational data on active lava flows from both Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes that have occurred over the past 100 years. Both the types and quantities of observational data have changed with changing technology; thus, another important contribution of HVO to lava flow studies has been the application of new observational techniques. Also important has been a long-term effort to measure the physical properties (temperature, viscosity, crystallinity, and so on) of flowing lava. Field measurements of these properties have both motivated laboratory experiments and presaged the results of those experiments, particularly with respect to understanding the rheology of complex fluids. Finally, studies of the dynamics of lava flow emplacement have combined detailed field measurements with theoretical models to build a framework for the interpretation of lava flows in numerous other terrestrial, submarine, and planetary environments. Here, we attempt to review all these aspects of lava flow studies and place them into a coherent framework that we hope will motivate future research.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp18019","usgsCitation":"Cashman, K.V., and Mangan, M.T., 2014, A century of studying effusive eruptions in Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1801, 38 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp18019.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"357","endPage":"394","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042087","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299358,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp18019.PNG"},{"id":296664,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1801/"},{"id":299357,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1801/downloads/pp1801_Chap9_Cashman.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.68603515625,\n              21.657428197370653\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.0927734375,\n              22.19757745335104\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.54345703125,\n              22.350075806124867\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.884521484375,\n              21.85130210558968\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.709228515625,\n              20.86907773201848\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.44580078125,\n              19.580493479202538\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.698486328125,\n              18.3858049312974\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.555419921875,\n              18.145851771694467\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.390380859375,\n              18.895892559415024\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.73095703125,\n              20.066251024326302\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.323974609375,\n              21.135745255030603\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.730224609375,\n              21.70847301324598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.499267578125,\n              21.361013117950915\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.68603515625,\n              21.657428197370653\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551fb9ade4b027f0aee3baf6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543979,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takahashi, T. Jane jtakahashi@usgs.gov","contributorId":4298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"T. Jane","email":"jtakahashi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landowski, Claire M. clandowski@usgs.gov","contributorId":3180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landowski","given":"Claire","email":"clandowski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":543981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Cashman, Katherine V.","contributorId":127856,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cashman","given":"Katherine","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":7172,"text":"University of Bristol, U.K. and University of Oregon, Eugene","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":527131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangan, Margaret T. 0000-0002-5273-8053 mmangan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5273-8053","contributorId":3343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"Margaret","email":"mmangan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":527130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70047500,"text":"70047500 - 2014 - Succeeding as a non-traditional graduate student: Building the right support network","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-13T16:09:18","indexId":"70047500","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"24","title":"Succeeding as a non-traditional graduate student: Building the right support network","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Future of fisheries: Perspectives for the next generation of professionals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","isbn":"978-1-934874-38-7","usgsCitation":"DeBruyne, R.L., and Roseman, E., 2014, Succeeding as a non-traditional graduate student: Building the right support network, chap. 24 <i>of</i> Future of fisheries: Perspectives for the next generation of professionals.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049074","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":324749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324748,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fisheries.org/bookstore/all-titles/professional-and-trade/55073p-2/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57779435e4b07dd077c90633","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Taylor, William W.","contributorId":49735,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"William W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721908,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lynch, Abigail J. 0000-0001-8449-8392 ajlynch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8449-8392","contributorId":5645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lynch","given":"Abigail","email":"ajlynch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":721909,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leonard, Nancy J.","contributorId":107528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leonard","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721910,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"DeBruyne, Robin L. 0000-0002-9232-7937 rdebruyne@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9232-7937","contributorId":4936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBruyne","given":"Robin","email":"rdebruyne@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roseman, Edward F. eroseman@usgs.gov","contributorId":534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roseman","given":"Edward F.","email":"eroseman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":518114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70173737,"text":"70173737 - 2014 - Late winter and early spring home range and habitat use of the endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel in western North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-18T21:40:11","indexId":"70173737","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1497,"text":"Endangered Species Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late winter and early spring home range and habitat use of the endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel in western North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Carolina northern flying squirrel&nbsp;</span><i>Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus</i><span>&nbsp;is an endangered subspecies that is restricted to high elevation forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Owing to rugged terrain and nocturnal habits, the subspecies&rsquo; natural history, home range characteristics and habitat preferences are poorly known. We radio-tracked 3 female and 2 male Carolina northern flying squirrels during late winter through spring 2012 in the Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina, USA. Tracked squirrels used 13 yellow birch&nbsp;</span><i>Betula alleghaniensis</i><span>&nbsp;and 9 red spruce&nbsp;</span><i>Picea rubens</i><span>&nbsp;as diurnal dens. Ten of the yellow birch dens were in cavities, whereas the remainders were dreys. Conversely, 8 of the red spruce dens were dreys and one was in a cavity. Mean (&plusmn;SE) female 95 and 50% adaptive kernel home ranges were 6.50 &plusmn; 2.19 and 0.93 &plusmn; 0.33 ha, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for males were 12.6 &plusmn; 0.9 and 1.45 &plusmn; 0.1 ha, respectively. Squirrels used red spruce stands with canopies &gt;20 m more than expected based on availability at the landscape and home range scales. Results should be interpreted cautiously because of small sample sizes and seasonal observations; however, they provide evidence that although northern hardwoods such as yellow birch are an important den habitat component, mature red spruce-dominated habitats with complex structure provide foraging habitats and are also den habitat. Our findings support efforts to improve the structural condition of extant red spruce forests and/or increase red spruce acreage to potentially benefit Carolina northern flying squirrels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research","doi":"10.3354/esr00561","usgsCitation":"Ford, W.M., Kelly, C.A., Rodrigue, J.L., Odom, R.H., Newcomb, D., Gilley, L.M., and Diggins, C.A., 2014, Late winter and early spring home range and habitat use of the endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel in western North Carolina: Endangered Species Research, v. 23, no. 1, p. 73-82, https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00561.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-046139","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00561","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323397,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Middle Prong Wilderness, Pisgah National Forest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.02436828613281,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.02436828613281,\n              35.41311690821499\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8533935546875,\n              35.41311690821499\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8533935546875,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.02436828613281,\n              35.25459097465022\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575a9333e4b04f417c275164","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ford, W. Mark wford@usgs.gov","contributorId":3858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"W.","email":"wford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Mark","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":638029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelly, Christine A.","contributorId":171661,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kelly","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":35598,"text":"North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission ","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodrigue, Jane L.","contributorId":150352,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodrigue","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Odom, Richard H.","contributorId":171659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Odom","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Newcomb, Douglas","contributorId":171669,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Newcomb","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gilley, L. Michelle","contributorId":171670,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilley","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michelle","affiliations":[{"id":35652,"text":"Mars Hill University, Mars Hill, NC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Diggins, Corinne A.","contributorId":171667,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Diggins","given":"Corinne","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":33131,"text":"Dept of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":638263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70173492,"text":"70173492 - 2014 - Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Microhabitat Characteristics and Reproductive Success in a Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T12:37:11","indexId":"70173492","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5090,"text":"The Open Ornithology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Microhabitat Characteristics and Reproductive Success in a Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Forest","docAbstract":"<p><span>We investigated the relationship between red-cockaded woodpecker (</span><i>Picoides borealis</i><span>) reproductive success and microhabitat characteristics in a southeastern loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf (P. echinata) pine forest. From 1997 to 1999, we recorded reproductive success parameters of 41 red-cockaded woodpecker groups at the Bienville National Forest, Mississippi. Microhabitat characteristics were measured for each group during the nesting season. Logistic regression identified understory vegetation height and small nesting season home range size as predictors of red-cockaded woodpecker nest attempts. Linear regression models identified several variables as predictors of red-cockaded woodpecker reproductive success including group density, reduced hardwood component, small nesting season home range size, and shorter foraging distances. Red-cockaded woodpecker reproductive success was correlated with habitat and behavioral characteristics that emphasize high quality habitat. By providing high quality foraging habitat during the nesting season, red-cockaded woodpeckers can successfully reproduce within small home ranges.</span></p>","conferenceTitle":"Bentham Open","language":"English","doi":"10.2174/1874453201407010049","usgsCitation":"Wood, D.R., Burger, L.W., and Vilella, F., 2014, Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Microhabitat Characteristics and Reproductive Success in a Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Forest: The Open Ornithology Journal, v. 7, p. 49-54, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010049.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"54","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-056883","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472536,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874453201407010049","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576913e5e4b07657d19ff249","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Douglas R.","contributorId":172166,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burger, L. Wesley Jr.","contributorId":172167,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Burger","given":"L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wesley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":639799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vilella, Francisco 0000-0003-1552-9989 fvilella@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-9989","contributorId":171363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vilella","given":"Francisco","email":"fvilella@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":637194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70173647,"text":"70173647 - 2014 - Conserving migratory mule deer through the umbrella of sage-grouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-08T11:44:19","indexId":"70173647","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conserving migratory mule deer through the umbrella of sage-grouse","docAbstract":"<p><span>Conserving migratory ungulates in increasingly human-dominated landscapes presents a difficult challenge to land managers and conservation practitioners. Nevertheless, ungulates may receive ancillary benefits from conservation actions designed to protect species of greater conservation priority where their ranges are sympatric. Greater Sage-Grouse (</span><i>Centrocerus urophasianus</i><span>), for example, have been proposed as an umbrella species for other sagebrush (</span><i><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Artemesia</span></i><span>&nbsp;spp.)-dependent fauna. We examined a landscape where conservation efforts for sage-grouse overlap spatially with mule deer (</span><i>Odocoileus hemionus</i><span>) to determine whether sage-grouse conservation measures also might protect important mule deer migration routes and seasonal ranges. We conducted a spatial analysis to determine what proportion of migration routes, stopover areas, and winter ranges used by mule deer were located in areas managed for sage-grouse conservation. Conservation measures overlapped with 66&ndash;70% of migration corridors, 74&ndash;75% of stopovers, and 52&ndash;91% of wintering areas for two mule deer populations in the upper Green River Basin of Wyoming. Of those proportions, conservation actions targeted towards sage-grouse accounted for approximately half of the overlap in corridors and stopover areas, and nearly all overlap on winter ranges, indicating that sage-grouse conservation efforts represent an important step in conserving migratory mule deer. Conservation of migratory species presents unique challenges because although overlap with conserved lands may be high, connectivity of the entire route must be maintained as barriers to movement anywhere within the migration corridor could render it unviable. Where mule deer habitats overlap with sage-grouse core areas, our results indicate that increased protection is afforded to winter ranges and migration routes within the umbrella of sage-grouse conservation, but this protection is contingent on concentrated developments within core areas not intersecting with high-priority stopovers or corridors, and that the policy in turn does not encourage development on deer ranges outside of core areas. With the goal of protecting entire migration routes, our analysis highlights areas of potential conservation focus for mule deer, which are characterized by high exposure to residential development and use by a large proportion of migrating deer.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/ES14-00186.1","usgsCitation":"Copeland, H.E., Sawyer, H., Monteith, K.L., Naugle, D., Pocewicz, A., Graf, N., and Kauffman, M., 2014, Conserving migratory mule deer through the umbrella of sage-grouse: Ecosphere, v. 5, no. 9, p. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00186.1.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057622","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es14-00186.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":323268,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575941cbe4b04f417c2567dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Copeland, H. E.","contributorId":171544,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Copeland","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sawyer, H.","contributorId":59910,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sawyer","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Monteith, K. L.","contributorId":171545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monteith","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Naugle, D.E.","contributorId":85289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naugle","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pocewicz, Amy","contributorId":146680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pocewicz","given":"Amy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7041,"text":"The Nature Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":637900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graf, N.","contributorId":171546,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graf","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":637901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kauffman, Matthew mkauffman@usgs.gov","contributorId":171443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"Matthew","email":"mkauffman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":637453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70115030,"text":"70115030 - 2014 - Feedback of land subsidence on the movement and conjunctive use of water resources","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T13:57:54","indexId":"70115030","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1551,"text":"Environmental Modelling and Software","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Feedback of land subsidence on the movement and conjunctive use of water resources","docAbstract":"<p><span>The dependency of surface- or groundwater flows and aquifer hydraulic properties on dewatering-induced layer deformation is not available in the USGS's groundwater model MODFLOW. A new integrated hydrologic model, MODFLOW-OWHM, formulates this dependency by coupling mesh deformation with aquifer transmissivity and storage and by linking land subsidence/uplift with deformation-dependent flows that also depend on aquifer head and other flow terms. In a test example, flows most affected were stream seepage and evapotranspiration from groundwater (ET</span><sub>gw</sub><span>). Deformation feedback also had an indirect effect on conjunctive surface- and groundwater use components: Changed stream seepage and streamflows influenced surface-water deliveries and returnflows. Changed ET</span><sub>gw</sub><span>&nbsp;affected irrigation demand, which jointly with altered surface-water supplies resulted in changed supplemental groundwater requirements and pumping and changed return runoff. This modeling feature will improve the impact assessment of dewatering-induced land subsidence/uplift (following irrigation pumping or coal-seam gas extraction) on surface receptors, inter-basin transfers, and surface-infrastructure integrity.</span></p>","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.006","usgsCitation":"Schmid, W., Hanson, R., Leake, S., Hughes, J.D., and Niswonger, R., 2014, Feedback of land subsidence on the movement and conjunctive use of water resources: Environmental Modelling and Software, v. 62, p. 253-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.006.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"253","endPage":"270","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-037701","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575fd92de4b04f417c2baa1a","chorus":{"doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.006","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.006","publisher":"Elsevier BV","authors":"Schmid Wolfgang, Hanson R.T., Leake S.A., Hughes Joseph D., Niswonger Richard G.","journalName":"Environmental Modelling & Software","publicationDate":"12/2014","auditedOn":"11/5/2014"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmid, Wolfgang","contributorId":84020,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schmid","given":"Wolfgang","affiliations":[{"id":13040,"text":"Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":519013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Randall T.","contributorId":116764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Randall T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leake, Stanley A.","contributorId":117847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leake","given":"Stanley A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hughes, Joseph D. 0000-0003-1311-2354 jdhughes@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-2354","contributorId":2492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"Joseph","email":"jdhughes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Niswonger, Richard G. 0000-0001-6397-2403 rniswon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6397-2403","contributorId":2833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niswonger","given":"Richard G.","email":"rniswon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70171568,"text":"70171568 - 2014 - Component geochronology in the polyphase ca. 3920 Ma Acasta Gneiss","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T10:15:17","indexId":"70171568","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Component geochronology in the polyphase ca. 3920 Ma Acasta Gneiss","docAbstract":"<p><span>The oldest compiled U&ndash;Pb zircon ages for the Acasta Gneiss Complex in the Northwest Territories of Canada span about 4050&ndash;3850&nbsp;Ma; yet older ca. 4200&nbsp;Ma xenocrystic U&ndash;Pb zircon ages have also been reported for this terrane. The AGC expresses at least 25&nbsp;km</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;of outcrop exposure, but only a small subset of this has been documented in the detail required to investigate a complex history and resolve disputes over emplacement ages. To better understand this history, we combined new ion microprobe</span><sup>235,238</sup><span>U&ndash;</span><sup>207,206</sup><span>Pb zircon geochronology with whole-rock and zircon rare earth element compositions ([REE]</span><sub>zirc</sub><span>), Ti-in-zircon thermometry (Ti</span><i><sup>xln</sup></i><span>) and&nbsp;</span><sup>147</sup><span>Sm&ndash;</span><sup>143</sup><span>Nd geochronology for an individual subdivided &sim;60&nbsp;cm</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;slab of Acasta banded gneiss comprising five separate lithologic components. Results were compared to other variably deformed granitoid-gneisses and plagioclase-hornblende rocks from elsewhere in the AGC. We show that different gneissic components carry distinct [Th/U]</span><sub>zirc</sub><span>&nbsp;vs. Ti</span><i><sup>xln</sup></i><span>&nbsp;and [REE]</span><sub>zirc</sub><span>&nbsp;signatures correlative with different zircon U&ndash;Pb age populations and WR compositions, but not with&nbsp;</span><sup>147</sup><span>Sm&ndash;</span><sup>143</sup><span>Nd isotope systematics. Modeled&nbsp;</span><span id=\"mmlsi1\" class=\"mathmlsrc\"><a class=\"mathImg\" title=\"View the MathML source\" data-mathurl=\"/science?_ob=MathURL&amp;_method=retrieve&amp;_eid=1-s2.0-S0016703714001161&amp;_mathId=si1.gif&amp;_user=111111111&amp;_pii=S0016703714001161&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_issn=00167037&amp;md5=952b6338d4f7e2bdedb943877a975334\"><img class=\"imgLazyJSB inlineImage\" title=\"View the MathML source\" src=\"http://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0016703714001161-si1.gif\" alt=\"View the MathML source\" width=\"42\" height=\"20\" data-inlimgeid=\"1-s2.0-S0016703714001161-si1.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" /></a></span><span>&nbsp;[REE] from lattice-strain theory reconciles only the ca. 3920&nbsp;Ma zircons with the oldest component that also preserves strong positive Eu</span><sup>&lowast;</sup><span>&nbsp;anomalies. Magmas which gave rise to the somewhat older (inherited) ca. 4020&nbsp;Ma AGC zircon age population formed at &sim;IW (iron&ndash;w&uuml;stite) to &lt;FMQ (fayalite&ndash;magnetite&ndash;quartz) oxygen fugacities. A ca. 3920&nbsp;Ma emplacement age for the AGC is contemporaneous with bombardment of the inner solar system. Analytical bombardment simulations show that crustal re-working from the impact epoch potentially affected the precursors to the Acasta gneisses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.019","usgsCitation":"Mojzsis, S.J., Cates, N.L., Caro, G., Trail, D., Abramov, O., Guitreau, M., Blichert-Toft, J., Hopkins, M.D., and Bleeker, W., 2014, Component geochronology in the polyphase ca. 3920 Ma Acasta Gneiss: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 133, p. 68-96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.02.019.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"96","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042683","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":322189,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eafe4b023b96ec2841d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mojzsis, Stephen J.","contributorId":170043,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mojzsis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":25657,"text":"Univ. of Colo., Dept. of Geological Sciences, NASA Lunar Science Institute, Center for Lunar Origin and Evolution (CLOE), Boulder, Colo.; Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon & Universite Claude Bernard Lyon; Hungarian Academy of Sciences","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cates, Nicole L.","contributorId":170044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cates","given":"Nicole","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25658,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, NASA Lunar Science Institute Center for Lunar Origin and Evolution (CLOE), University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caro, Guillaume","contributorId":170045,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caro","given":"Guillaume","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25659,"text":"Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques (CRPG), CNRS and Université de Lorraine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Trail, Dustin","contributorId":170047,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trail","given":"Dustin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25660,"text":"Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences and New York Center for Astrobiology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abramov, Oleg oabramov@usgs.gov","contributorId":604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abramov","given":"Oleg","email":"oabramov@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":631837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Guitreau, Martin","contributorId":170048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guitreau","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25661,"text":"Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon and Université Claude Bernard Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blichert-Toft, Janne","contributorId":170049,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blichert-Toft","given":"Janne","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25661,"text":"Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon and Université Claude Bernard Lyon","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hopkins, Michelle D.","contributorId":170046,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Michelle","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":25658,"text":"Department of Geological Sciences, NASA Lunar Science Institute Center for Lunar Origin and Evolution (CLOE), University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bleeker, Wouter","contributorId":170050,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bleeker","given":"Wouter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":25662,"text":"Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70104770,"text":"70104770 - 2014 - The nation’s top 25 construction aggregates producers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-11T12:08:42","indexId":"70104770","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":674,"text":"Aggregates Manager","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The nation’s top 25 construction aggregates producers","docAbstract":"<p><span>U.S. production of construction aggregates in 2012 was 2.18 billion short tons valued at $17.6 billion, free on board (f.o.b.) at plant. In 2012, construction aggregates production remained virtually unchanged from the levels of the last two years because of a very slight increase compared with that of 2011 in the production of both construction sand and gravel and crushed stone. The average unit value, which is the f.o.b. at the plant price of a metric ton of material, increased slightly. Construction aggregates production was 36 percent less than and the associated value was 23 percent less than the record highs reported in 2006.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Aggregates Manager","usgsCitation":"Willett, J.C., 2014, The nation’s top 25 construction aggregates producers: Aggregates Manager.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-055944","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325013,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325012,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.aggman.com/the-nations-top-25-construction-aggregates-producers-3/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c345e4b0e02680be59f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willett, Jason C. 0000-0002-7598-3174 jwillett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-3174","contributorId":3516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willett","given":"Jason","email":"jwillett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":518859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171454,"text":"70171454 - 2014 - Multiple plumage traits convey information about age and within-age-class qualities of a canopy-dwelling songbird, the Cerulean Warbler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-24T15:15:38","indexId":"70171454","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multiple plumage traits convey information about age and within-age-class qualities of a canopy-dwelling songbird, the Cerulean Warbler","docAbstract":"<p><span>Colorful plumage traits in birds may convey multiple, redundant, or unreliable messages about an individual. Plumage may reliably convey information about disparate qualities such as age, condition, and parental ability because discrete tracts of feathers may cause individuals to incur different intrinsic or extrinsic costs. Few studies have examined the information content of plumage in a species that inhabits forest canopies, a habitat with unique light environments and selective pressures. We investigated the information content of four plumage patches (blue-green crown and rump, tail white, and black breast band) in a canopy-dwelling species, the Cerulean Warbler (</span><i>Setophaga cerulea</i><span>), in relation to age, condition, provisioning, and reproduction. We found that older males displayed wider breast bands, greater tail white, and crown and rump feathers with greater blue-green (435&ndash;534 nm) chroma and hue than males in their first potential breeding season. In turn, older birds were in better condition (short and long term) and were reproductively superior to younger birds. We propose that these age-related plumage differences (i.e. delayed plumage maturation) were not a consequence of a life history strategy but instead resulted from constraints during early feather molts. Within age classes, we found evidence to support the multiple messages hypothesis. Birds with greater tail white molted tails in faster, those with more exaggerated rump plumage (lower hue, greater blue-green chroma) provisioned more, and those with lower rump blue-green chroma were in better condition. Despite evidence of reliable signaling in this species, we found no strong relationships between plumage and reproductive performance, potentially because factors other than individual differences more strongly influenced fecundity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/AUK-13-191.1","usgsCitation":"Boves, T.J., Buehler, D.A., Wood, P.B., Rodewald, A.D., Larkin, J.L., Keyser, P.D., and Wigley, T., 2014, Multiple plumage traits convey information about age and within-age-class qualities of a canopy-dwelling songbird, the Cerulean Warbler: The Auk, v. 131, no. 1, p. 20-31, https://doi.org/10.1642/AUK-13-191.1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"20","endPage":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038900","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/auk-13-191.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":321957,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5750076be4b0ee97d51bb686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boves, Than J.","contributorId":169750,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boves","given":"Than","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buehler, David A.","contributorId":169746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Buehler","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wood, Petra Bohall pbwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":1791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bohall","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":631061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rodewald, Amanda D.","contributorId":169748,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodewald","given":"Amanda","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631173,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Larkin, Jeffrey L.","contributorId":169747,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Larkin","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17929,"text":"American Bird Conservancy","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":34542,"text":"Department of Biology. Indiana University of Pennsylvania","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631174,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Keyser, Patrick D.","contributorId":146945,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keyser","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12716,"text":"University of Tennessee","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wigley, T. Ben","contributorId":169824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wigley","given":"T. Ben","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70171448,"text":"70171448 - 2014 - Selection of forest canopy gaps by male Cerulean Warblers in West Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-01T09:36:12","indexId":"70171448","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Selection of forest canopy gaps by male Cerulean Warblers in West Virginia","docAbstract":"<p><span>Forest openings, or canopy gaps, are an important resource for many forest songbirds, such as Cerulean Warblers (</span><i>Setophaga cerulea</i><span>). We examined canopy gap selection by this declining species to determine if male Cerulean Warblers selected particular sizes, vegetative heights, or types of gaps. We tested whether these parameters differed among territories, territory core areas, and randomly-placed sample plots. We used enhanced territory mapping techniques (burst sampling) to define habitat use within the territory. Canopy gap densities were higher within core areas of territories than within territories or random plots, indicating that Cerulean Warblers selected habitat within their territories with the highest gap densities. Selection of regenerating gaps with woody vegetation &gt;12&nbsp;m within the gap, and canopy heights &gt;24&nbsp;m surrounding the gap, occurred within territory core areas. These findings differed between two sites indicating that gap selection may vary based on forest structure. Differences were also found regarding the placement of territories with respect to gaps. Larger gaps, such as wildlife food plots, were located on the periphery of territories more often than other types and sizes of gaps, while smaller gaps, such as treefalls, were located within territory boundaries more often than expected. The creations of smaller canopy gaps, &lt;100&nbsp;m</span><sup>2</sup><span>, within dense stands are likely compatible with forest management for this species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/13-067.1","usgsCitation":"Perkins, K.A., and Wood, P.B., 2014, Selection of forest canopy gaps by male Cerulean Warblers in West Virginia: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 126, no. 2, p. 288-297, https://doi.org/10.1676/13-067.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"297","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-045586","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"126","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57500772e4b0ee97d51bb735","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perkins, Kelly A.","contributorId":169756,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, Petra Bohall pbwood@usgs.gov","contributorId":1791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"Petra","email":"pbwood@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bohall","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":631000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70169154,"text":"70169154 - 2014 - Trouble in the aquatic world: How wildlife professionals are battling amphibian declines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:00:27","indexId":"70169154","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3587,"text":"The Wildlife Professional","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trouble in the aquatic world: How wildlife professionals are battling amphibian declines","docAbstract":"<p>A parasitic fungus, similar to the one that caused the extinction of numerous tropical frog and toad species, is killing salamanders in Europe. Scientists first identified the fungus,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans,<span>&nbsp;</span></i>in 2013 as the culprit behind the death of fire salamanders (<i>Salamandr</i><i>a salamandra</i>) in the Netherlands (<a href=\"http://www.amphibia.be/downloads/PNAS_2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.amphibia.be/downloads/PNAS_2013.pdf\">Martel et al. 2013</a>) and are now exploring its potential impact to other species. Although the fungus, which kills the amphibians by infecting their skin, has not yet spread to the United States, researchers believe it’s only a matter of time before it does and, when that happens, the impact on salamander populations could be devastating (<a href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6209/630.short\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6209/630.short\">Martel et al. 2014</a>).</p><p>Reports of worldwide declines of amphibians began a quarter of a century ago (<a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\">Blaustein &amp;<span>&nbsp;</span></a><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\">Wake 1990</a>). Globally, some amphibian population declines occurred in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and declining trends continued in North America (<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6779/abs/404752a0.html\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v404/n6779/abs/404752a0.html\">Houlahan et al. 2000</a>). In the earlier years, population declines were attributed primarily to overharvest due to unregulated supply of species such as the northern leopard frog (<i>Lithobate</i><i>s pipiens</i>) for educational use (<a href=\"https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/frogs-united-states-and-canada-2-vol-set\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/frogs-united-states-and-canada-2-vol-set\">Dodd</a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/frogs-united-states-and-canada-2-vol-set\" data-mce-href=\"https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/frogs-united-states-and-canada-2-vol-set\">2013</a>). In later years, however, causes of declines were less evident. In 1989, herpetologists at the First World Congress of Herpetology traded alarming stories of losses across continents and in seemingly protected landscapes, making it clear that amphibian population declines were a “global phenomenon.” In response to these reports, in 1991, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) established the Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force to better understand the scale and scope of global amphibian declines. Unfortunately, the absence of long-term monitoring data and targeted studies made it difficult for the task force to compile information.</p><p>Today, according to AmphibiaWeb.org, there are 7,342 amphibian species in the world — double the number since the first alerts of declines — making the situation appear deceptively less dire. In fact, our understanding of genetic diversity significantly raises the stakes, and we are at risk of losing far more species than we believed only a few years ago. According to the IUCN, amphibians now lead the list of vertebrate taxa affected by the larger “biodiversity crisis” and sixth major mass- extinction event on Earth (<a href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12234/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cobi.12234/abstract\">Keith et al. 2014</a>,<span>&nbsp;</span><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\">Wake</a><a href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0169534790901292\"><span>&nbsp;</span>and Vredenburg 2008</a>).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Wildlife Society","usgsCitation":"Olson, D.H., and Chestnut, T.E., 2014, Trouble in the aquatic world: How wildlife professionals are battling amphibian declines: The Wildlife Professional, v. 8, no. 4, p. 28-31.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"31","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-060298","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319205,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":319204,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/trouble-in-the-aquatic-world/"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f3be56e4b0f59b85e02f59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Deanna H.","contributorId":114032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Deanna","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":623250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chestnut, Tara E. chestnut@usgs.gov","contributorId":3921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chestnut","given":"Tara","email":"chestnut@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":623249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70154820,"text":"70154820 - 2014 - A global assessment of the conservation status of the American Oystercatcher <i>Haematopus palliatus</i>","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T15:36:55","indexId":"70154820","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3902,"text":"International Wader Studies","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A global assessment of the conservation status of the American Oystercatcher <i>Haematopus palliatus</i>","docAbstract":"<p>The American Oystercatcher&nbsp;<i>Haematopus palliatus</i>&nbsp;is the most widely distributed of the four oystercatcher&nbsp;species in the Western Hemisphere. Its range covers almost the entire Atlantic Coast from northeastern United&nbsp;States to southern Argentina; on the Pacific Coast it is found from northern Mexico to central Chile. This&nbsp;assessment covers the entire range of the species, and is not intended to serve as a substitute or update for&nbsp;conservation plans that cover the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast populations. Readers are advised to refer to&nbsp;those plans, available at www.whsrn.org, for more detailed information about U.S. populations.</p>\n<p>The subspecific taxonomy of&nbsp;<i>H. palliatus</i>&nbsp;is far from clear, but five races are recognized in this assessment,&nbsp;primarily to facilitate reference to specific populations (Fig. 1). These are nominate&nbsp;<i>H. p. palliatus</i>&nbsp;(coasts of&nbsp;eastern and southern United States; eastern Mexico; Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Central America; the&nbsp;Caribbean; and northern and eastern South America);<i>H. p. frazari</i>&nbsp;(Gulf of California and western Mexico);&nbsp;<i>H. p. pitanay</i>&nbsp;(coast of western South America);&nbsp;<i>H. p. durnfordi</i>&nbsp;(coast of southeast South America) and&nbsp;<i>H. p.&nbsp;galapagensis</i>&nbsp;(Galapagos Islands). The Galapagos race may deserve species status.</p>\n<p>Based on a review of existing population estimates and an extrapolation of data from quantitative surveys&nbsp;throughout its range, revised estimates are given for the populations of all five subspecies, and a total population&nbsp;of about 43,000 individuals. The nominate race is the most abundant with an estimated population size&nbsp;of about 20,000 individuals, while the least abundant is&nbsp;<i>H. p. galapagensis</i>, with just 300 individuals estimated.&nbsp;Biogeographic population estimates were used to determine 1% threshold levels and identify sites of regional&nbsp;and global conservation importance. A total of 20 sites have been identified for&nbsp;<i>H. p. palliatus</i>, 5 for&nbsp;<i>H. p.&nbsp;frazari</i>, 10 for&nbsp;<i>H. p. pitanay</i>&nbsp;and 10 for&nbsp;<i>H. p. durnfordi</i>. No key sites were identified for&nbsp;<i>H. p. galapagensis</i>&nbsp;as it is found in low density scattered throughout the islands. Of these 45 sites, 14 have counts that surpass&nbsp;the 1% level of the global population, and are thus of global conservation significance for the species. Because&nbsp;the species is a dispersed breeder, the 1% threshold is of limited value in identifying key breeding sites. For the time being, these have been defined as sites holding 20 or more breeding pairs; 17 such sites have been&nbsp;identified, with all but four in the United States. It is hoped that a more rigorous approach for identifying key&nbsp;breeding sites can be developed in the future.</p>\n<p>As an obligate coastal species, American Oystercatcher is at risk from widespread habitat loss due to coastal&nbsp;development, and recreational activities that lead to nest disturbance and increased predation. This is exacerbated&nbsp;by the species&rsquo; low population size and low reproductive success. Climate change also poses a significant&nbsp;future threat, especially with regard to sea-level rise.</p>\n<p>To address these threats, conservation actions are proposed that focus on increased legal protection for the&nbsp;species and on the conservation of key sites and important habitats. Conservation could include implementing&nbsp;beneficial management practices, such as restoration of nest and roost sites, controlling predation, and reducing&nbsp;disturbance. Education and outreach programs are needed throughout the species&rsquo; range, especially for beach&nbsp;users and urban planners. Training programs will be necessary to ensure successful implementation of many&nbsp;of the priority conservation actions. Finally, a key first step in conserving this species across its range is the&nbsp;creation of a&nbsp;<i>H. palliatus</i>&nbsp;Working Group. Modelled after the U.S. American Oystercatcher Working Group&nbsp;this organization could unite researchers, conservationists, and educators from across the hemisphere to foster&nbsp;coordinated research, conservation action, and monitoring as outlined in this assessment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Wader Study Group","usgsCitation":"Clay, R.P., Lesterhuis, A.J., Schulte, S.A., Brown, S., Reynolds, D., and Simons, T.R., 2014, A global assessment of the conservation status of the American Oystercatcher <i>Haematopus palliatus</i>: International Wader Studies, v. 20, p. 62-82.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"82","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-049948","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":308171,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307113,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waderstudygroup.org/article/1620/"}],"volume":"20","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55fa92aae4b05d6c4e501a3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clay, Rob","contributorId":146618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clay","given":"Rob","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lesterhuis, Arne J.","contributorId":146619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lesterhuis","given":"Arne","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schulte, Shiloh A.","contributorId":60765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulte","given":"Shiloh","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brown, Stephen","contributorId":40096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":568451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reynolds, Debra","contributorId":146620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Debra","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6661,"text":"US Fish and Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":568452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simons, Theodore R. 0000-0002-1884-6229 tsimons@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-6229","contributorId":2623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simons","given":"Theodore","email":"tsimons@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70155074,"text":"70155074 - 2014 - The role of protected area wetlands in waterfowl habitat conservation:  implications for protected area network design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-05T12:13:46","indexId":"70155074","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of protected area wetlands in waterfowl habitat conservation:  implications for protected area network design","docAbstract":"<p>The principal goal of protected area networks is biodiversity preservation, but efficacy of such networks is directly linked to animal movement within and outside area boundaries. We examined wetland selection patterns of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) during non-breeding periods from 2010 to 2012 to evaluate the utility of protected areas to migratory waterfowl in North America. We tracked 33 adult females using global positioning system (GPS) satellite transmitters and implemented a use-availability resource selection design to examine mallard use of wetlands under varying degrees of protection. Specifically, we examined effects of proximities to National Wildlife Refuges, private land, state wildlife management areas, Wetland Reserve Program easements (WRP), and waterfowl sanctuaries on mallard wetland selection. In addition, we included landscape-level variables that measured areas of sanctuary and WRP within the surrounding landscape of each used and available wetland. We developed 8 wetland selection models according to season (autumn migration, winter, spring migration), hunting season (present, absent), and time period (diurnal, nocturnal). Model averaged parameter estimates indicated wetland selection patterns varied across seasons and time periods, but ducks consistently selected wetlands with greater areas of sanctuary and WRP in the surrounding landscape. Consequently, WRP has the potential to supplement protected area networks in the midcontinent region. Additionally, seasonal variation in wetland selection patterns indicated considering the effects of habitat management and anthropogenic disturbances on migratory waterfowl during the non-breeding period is essential in designing protected area networks.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.018","usgsCitation":"Beatty, W.S., Kesler, D.C., Webb, E.B., Raedeke, A.H., Naylor, L.W., and Humburg, D.D., 2014, The role of protected area wetlands in waterfowl habitat conservation:  implications for protected area network design: Biological Conservation, v. 176, p. 144-152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.018.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"144","endPage":"152","numberOfPages":"9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2010-09-01","temporalEnd":"2012-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-053209","costCenters":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306433,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","volume":"176","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":8,"text":"Raleigh PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c333b0e4b033ef52106aa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beatty, William S. 0000-0003-0013-3113","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-3113","contributorId":146301,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beatty","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kesler, Dylan C.","contributorId":14358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kesler","given":"Dylan","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6769,"text":"University of Missouri, Columbia, MO","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Elisabeth B. 0000-0003-3851-6056 ewebb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3851-6056","contributorId":3981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webb","given":"Elisabeth","email":"ewebb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":564768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Raedeke, Andrew H.","contributorId":94083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raedeke","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Naylor, Luke W.","contributorId":145840,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Naylor","given":"Luke","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":567348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Humburg, Dale D.","contributorId":79357,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Humburg","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":13073,"text":"Ducks Unlimited, Inc.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":567349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70173558,"text":"70173558 - 2014 - Influence of habitat characteristics on shore-spawning kokanee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-13T15:51:38","indexId":"70173558","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of habitat characteristics on shore-spawning kokanee","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sockeye Salmon&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i><span>&nbsp;and kokanee (lacustrine Sockeye Salmon) commonly spawn in both lentic and lotic environments; however, the habitat requirements of shore spawners are virtually unknown relative to those of stream spawners. A laboratory experiment and an in situ incubation study were conducted to better understand the influence of habitat characteristics on the shoreline incubation success of kokanee. The laboratory experiment assessed kokanee intragravel survival, fry emergence, and fry condition in response to eight substrate treatments. The in situ study, conducted at three major shoreline spawning sites in Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho, evaluated the effect of depth, substrate composition, dissolved oxygen, shoreline slope, and groundwater on intragravel survival. Substrate size composition was generally a poor predictor of survival in both the laboratory experiment and in situ study; although, fry condition and counts of emerged fry in the laboratory were lowest for the substrate treatment that had the highest proportion of fine sediment. Results of the in situ study suggest that groundwater flow plays an important role in enhancing intragravel survival in habitats generally considered unsuitable for spawning.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2014.931302","usgsCitation":"Whitlock, S.L., Quist, M.C., and Dux, A., 2014, Influence of habitat characteristics on shore-spawning kokanee: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, no. 6, p. 1404-1418, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.931302.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1404","endPage":"1418","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-051573","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":323528,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"575fd92ee4b04f417c2baa31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitlock, Steven L.","contributorId":171705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whitlock","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quist, Michael C. 0000-0001-8268-1839 mquist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8268-1839","contributorId":171392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quist","given":"Michael","email":"mquist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":637297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dux, Andrew M.","contributorId":73491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dux","given":"Andrew M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":638614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70168739,"text":"70168739 - 2014 - Nitrogen cycling processes and microbial community composition in bed sediments in the Yukon River at Pilot Station","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T15:57:47","indexId":"70168739","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2320,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nitrogen cycling processes and microbial community composition in bed sediments in the Yukon River at Pilot Station","docAbstract":"<p><span>Information on the contribution of nitrogen (N)-cycling processes in bed sediments to river nutrient fluxes in large northern latitude river systems is limited. This study examined the relationship between N-cycling processes in bed sediments and N speciation and loading in the Yukon River near its mouth at the Bering Sea. We conducted laboratory bioassays to measure N-cycling processes in sediment samples collected over distinct water cycle seasons. In conjunction, the microbial community composition in the bed sediments using genes involved in N-cycling (</span><i>narG</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>napA</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>nosZ</i><span>, and&nbsp;</span><i>amoA</i><span>) and 16S rRNA gene pyrosequences was examined. Temporal variation was observed in net N mineralization, nitrate uptake, and denitrification rate potentials and correlated strongly with sediment carbon (C) and extractable N content and microbial community composition rather than with river water nutrient concentrations. The C content of the bed sediment was notably impacted by the spring flood, ranging from 1.1% in the midst of an ice-jam to 0.1% immediately after ice-out, suggesting a buildup of organic material (OM) prior to scouring of the bed sediments during ice break up. The dominant members of the microbial community that explained differences in N-processing rates belonged to the genera&nbsp;</span><i>Crenothrix</i><span>,</span><i>Flavobacterium</i><span>, and the family of Comamonadaceae. Our results suggest that biogeochemical processing rates in the bed sediments appear to be more coupled to hydrology, nutrient availability in the sediments, and microbial community composition rather than river nutrient concentrations at Pilot Station.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2014JG002707","usgsCitation":"Repert, D.A., Underwood, J., Smith, R.L., and Song, B., 2014, Nitrogen cycling processes and microbial community composition in bed sediments in the Yukon River at Pilot Station: Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, v. 119, no. 12, p. 2328-2344, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JG002707.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"2328","endPage":"2344","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-054832","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002707","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":318419,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Pilot Station","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -162.91454315185547,\n              61.91762456647703\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.91454315185547,\n              61.94960777635835\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.82733917236328,\n              61.94960777635835\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.82733917236328,\n              61.91762456647703\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.91454315185547,\n              61.91762456647703\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"12","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-12-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56d579d7e4b015c306f1fc80","chorus":{"doi":"10.1002/2014jg002707","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jg002707","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Repert Deborah A., Underwood Jennifer C., Smith Richard L., Song Bongkeun","journalName":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences","publicationDate":"12/2014","auditedOn":"1/10/2015"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Repert, Deborah A. 0000-0001-7284-1456 darepert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-1456","contributorId":2578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repert","given":"Deborah","email":"darepert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Underwood, Jennifer C. jcunder@usgs.gov","contributorId":4680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Underwood","given":"Jennifer C.","email":"jcunder@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":621496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Song, Bongkeun","contributorId":167262,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Song","given":"Bongkeun","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":24668,"text":"University of North Carolina, Wilmington","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":621497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70173951,"text":"70173951 - 2014 - Free-living waterfowl and shorebirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T18:06:54.047791","indexId":"70173951","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"29","title":"Free-living waterfowl and shorebirds","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley and Sons","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., 2014, Free-living waterfowl and shorebirds, chap. 29 <i>of</i> Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia, p. 481-505.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"481","endPage":"505","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-032775","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324086,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-081381183X.html"},{"id":324087,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"2nd edition","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576a653ae4b07657d1a11da5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"West, Gary","contributorId":169996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"West","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640013,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heard, Darryl","contributorId":84247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heard","given":"Darryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640014,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caulkett, Nigel","contributorId":172248,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caulkett","given":"Nigel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640015,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":639744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70171570,"text":"70171570 - 2014 - Chemistry and texture of the rocks at Rocknest, Gale Crater: Evidence for sedimentary origin and diagenetic alteration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-06T10:09:39","indexId":"70171570","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemistry and texture of the rocks at Rocknest, Gale Crater: Evidence for sedimentary origin and diagenetic alteration","docAbstract":"<p>A suite of eight rocks analyzed by the Curiosity Rover while it was stopped at the Rocknest sand ripple shows the greatest chemical divergence of any potentially sedimentary rocks analyzed in the early part of the mission. Relative to average Martian soil and to the stratigraphically lower units encountered as part of the Yellowknife Bay formation, these rocks are significantly depleted in MgO, with a mean of 1.3 wt %, and high in Fe, averaging over 20 wt % FeOT, with values between 15 and 26&thinsp;wt % FeOT. The variable iron and low magnesium and rock texture make it unlikely that these are igneous rocks. Rock surface textures range from rough to smooth, can be pitted or grooved, and show various degrees of wind erosion. Some rocks display poorly defined layering while others seem to show possible fractures. Narrow vertical voids are present in Rocknest 3, one of the rocks showing the strongest layering. Rocks in the vicinity of Rocknest may have undergone some diagenesis similar to other rocks in the Yellowknife Bay Formation as indicated by the presence of soluble calcium phases. The most reasonable scenario is that fine-grained sediments, potentially a mixture of feldspar-rich rocks from Bradbury Rise and normal Martian soil, were lithified together by an iron-rich cement.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1002/2013JE004590","usgsCitation":"Blaney, D.L., Wiens, R.C., Maurice, S., Clegg, S., Anderson, R.B., Kah, L., Le Mouélic, S., Ollila, A., Bridges, N., Tokar, R., Berger, G., Bridges, J., Cousin, A., Clark, B., Dyar, M., King, P., Lanza, N., Mangold, N., Meslin, P., Newsom, H., Schroder, S., Rowland, S., Johnson, J., Edgar, L., Gasnault, O., Forni, O., Schmidt, M., Goetz, W., Stack, K., Sumner, D., Fisk, M., and Madsen, M., 2014, Chemistry and texture of the rocks at Rocknest, Gale Crater: Evidence for sedimentary origin and diagenetic alteration: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 119, no. 9, p. 2109-2131, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JE004590.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2109","endPage":"2131","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052340","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472542,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2013je004590","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":322187,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-09-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57569eafe4b023b96ec28417","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blaney, Diana L.","contributorId":170055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blaney","given":"Diana","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":25664,"text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":631851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiens, R. 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D.","contributorId":76562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumner","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":30},{"text":"Fisk, M.","contributorId":140310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisk","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":31},{"text":"Madsen, M.B.","contributorId":97291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madsen","given":"M.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":631919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":32}]}}
,{"id":70048959,"text":"pp18013 - 2014 - Growth and degradation of Hawaiian volcanoes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70048959,"text":"pp18013 - 2014 - Growth and degradation of Hawaiian volcanoes","indexId":"pp18013","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"3","title":"Growth and degradation of Hawaiian volcanoes"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70128419,"text":"pp1801 - 2014 - Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes","indexId":"pp1801","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70128419,"text":"pp1801 - 2014 - Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes","indexId":"pp1801","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"title":"Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-01T18:50:08.212532","indexId":"pp18013","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1801","chapter":"3","title":"Growth and degradation of Hawaiian volcanoes","docAbstract":"<p>The 19 known shield volcanoes of the main Hawaiian Islands&mdash;15 now emergent, 3 submerged, and 1 newly born and still submarine&mdash;lie at the southeast end of a long-lived hot spot chain. As the Pacific Plate of the Earth&rsquo;s lithosphere moves slowly northwestward over the Hawaiian hot spot, volcanoes are successively born above it, evolve as they drift away from it, and eventually die and subside beneath the ocean surface.</p>\n<p>The massive outpouring of lava flows from Hawaiian volcanoes weighs upon the oceanic crust, depressing it by as much as 5 km along an axial Hawaiian Moat. The periphery of subsidence is marked by the surrounding Hawaiian Arch. Subsidence is ongoing throughout almost all of a volcano&rsquo;s life.</p>\n<p>During its active life, an idealized Hawaiian volcano passes through four eruptive stages: preshield, shield, postshield, and rejuvenated. Though imperfectly named, these stages match our understanding of the growth history and compositional variation of the Hawaiian volcanoes; the stages reflect variations in the amount and rate of heat supplied to the lithosphere as it overrides the hot spot. Principal growth occurs in the first 1&ndash;2 million years as each volcano rises from the sea floor or submarine flank of an adjacent volcano. Volcanic extinction ensues as a volcano moves away from the hot spot.</p>\n<p>Eruptive-stage boundaries are drawn somewhat arbitrarily because of their transitional nature. Preshield-stage lava is alkalic as a consequence of a nascent magma-transport system and less extensive melting at the periphery of the mantle plume fed by the hot spot. The shield stage is the most productive volcanically, and each Hawaiian volcano erupts an estimated 80&ndash;95 percent of its ultimate volume in tholeiitic lavas during this stage. Shield-stage volcanism marks the time when a volcano is near or above the hot spot and its magma supply system is robust. This most active stage may also be the peak time when giant landslides modify the flanks of the volcanoes, although such processes begin earlier and extend later in the life of the volcanoes.</p>\n<p>Late-shield strata extend the silica range as alkali basalt and even hawaiite lava flows are sparsely interlayered with tholeiite at some volcanoes. Rare are more highly fractionated shield-stage lava flows, which may reach 68 weight percent SiO<sub>2</sub>. Intervolcano compositional differences result mainly from variations in the part of the mantle plume sampled by magmatism and the distribution of magma sources within it.</p>\n<p>Volcanism wanes gradually as Hawaiian volcanoes move away from the hot spot, passing from the shield stage into the postshield stage. Shallow magma reservoirs (1&ndash;7-km depth) of the shield-stage volcanoes cannot be sustained as magma supply lessens, but smaller reservoirs at 20&ndash;30-km depth persist. The rate of extrusion diminishes by a factor of 10 late in the shield stage, and the composition of erupted lava becomes more alkalic&mdash;albeit erratically&mdash;as the degree of melting diminishes. The variation makes this transition, from late shield to postshield, difficult to define rigorously. Of the volcanoes old enough to have seen this transition, eight have postshield strata sufficiently distinct and widespread to map separately. Only two, Ko&lsquo;olau and Lāna&lsquo;i, lack rocks of postshield composition.</p>\n<p>Five Hawaiian volcanoes have seen rejuvenated-stage volcanism following quiescent periods that ranged from 2.0 to less than 0.5 million years. The rejuvenated stage can be brief&mdash;only one or two eruptive episodes&mdash;or notably durable. That on Ni&lsquo;ihau lasted from 2.2 to 0.4 million years ago; on Kaua&lsquo;i, the stage has been ongoing since 3.5 million years ago. As transitions go, the rejuvenated stage may be thought of as the long tail of alkalic volcanism that begins in late-shield time and persists through the postshield (+rejuvenated-stage) era.</p>\n<p>Because successive Hawaiian volcanoes erupt over long and overlapping spans of time, there is a wide range in the age of volcanism along the island chain, even though the age of Hawaiian shields is progressively younger to the southeast. For example, almost every island from Ni&lsquo;ihau to Hawai&lsquo;i had an eruption in the time between 0.3 and 0.4 million years ago, even though only the Island of Hawai&lsquo;i had active volcanoes in their shield stage during that time.</p>\n<p>Once they have formed, Hawaiian volcanoes become subject to a spectrum of processes of degradation. Primary among these are subaerial erosion, landslides, and subsidence. The islands, especially those that grow high above sea level, experience mean annual precipitation that locally exceeds 9 m, leading to rapid erosion that can carve deep canyons in<br />less than 1 million years.</p>\n<p>Hawaiian volcanoes have also been modified by giant landslides. Seventeen discrete slides that formed in the past 5 m.y. have been identified around the main Hawaiian Islands, and fully 70 are known along the Hawaiian Ridge between Midway Islands and the Island of Hawai&lsquo;i. These giant landslides displace large amounts of seawater to generate catastrophic giant waves (megatsunami). The geologic evidence for megatsunami in the Hawaiian Islands includes chaotic coral and lava-clast breccia preserved as high as 155 m above sea level on Lāna&lsquo;i and Moloka&lsquo;i.</p>\n<p>Large Hawaiian volcanoes can persist as islands through the rapid subsidence by building upward rapidly enough. But in the long run, subsidence, coupled with surface erosion, erases any volcanic remnant above sea level in about 15 m.y. One consequence of subsidence, in concert with eustatic changes in sea level, is the drowning of coral reefs that drape the submarine flanks of the actively subsiding volcanoes. At least six reefs northwest of the Island of Hawai&lsquo;i form a stairstep configuration, the oldest being deepest.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp18013","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., and Sherrod, D.R., 2014, Growth and degradation of Hawaiian volcanoes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1801, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp18013.","productDescription":"50 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"146","numberOfPages":"50","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038093","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp18013.PNG"},{"id":296669,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1801/"},{"id":299344,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1801/downloads/pp1801_Chap3_Clague.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.1 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -160.68603515625,\n              21.657428197370653\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.0927734375,\n              22.19757745335104\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.54345703125,\n              22.350075806124867\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.884521484375,\n              21.85130210558968\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.709228515625,\n              20.86907773201848\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.44580078125,\n              19.580493479202538\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.698486328125,\n              18.3858049312974\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.555419921875,\n              18.145851771694467\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.390380859375,\n              18.895892559415024\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.73095703125,\n              20.066251024326302\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.323974609375,\n              21.135745255030603\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.730224609375,\n              21.70847301324598\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.499267578125,\n              21.361013117950915\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.68603515625,\n              21.657428197370653\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"551fb9b8e4b027f0aee3bb0c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Poland, Michael P. 0000-0001-5240-6123 mpoland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5240-6123","contributorId":635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poland","given":"Michael P.","email":"mpoland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":336,"text":"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":543954,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takahashi, T. 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,{"id":70155812,"text":"70155812 - 2014 - Productivity and carbon dioxide exchange of leguminous crops: estimates from flux tower measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T11:21:43","indexId":"70155812","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":684,"text":"Agronomy Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Productivity and carbon dioxide exchange of leguminous crops: estimates from flux tower measurements","docAbstract":"<p><span>Net CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;exchange data of legume crops at 17 flux tower sites in North America and three sites in Europe representing 29 site-years of measurements were partitioned into gross photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration by using the nonrectangular hyperbolic light-response function method. The analyses produced net CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;exchange data and new ecosystem-scale ecophysiological parameter estimates for legume crops determined at diurnal and weekly time steps. Dynamics and annual totals of gross photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem production were calculated by gap filling with multivariate nonlinear regression. Comparison with the data from grain crops obtained with the same method demonstrated that CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;exchange rates and ecophysiological parameters of legumes were lower than those of maize (</span><i>Zea mays</i><span>&nbsp;L.) but higher than for wheat (</span><i>Triticum aestivum</i><span>&nbsp;L.) crops. Year-round annual legume crops demonstrated a broad range of net ecosystem production, from sinks of 760 g CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>&ndash;1</sup><span>&nbsp;to sources of &ndash;2100 g CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>&ndash;1</sup><span>, with an average of &ndash;330 g CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>&ndash;1</sup><span>, indicating overall moderate CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&ndash;source activity related to a shorter period of photosynthetic uptake and metabolic costs of N</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;fixation. Perennial legumes (alfalfa,&nbsp;</span><i>Medicago sativa</i><span>&nbsp;L.) were strong sinks for atmospheric CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, with an average net ecosystem production of 980 (range 550&ndash;1200) g CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>&ndash;2</sup><span>&nbsp;yr</span><sup>&ndash;1</sup><span>.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2134/agronj2013.0270","usgsCitation":"Gilmanov, T.G., Baker, J.M., Bernacchi, C.J., Billesbach, D.P., Burba, G.G., Castro, S., Chen, J., Eugster, W., Fischer, M.L., Gamon, J.A., Gebremedhin, M.T., Glenn, A.J., Griffis, T.J., Hatfield, J.L., Heuer, M.W., Howard, D., Leclerc, M.Y., Loescher, H.W., Marloie, O., Meyers, T.P., Olioso, A., Phillips, R.L., Prueger, J.H., Skinner, R.H., Suyker, A.E., Tenuta, M., and Wylie, B.K., 2014, Productivity and carbon dioxide exchange of leguminous crops: estimates from flux tower measurements: Agronomy Journal, v. 106, 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Duluth","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hatfield, Jerry L.","contributorId":71082,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Heuer, Mark W.","contributorId":146134,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heuer","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":16594,"text":"NOAA/Air Resources Laboratory, Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Howard, Daniel M. 0000-0002-7563-7538 dhoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7563-7538","contributorId":139585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Daniel 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Boulder","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Marloie, Oliver","contributorId":146137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marloie","given":"Oliver","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16597,"text":"INRA, URFM-UR 629  (Écologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Meyers, Tilden P.","contributorId":146138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyers","given":"Tilden","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":16598,"text":"NOAA/ATDD","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Olioso, Albert","contributorId":146139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olioso","given":"Albert","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16599,"text":"INRA, EMMAH-UMR1114 (Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des AgroHydrosystèmes)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Phillips, Rebecca L.","contributorId":146140,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Phillips","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16600,"text":"Landcare Research, Wellington, New Zealand","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Prueger, John H.","contributorId":87046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prueger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Skinner, R. Howard","contributorId":146142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skinner","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Howard","affiliations":[{"id":16601,"text":"USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Unit","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Suyker, Andrew E.","contributorId":46857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suyker","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":566446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Tenuta, Mario","contributorId":146144,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tenuta","given":"Mario","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16603,"text":"University of Manitoba","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":27}]}}
,{"id":70159494,"text":"70159494 - 2014 - Implications of Web Mercator and its Use in Online Mapping","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-10T12:52:57","indexId":"70159494","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1189,"text":"Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of Web Mercator and its Use in Online Mapping","docAbstract":"<p><span>Online interactive maps have become a popular means of communicating with spatial data. In most online mapping systems, Web Mercator has become the dominant projection. While the Mercator projection has a long history of discussion about its inappropriateness for general-purpose mapping, particularly at the global scale, and seems to have been virtually phased out for general-purpose global-scale print maps, it has seen a resurgence in popularity in Web Mercator form. This article theorizes on how Web Mercator came to be widely used for online maps and what this might mean in terms of data display, technical aspects of map generation and distribution, design, and cognition of spatial patterns. The authors emphasize details of where the projection excels and where it does not, as well as some of its advantages and disadvantages for cartographic communication, and conclude with some research directions that may help to develop better solutions to the problem of projections for general-purpose, multi-scale Web mapping.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Toronto Press","doi":"10.3138/carto.49.2.2313","usgsCitation":"Battersby, S.E., Finn, M.P., Usery, E.L., and Yamamoto, K.H., 2014, Implications of Web Mercator and its Use in Online Mapping: Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, v. 49, no. 2, p. 85-101, https://doi.org/10.3138/carto.49.2.2313.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"101","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-053234","costCenters":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"2","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5643234de4b0aafbcd018018","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Battersby, Sarah E.","contributorId":138943,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Battersby","given":"Sarah","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12589,"text":"University of South Carolina/ Department of Geography","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":579218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finn, Michael P. 0000-0003-0415-2194 mfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0415-2194","contributorId":2657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Michael","email":"mfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5074,"text":"Center for Geospatial Information Science (CEGIS)","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173 usery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.","email":"usery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yamamoto, Kristina H. khyamamoto@usgs.gov","contributorId":4490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yamamoto","given":"Kristina","email":"khyamamoto@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5047,"text":"NGTOC Denver","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":579220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70186705,"text":"70186705 - 2014 - Mineral resource of the month: Strontium","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T12:57:24","indexId":"70186705","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1419,"text":"Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resource of the month: Strontium","docAbstract":"<p><span>Strontium occurs commonly in nature, ranking as the 15th most abundant chemical element on Earth. Only two minerals contain sufficient strontium, however, to be used commercially to produce strontium compounds: Strontianite (strontium carbonate) has a higher strontium content, but celestite (strontium sulfate) is by far the most abundant strontium mineral.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGI","usgsCitation":"Ober, J.A., 2014, Mineral resource of the month: Strontium: Earth, v. January 2015, HTML Document.","productDescription":"HTML Document","ipdsId":"IP-060449","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339419,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mineral-resource-month-strontium"}],"volume":"January 2015","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a544e4b09da6799d63ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ober, Joyce A. 0000-0003-1608-5611 jober@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1608-5611","contributorId":394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ober","given":"Joyce","email":"jober@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70155235,"text":"70155235 - 2014 - Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-05T11:40:15","indexId":"70155235","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3671,"text":"Ursus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem","docAbstract":"<p>Grizzly bears (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) are opportunistic omnivores that eat a great diversity of plant and animal species. Changes in climate may affect regional vegetation, hydrology, insects, and fire regimes, likely influencing the abundance, range, and elevational distribution of the plants and animals consumed by GYE grizzly bears. Determining the dietary breadth of grizzly bears is important to document future changes in food resources and how those changes may affect the nutritional ecology of grizzlies. However, no synthesis exists of all foods consumed by grizzly bears in the GYE. We conducted a review of available literature and compiled a list of species consumed by grizzly bears in the GYE. We documented &gt;266 species within 200 genera from 4 kingdoms, including 175 plant, 37 invertebrate, 34 mammal, 7 fungi, 7 bird, 4 fish, 1 amphibian, and 1 algae species as well as 1 soil type consumed by grizzly bears. The average energy values of the ungulates (6.8 kcal/g), trout (Oncorhynchus spp., 6.1 kcal/g), and small mammals (4.5 kcal/g) eaten by grizzlies were higher than those of the plants (3.0 kcal/g) and invertebrates (2.7 kcal/g) they consumed. The most frequently detected diet items were graminoids, ants (Formicidae), whitebark pine seeds (Pinus albicaulis), clover (Trifolium spp.), and dandelion (Taraxacum spp.). The most consistently used foods on a temporal basis were graminoids, ants, whitebark pine seeds, clover, elk (Cervus elaphus), thistle (Cirsium spp.), and horsetail (Equisetum spp.). Historically, garbage was a significant diet item for grizzlies until refuse dumps were closed. Use of forbs increased after garbage was no longer readily available. The list of foods we compiled will help managers of grizzly bears and their habitat document future changes in grizzly bear food habits and how bears respond to changing food resources.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association for Bear Research & Management","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-13-00008.1","usgsCitation":"Gunther, K.A., Shoemaker, R., Frey, K.L., Haroldson, M.A., Cain, S.L., van Manen, F.T., and Fortin, J., 2014, Dietary breadth of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: Ursus, v. 25, no. 1, p. 60-72, https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-13-00008.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-044695","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Grand Teton National Park, Grays Lake, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes, Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              45.174292524076726\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.808349609375,\n              45.897654534346884\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.566162109375,\n              45.73685954736049\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.3681640625,\n              45.38301927899065\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.576904296875,\n              44.68427737181225\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.0166015625,\n              43.5326204268101\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.0498046875,\n              41.88592102814744\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.3466796875,\n              41.820455096140314\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.07202148437499,\n              42.98053954751642\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.039306640625,\n              42.3016903282445\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.47900390625,\n              42.779275360241904\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.072265625,\n              45.174292524076726\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55c333abe4b033ef52106a89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunther, Kerry A.","contributorId":84621,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gunther","given":"Kerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":5118,"text":"Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone Center for Resources, Bear Management Office, P.O. Box 168, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoemaker, Rebecca","contributorId":145775,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Rebecca","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16231,"text":"Grizzly Bear Recovery Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Missoula, MT 59812, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Frey, Kevin L.","contributorId":124580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frey","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":5125,"text":"Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks, Bear Management Office, 1400 South 19th Avenue, Bozeman, MT 59718","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haroldson, Mark A. 0000-0002-7457-7676 mharoldson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-7676","contributorId":1773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haroldson","given":"Mark","email":"mharoldson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cain, Steven L.","contributorId":145511,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cain","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":16139,"text":"National Park Service, Grand Teton National Park, Moose, Wyoming 83012, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":565233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"van Manen, Frank T. 0000-0001-5340-8489 fvanmanen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5340-8489","contributorId":2267,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Manen","given":"Frank","email":"fvanmanen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fortin, Jennifer K. jfortin-noreus@usgs.gov","contributorId":5419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fortin","given":"Jennifer K.","email":"jfortin-noreus@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70155510,"text":"70155510 - 2014 - Seasonal shifts in the diet of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Fort Collins, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-13T12:58:29","indexId":"70155510","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal shifts in the diet of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Fort Collins, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Recent analyses suggest that the big brown bat (<i>Eptesicus fuscus</i>) may be less of a beetle specialist (Coleoptera) in the western United States than previously thought, and that its diet might also vary with temperature. We tested the hypothesis that big brown bats might opportunistically prey on moths by analyzing insect fragments in guano pellets from 30 individual bats (27 females and 3 males) captured while foraging in Fort Collins, Colorado, during May, late July&ndash;early August, and late September 2002. We found that bats sampled 17&ndash;20 May (n = 12 bats) had a high (81&ndash;83%) percentage of volume of lepidopterans in guano, with the remainder (17&ndash;19% volume) dipterans and no coleopterans. From 28 May&ndash;9 August (n = 17 bats) coleopterans dominated (74&ndash;98% volume). On 20 September (n = 1 bat) lepidopterans were 99% of volume in guano. Migratory miller moths (Euxoa auxiliaris) were unusually abundant in Fort Collins in spring and autumn of 2002 and are known agricultural pests as larvae (army cutworms), suggesting that seasonal dietary flexibility in big brown bats has economic benefits.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1894/SGM-28.1","usgsCitation":"Valdez, E.W., and O’Shea, T.J., 2014, Seasonal shifts in the diet of the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Fort Collins, Colorado: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 59, no. 4, p. 511-516, https://doi.org/10.1894/SGM-28.1.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"516","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2002-05-01","temporalEnd":"2002-09-30","ipdsId":"IP-055474","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":306651,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Fort Collins","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.1666259765625,\n              40.46575594018434\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.1666259765625,\n              40.64730356252251\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.91668701171875,\n              40.64730356252251\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.91668701171875,\n              40.46575594018434\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.1666259765625,\n              40.46575594018434\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"4","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":2,"text":"Denver PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfbce4b08400b1fe1437","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valdez, Ernest W. 0000-0002-7262-3069 ernie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7262-3069","contributorId":3600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valdez","given":"Ernest","email":"ernie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":565619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Shea, Thomas J. osheat@usgs.gov","contributorId":2327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Shea","given":"Thomas","email":"osheat@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":565620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70155897,"text":"70155897 - 2014 - Geomorphic evidence for enhanced Pliocene-Quaternary faulting in the northwestern Basin and Range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-13T11:54:32","indexId":"70155897","displayToPublicDate":"2015-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2626,"text":"Lithosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic evidence for enhanced Pliocene-Quaternary faulting in the northwestern Basin and Range","docAbstract":"<p>Mountains in the U.S. Basin and Range Province are similar in form, yet they have different histories of deformation and uplift. Unfortunately, chronicling fault slip with techniques like thermochronology and geodetics can still leave sizable, yet potentially important gaps at Pliocene&ndash;Quaternary (&sim;105&ndash;106 yr) time scales. Here, we combine existing geochronology with new geomorphic observations and approaches to investigate the Miocene to Quaternary slip history of active normal faults that are exhuming three footwall ranges in northwestern Nevada: the Pine Forest Range, the Jackson Mountains, and the Santa Rosa Range. We use the National Elevation Dataset (10 m) digital elevation model (DEM) to measure bedrock river profiles and hillslope gradients from these ranges. We observe a prominent suite of channel convexities (knickpoints) that segment the channels into upper reaches with low steepness (mean k<sub>sn</sub> = &sim;182; &theta;<sub>ref</sub> = 0.51) and lower, fault-proximal reaches with high steepness (mean k<sub>sn</sub> = &sim;361), with a concomitant increase in hillslope angles of &sim;6&deg;&ndash;9&deg;. Geologic maps and field-based proxies for rock strength allow us to rule out static causes for the knickpoints and interpret them as transient features triggered by a drop in base level that created &sim;20% of the existing relief (&sim;220 m of &sim;1050 m total). We then constrain the timing of base-level change using paleochannel profile reconstructions, catchment-scale volumetric erosion fluxes, and a stream-power&ndash;based knickpoint celerity (migration) model. Low-temperature thermochronology data show that faulting began at ca. 11&ndash;12 Ma, yet our results estimate knickpoint initiation began in the last 5 Ma and possibly as recently as 0.1 Ma with reasonable migration rates of 0.5&ndash;2 mm/yr. We interpret the collective results to be evidence for enhanced Pliocene&ndash;Quaternary fault slip that may be related to tectonic reorganization in the American West, although we cannot rule out climate as a contributing mechanism. We propose that similar studies, which remain remarkably rare across the region, be used to further test how robust this Plio&ndash;Quaternary landscape signal may be throughout the Great Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/L401.1","usgsCitation":"Ellis, M.A., B, B.J., and Colgan, J.P., 2014, Geomorphic evidence for enhanced Pliocene-Quaternary faulting in the northwestern Basin and Range: Lithosphere, v. 7, no. 1, p. 59-72, https://doi.org/10.1130/L401.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"59","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"15","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-057543","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472528,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130/l401.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":306647,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. Basin and Range Province","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.26953125,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.88281249999999,\n              42.65012181368025\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.73974609374999,\n              39.18117526158749\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.57568359374999,\n              36.26199220445664\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.08203125,\n              36.63316209558658\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.11572265625,\n              40.27952566881291\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.26953125,\n              42.68243539838623\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"55cdbfb3e4b08400b1fe1402","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Magdalena A","contributorId":146227,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ellis","given":"Magdalena","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":16637,"text":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"B, Barnes Jason","contributorId":146228,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"B","given":"Barnes","email":"","middleInitial":"Jason","affiliations":[{"id":16637,"text":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":566678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Colgan, Joseph P. 0000-0001-6671-1436 jcolgan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6671-1436","contributorId":1649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"Joseph","email":"jcolgan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":566676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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