Infiltration into and drainage from facilities for the disposal of low-level radioactive wastes is considered the major process by which non-volatile contaminants are transported away from the facilities. The session included 10 papers related to the processes of infiltration and drainage, and to the simulation of flow and transport through the unsaturated zone. The first paper, presented by David Stonestrom, was an overview regarding the application of unsaturated flow theory to infiltration and drainage. Stonestrom posed three basic questions, which are:
The other nine papers presented during the session gave some insight to these questions. Topics included: laboratory measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivities at low water contents, by John Nimmo; use of environmental tracers to identify preferential flow through fractured media and to quantify drainage, by Edmund Prych and Edwin Weeks; field experiments to evaluate relevant processes affecting infiltration and drainage, by Brian Andraski, Glendon Gee, and Peter Wierenga; and the use of determinist'c and stochastic models for simulating flow and transport through heterogeneous sediments, by Richard Hills, Lynn Gelhar, and Shlomo Neuman.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal","conferenceDate":" May 4-6, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Reston, VA","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Gee, G., 1996, Topic III - Infiltration and Drainage: A section in Joint US Geological Survey, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission workshop on research related to low-level radioactive waste disposal, May 4-6, 1993, National Center, Reston, Virginia; Proceedings (WRI 95-4015), 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"6","endPage":"8","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4015/report.pdf#page=20"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a7192a8e4b0a9a2e9dbe030","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stevens, Peter R.","contributorId":66239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726223,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nicholson, Thomas J.","contributorId":77790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nicholson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726224,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, Glendon","contributorId":195328,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gee","given":"Glendon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70177042,"text":"70177042 - 1996 - Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna(Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum(Printz)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-17T10:51:00","indexId":"70177042","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1480,"text":"Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna(Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum(Printz)","docAbstract":"Acute toxicity tests were conducted exposingDaphnia magnaStraus (daphnid) in soft and hard reconstituted waters (hardness 42 and 162 mg/liter as CaCO3, respectively), andSelenastrum capricornutumPrintz (algae) in ASTM algal assay medium (hardness 15 mg/liter as CaCO3) to fire retardants Fire-Trol GTS-R, Fire-Trol LCG-R, and Phos-Chek D75-F, and foam suppressants Phos-Chek WD-881 and Silv-Ex. The chemicals were slightly toxic to practically harmless to daphnids and moderately toxic to algae. Water quality did not consistently alter the toxicity of the test chemicals to daphnids. The most toxic chemical to daphnids was Silv-Ex (48-hr EC507 mg/liter in soft and hard waters), whereas the least toxic chemical to daphnids was Fire-Trol LCG-R (48-hr EC50848 mg/liter in soft water, 813 mg/liter in hard water). The most toxic chemical to algae was Fire-Trol LCG-R (96-hr IC5010 mg/liter), and the least toxic chemical was Phos-Chek D75-F (96-hr IC5079 mg/liter). Un-ionized ammonia concentrations near the EC50or IC50value in tests with the Fire-Trol compounds were frequently equal to or above reported LC50un-ionized ammonia concentrations. Un-ionized ammonia concentrations in tests with Phos-Chek D75-F were low, thus other toxic components present in the compounds probably contributed to the toxicity. When compared to the daphnids tested in ASTM soft water, the Fire-Trol compounds were most toxic to algae, whereas Phos-Chek D75-F and the foam suppressants were most toxic to daphnids. The results of these tests are comparable to those obtained from research conducted in other laboratories with the same species and similar chemicals. Accidental entry of fire-fighting chemicals into aquatic environments could adversely affect algae and aquatic invertebrates, thus disrupting ecosystem function.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/eesa.1996.0007","usgsCitation":"McDonald, S.F., Hamilton, S., Buhl, K.J., and Heisinger, J.F., 1996, Acute toxicity of fire control chemicals to Daphnia magna(Straus) and Selenastrum capricornutum(Printz): Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 33, no. 1, p. 62-72, https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0007.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"62","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329630,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5805e34fe4b0824b2d1c24c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, Susan F.","contributorId":33285,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Steven J.","contributorId":174108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Steven J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, Kevin J. 0000-0002-9963-2352 kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9963-2352","contributorId":1396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"Kevin","email":"kevin_buhl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heisinger, James F.","contributorId":175438,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heisinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70182756,"text":"70182756 - 1996 - Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-02-15T15:49:03.632748","indexId":"70182756","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers","docAbstract":"Data collected under a double-count protocol during line transect surveys were analyzed using new maximum likelihood methods combined with Akaike's information criterion to provide estimates of the abundance of polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) in a pilot study off the coast of Alaska. Visibility biases were corrected by modeling the detection probabilities using logistic regression functions. Independent variables that influenced the detection probabilities included perpendicular distance of bear groups from the flight line and the number of individuals in the groups. A series of models were considered which vary from (1) the simplest, where the probability of detection was the same for both observers and was not affected by either distance from the flight line or group size, to (2) models where probability of detection is different for the two observers and depends on both distance from the transect and group size. Estimation procedures are developed for the case when additional variables may affect detection probabilities. The methods are illustrated using data from the pilot polar bear survey and some recommendations are given for design of a survey over the larger Chukchi Sea between Russia and the United States.
","language":"English","publisher":"The International Biometric Society","doi":"10.2307/1400364","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., McDonald, L.L., and Garner, G.W., 1996, Maximum likelihood estimation for the double-count method with independent observers: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 1, no. 2, p. 170-189, https://doi.org/10.2307/1400364.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"170","endPage":"189","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336314,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.51171875,\n 69.70286804851057\n ],\n [\n -144.51416015625,\n 69.70286804851057\n ],\n [\n -144.51416015625,\n 72.8095809269161\n ],\n [\n -154.51171875,\n 72.8095809269161\n ],\n [\n -154.51171875,\n 69.70286804851057\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonald, Lyman L.","contributorId":14939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDonald","given":"Lyman","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":673610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70180278,"text":"70180278 - 1996 - Criteria for reducing predation by northern squawfish near juvenile salmonid bypass outfalls at Columbia River dams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T14:24:19","indexId":"70180278","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3246,"text":"Regulated Rivers: Research & Management","printIssn":"0886-9375","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Criteria for reducing predation by northern squawfish near juvenile salmonid bypass outfalls at Columbia River dams","docAbstract":"Predation by northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) has been documented to be significant on emigrating juvenile salmonids near juvenile bypass outfalls at hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. Criteria for siting juvenile fish bypass outfalls to reduce predation were developed using locational data from radio-tagged northern squawfish in The Dalles Dam trailrace, Columbia River. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted in 164 northern squawfish in 1993 and 1994, and their movements and distribution were monitored. Position estimates of northern squawfish were compared with data from a physical hydraulic model of the dam to estimate water velocities where northern squawfish were located. Eighty-two percent of northern squawfish position estimates were in water velocities ≤110 cm/s in 1993 and ≤90 cm/s in 1994. Fish locations were usually associated with water depths ≤10 m (84% in 1993 and 82% in 1994); 90% were within 110 m of the shore or dam structure in 1993, and 86% were within 80 m in 1994. In a related study at John Day Dam, Columbia River, where the juvenile bypass outfall is located 40 m from shore, water depth is 10 m and water velocities typically exceed 75 cm/s, only 13 of 1443 (0.9%) contacts on radio-tagged northern squawfish were located within 200 m of the bypass outfall. We recommend that new or modified juvenile bypass outfalls on the Columbia River be located in water velocities of ≥100 cm/s, ≥75 m from the shore or dam structure, and in water ≥10 m deep.
To facilitate decisions to classify species according to risk of extinction, we used Bayesian methods to analyze trend data for the Spectacled Eider, an arctic sea duck. Trend data from three independent surveys of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta were analyzed individually and in combination to yield posterior distributions for population growth rates. We used classification criteria developed by the recovery team for Spectacled Eiders that seek to equalize errors of under- or overprotecting the species. We conducted both a Bayesian decision analysis and a frequentist (classical statistical inference) decision analysis. Bayesian decision analyses are computationally easier, yield basically the same results, and yield results that are easier to explain to nonscientists. With the exception of the aerial survey analysis of the 10 most recent years, both Bayesian and frequentist methods indicated that an endangered classification is warranted. The discrepancy between surveys warrants further research. Although the trend data are abundance indices, we used a preliminary estimate of absolute abundance to demonstrate how to calculate extinction distributions using the joint probability distributions for population growth rate and variance in growth rate generated by the Bayesian analysis. Recent apparent increases in abundance highlight the need for models that apply to declining and then recovering species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/2269592","usgsCitation":"Taylor, B., Wade, P., Stehn, R., and Cochrane, J., 1996, A bayesian approach to classification criteria for spectacled eiders: Ecological Applications, v. 6, no. 4, p. 1077-1089, https://doi.org/10.2307/2269592.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1077","endPage":"1089","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335852,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","volume":"6","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e33e4b0ce4410e7d61e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, B .L.","contributorId":181914,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Taylor","given":"B .L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wade, P.R.","contributorId":71761,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wade","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehn, R.A.","contributorId":107642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stehn","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cochrane, J.F.","contributorId":53728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cochrane","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70177768,"text":"70177768 - 1996 - Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-20T14:31:05","indexId":"70177768","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach","docAbstract":"Sediments in many Great Lakes harbors and tributary rivers are contaminated. As part of the USEPA's Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediment (ARCS) program, a number of studies were conducted to determine the nature and extent of sediment contamination in Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOC). This paper describes the composition of benthic invertebrate communities in contaminated sediments and is one in a series of papers describing studies conducted to evaluate sediment toxicity from three AOC's (Buffalo River, NY; Indiana Harbor, IN; Saginaw River, MI), as part of the ARCS Program. Oligochaeta (worms) and Chironomidae (midge) comprised over 90% of the benthic invertebrate numbers in samples collected from depositional areas. Worms and midge consisted of taxa identified as primarily contaminant tolerant organisms. Structural deformities of mouthparts in midge larvae were pronounced in many of the samples. Good concurrence was evident between measures of laboratory toxicity, sediment contaminant concentration, and benthic invertebrate community composition in extremely contaminated samples. However, in moderately contaminated samples, less concordance was observed between the benthos community composition and either laboratory toxicity test results or sediment contaminant concentration. Laboratory sediment toxicity tests may better identify chemical contamination in sediments than many commonly used measures of benthic invertebrate community composition. Benthic measures may also reflect other factors such as habitat alteration. Evaluation of non-contaminant factors are needed to better interpret the response of benthic invertebrates to sediment contamination.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4","usgsCitation":"Canfield, T., Dwyer, F.J., Fairchild, J.F., Haverland, P.S., Ingersoll, C.G., Kemble, N.E., Mount, D.R., La Point, T.W., Burton, G.A., and Swift, M.C., 1996, Assessing contamination in Great Lakes sediments using benthic invertebrate communities and the sediment quality triad approach: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 565-583, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70981-4.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"565","endPage":"583","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330263,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5809d7c7e4b0f497e78fcabc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Canfield, Timothy J.","contributorId":175397,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Canfield","given":"Timothy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dwyer, F. James","contributorId":176136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dwyer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":651711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haverland, Pamela S.","contributorId":176137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverland","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kemble, Nile E. 0000-0002-3608-0538 nkemble@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-0538","contributorId":2626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"Nile","email":"nkemble@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mount, David R.","contributorId":150725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mount","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":18078,"text":"U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":651715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"La Point, Thomas W.","contributorId":114142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Point","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Swift, M. C.","contributorId":176138,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swift","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70178204,"text":"70178204 - 1996 - Comparison of the uptake of dioxin-like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:41:08","indexId":"70178204","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of the uptake of dioxin-like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan","docAbstract":"Elevated concentrations of planar, halogenated hydrocarbons have been linked to reproductive problems in a variety of fish-eating birds and mammals in the Great Lakes and in particular Saginaw Bay. Currently, there are no accurate procedures to assess bioavailability of these contaminants. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and mono- and non-ortho-chloro-substituted biphenyls in water at the femtogram to picogram per liter range were passively concentrated in semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), and these data were compared to the bioconcentration in co-exposed (caged) channel catfish. Sediment-derived water concentration estimates, calculated from a steady-state partitioning model, did not correlate well to those derived from either fish or SPMDs. The use of SPMDs demonstrated the utility of in-situ passive sampling over inference of water concentrations from accumulation in biota or partitioning with sediment. Residues ac cumulated by SPMDs have been shown to be proportional to analyte water concentration, whereas this does not appear to be the case for fish tissues. The greater amounts of 3,3‘,4,4‘-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran accumulated in SPMDs than in exposed channel catfish indicated those non-passive aspects of bioconcentration in organisms, such as biotransformation and elimination, introduced 50−500% error in the assumed degree of exposure.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es960263m","usgsCitation":"Gale, R.W., Huckins, J.N., Petty, J.D., Peterman, P.H., Williams, L.L., Morse, D., Schwartz, T.R., and Tillitt, D.E., 1996, Comparison of the uptake of dioxin-like compounds by caged channel catfish and semipermeable membrane devices in the Saginaw River, Michigan: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 31, no. 1, p. 178-187, https://doi.org/10.1021/es960263m.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"187","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330840,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-12-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5821a0dee4b02f1a881de982","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gale, Robert W. 0000-0002-8533-141X rgale@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8533-141X","contributorId":2808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gale","given":"Robert","email":"rgale@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Huckins, James N.","contributorId":83454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":653236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petty, Jimmie D.","contributorId":175402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petty","given":"Jimmie","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peterman, Paul H. ppeterman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterman","given":"Paul","email":"ppeterman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Lisa L.","contributorId":172543,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morse, Douglas","contributorId":176716,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morse","given":"Douglas","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Ted R.","contributorId":36510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Ted","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tillitt, Donald E. 0000-0002-8278-3955 dtillitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-3955","contributorId":1875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tillitt","given":"Donald","email":"dtillitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70178351,"text":"70178351 - 1996 - Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-14T15:11:05","indexId":"70178351","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study","docAbstract":"During oil and gas production, water is often extracted from geological formations along with the hydrocarbons. These “produced waters” have been discharged to Nueces Bay since the turn of the century. These effluents were found to be highly toxic, and sediments in the vicinity of the discharges were also toxic. We developed a map of wells and produced-water discharge sites in the vicinity of Nueces Bay and identified numerous unplugged wells suitable for conversion to produced water disposal wells. An economic analysis of conversion to subterranean injection of produced water indicates that most of the wells currently in production could pay out the cost of conversion to injection in one to three years. The use of one injection well for two or more water-producing wells could yield greater savings. Wells that could not support the cost of injection are small producers, and their loss would not constitute a major loss of jobs or dollars to the area. This study could serve as a useful model for evaluating the economic feasibility of conversion to injection in other areas of Texas and Louisiana.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/PL00006697","usgsCitation":"D’Unger, C., Chapman, D., and Carr, R.S., 1996, Discharge of oilfield-produced water in Nueces Bay, Texas: A case study: Environmental Management, v. 20, no. 1, p. 143-150, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00006697.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"150","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330986,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"582adb47e4b0c253bdfff0c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Unger, Claude","contributorId":176842,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"D’Unger","given":"Claude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Duane 0000-0002-1086-8853 dchapman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-8853","contributorId":1291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Duane","email":"dchapman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carr, R. Scott","contributorId":14025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174718,"text":"70174718 - 1996 - Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T16:16:21","indexId":"70174718","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial process and the establishment of bottomland trees","docAbstract":"We propose that ocean conditions of the Near Islands in the western Aleutian Arc mimic those of the shallow continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea to the extent that the marine community, including assemblages of forage fishes and their avian predators, has distinctly coastal characteristics. In contrast, marine avifauna and their prey at neighbouring Buldir Island are distinctly oceanic. For example, at the Near Islands, the ratio of thick-billed to common murres, Vria lomvia and U. aalge, is low and black-legged kittiwakes, Rissa tridactyla, but not red-legged kittiwakes, R. brevirostris, nest there. Diets of murres and kittiwakes are dominated by sand lance, Ammodytes hexapterus, an abundant coastal species. At Buldir Island, thick-billed murres greatly outnumber common murres, red-legged kittiwakes and black-legged kittiwakes are both abundant, and diets of the birds consist primarily of oceanic squid and lantern-fish (Myctophidae). This mesoscale difference in food webs is apparently a consequence of the local physiography. A broad escarpment on the Near physiographic block creates a comparatively expansive, shallow, shelflike habitat around the Near Islands, where a pelagic community typical of coastal regions flourishes. Buldir Island is the only emergent feature of the Buldir physiographic block, with little shallow water surrounding it and, apparently, little opportunity for other than oceanic species to exist. Patterns in the distribution of fishes, and thus of sea birds, throughout the Aleutian Islands might be largely explained by the presence or absence of shelf-like habitat and the relationship between physical environments and food webs. In the larger context of fisheries oceanography, this model for the Aleutian Islands improves our ability to interpret physical and biological heterogeneity in the ocean and its relationship to regional community dynamics and trends in the abundance and productivity of individual species at higher trophic levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00016.x","usgsCitation":"Springer, A.M., Piatt, J.F., and Van Vliet, G.B., 1996, Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc: Fisheries Oceanography, v. 5, no. 1, p. 45-55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00016.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc, Near Islands","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002d9e4b01ccd54fb27fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Alan M. ams@ims.uaf.edu","contributorId":172461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"Alan","email":"ams@ims.uaf.edu","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vliet, Gus B.","contributorId":35086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Vliet","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70177023,"text":"70177023 - 1996 - A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-14T14:24:14","indexId":"70177023","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems","docAbstract":"Sediment quality assessment values were developed using a weight of evidence approach in which matching biological and chemical data from numerous modelling, laboratory, and field studies performed on freshwater sediments were compiled and analyzed. Two assessment values (a threshold effect level (TEL) and a probable effect level(PEL)) were derived for 23 substances, including eight trace metals, six individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and eight pesticides. The two values defined three ranges of chemical concentrations; those that were (1) rarely, (2) occasionally, and (3) frequently associated with adverse biological effects. An evaluation of the percent incidence of adverse biological effects within the three concentration ranges indicated that the reliability of the TELs (i.e., the degree to which the TELs represent concentrations within the data set below which adverse effects rarely occur) was consistently good. However, this preliminary evaluation indicated that most of the PELs were less reliable (i.e., they did not adequately represent concentrations within the data set above which adverse effects frequently occur). Nonetheless, these values were often comparable to other biological effects-based assessment values (which were themselves reliable), which increased the level of confidence that could be placed in our values. This method is being used as a basis for developing national sediment quality guidelines for freshwater systems in Canada and sediment effect concentrations as part of the Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program in the Great Lakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70985-1","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.L., MacDonald, D., Keenleyside, K.A., Ingersoll, C.G., and Field, L.J., 1996, A preliminary evaluation of sediment quality assessment values for freshwater ecosystems: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 624-638, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70985-1.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"624","endPage":"638","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":329614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5801eebfe4b0824b2d18c435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Sherri L.","contributorId":175399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Sherri","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, Donald D.","contributorId":49911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"Donald D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keenleyside, Karen A.","contributorId":175400,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keenleyside","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ingersoll, Christopher G. 0000-0003-4531-5949 cingersoll@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":2071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"Christopher","email":"cingersoll@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":651021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Field, L. Jay","contributorId":87032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jay","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":651022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70178521,"text":"70178521 - 1996 - Ecological restructuring in experimental aquatic mesocosms due to the application of diflubenzuron","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-22T14:13:10","indexId":"70178521","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological restructuring in experimental aquatic mesocosms due to the application of diflubenzuron","docAbstract":"Diflubenzuron is a chitin-inhibiting insecticide that is registered for use in controlling a multitude of invertebrate pests. The selective mode of action of diflubenzuron provided us with a unique tool for examining the indirect responses of an experimental aquatic ecosystem following direct impacts at the primary consumer (invertebrate) trophic level. Twelve outdoor aquatic mesocosms (0.1 ha each) were randomly assigned to three treatments of diflubenzuron (four mesocosms/treatment): control, monthly (five total 10-μg/L applications), or biweekly (twice monthly; nine total 10-μg/L applications). Direct impacts on invertebrates (numbers and species composition of insects and zooplankton) and indirect impacts on fish (mortality, growth, and reproduction of bluegill sunfish and largemouth bass), phytoplankton (biomass and productivity), and water quality were measured over 16 weeks posttreatment. Both monthly and biweekly treatments of diflubenzuron decreased total numbers (fivefold reduction) and species richness (twofold reduction) and increased dominance (twofold increase) of zooplankton within 4 weeks posttreatment; Cladocerans, Copepods, and Rotifers were all sensitive. Diflubenzuron reduced species richness of emergent insects, which resulted in increased dominance by a few species; however, impacts on emergent insects were confounded by a treatment × time interaction. Direct reductions in invertebrate grazers caused indirect increases in algal biomass. Indirect effects on biomass (50% reduction) and individual weight (50% reduction) of juvenile bluegill occurred because of apparent decreases in invertebrate food resources. No statistically significant impacts were observed on adult bluegill or largemouth bass for the duration of the experiment. Results indicated that diflubenzuron had both direct and indirect impacts on the experimental aquatic ecosystems under the conditions tested.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620151023","usgsCitation":"Boyle, T., Fairchild, J.F., Haverland, P.S., Lebo, J.A., and Robinson-Wilson, E., 1996, Ecological restructuring in experimental aquatic mesocosms due to the application of diflubenzuron: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1806-1814, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620151023.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1806","endPage":"1814","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331190,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5835672ee4b0070c0abfb6e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boyle, Terence P.","contributorId":85214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boyle","given":"Terence P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fairchild, James F. jfairchild@usgs.gov","contributorId":492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"James","email":"jfairchild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haverland, Pamela S.","contributorId":176137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Haverland","given":"Pamela","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lebo, Jon A.","contributorId":176696,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lebo","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Robinson-Wilson, Everett","contributorId":74237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson-Wilson","given":"Everett","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":654224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":95387,"text":"95387 - 1996 - Serum factors as indicators of environmental stress: optimization of methodologies for striped bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:55","indexId":"95387","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Serum factors as indicators of environmental stress: optimization of methodologies for striped bass","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Modulators of Fish Immune Responses: Volume 1, Models for Environmental Toxicology, Biomarkers, Immunostimulators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"SOS Publications","publisherLocation":"Fair Haven, NJ","collaboration":"96-098/PY96/FH","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., Higginbotham, D., and Fournie, J., 1996, Serum factors as indicators of environmental stress: optimization of methodologies for striped bass, chap. of Modulators of Fish Immune Responses: Volume 1, Models for Environmental Toxicology, Biomarkers, Immunostimulators, p. 443-457.","productDescription":"p. 443-457","startPage":"443","endPage":"457","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127526,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6e32","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stolen, J.S.","contributorId":113802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stolen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505634,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fletcher, T.C.","contributorId":95392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505630,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, D. P.","contributorId":32469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505628,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zelikoff, J.T.","contributorId":111536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelikoff","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505631,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Twerdok, L.E.","contributorId":112269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twerdok","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505632,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kaattari, S.L.","contributorId":52116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaattari","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505629,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bayne, C.C.","contributorId":112544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayne","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505633,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":7}],"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Higginbotham, D.L.","contributorId":50468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higginbotham","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fournie, J.W.","contributorId":83463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournie","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187936,"text":"70187936 - 1996 - Hazard ranking of contaminated sediments based on chemical analysis, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community composition: Prioritizing sites for remedial action","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:49:18","indexId":"70187936","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard ranking of contaminated sediments based on chemical analysis, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community composition: Prioritizing sites for remedial action","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) organized a research program to assess the extent of and possible methods for managing contaminated sediments. As part of this program, we developed a method by which multiple forms of information on sediment contamination (i.e., chemistry, laboratory toxicity, and benthic community composition) could be combined to rank the relative hazard to aquatic life of a series of sediment samples. The process that was developed incorporates chemistry and bioavailability into the ranking as toxic units in pore water based on U.S. EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). Laboratory toxicity is incorporated into the ranking process as mean response relative to control response. Benthic community information is incorporated into the ranking process through the use of relative tolerance to pollution among benthic invertebrate taxa, from which the mean tolerance to pollution of the benthic community is calculated. The three resulting ranks are then averaged to produce a relative ranking of risk to aquatic life among sediment samples. Our results demonstrate that, as long as a moderate list of laboratory toxicity test results are included in the ranking process (i.e., tests from a fish, a zooplankter, a benthic invertebrate, a phytoplankter, and a microbe), the resultant rankings among samples does not significantly change with inclusion of more laboratory toxicity test results. Without any benthic community structure information, with only laboratory toxicity test results from Microtox,® and with only a short list of chemicals, relative ranking among sites changes drastically. Our results demonstrate the general utility of the ranking process as one way of assessing the relative hazard among many sites when resource limitations necessitate prioritization of sites for remediation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70986-3","usgsCitation":"Wildhaber, M.L., and Schmitt, C.J., 1996, Hazard ranking of contaminated sediments based on chemical analysis, laboratory toxicity tests, and benthic community composition: Prioritizing sites for remedial action: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 22, no. 3, p. 639-652, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(96)70986-3.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"639","endPage":"652","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bcfe4b0b7ff9fb489c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wildhaber, Mark L. 0000-0002-6538-9083 mwildhaber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6538-9083","contributorId":1386,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wildhaber","given":"Mark","email":"mwildhaber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmitt, Christopher J. 0000-0001-6804-2360 cjschmitt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"Christopher","email":"cjschmitt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":696048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185398,"text":"70185398 - 1996 - Mass and body-dimension relationships of polar bears in northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T08:09:30","indexId":"70185398","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mass and body-dimension relationships of polar bears in northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Models developed from morphometric parameters are useful for estimating body mass (M) of captured wild ursids. The accuracy of those models, however, may depend on sex, season, and geographic location of the population. We tested the suitability of reported models to predict mass of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) captured in northern Alaska, but found that models developed for other populations performed poorly. Hence, we derived new models from field measurements of axillary girth (AG), straight-line body length (SLBL), condylobasal length (CL), and zygomatic width (ZW). Our equations accurately predicted body mass for polar bears captured during spring and autumn. The equation for spring-captured polar bears was M = 0.000078 * AG1.6026 * SLBL1.3579 (R2=0.97), while the equation for autumn-captured polar bears was M = 0.000250 * AG1.4967 * SLBL1.2468 (R2=0.97). Our results suggest that investigators should verify the accuracy of reported equations when applied to each situation and if necessary, develop models specific for the population in question.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., and Amstrup, S.C., 1996, Mass and body-dimension relationships of polar bears in northern Alaska: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 24, no. 3, p. 480-484.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"480","endPage":"484","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337967,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337966,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wildlife.org/publications/","text":"Publisher's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b92e4b0236b68f82902","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185308,"text":"70185308 - 1996 - Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-20T12:29:39","indexId":"70185308","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3420,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes","docAbstract":"The exchange of gases between soil and atmosphere is an important process that affects atmospheric chemistry and therefore climate. The static-chamber method is the most commonly used technique for estimating the rate of that exchange. We examined the method under hypothetical field conditions where diffusion was the only mechanism for gas transport and the atmosphere outside the chamber was maintained at a fixed concentration. Analytical and numerical solutions to the soil gas diffusion equation in one and three dimensions demonstrated that gas flux density to a static chamber deployed on the soil surface was less in magnitude than the ambient exchange rate in the absence of the chamber. This discrepancy, which increased with chamber deployment time and air-filled porosity of soil, is attributed to two physical factors: distortion of the soil gas concentration gradient (the magnitude was decreased in the vertical component and increased in the radial component) and the slow transport rate of diffusion relative to mixing within the chamber. Instantaneous flux density to a chamber decreased continuously with time; steepest decreases occurred so quickly following deployment and in response to such slight changes in mean chamber headspace concentration that they would likely go undetected by most field procedures. Adverse influences of these factors were reduced by mixing the chamber headspace, minimizing deployment time, maximizing the height and radius of the chamber, and pushing the rim of the chamber into the soil. Nonlinear models were superior to a linear regression model for estimating flux densities from mean headspace concentrations, suggesting that linearity of headspace concentration with time was not necessarily a good indicator of measurement accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030009x","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., Striegl, R.G., Russell, T.F., Hutchinson, G.L., and Livingston, G.P., 1996, Numerical evaluation of static-chamber measurements of soil-atmospheric gas exchange--Identification of physical processes: Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 60, no. 3, p. 740-747, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000030009x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"740","endPage":"747","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337849,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67391","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, Richard W. 0000-0002-0224-1858 rwhealy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0224-1858","contributorId":658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"Richard","email":"rwhealy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Russell, Thomas F.","contributorId":189540,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Russell","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hutchinson, Gordon L.","contributorId":189541,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Livingston, Gerald P.","contributorId":189542,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Livingston","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70185156,"text":"70185156 - 1996 - Allocation of limited reserves to a clutch: A model explaining the lack of a relationship between clutch size and egg size","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T13:35:37","indexId":"70185156","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Allocation of limited reserves to a clutch: A model explaining the lack of a relationship between clutch size and egg size","docAbstract":"Lack (1967, 1968) proposed that clutch size in waterfowl is limited by the nutrients available to females when producing eggs. He suggested that if nutrients available for clutch formation are limited, then species producing small eggs would, on average, lay more eggs than species with large eggs. Rohwer (1988) argues that this model should also apply within species. Thus, the nutrition-limitation hypothesis predicts a tradeoff among females between clutch size and egg size (Rohwer 1988). Field studies of single species consistently have failed to detect a negative relationship between clutch size and egg size (Rohwer 1988, Lessells et al. 1992, Rohwer and Eisenhauer 1989, Flint and Sedinger 1992, Flint and Grand 1996). The absence of such a relationship within species has been regarded as evidence against the hypothesis that nutrient availability limits clutch size (Rohwer 1988, 1991, 1992; Rohwer and Eisenhauer 1989).
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088875","usgsCitation":"Flint, P.L., Grand, J.B., and Sedinger, J.S., 1996, Allocation of limited reserves to a clutch: A model explaining the lack of a relationship between clutch size and egg size: The Auk, v. 113, no. 4, p. 939-942, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088875.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"939","endPage":"942","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337641,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52ffe4b0849ce97c8754","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grand, J. Barry 0000-0002-3576-4567 barry_grand@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-4567","contributorId":579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grand","given":"J.","email":"barry_grand@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Barry","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187659,"text":"70187659 - 1996 - A digital system for surface reconstruction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-12T11:14:24","indexId":"70187659","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A digital system for surface reconstruction","docAbstract":"A digital photogrammetric system, STEREO, was developed to determine three dimensional coordinates of points of interest (POIs) defined with a grid on a textureless and smooth-surfaced specimen. Two CCD cameras were set up with unknown orientation and recorded digital images of a reference model and a specimen. Points on the model were selected as control or check points for calibrating or assessing the system. A new algorithm for edge-detection called local maximum convolution (LMC) helped extract the POIs from the stereo image pairs. The system then matched the extracted POIs and used a least squares “bundle” adjustment procedure to solve for the camera orientation parameters and the coordinates of the POIs. An experiment with STEREO found that the standard deviation of the residuals at the check points was approximately 24%, 49% and 56% of the pixel size in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. The average of the absolute values of the residuals at the check points was approximately 19%, 36% and 49% of the pixel size in the X, Y and Z directions, respectively. With the graphical user interface, STEREO demonstrated a high degree of automation and its operation does not require special knowledge of photogrammetry, computers or image processing.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASPRS","usgsCitation":"Zhou, W., Brock, R.H., and Hopkins, P.F., 1996, A digital system for surface reconstruction: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 62, no. 6, p. 719-726.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"719","endPage":"726","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341200,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5916c9bde4b044b359e486ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, Weiyang","contributorId":191986,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Zhou","given":"Weiyang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, Robert H.","contributorId":191987,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brock","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hopkins, Paul F.","contributorId":191988,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hopkins","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70018413,"text":"70018413 - 1996 - Source rock potential of middle Cretaceous rocks in southwestern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T16:44:37.545705","indexId":"70018413","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source rock potential of middle Cretaceous rocks in southwestern Montana","docAbstract":"The middle Cretaceous in southwestern Montana is composed of a marine and nonmarine succession of predominantly clastic rocks that were deposited along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. In places, middle Cretaceous rocks contain appreciable total organic carbon (TOC), such as 5.59% for the Mowry Shale and 8.11% for the Frontier Formation in the Madison Range. Most samples, however, exhibit less than 1.0% TOC. The genetic or hydrocarbon potential (S1+S2) of all the samples analyzed, except one, yield less than 1 mg HC/g rock, strongly indicating poor potential for generating commercial amounts of hydrocarbons. Out of 51 samples analyzed, only one (a Thermopolis Shale sample from the Snowcrest Range) showed a moderate petroleum potenti l of 3.1 mg HC/g rock. Most of the middle Cretaceous samples are thermally immature to marginally mature, with vitrinite reflectance ranging from about 0.4 to 0.6% R0. Maturity is high in the Pioneer Mountains, where vitrinite reflectance averages 3.4% R0, and at Big Sky, Montana, where vitrinite reflectance averages 2.5% R0. At both localities, high R0 values are due to local heat sources, such as the Pioneer batholith in the Pioneer Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/64ED8CD2-1724-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Dyman, T.S., Palacas, J.G., Tysdal, R.G., Perry, W.J., and Pawlewicz, M., 1996, Source rock potential of middle Cretaceous rocks in southwestern Montana: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 80, no. 8, p. 1177-1184, https://doi.org/10.1306/64ED8CD2-1724-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1177","endPage":"1184","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227069,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.4343196254839,\n 45.69241210764088\n ],\n [\n -113.4343196254839,\n 44.57104725287937\n ],\n [\n -111.07558114169213,\n 44.57104725287937\n ],\n [\n -111.07558114169213,\n 45.69241210764088\n ],\n [\n -113.4343196254839,\n 45.69241210764088\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"80","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b933de4b08c986b31a3b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dyman, T. S.","contributorId":21161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dyman","given":"T.","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palacas, J. G.","contributorId":18359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palacas","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tysdal, R. G.","contributorId":8823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tysdal","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pawlewicz, M. J.","contributorId":75111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pawlewicz","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70018423,"text":"70018423 - 1996 - The 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating of lavas from the Hilo 1-km core hole, Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-08T08:58:15","indexId":"70018423","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The 40Ar/39Ar and K/Ar dating of lavas from the Hilo 1-km core hole, Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project","docAbstract":"Mauna Kea lava flows cored in the Hilo hole range in age from <200 ka to about 400 ka based on 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating and K‐Ar analyses of 16 groundmass samples and one coexisting plagioclase. The lavas, all subaerially deposited, include a lower section consisting only of tholeiitic basalts and an upper section of interbedded alkalic, transitional tholeiitic, and tholeiitic basalts. The lower section has yielded predominantly complex, discordant 40Ar/39Ar age spectra that result from mobility of 40Ar and perhaps K, the presence of excess 40Ar, and redistribution of 39Ar by recoil. Comparison of K‐Ar ages with 40Ar/39Ar integrated ages indicates that some of these samples have also lost 39Ar. Nevertheless, two plateau ages of 391 ± 40 and 400 ± 26 ka from deep in the hole, combined with data from the upper section, show that the tholeiitic section accumulated at an average rate of about 7 to 8 m/kyr and has a mean recurrence interval of 0.5 kyr/flow unit. Samples from the upper section yield relatively precise 40Ar/39Ar plateau and isotope correlation ages of 326 ± 23, 241 ± 5, 232 ± 4, and 199 ± 9 ka for depths of −415.7 m to −299.2 m. Within their uncertainty, these ages define a linear relationship with depth, with an average accumulation rate of 0.9 m/kyr and an average recurrence interval of 4.8 kyr/flow unit. The top of the Mauna Kea sequence at −280 m must be older than the plateau age of 132 ± 32 ka, obtained for the basal Mauna Loa flow in the corehole. The upward decrease in lava accumulation rate is a consequence of the decreasing magma supply available to Mauna Kea as it rode the Pacific plate away from its magma source, the Hawaiian mantle plume. The age‐depth relation in the core hole may be used to test and refine models that relate the growth of Mauna Kea to the thermal and compositional structure of the mantle plume.
Volcanism in the Yucca Mountain region of southern Nevada in the last 5 m.y. is restricted to moderate-to-small volumes of subalkaline basaltic magmas, produced during at least 6 intervals, and spanning an age range from 4.6 Ma to about 125 ka. Where paleomagnetic evidence is available, the period of volcanism at individual eruptive centers apparently was geologically short-lived, even where multiple eruptions involved different magma types. K-Ar studies are consistent with most other geochronologic information, such as the minimum ages of exposure-dating techniques, and show no evidence of renewed volcanism after a significant quiescence at any of the centers in the Yucca Mountain region. A volcanic recurrence interval of 860 ± 350 kyr is computed from a large K-Ar data set and an evaluation of their uncertainties. Monte Carlo error propagations demonstrate the validity of uncertainties obtained for weighted-mean ages when modified using the goodness of fit parameter, MSWD. Elevated 87Sr/86Sr initial ratios (Sri) in the basalts, nearly constant at 0.707, combined with low SiO2 and Rb/Sr ratios indicate a subcontinental, lithospheric mantle source, previously enriched in radiogenic Sr and depleted in Rb. Beginning with eruptions of the most voluminous eruptive center, the newly dated Pliocene Thirsty Mountain volcano, basaltic magmas have decreased in eruptive volume, plagioclase-phenocryst content, various trace element ratios, and TiO2, while increasing in light rare earth elements, U, Th, P2O5, and light REE/heavy REE ratios. These time-correlated changes are consistent with either increasing depths of melting or a decreasing thermal gradient in the Yucca Mountain region during the last 5 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB03123","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Fleck, R., Turrin, B.D., Sawyer, D., Warren, R., Champion, D., Hudson, M., and Minor, S., 1996, Age and character of basaltic rocks of the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 4, p. 8205-8227, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03123.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"8205","endPage":"8227","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227213,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8d6e4b0c8380cd47ee6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fleck, R.J.","contributorId":25147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleck","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turrin, B. D.","contributorId":32548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turrin","given":"B.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sawyer, D.A.","contributorId":107666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sawyer","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, R.G.","contributorId":6037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Champion, D.E.","contributorId":70402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hudson, M.R.","contributorId":68317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Minor, S.A.","contributorId":65047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Minor","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70018466,"text":"70018466 - 1996 - Implications of fault constitutive properties for earthquake prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018466","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Implications of fault constitutive properties for earthquake prediction","docAbstract":"The rate- and state-dependent constitutive formulation for fault slip characterizes an exceptional variety of materials over a wide range of sliding conditions. This formulation provides a unified representation of diverse sliding phenomena including slip weakening over a characteristic sliding distance D(c), apparent fracture energy at a rupture front, time- dependent healing after rapid slip, and various other transient and slip rate effects. Laboratory observations and theoretical models both indicate that earthquake nucleation is accompanied by long intervals of accelerating slip. Strains from the nucleation process on buried faults generally could not be detected if laboratory values of D, apply to faults in nature. However, scaling of D(c) is presently an open question and the possibility exists that measurable premonitory creep may precede some earthquakes. Earthquake activity is modeled as a sequence of earthquake nucleation events. In this model, earthquake clustering arises from sensitivity of nucleation times to the stress changes induced by prior earthquakes. The model gives the characteristic Omori aftershock decay law and assigns physical interpretation to aftershock parameters. The seismicity formulation predicts large changes of earthquake probabilities result from stress changes. Two mechanisms for foreshocks are proposed that describe observed frequency of occurrence of foreshock-mainshock pairs by time and magnitude. With the first mechanism, foreshocks represent a manifestation of earthquake clustering in which the stress change at the time of the foreshock increases the probability of earthquakes at all magnitudes including the eventual mainshock. With the second model, accelerating fault slip on the mainshock nucleation zone triggers foreshocks.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.93.9.3787","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Dieterich, J.H., and Kilgore, B., 1996, Implications of fault constitutive properties for earthquake prediction, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 93, no. 9, p. 3787-3794, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.9.3787.","startPage":"3787","endPage":"3794","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":480179,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"text":"External Repository"},{"id":205878,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.9.3787"},{"id":227251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-04-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3923e4b0c8380cd617fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81614,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kilgore, B.","contributorId":59968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilgore","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70019325,"text":"70019325 - 1996 - Thermal and unroofing history of a thick, tilted Basin-and-Range crustal section in the Tortilla Mountains, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-13T17:40:08.456691","indexId":"70019325","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thermal and unroofing history of a thick, tilted Basin-and-Range crustal section in the Tortilla Mountains, Arizona","docAbstract":"We estimate here a geothermal gradient of only 17 ± 5°C km−1 for the tilted Grayback fault block in southeastern Arizona when extension began ∼25 Ma. This gradient is lower than preextension gradients estimated elsewhere in the Basin and Range, is only about 50% of typical gradients in the Basin and Range today, and needs to be accounted for in models of continental extension. The Grayback block exposes a 12-km-thick crustal section of Proterozoic and Cretaceous granitoids, which was tilted 90° during extension between 25 and 15 Ma. Zircon fission-track ages decrease structurally downward (westward) across the block and were all within a zone of partial track annealing prior to tilting and quenching. The zircon age gradient suggests that the 220°–240°C isotherm migrated downward 5–6 km during Paleogene erosion and regional cooling. Apatite fission-track ages decrease westward from ∼83 Ma in the structurally highest crystalline rocks to ∼24 Ma at ∼6-km paleodepth and then to ∼15 Ma another 6 km farther west. Track-length analysis confirms that apatites above the break in slope in age at ∼5.7-km paleodepth resided in a zone of partial annealing prior to tilting, and deeper apatites record rapid cooling upon tilting and unroofing beginning ∼25 Ma. At that time the 110 ± 10°C isotherm determined by the depth at which tracks in apatite were fully erased was at a basement paleodepth of ∼5.7 km, and the 220 ± 30°C isotherm as estimated from zircon data resided at a pretilting basement depth of ∼12.15 km. From consistent values of paleogeothermal gradient for two depth intervals we estimate the pretilt gradient was 17 ± 5°C km−1. From 25 to 15 Ma the rotating Grayback block cooled rapidly as higher, westward moving blocks unroofed it tectonically at a rate of ∼1 km m.y.−1.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB02909","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., and Foster, D., 1996, Thermal and unroofing history of a thick, tilted Basin-and-Range crustal section in the Tortilla Mountains, Arizona: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 1, p. 511-522, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB02909.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"511","endPage":"522","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226425,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb210e4b08c986b325590","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, K. A.","contributorId":48938,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howard","given":"K.","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foster, D.A.","contributorId":82865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018709,"text":"70018709 - 1996 - Layered intrusions of the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-09T15:33:58.436866","indexId":"70018709","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":21270,"text":"Developments in Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Layered intrusions of the Duluth Complex, Minnesota, USA","docAbstract":"