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,{"id":70192432,"text":"70192432 - 2014 - Effects of urbanization on mercury deposition and accumulation in New England","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-04T16:38:42","indexId":"70192432","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of urbanization on mercury deposition and accumulation in New England","docAbstract":"We compare total mercury (HgT) loading and methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in streams and lakes\nfrom an urbanized area (Boston, Massachusetts) to rural regions of southern New Hampshire and Maine.\nThe maximum HgT loading, as indicated by HgT atmospheric deposition, HgT emissions, and sediment\nHgT concentrations, did not coincide with maximum MeHg concentrations in fish. 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Controls on MeHg production\nand accumulation appeared to be related primarily to HgT loading in undeveloped areas, while\necosystem sensitivity to MeHg formation appeared to be more important in regulating accumulation of\nMeHg in the urban area.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.003","usgsCitation":"Chalmers, A.T., Krabbenhoft, D.P., Van Metre, P., and Nilles, M.A., 2014, Effects of urbanization on mercury deposition and accumulation in New England: Environmental Pollution, v. 192, p. 104-112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.05.003.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"112","ipdsId":"IP-052660","costCenters":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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,{"id":70193569,"text":"70193569 - 2014 - Chemical mixtures in potable water in the U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-30T10:23:35","indexId":"70193569","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Chemical mixtures in potable water in the U.S.","docAbstract":"In recent years, regulators have devoted increasing attention to health risks from exposure to multiple chemicals. In 1996, the US Congress directed the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to study mixtures of chemicals in drinking water, with a particular focus on potential interactions affecting chemicals' joint toxicity. The task is complicated by the number of possible mixtures in drinking water and lack of toxicological data for combinations of chemicals. As one step toward risk assessment and regulation of mixtures, the EPA and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) have proposed to estimate mixtures' toxicity based on the interactions of individual component chemicals. This approach permits the use of existing toxicological data on individual chemicals, but still requires additional information on interactions between chemicals and environmental data on the public's exposure to combinations of chemicals.\n\nLarge compilations of water-quality data have recently become available from federal and state agencies. This chapter demonstrates the use of these environmental data, in combination with the available toxicological data, to explore scenarios for mixture toxicity and develop priorities for future research and regulation. Occurrence data on binary and ternary mixtures of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese are used to parameterize the EPA and ATSDR models for each drinking water source in the dataset. The models' outputs are then mapped at county scale to illustrate the implications of the proposed models for risk assessment and rulemaking. For example, according to the EPA's interaction model, the levels of arsenic and cadmium found in US groundwater are unlikely to have synergistic cardiovascular effects in most areas of the country, but the same mixture's potential for synergistic neurological effects merits further study. Similar analysis could, in future, be used to explore the implications of alternative risk models for the toxicity and interaction of complex mixtures, and to identify the communities with the highest and lowest expected value for regulation of chemical mixtures.","largerWorkTitle":"Comprehensive water quality and purification","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-382182-9.00019-0","usgsCitation":"Ryker, S.J., 2014, Chemical mixtures in potable water in the U.S., chap. <i>of</i> Comprehensive water quality and purification, v. 1, p. 267-277, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382182-9.00019-0.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"277","ipdsId":"IP-042940","costCenters":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349561,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61003fe4b06e28e9c253b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ryker, Sarah J. 0000-0002-1004-5611 sryker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1004-5611","contributorId":4100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryker","given":"Sarah","email":"sryker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":505,"text":"Office of the AD Climate and Land-Use Change","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":719389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70190302,"text":"70190302 - 2014 - Growth and survival of Apache Trout under static and fluctuating temperature regimes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T12:01:59","indexId":"70190302","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth and survival of Apache Trout under static and fluctuating temperature regimes","docAbstract":"<p><span>Increasing stream temperatures have important implications for arid-region fishes. Little is known about effects of high water temperatures that fluctuate over extended periods on Apache Trout&nbsp;</span><i>Oncorhynchus gilae apache</i><span>, a federally threatened species of southwestern USA streams. We compared survival and growth of juvenile Apache Trout held for 30 d in static temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, and 28°C) and fluctuating diel temperatures (±3°C from 16, 19, 22 and 25°C midpoints and ±6°C from 19°C and 22°C midpoints). Lethal temperature for 50% (LT50) of the Apache Trout under static temperatures (mean [SD] = 22.8 [0.6]°C) was similar to that of ±3°C diel temperature fluctuations (23.1 [0.1]°C). Mean LT50 for the midpoint of the ±6°C fluctuations could not be calculated because survival in the two treatments (19 ± 6°C and 22 ± 6°C) was not below 50%; however, it probably was also between 22°C and 25°C because the upper limb of a ±6°C fluctuation on a 25°C midpoint is above critical thermal maximum for Apache Trout (28.5–30.4°C). Growth decreased as temperatures approached the LT50. Apache Trout can survive short-term exposure to water temperatures with daily maxima that remain below 25°C and midpoint diel temperatures below 22°C. However, median summer stream temperatures must remain below 19°C for best growth and even lower if daily fluctuations are high (≥12°C).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2014.931298","usgsCitation":"Recsetar, M.S., Bonar, S.A., and Feuerbacher, O., 2014, Growth and survival of Apache Trout under static and fluctuating temperature regimes: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, no. 5, p. 1247-1254, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.931298.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1247","endPage":"1254","ipdsId":"IP-056194","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345108,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"143","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"599fe5bbe4b038630d02210a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Recsetar, Matthew S.","contributorId":67395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Recsetar","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonar, Scott A. 0000-0003-3532-4067 sbonar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3532-4067","contributorId":3712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"sbonar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":708359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feuerbacher, Olin","contributorId":187760,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Feuerbacher","given":"Olin","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70190303,"text":"70190303 - 2014 - Spawning patterns of Pacific Lamprey in tributaries to the Willamette River, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T11:59:08","indexId":"70190303","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning patterns of Pacific Lamprey in tributaries to the Willamette River, Oregon","docAbstract":"<p><span>Addressing the ongoing decline of Pacific Lamprey&nbsp;</span><i>Entosphenus tridentatus</i><span><span>&nbsp;</span>across its range along the west coast of North America requires an understanding of all life history phases. Currently, spawning surveys (redd counts) are a common tool used to monitor returning adult salmonids, but the methods are in their infancy for Pacific Lamprey. To better understand the spawning phase, our objective was to assess temporal spawning trends, redd abundance, habitat use, and spatial patterns of spawning at multiple spatial scales for Pacific Lamprey in the Willamette River basin, Oregon. Although redd density varied considerably across surveyed reaches, the observed temporal patterns of spawning were related to physical habitat and hydrologic conditions. As has been documented in studies in other basins in the Pacific Northwest, we found that redds were often constructed in pool tailouts dominated by gravel, similar to habitat used by spawning salmonids. Across the entire Willamette Basin, Pacific Lampreys appeared to select reaches with alluvial geology, likely because this is where gravel suitable for spawning accumulated. At the tributary scale, spawning patterns were not as strong, and in reaches with nonalluvial geology redds were more spatially clumped than in reaches with alluvial geology. These results can be used to help identify and conserve Pacific Lamprey spawning habitat across the Pacific Northwest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00028487.2014.949013","usgsCitation":"Mayfield, M., Schultz, L., Wyss, L.A., Clemens, B.J., and Schreck, C.B., 2014, Spawning patterns of Pacific Lamprey in tributaries to the Willamette River, Oregon: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 143, no. 6, p. 1544-1554, https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.949013.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1544","endPage":"1554","ipdsId":"IP-056801","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2014.949013","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":345107,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"143","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-10-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"599fe5bae4b038630d022107","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayfield, M.P.","contributorId":195833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mayfield","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Luke 0000-0002-6751-4626 lschultz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6751-4626","contributorId":193171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schultz","given":"Luke","email":"lschultz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":708378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wyss, Lance A.","contributorId":195114,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wyss","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clemens, B. J.","contributorId":119936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clemens","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schreck, Carl B. 0000-0001-8347-1139 carl.schreck@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-1139","contributorId":878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"Carl","email":"carl.schreck@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":708360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70137287,"text":"70137287 - 2014 - A review of pipe and bamboo artificial refugia as sampling tools in anuran studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-26T09:26:14","indexId":"70137287","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1894,"text":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","onlineIssn":"2151-0733","printIssn":"1931-7603","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A review of pipe and bamboo artificial refugia as sampling tools in anuran studies","docAbstract":"<p>Artificial pipe-like refugia have been used for more than 40 years in anuran studies, and have captured 28 species, primarily (82%) hylid treefrogs. Early pipe-like refugia were made using cut pieces of bamboo in the tropical forests of Puerto Rico, but most recent studies have used synthetic pipes and have occurred primarily in the southeastern United States. Characteristics of artificial refugia (e.g., color, length, and diameter), and their placement in the environment have varied greatly among studies, making comparisons difficult. Here, we summarize and evaluate different pipe designs and placement, address potential concerns when using artificial pipe-like refugia, and suggest studies necessary to better interpret the data gained from this technique in anuran studies.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology","usgsCitation":"Glorioso, B.M., and Waddle, J., 2014, A review of pipe and bamboo artificial refugia as sampling tools in anuran studies: Herpetological Conservation and Biology, v. 9, no. 3, p. 609-625.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"625","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-050722","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":297504,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":297022,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.herpconbio.org/contents_vol9_issue3.html"}],"volume":"9","issue":"3","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":5,"text":"Lafayette PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54dd2a4ee4b08de9379b2fcf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Glorioso, Brad M. 0000-0002-5400-7414 gloriosob@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-7414","contributorId":4241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glorioso","given":"Brad","email":"gloriosob@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":537669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waddle, J. Hardin 0000-0003-1940-2133 waddleh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1940-2133","contributorId":138516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waddle","given":"J. Hardin","email":"waddleh@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":537670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70189603,"text":"70189603 - 2014 - A large mantle water source for the northern San Andreas Fault System: A ghost of subduction past","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-19T10:34:27","indexId":"70189603","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1430,"text":"Earth, Planets and Space","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A large mantle water source for the northern San Andreas Fault System: A ghost of subduction past","docAbstract":"Recent research indicates that the shallow mantle of the Cascadia subduction margin under near-coastal Pacific Northwest U.S. is cold and partially serpentinized, storing large quantities of water in this wedge-shaped region. Such a wedge probably formed to the south in California during an earlier period of subduction. We show by numerical modeling that after subduction ceased with the creation of the San Andreas Fault System (SAFS), the mantle wedge warmed, slowly releasing its water over a period of more than 25 Ma by serpentine dehydration into the crust above. This deep, long-term water source could facilitate fault slip in San Andreas System at low shear stresses by raising pore pressures in a broad region above the wedge. Moreover, the location and breadth of the water release from this model gives insights into the position and breadth of the SAFS. Such a mantle source of water also likely plays a role in the occurrence of Non-Volcanic Tremor (NVT) that has been reported along the SAFS in central California. This process of water release from mantle depths could also mobilize mantle serpentinite from the wedge above the dehydration front, permitting upward emplacement of serpentinite bodies by faulting or by diapiric ascent. Specimens of serpentinite collected from tectonically emplaced serpentinite blocks along the SAFS show mineralogical and structural evidence of high fluid pressures during ascent from depth. Serpentinite dehydration may also lead to tectonic mobility along other plate boundaries that succeed subduction, such as other continental transforms, collision zones, or along present-day subduction zones where spreading centers are subducting.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1186/1880-5981-66-67","usgsCitation":"Kirby, S.H., Wang, K., and Brocher, T.M., 2014, A large mantle water source for the northern San Andreas Fault System: A ghost of subduction past: Earth, Planets and Space, v. 66-67, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-5981-66-67.","productDescription":"18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-056085","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-5981-66-67","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":344033,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -125.98022460937499,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              35\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.98022460937499,\n              41\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.98022460937499,\n              35\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66-67","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-07-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59706fbbe4b0d1f9f065a8ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirby, Stephen H. 0000-0003-1636-4688 skirby@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-4688","contributorId":2752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"Stephen","email":"skirby@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, Kelin","contributorId":194791,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Kelin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":705380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":705381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193836,"text":"70193836 - 2014 - Importance of understanding landscape biases in USGS gage locations: Implications and solutions for managers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T14:39:24","indexId":"70193836","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of understanding landscape biases in USGS gage locations: Implications and solutions for managers","docAbstract":"<p><span>Flow and water temperature are fundamental properties of stream ecosystems upon which many freshwater resource management decisions are based. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gages are the most important source of streamflow and water temperature data available nationwide, but the degree to which gages represent landscape attributes of the larger population of streams has not been thoroughly evaluated. We identified substantial biases for seven landscape attributes in one or more regions across the conterminous United States. Streams with small watersheds (&lt;10 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) and at high elevations were often underrepresented, and biases were greater for water temperature gages and in arid regions. Biases can fundamentally alter management decisions and at a minimum this potential for error must be acknowledged accurately and transparently. We highlight three strategies that seek to reduce bias or limit errors arising from bias and illustrate how one strategy, supplementing USGS data, can greatly reduce bias.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/03632415.2014.891503","usgsCitation":"Wagner, T., DeWeber, J.T., Tsang, Y., Krueger, D., Whittier, J.B., Infante, D.M., and Whelan, G., 2014, Importance of understanding landscape biases in USGS gage locations: Implications and solutions for managers: Fisheries, v. 39, no. 4, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2014.891503.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","ipdsId":"IP-041195","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348414,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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0000-0003-1385-1587","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-1587","contributorId":150821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Infante","given":"Dana","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":18112,"text":"Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife,","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whelan, Gary","contributorId":146115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whelan","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16584,"text":"Fisheries Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 30446, Lansing, MI 48909","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70145506,"text":"70145506 - 2014 - Reanalysis of historical U.S. Geological Survey sediment samples for geochemical data from the western part of the Wrangellia terrane, Anchorage, Gulkana, Healy, Mt. Hayes, Nabesna, and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-12T10:35:45","indexId":"70145506","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"title":"Reanalysis of historical U.S. Geological Survey sediment samples for geochemical data from the western part of the Wrangellia terrane, Anchorage, Gulkana, Healy, Mt. Hayes, Nabesna, and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The State of Alaska’s <i>Strategic and Critical Minerals (SCM) Assessment</i> project, a State-funded Capital Improvement Project (CIP), is designed to evaluate Alaska’s statewide potential for SCM resources. The <i>SCM Assessment</i> is being implemented by the Alaska Division of Geological &amp; Geophysical Surveys (DGGS), and involves obtaining new airborne-geophysical, geological, and geochemical data. For the geochemical part of the SCM Assessment, thousands of historical geochemical samples from DGGS, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and U.S. Bureau of Mines archives are being reanalyzed by DGGS using modern, quantitative, geochemical-analytical methods. The objective is to update the statewide geochemical database to more clearly identify areas in Alaska with SCM potential. </p><p>The USGS is also undertaking SCM-related geologic studies in Alaska through the federally funded <i>Alaska Critical Minerals</i> cooperative project. DGGS and USGS share the goal of evaluating Alaska’s strategic and critical minerals potential and together created a Letter of Agreement (signed December 2012) and a supplementary Technical Assistance Agreement (#14CMTAA143458) to facilitate the two agencies’ cooperative work. Under these agreements, DGGS contracted the USGS in Denver to reanalyze historical USGS sediment samples from Alaska. </p><p>For this report, DGGS funded reanalysis of 1,682 historical USGS sediment samples from the statewide Alaska Geochemical Database Version 2.0 (AGDB2; Granitto and others, 2013). Samples were chosen from an area covering the western half of the Wrangellia Terrane in the Anchorage, Gulkana, Healy, Mt. Hayes, Nabesna, and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles of south-central Alaska (fig. 1). USGS was responsible for sample retrieval from the Denver warehouse through the final quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) of the geochemical analyses obtained through the USGS contract lab. The new geochemical data are published in this report as a coauthored DGGS report, and will be incorporated into the statewide geochemical databases of both agencies. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys","publisherLocation":"Fairbanks, AK","doi":"10.14509/27287","usgsCitation":"Werdon, M., Azain, J.S., and Granitto, M., 2014, Reanalysis of historical U.S. Geological Survey sediment samples for geochemical data from the western part of the Wrangellia terrane, Anchorage, Gulkana, Healy, Mt. Hayes, Nabesna, and Talkeetna Mountains quadrangles, Alaska, Report: 7 p.; 2 data tables; Metadata, https://doi.org/10.14509/27287.","productDescription":"Report: 7 p.; 2 data tables; Metadata","ipdsId":"IP-057006","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14509/27287","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":342370,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -148.3978271484375,\n              62.87017895189572\n            ],\n            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jsazain@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8256-7494","contributorId":5963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Azain","given":"Jaime","email":"jsazain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Granitto, Matthew 0000-0003-3445-4863 granitto@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3445-4863","contributorId":1224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Granitto","given":"Matthew","email":"granitto@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193833,"text":"70193833 - 2014 - Call broadcasting and automated recorders as tools for anuran surveys in a subarctic tundra landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T10:46:39","indexId":"70193833","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5541,"text":"The Journal of North American Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Call broadcasting and automated recorders as tools for anuran surveys in a subarctic tundra landscape","docAbstract":"<p>Relatively little is known about population ecology of anurans in arctic and subarctic tundra regions, in part because it is difficult to survey anurans in these landscapes. Anuran survey protocols developed for temperate regions have limited applicability in arctic and subarctic tundra landscapes, which may lack roads and vehicle access, and experience variable and inclement weather during short anuran breeding seasons. To evaluate approaches to address some of the limitations of surveying anurans in tundra landscapes, we assessed the effectiveness of using breeding call broadcasts to increase detection of Boreal Chorus Frogs (<i>Pseudacris maculata</i>) and Wood Frogs (<i>Lithobates sylvaticus</i>) near Cape Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. We also evaluated how counts of anurans derived from automated audio recorders compared with those obtained simultaneously by observers. We detected on average 0.4 additional Wood Frogs per survey when we broadcasted calls (<span>x̄</span> = 0.82, SD = 1.38), an increase of &gt; 40% compared to surveys without broadcasts (<span>x̄</span> = 1.24, SD = 1.51; Wilcoxon test; Z = 2.73, P = 0.006). In contrast, broadcasting Boreal Chorus Frog calls did not increase the number of chorus frog detections (Wilcoxon test; Z &lt; 0.001, P &gt; 0.90). Detections of Wood Frogs in a 100-m radius were lower via automated recorders (<span>x̄</span> = 0.60, SD = 0.87 SD) than by observers during simultaneous surveys (<span>x̄</span> = 0.96, SD = 1.27 Z = 2.07, P = 0.038), but those of Boreal Chorus Frogs were not different (x = 1.72, SD = 1.31;<span>x̄</span> = 1.44, SD = 1.5; Z = 1.55, P &gt; 0.121). Our results suggest that broadcasting calls can increase detection of Wood Frogs, and that automated recorders are useful in detecting both Wood Frogs and Boreal Chorus Fogs in arctic and subarctic tundra landscapes. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Center for North American Amphibians and Reptiles","usgsCitation":"Mannan, R., Perry, G., Andersen, D.E., and Boal, C.W., 2014, Call broadcasting and automated recorders as tools for anuran surveys in a subarctic tundra landscape: The Journal of North American Herpetology, v. 1, p. 47-52.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"47","endPage":"52","ipdsId":"IP-044032","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348418,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":348417,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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Nicholas","contributorId":200113,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mannan","given":"R. Nicholas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perry, Gad","contributorId":7839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Gad","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, David E. 0000-0001-9535-3404 dea@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9535-3404","contributorId":199408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"David","email":"dea@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":720626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boal, Clint W. 0000-0001-6008-8911 cboal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-8911","contributorId":1909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boal","given":"Clint","email":"cboal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":721035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70193831,"text":"70193831 - 2014 - A versatile technique for capturing urban gulls during winter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-08T11:09:28","indexId":"70193831","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A versatile technique for capturing urban gulls during winter","docAbstract":"<p><span>The capture of birds is a common part of many avian studies but often requires large investments of time and resources. We developed a novel technique for capturing gulls during the non-breeding season using a net launcher that was effective and efficient. The technique can be used in a variety of habitats and situations, including urban areas. Using this technique, we captured 1,326 gulls in 125 capture events from 2008 to 2012 in Massachusetts, USA. On average, 10 ring-billed gulls (</span><i>Larus delawarensis</i><span>; range = 1–37) were captured per trapping event. Capture rate (the number of birds captured per trapping event) was influenced by the type of bait used and also the time of the year (greatest in autumn, lowest in winter). Our capture technique could be adapted to catch a variety of urban or suburban birds and mammals that are attracted to bait.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/wsb.435","usgsCitation":"Clark, D.E., Koenen, K.K., MacKenzie, K.G., Pereira, J.W., and DeStefano, S., 2014, A versatile technique for capturing urban gulls during winter: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 38, no. 3, p. 605-610, https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.435.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"605","endPage":"610","ipdsId":"IP-044260","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500003,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doaj.org/article/a20865e6fce145f4b57dc7d16fb5f89a","text":"External Repository"},{"id":348424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":70160721,"text":"70160721 - 2014 - Comparison of fishes in nearshore areas of the St. Lawrence River, New York over 35 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-05T12:38:10","indexId":"70160721","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5114,"text":"NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"2013","chapter":"21","title":"Comparison of fishes in nearshore areas of the St. Lawrence River, New York over 35 years","docAbstract":"Fishes of the nearshore waters of the St. Lawrence River provide forage for valuable sport fisheries and are important biological indicators of condition and change. This fish community differs slightly among various reaches of the St. Lawrence River from New York to Quebec (Carlson et al. 2006, Eckert and Hanlon 1977, Kapuscinski 2011, LaViolette et al. 2003, Mandrak et al. 2006, McKenna et al. 2005). Nearshore habitat has been described by McKenna et al. (2012), and others have suggested that there were changes over the last few decades (Clapsadl 1993, Kapuscinski and Farrell 2013). More definitive work needs to be completed on submerged aquatic vegetation habitats. In this paper, changes in the nearshore fish species composition for the New York reach from Cape Vincent to Moses-Saunders Dam are examined through comparison of results from 2009-2010 (McKenna et al. 2012) and 1976 surveys (Eckert and Hanlon 1977).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"2013 Annual report: Bureau of Fisheries, Lake Ontario unit and St. Lawrence River unit, to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission’s Lake Ontario Committee","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"conferenceTitle":"Lake Ontario Committee Meeting","conferenceDate":"March 26-27, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Windsor, ON","language":"English","publisher":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","publisherLocation":"Albany, NY","usgsCitation":"Carlson, D.M., and McKenna, J., 2014, Comparison of fishes in nearshore areas of the St. Lawrence River, New York over 35 years: NYSDEC Lake Ontario Annual Report  2013, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"21-1","endPage":"21-5","ipdsId":"IP-055067","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340441,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351414,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://purl.nysed.gov/nysl/889897048"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"St. Lawrence River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.70703125,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.70703125,\n              45.13555516012536\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              45.13555516012536\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.79443359375,\n              44.05601169578525\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":6,"text":"Columbus PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5901b1c0e4b0c2e071a99bb0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carlson, Douglas M.","contributorId":91001,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carlson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":13678,"text":"New York State Department of Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":583687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKenna, James E. Jr. 0000-0002-1428-7597 jemckenna@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1428-7597","contributorId":627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenna","given":"James E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"jemckenna@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":583686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70129056,"text":"70129056 - 2014 - Optimally managing water resources in large river basins for an uncertain future","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T08:25:43","indexId":"70129056","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"title":"Optimally managing water resources in large river basins for an uncertain future","docAbstract":"Managers of large river basins face conflicting needs for water resources such as wildlife habitat, water supply, wastewater assimilative capacity, flood control, hydroelectricity, and recreation. The Savannah River Basin for example, has experienced three major droughts since 2000 that resulted in record low water levels in its reservoirs, impacting local economies for years. The Savannah River Basin’s coastal area contains municipal water intakes and the ecologically sensitive freshwater tidal marshes of the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge. The Port of Savannah is the fourth busiest in the United States, and modifications to the harbor have caused saltwater to migrate upstream, reducing the freshwater marsh’s acreage more than 50 percent since the 1970s. There is a planned deepening of the harbor that includes flow-alteration features to minimize further migration of salinity. The effectiveness of the flow-alteration features will only be known after they are constructed.\r\n   One of the challenges of basin management is the optimization of water use through ongoing development, droughts, and climate change. This paper describes a model of the Savannah River Basin designed to continuously optimize regulated flow to meet prioritized objectives set by resource managers and stakeholders. The model was developed from historical data by using machine learning, making it more accurate and adaptable to changing conditions than traditional models. The model is coupled to an optimization routine that computes the daily flow needed to most efficiently meet the water-resource management objectives. The model and optimization routine are packaged in a decision support system that makes it easy for managers and stakeholders to use. Simulation results show that flow can be regulated to significantly reduce salinity intrusions in the Savannah National Wildlife Refuge while conserving more water in the reservoirs. A method for using the model to assess the effectiveness of the flow-alteration features after the deepening also is demonstrated\r\n","conferenceTitle":"2014 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"October 15-16, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Columbia, SC","publisher":"Proceedings of the 2014 South Carolina Water Resources Conference","usgsCitation":"Edwin A. Roehl, J., and Conrads, P., 2014, Optimally managing water resources in large river basins for an uncertain future, 6 p.","productDescription":"6 p.","ipdsId":"IP-059707","costCenters":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342456,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295418,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/scwrc/"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Savannah River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              31.781882156411022\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.804443359375,\n              31.781882156411022\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.804443359375,\n              32.24300560401558\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              32.24300560401558\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              31.781882156411022\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3be4b0764e6c65dc4f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwin A. Roehl, Jr.","contributorId":121477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwin A. Roehl","given":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, Paul 0000-0003-0408-4208 pconrads@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0408-4208","contributorId":764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"Paul","email":"pconrads@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":559,"text":"South Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":519791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70194330,"text":"70194330 - 2014 - Concealed basalt-matrix diatremes with Cu-Au-Ag-(Mo)-mineralized xenoliths, Santa Cruz Porphyry Cu-(Mo) System, Pinal County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T10:02:12","indexId":"70194330","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Concealed basalt-matrix diatremes with Cu-Au-Ag-(Mo)-mineralized xenoliths, Santa Cruz Porphyry Cu-(Mo) System, Pinal County, Arizona","docAbstract":"<p>The Santa Cruz porphyry Cu-(Mo) system near Casa Grande, Arizona, includes the Sacaton mine deposits and at least five other concealed, mineralized fault blocks with an estimated minimum resource of 1.5 Gt @ 0.6% Cu. The Late Cretaceous-Paleocene system has been dismembered and rotated by Tertiary extension, partially eroded, and covered by Tertiary-Quaternary basin-fill deposits. The mine and mineralized fault blocks, which form an 11 km (~7 miles) by 1.6 km (~1 mile) NE-SW–trending alignment, represent either pieces of one large deposit, several deposits, or pieces of several deposits. The southwestern part of the known system is penetrated by three or more diatremes that consist of heterolithic breccia pipes with basalt and clastic matrices, and subannular tuff ring and maar-fill sedimentary deposits associated with vents. The tephra and maar-fill deposits, which are covered by ~485 to 910 m (~1,600–3,000 ft) of basin fill, lie on a mid-Tertiary erosion surface of Middle Proterozoic granite and Late Cretaceous porphyry, which compose most xenoliths in pipes and are the host rocks of the system. Some igneous xenoliths in the pipes contain bornite-chalcopyrite-covellite assemblages with hypogene grades &gt;1 wt % Cu, 0.01 ounces per ton (oz/t) Au, 0.5 oz/t Ag, and small amounts of Mo (&lt;0.01 wt %). These xenoliths were derived from mineralized rocks that have not been encountered in drill holes, and attest to additional, possibly higher-grade deposits within or subjacent to the known system.</p><p>The geometry, stratigraphy, and temporal relationships of pipes and tephras, interpreted from drill hole spacing and intercepts, multigenerational breccias and matrices, reequilibrated and partially decomposed sulfide-oxide mineral assemblages, melted xenoliths, and breccia matrix compositions show that the diatremes formed in repeated stages. Initial pulses of basalt magma fractured granite, porphyry, and other crustal rocks during intrusion, transported multi-sized fragments of these rocks upward, and partially melted small fragments. Rapid decompression of magma induced catastrophic devolatilization that ruptured overlying rocks to the surface, and generated fragment-volatile suspensions that abraded conduits into near-vertical cylindrical structures. Fragments entrained in suspensions were milled and sorted, and ejected as basal surge, pyroclastic deposits, and airfall tephra that built tuff rings around vents and filled vent depressions. Comminuted m- to mm-sized fragments of wall rocks in magma and suspensions that remained in conduits solidified as heterolithic breccias. Subsequent pulses of basalt magma ascended through the same conduits, brecciated older heterolithic breccias, devolatilized, and quenched, leaving two or more generations of nested and mingled heterolithic breccias and internal zones of fluidized fragments. Tephra and maar-fill deposits from later eruptions are composed of more hydrous and oxidized minerals than earlier tephras, reflecting a higher proportion of water in transport fluid which, based on fluid inclusion populations in mineralized xenoliths, was saline water and CO<sub>2</sub>. The large vertical extent (~600 m; ~2,000 ft) of basalt matrix in pipes, near-paleosurface matrix vesiculation, and plastically deformed basalt lapilli indicates that diatreme eruptions were predominantly phreatic.</p><p>Diatreme xenoliths represent crustal stratigraphy and, as in the Santa Cruz system, provide evidence of concealed mineral resources that can guide exploration drilling through cover. Vectors to the source of bornite-dominant xenoliths containing &gt;1% Cu and significant Au and Ag could be determined by refinement of breccia pipe geometries, by reassembly of mineralized fault blocks using modal, chemical, and temporal characteristics of hydrothermal mineral assemblages and fluid inclusions, and by paleodrainage analysis.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/econgeo.109.5.1271","usgsCitation":"Vikre, P.G., Graybeal, F., and Koutz, F.R., 2014, Concealed basalt-matrix diatremes with Cu-Au-Ag-(Mo)-mineralized xenoliths, Santa Cruz Porphyry Cu-(Mo) System, Pinal County, Arizona: Economic Geology, v. 109, no. 5, p. 1271-1289, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.109.5.1271.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1271","endPage":"1289","ipdsId":"IP-050076","costCenters":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349446,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Pinal County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-110.4491,33.1944],[-110.4484,32.5144],[-110.5485,32.5139],[-110.685,32.5147],[-110.6942,32.5143],[-110.7045,32.5145],[-110.7562,32.5146],[-110.8405,32.5136],[-110.8405,32.5114],[-110.8546,32.512],[-110.9509,32.5124],[-111.0634,32.5121],[-111.0982,32.5119],[-111.1547,32.5114],[-111.1548,32.5028],[-111.2054,32.5027],[-111.2228,32.5028],[-111.2625,32.5031],[-111.4468,32.5023],[-111.4642,32.5019],[-111.4712,32.5019],[-111.5674,32.5019],[-111.5674,32.5069],[-111.5875,32.507],[-111.655,32.5067],[-111.6723,32.5063],[-111.7218,32.5065],[-111.7397,32.507],[-111.7566,32.5065],[-111.7898,32.5066],[-111.7936,32.5066],[-112.0996,32.5077],[-112.2029,32.5071],[-112.2021,32.5955],[-112.2022,32.6405],[-112.2023,32.682],[-112.2023,32.6952],[-112.2024,32.7221],[-112.2025,32.7553],[-112.2025,32.7699],[-112.2025,32.7817],[-112.2026,32.7922],[-112.202,32.799],[-112.2021,32.8241],[-112.2016,32.8568],[-112.2023,32.8869],[-112.2018,32.9324],[-112.2013,32.9434],[-112.2019,32.9443],[-112.2014,32.9884],[-112.2014,33.0034],[-112.2015,33.0317],[-112.1999,33.0317],[-112.2,33.0772],[-112.2,33.0913],[-112.1995,33.1068],[-112.2001,33.119],[-112.2002,33.165],[-112.1998,33.2064],[-112.2004,33.2483],[-112.1999,33.2633],[-112.2,33.2915],[-112.2017,33.2915],[-112.2011,33.3079],[-112.1989,33.3061],[-112.1973,33.302],[-112.1962,33.2965],[-112.1951,33.2902],[-112.1912,33.2806],[-112.189,33.2774],[-112.184,33.2743],[-112.1807,33.2715],[-112.1785,33.2683],[-112.1785,33.2643],[-112.1752,33.2597],[-112.1719,33.2588],[-112.1692,33.257],[-112.1653,33.2584],[-112.1609,33.2579],[-112.1554,33.2543],[-112.1533,33.2547],[-112.1505,33.2561],[-112.1445,33.2552],[-112.1428,33.2552],[-112.1395,33.2538],[-112.1384,33.252],[-112.1373,33.2498],[-112.1395,33.2452],[-112.1379,33.2425],[-112.1346,33.2397],[-112.1324,33.2393],[-112.1307,33.2379],[-112.1285,33.2384],[-112.1247,33.2384],[-112.1214,33.2375],[-112.1176,33.2343],[-112.1148,33.2352],[-112.1093,33.2343],[-112.1055,33.2352],[-112.1038,33.2334],[-112.0984,33.2284],[-112.0956,33.2275],[-112.0945,33.2275],[-112.0912,33.2275],[-112.0896,33.2243],[-112.089,33.2211],[-112.0874,33.2184],[-112.0874,33.2143],[-112.0857,33.2107],[-112.083,33.2098],[-112.0813,33.2084],[-112.0764,33.2052],[-111.8905,33.2038],[-111.6832,33.2048],[-111.58,33.2054],[-111.5819,33.3801],[-111.5786,33.3806],[-111.5792,33.4661],[-111.5099,33.4658],[-111.4741,33.4661],[-111.4576,33.466],[-111.4405,33.4664],[-111.0647,33.4649],[-111.0344,33.4651],[-111.0262,33.4518],[-111.0032,33.4043],[-110.993,33.3846],[-110.986,33.3722],[-110.9759,33.344],[-110.9616,33.3033],[-110.9537,33.281],[-110.9431,33.2527],[-110.8814,33.1506],[-110.8723,33.1359],[-110.8632,33.1208],[-110.8547,33.1062],[-110.852,33.1016],[-110.8456,33.0924],[-110.8365,33.0782],[-110.807,33.0337],[-110.8006,33.0228],[-110.7807,32.9862],[-110.7643,32.9873],[-110.763,33.0047],[-110.7563,33.0054],[-110.7459,33.0101],[-110.7277,33.0271],[-110.7268,33.0281],[-110.7265,33.0292],[-110.7274,33.0359],[-110.7217,33.0425],[-110.715,33.0426],[-110.7146,33.0508],[-110.7245,33.0702],[-110.7197,33.0764],[-110.7102,33.0814],[-110.7054,33.0837],[-110.6913,33.077],[-110.6889,33.0783],[-110.6868,33.0814],[-110.6866,33.084],[-110.6866,33.0861],[-110.6842,33.0882],[-110.6822,33.0894],[-110.6831,33.099],[-110.678,33.1118],[-110.664,33.119],[-110.6615,33.1193],[-110.6605,33.1118],[-110.6552,33.1138],[-110.6375,33.1344],[-110.6329,33.142],[-110.6084,33.1432],[-110.5984,33.1385],[-110.5847,33.1381],[-110.5668,33.1447],[-110.5504,33.1529],[-110.5488,33.157],[-110.5446,33.1678],[-110.543,33.1687],[-110.535,33.1608],[-110.5308,33.1596],[-110.5284,33.1589],[-110.5278,33.1589],[-110.5266,33.1595],[-110.5244,33.161],[-110.525,33.1633],[-110.5262,33.164],[-110.5285,33.1639],[-110.5297,33.1639],[-110.5319,33.1646],[-110.5325,33.1657],[-110.5322,33.1679],[-110.5269,33.1711],[-110.5251,33.178],[-110.5216,33.1783],[-110.5192,33.1786],[-110.5149,33.1804],[-110.509,33.1839],[-110.5039,33.1857],[-110.4762,33.1829],[-110.4644,33.1834],[-110.4608,33.1852],[-110.463,33.1925],[-110.4531,33.1984],[-110.4491,33.1944]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Pinal\",\"state\":\"AZ\"}}]}","volume":"109","issue":"5","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61003fe4b06e28e9c253ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vikre, Peter G. 0000-0001-7895-5972 pvikre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5972","contributorId":139033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter","email":"pvikre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graybeal, Frederick","contributorId":139000,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graybeal","given":"Frederick","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12586,"text":"Consultant","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":723326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Koutz, Fleetwood R.","contributorId":200782,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koutz","given":"Fleetwood","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":723327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70114648,"text":"70114648 - 2014 - Auroral omens of the American Civil War","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-14T15:17:32","indexId":"70114648","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5423,"text":"Weatherwise","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Auroral omens of the American Civil War","docAbstract":"<p>Aurorae are a splendid night-time sight: coruscations of green, purple, and red fluorescent light in the form of gently wafting ribbons, billowing curtains, and flashing rays. Mostly seen at high latitudes, in the north aurorae are often called the northern lights or aurora borealis, and, in the south, the southern lights or aurora australis. The mystery of their cause has historically been the subject of wonder. The folklore and mythology of some far-northern civilizations attributed auroral light to celestial deities. And, in ironic contrast with their heavenly beauty, unusual auroral displays, such as those seen on rare occasions at lower southern latitudes, have sometimes been interpreted as portending unfavorable future events. </p><p>Today we understand aurorae to be a visual manifestation of the dynamic conditions in the space environment surrounding the earth. Important direct evidence in support of this theory came on September 1, 1859. On that day, an English astronomer named Richard Carrington was situated at his telescope, which was pointed at the sun. While observing and sketching a large group of sunspots, he saw a solar flare—intense patches of white light that were superimposed upon the darker sunspot group and which were illuminated for about a minute. One day later, a magnetic storm was recorded at specially designed observatories in Europe, across Russia, and in India. By many measures, the amplitude of magnetic disturbance was the greatest ever recorded. </p><p>In the United States, the effects of the Carrington storm could be seen as irregular backand-forth deflections of a few degrees in the magnetized needle of a compass. Rapid magnetic variation also induced electric fields in the earth’s conducting lithosphere, and interfered with the operation of telegraph systems. The Carrington magnetic storm, and an earlier storm that had occurred on August 28, 1859, caused spectacular displays of aurora borealis in the night-time sky over the entire United States and the western hemisphere, possibly all the way down to the equator. This was extremely unusual, so much so that an auroral event o</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/00431672.2014.939912","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., 2014, Auroral omens of the American Civil War: Weatherwise, v. 67, no. 5, p. 34-41, https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.2014.939912.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"41","ipdsId":"IP-057753","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3be4b0764e6c65dc56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70194329,"text":"70194329 - 2014 - Magmatism, metasomatism, tectonism, and mineralization in the Humboldt Range, Pershing County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-29T12:35:31","indexId":"70194329","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"seriesNumber":"Special Publication 58","title":"Magmatism, metasomatism, tectonism, and mineralization in the Humboldt Range, Pershing County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Introduction \r\nThe Humboldt Range, Pershing County, Nevada, predominantly consists of Mesozoic igneous and sedimentary rocks that were modified several times by magmatism, metasomatism, and tectonism, and contain a variety of metallic (Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Sb, W, Hg) and non-metallic (dumortierite, pinite, fluorite) mineral deposits (Knopf, 1924; Kerr and Jenney, 1935; Kerr, 1938; Cameron, 1939; Campbell, 1939; Kerr, 1940; Page et al., 1940; Johnson, 1977; Vikre, 1978; 1981; Crosby, 2012).  Early Triassic Koipato Group volcanic rocks, which are widely exposed in the range, have been altered to quartz, muscovite (sericite), chlorite, pyrite, and other minerals during emplacement of Mesozoic intrusions and by crustal thickening.  Most hydrothermal alteration of volcanic rocks and formation of mineral deposits involved externally derived water and other volatiles, although some volcanic strata were apparently altered by pore or dehydration water.  Cospatial hydrothermal mineral assemblages and associations, produced by events widely spaced in time, are difficult to separate because of common mineralogy (quartz, sericite, and pyrite), partial to complete recrystallization, thermally compromised Ar geochronology, and lack of comprehensive investigations of volatile sources and deformational fabric. Distinguishing between metasomatic and metamorphic processes that affected rocks in the Humboldt Range is not straightforward.","language":"English","publisher":"Geolgical Society of Nevada","usgsCitation":"Vikre, P.G., 2014, Magmatism, metasomatism, tectonism, and mineralization in the Humboldt Range, Pershing County, Nevada, 14 p.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"192","ipdsId":"IP-055273","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":349526,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":349525,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://gsnv.org/publications/?itemid=SP-58"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Pershing County","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61003fe4b06e28e9c253b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vikre, Peter G. 0000-0001-7895-5972 pvikre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-5972","contributorId":139033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vikre","given":"Peter","email":"pvikre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":723321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70190268,"text":"70190268 - 2014 - Effects of fine sediment, hyporheic flow, and spawning site characteristics on survival and development of bull trout embryos","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T10:55:06","indexId":"70190268","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of fine sediment, hyporheic flow, and spawning site characteristics on survival and development of bull trout embryos","docAbstract":"<p><span>Successful spawning is imperative for the persistence of salmonid populations, but relatively little research has been conducted to evaluate factors affecting early life-stage survival for bull trout (</span><i>Salvelinus confluentus</i><span>), a threatened char. We conducted a field experiment to assess the relationship between site-specific environmental factors and bull trout embryo survival and fry emergence timing. Survival from egg to hatch was negatively related to percent fine sediment (&lt;1 mm) in the redd and positively related to the strength of downwelling at spawning sites. Survival of eggs to fry emergence was also negatively related to fine sediment, and the best statistical models included additional variables that described the rate of downwelling and intragravel flow within the incubation environment. Fry emerged at an earlier stage in development from redds with high percentages of fine sediment. Increased hydraulic conductivity via redd construction and selection of spawning sites with strong downwelling appear to enhance hyporheic flow rates and bull trout egg survival, but early life-stage success may ultimately be limited by intrusion of fine sediment into the incubation environment.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfas-2013-0372","usgsCitation":"Bowerman, T., Neilson, B., and Budy, P., 2014, Effects of fine sediment, hyporheic flow, and spawning site characteristics on survival and development of bull trout embryos: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 71, no. 7, p. 1059-1071, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0372.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1059","endPage":"1071","ipdsId":"IP-049185","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":345023,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Canyon Creek, Jack Creek, Jefferson Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.4755859375,\n              43.197167282501276\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.14648437499999,\n              43.197167282501276\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.14648437499999,\n              44.96479793033104\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4755859375,\n              44.96479793033104\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4755859375,\n              43.197167282501276\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"71","issue":"7","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":12,"text":"Tacoma PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"599d42c3e4b0b5892680304f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowerman, Tracy","contributorId":95796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowerman","given":"Tracy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neilson, Bethany","contributorId":178798,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neilson","given":"Bethany","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":708222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Budy, Phaedra E. 0000-0002-9918-1678 pbudy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9918-1678","contributorId":140028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budy","given":"Phaedra","email":"pbudy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":708220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70157601,"text":"70157601 - 2014 - Lateritic, supergene rare earth element (REE) deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-09T11:48:23","indexId":"70157601","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Lateritic, supergene rare earth element (REE) deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span>Intensive lateritic weathering of bedrock under tropical or sub-tropical climatic conditions can form a variety of secondary, supergene-type deposits. These secondary deposits may range in composition from aluminous bauxites to iron and niobium, and include rare earth elements (REE). Over 250 lateritic deposits of REE are currently known and many have been important sources of REE. In southeastern China, lateritic REE deposits, known as ion-adsorption type deposits, have been the world’s largest source of heavy REE (HREE). The lateritized upper parts of carbonatite intrusions are being investigated for REE in South America, Africa, Asia and Australia, with the Mt. Weld deposit in Australia being brought into production in late 2012. Lateritic REE deposits may be derived from a wide range of primary host rocks, but all have similar laterite and enrichment profiles, and are probably formed under similar climatic conditions. The weathering profile commonly consists of a depleted zone, an enriched zone, and a partially weathered zone which overlie the protolith. Lateritic weathering may commonly extend to depths of 30 to 60 m. REE are mobilized from the breakdown of primary REE-bearing minerals and redeposited in the enriched zone deeper in the weathering horizon as secondary minerals, as colloids, or adsorbed on other secondary minerals. Enrichment of REE may range from 3 to 10 times that of the source lithology; in some instances, enrichment may range up to 100 times.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":" Arizona Geological Survey Special Paper 9 ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arizona Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Cocker, M.D., 2014, Lateritic, supergene rare earth element (REE) deposits, <i>in</i>  Arizona Geological Survey Special Paper 9 , p. 1-18.","productDescription":"ii, 18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","ipdsId":"IP-045230","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340999,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340998,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://repository.azgs.az.gov/uri_gin/azgs/dlio/1570"}],"publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53ae4b0e541a03d4535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cocker, Mark D. 0000-0001-9435-5862 mcocker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-5862","contributorId":4297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cocker","given":"Mark","email":"mcocker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":573756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70188498,"text":"70188498 - 2014 - Volcanoes of the passive margin: The youngest magmatic event in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-31T10:07:39","indexId":"70188498","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Volcanoes of the passive margin: The youngest magmatic event in eastern North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>The rifted eastern North American margin (ENAM) provides important clues to the long-term evolution of continental margins. An Eocene volcanic swarm exposed in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province of Virginia and West Virginia (USA) contains the youngest known igneous rocks in the ENAM. These magmas provide the only window into the most recent deep processes contributing to the postrift evolution of this margin. Here we present new </span><sup>40</sup><span>Ar/</span><sup>39</sup><span>Ar ages, geochemical data, and radiogenic isotopes that constrain the melting conditions and the timing of emplacement. Modeling of the melting conditions on primitive basalts yielded an average temperature and pressure of 1412 ± 25 °C and 2.32 ± 0.31 GPa, corresponding to a mantle potential temperature of ∼1410 °C, suggesting melting conditions slightly higher than average mantle temperatures beneath mid-ocean ridges. When compared with magmas from Atlantic hotspots, the Eocene ENAM samples share isotopic signatures with the Azores and Cape Verde. This similarity suggests the possibility of a large-scale dissemination of similar sources in the upper mantle left over from the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. Asthenosphere upwelling related to localized lithospheric delamination is a possible process that can explain the intraplate signature of these magmas that lack evidence of a thermal anomaly. This process can also explain the Cenozoic dynamic topography and evidence of rejuvenation of the central Appalachians.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/G35407.1","usgsCitation":"Mazza, S., Gazel, E., Johnson, E., Kunk, M.J., McAleer, R., Spotila, J.A., Bizimis, M., and Coleman, D.S., 2014, Volcanoes of the passive margin: The youngest magmatic event in eastern North America: Geology, v. 42, no. 6, p. 483-486, https://doi.org/10.1130/G35407.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"483","endPage":"486","ipdsId":"IP-053403","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342480,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"42","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3ae4b0764e6c65dc44","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mazza, Sarah E","contributorId":192875,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazza","given":"Sarah E","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gazel, Esteban","contributorId":192876,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gazel","given":"Esteban","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Elizabeth A","contributorId":192877,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Elizabeth A","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McAleer, Ryan J. 0000-0003-3801-7441 rmcaleer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3801-7441","contributorId":5301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAleer","given":"Ryan J.","email":"rmcaleer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":698023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Spotila, James A","contributorId":192878,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spotila","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bizimis, Michael","contributorId":192879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bizimis","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Coleman, Drew S","contributorId":192880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Coleman","given":"Drew","email":"","middleInitial":"S","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70129220,"text":"70129220 - 2014 - Paleoclimate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-27T17:39:19","indexId":"70129220","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Paleoclimate","docAbstract":"As host to one of the major continental-scale ice sheets, and with considerable spatial variability of climate related to its physiography and location, North America has experienced a wide range of climates over time. The aim of this chapter is to review the history of those climate variations, focusing in particular on the continental-scale climatic variations between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 21,000 years ago or 21 ka) and the present, which were as large in amplitude as any experienced over a similar time span during the past several million years. As background to that discussion, the climatic variations over the Cenozoic (the past 65.5 Myr, or 65.5 Ma to present) that led ultimately to the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.59 Ma will also be discussed. Superimposed on the large-amplitude, broad-scale variations from the LGM to present, are climatic variations on millennial-to-decadal scales, and these will be reviewed in particular for the Holocene (11.7 ka to present) and the past millennium.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climate Change in North America","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-03768-4","usgsCitation":"Bartlein, P.J., Hostetler, S.W., and Alder, J.R., 2014, Paleoclimate, chap. <i>of</i> Climate Change in North America, p. 1-51, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03768-4.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"51","ipdsId":"IP-053498","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342455,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":295485,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springer.com/earth+sciences+and+geography/atmospheric+sciences/book/978-3-319-03767-7"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3ae4b0764e6c65dc48","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ohring, G.","contributorId":55647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ohring","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697977,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Bartlein, Patrick J.","contributorId":106879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartlein","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":519822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alder, Jay R. 0000-0003-2378-2853 jalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2378-2853","contributorId":5118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alder","given":"Jay","email":"jalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":519821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70193835,"text":"70193835 - 2014 - Can managers compensate for coyote predation of white-tailed deer?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-13T17:54:06","indexId":"70193835","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Can managers compensate for coyote predation of white-tailed deer?","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many studies have documented that coyotes (</span><i>Canis latrans</i><span>) are the greatest source of natural mortality for white-tailed deer (</span><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i><span>) neonates (&lt;3 months old). With the range expansion of coyotes eastward in North America, many stakeholders are concerned that coyote predation may be affecting deer populations adversely. We hypothesized that declines in neonate survival, perhaps caused by increasing coyote predation, could be offset by adjusting or eliminating antlerless harvest allocations. We used a stochastic, age-based population simulation model to evaluate combinations of low neonate survival rates, severe winters, and low adult deer survival rates to determine the effectiveness of reduced antlerless harvest at stabilizing deer populations. We found that even in regions with high winter mortality, reduced antlerless harvest rates could stabilize deer populations with recruitment and survival rates reported in the literature. When neonate survival rates were low (25%) and yearling and adult female survival rates were reduced by 10%, elimination of antlerless harvests failed to stabilize populations. Our results suggest increased deer mortality from coyotes can be addressed through reduced hunting harvest of adult female deer in most circumstances throughout eastern North America. However, specific knowledge of adult female survival rates is important for making management decisions in areas where both neonate and adult survival may be affected by predation and other mortality factors.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/jwmg.693","usgsCitation":"Robinson, K., Diefenbach, D.R., Fuller, A.K., Hurst, J.E., and Rosenberry, C.S., 2014, Can managers compensate for coyote predation of white-tailed deer?: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 78, no. 4, p. 571-579, https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.693.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"571","endPage":"579","ipdsId":"IP-048973","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348415,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Environmental Conservation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":721028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rosenberry, Christopher S.","contributorId":171633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":721029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70191534,"text":"70191534 - 2014 - Micro-seismicity and seismic moment release within the Coso Geothermal Field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-05T15:02:52","indexId":"70191534","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Micro-seismicity and seismic moment release within the Coso Geothermal Field, California","docAbstract":"We relocate 16 years of seismicity in the Coso Geothermal Field (CGF) using differential travel times and simultaneously invert for seismic velocities to improve our knowledge of the subsurface geologic and hydrologic structure. We expand on our previous results by doubling the number of relocated events from April 1996 through May 2012 using a new field-wide 3-D velocity model. Relocated micro-seismicity sharpens in many portions of the active geothermal reservoir, likely defining large-scale fault zones and fluid pressure compartment boundaries. However, a significant fraction of seismicity remains diffuse and does not cluster into sharply defined structures, suggesting that permeability is maintained within the reservoir through distributed brittle failure. The seismic velocity structure reveals heterogeneous distributions of compressional (Vp) and shear (Vs) wave speed, with Vs generally higher in the Main Field and East Flank and Vp remaining relatively uniform across the CGF, but with significant local variations. The Vp/Vs ratio appears to outline the two main producing compartments of the reservoir at depths below mean ground level of approximately 1 to 2.5 km, with a ridge of relatively high Vp/Vs separating the Main Field from the East Flank. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal variations in earthquake relocations and cumulative seismic moment release in the East Flank reveal three regions with persistently high rates of seismic activity. Two of these regions exhibit sharp, stationary boundaries at the margins of the East Flank that likely represent barriers to fluid flow and advective heat transport. However, seismicity and moment release in a third region at the northern end of the East Flank spread over time to form an elongated NE to SW structure, roughly parallel both to an elongated cluster of seismicity at the southern end of the East Flank and to regional fault traces mapped at the surface. Our results indicate that high-precision relocations of micro-seismicity and simultaneous velocity inversions in conjunction with mapping of seismic moment release can provide useful insights into subsurface structural features and hydrologic compartmentalization within the Coso Geothermal Field.","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering","conferenceDate":"February 24-26, 2014","conferenceLocation":"Stanford, California","language":"English","publisher":"Stanford University","usgsCitation":"Kaven, J., Hickman, S.H., and Davatzes, N.C., 2014, Micro-seismicity and seismic moment release within the Coso Geothermal Field, California, <i>in</i> Proceedings, Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford, California, February 24-26, 2014, 10 p.","productDescription":"10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-054842","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350340,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":" Coso Geothermal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.84,\n              35.95\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.76,\n              35.95\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.76,\n              36.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.84,\n              36.1\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.84,\n              35.95\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a61003fe4b06e28e9c253ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaven, J. Ole 0000-0003-2625-2786 okaven@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-2786","contributorId":3993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaven","given":"J. Ole","email":"okaven@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":712667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hickman, Stephen H. 0000-0003-2075-9615 hickman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2075-9615","contributorId":2705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickman","given":"Stephen","email":"hickman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":712669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davatzes, Nicholas C.","contributorId":138855,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davatzes","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":12547,"text":"Temple University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":712668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70192255,"text":"70192255 - 2014 - A new species of  in the Rhyacophila vagrita group (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from Olympic National Park, Washington, USA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-24T11:27:04","indexId":"70192255","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3007,"text":"Pan-Pacific Entomologist","printIssn":"0031-0603","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new species of in the <i>Rhyacophila  vagrita</i> group (<i>Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae</i>) from Olympic National Park, Washington, USA.","title":"A new species of  in the Rhyacophila vagrita group (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from Olympic National Park, Washington, USA.","docAbstract":"Rhyacophila vagrita Milne, 1936 was described from specimens collected in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. Ross (1950), while examining R. vagrita paratypes from Alberta, discovered four males that did not fi t the R. vagrita description. These he described and named R. milnei Ross, 1950. Ross (1956) established the R. vagrita group for R. vagrita and R. milnei based primarily on the synapomorphies of the “curious dorsal projections of both ninth and tenth tergites”, a very small simple aedeagus, and “a curious development of the apical band and anal sclerite”. Schmid (1970) indicated that males of the vagrita group have genitalia that are among the most unique in all of the species of Rhyacophila. While collecting in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA, we discovered an undescribed Rhyacophila species, most similar to R. milnei, with structures as remarkable as those described for R. vagrita and R. milnei","language":"English","publisher":"The Pacific Coast Entomological Society","doi":"10.3956/2014-90.2.53","usgsCitation":"Lee, J., and Giersch, J., 2014, A new species of  in the Rhyacophila vagrita group (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from Olympic National Park, Washington, USA.: Pan-Pacific Entomologist, v. 90, no. 2, p. 53-56, https://doi.org/10.3956/2014-90.2.53.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"56","ipdsId":"IP-054867","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347211,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Olympia National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  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Joseph 0000-0001-7818-3941 jgiersch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7818-3941","contributorId":4022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giersch","given":"J. Joseph","email":"jgiersch@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":715025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70193132,"text":"70193132 - 2014 - A multiple-tracer approach to understanding regional groundwaterflow in the Snake Valley area of the eastern Great Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-31T09:40:01","indexId":"70193132","displayToPublicDate":"2014-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A multiple-tracer approach to understanding regional groundwaterflow in the Snake Valley area of the eastern Great Basin, USA","docAbstract":"Groundwater in Snake Valley and surrounding basins in the eastern Great Basin province of the western\nUnited States is being targeted for large-scale groundwater extraction and export. Concern about declining\ngroundwater levels and spring flows in western Utah as a result of the proposed groundwater withdrawals\nhas led to efforts that have improved the understanding of this regional groundwater flow system. In this\nstudy, environmental tracers (del2H, del18O, 3H, 14C, 3He, 4He, 20Ne, 40Ar, 84Kr, and 129Xe) and major ions from\n142 sites were evaluated to investigate groundwater recharge and flow-path characteristics. With few\nexceptions, del2H and del18O show that most valley groundwater has similar ratios to mountain springs,\nindicating recharge is dominated by relatively high-altitude precipitation. The spatial distribution of 3H,\nterrigenic helium (4Heterr), and 3H/3He ages shows that modern groundwater (<60 yr) in valley aquifers\nis found only in the western third of the study area. Pleistocene and late-Holocene groundwater is found\nin the eastern parts of the study area. The age of Pleistocene groundwater is supported by minimum\nadjusted radiocarbon ages of up to 32 ka. Noble gas recharge temperatures (NGTs) are generally\n1–11 degrees C in Snake and southern Spring Valleys and >11 degrees C to the east of Snake Valley and indicate a\nhydraulic discontinuity between Snake and Tule Valleys across the northern Confusion Range. The\ncombination of NGTs and 4Heterr shows that the majority of Snake Valley groundwater discharges as\nsprings, evapotranspiration, and well withdrawals within Snake Valley rather than continuing\nnortheastward to discharge at either Fish Springs or the Great Salt Lake Playa. The refined understanding\nof groundwater recharge and flow paths acquired from this multi-tracer investigation has broad\nimplications for interbasin subsurface flow estimates and future groundwater development.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.02.010","usgsCitation":"Gardner, P.M., 2014, A multiple-tracer approach to understanding regional groundwaterflow in the Snake Valley area of the eastern Great Basin, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 45, p. 33-49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.02.010.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"49","ipdsId":"IP-055000","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":347798,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Basin, Snake 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