Recent compilations of historical and contemporary riverine nitrate (NO3) concentrations indicate that concentrations in many rivers in the north-central USA increased during the second half of the 20th century. The Des Moines River near Des Moines, Iowa, however, was reported to have had similar NO3 concentrations in 1945 and the 1980s, in spite of substantially greater N input to the watershed during the latter period. The objective of this study was to reconsider the comparison of historical and contemporary NO3 concentrations in the Des Moines River near Des Moines in light of the following: (i) possible errors in the historical data used, (ii) variations in methods of sample collection, (iii) variations in location of sampling, and (iv) additional data collected since 1990. We discovered that an earlier study had compared the flow-weighted average concentration in 1945 to arithmetic annual average concentrations in the 1980s. The intertemporal comparison also appeared to be influenced by differences in sample collection methods and locations used at different times. Depending on the model used and the estimated effects of composite sample collection, the 1945 arithmetic average NO3 concentration was between 44 and 57% of the expected mean value at a similar water yield during 1976–2001. The flow-weighted average NO3 concentration for 1945 was between 54 and 73% of the expected mean value at a similar water yield during 1976–2001. The difference between NO3 concentrations in 1945 and the contemporary period are larger than previously reported for the Des Moines River.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy","doi":"10.2134/jeq2003.2280","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"McIsaac, G., and Libra, R., 2003, Surface water qualit: Revisiting nitrate concentrations in the Des Moines River: 1945 and 1976-2001: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, no. 6, p. 2280-2289, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.2280.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"2280","endPage":"2289","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":387955,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Des Moines River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.69827270507812,\n 41.70367796221136\n ],\n [\n -93.69003295898438,\n 41.64213096472801\n ],\n [\n -93.6536407470703,\n 41.6195489884308\n ],\n [\n -93.62823486328125,\n 41.600040006763805\n ],\n [\n -93.61656188964844,\n 41.57025176609894\n ],\n [\n -93.53004455566406,\n 41.54301946112854\n ],\n [\n -93.47785949707031,\n 41.52811390935743\n ],\n [\n -93.45932006835938,\n 41.55021401530996\n ],\n [\n -93.66806030273438,\n 41.70624114327587\n ],\n [\n -93.69827270507812,\n 41.70367796221136\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f89e4b08c986b31e658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McIsaac, G.F.","contributorId":58058,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIsaac","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Libra, R.D.","contributorId":54353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libra","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53273,"text":"ofr2003222 - 2003 - Reconnaissance-level application of physical habitat simulation in the evaluation of physical habitat limits in the Animas Basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:17:50","indexId":"ofr2003222","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-222","title":"Reconnaissance-level application of physical habitat simulation in the evaluation of physical habitat limits in the Animas Basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"The Animas River is in southwestern Colorado and flows mostly to the south to join the San Juan River at Farmington, New Mexico (Figure 1). The Upper Animas River watershed is in San Juan County, Colorado and is located in the San Juan Mountains. The lower river is in the Colorado Plateau country. The winters are cold with considerable snowfall and little snowmelt in the mountains in the upper part of the basin. The lower basin has less snow but the winters are still cold. The streamflows during the winter are low and reasonably stable.
\nThe native trout in the Animas Basin is the cutthroat trout. Few native trout remain and the trout found in the upper watershed are brook trout with rainbow and brown trout in the lower river. There is considerable metal contamination in the upper basin near Silverton but a brook trout fishery does exist in the Animas River from just above Howardsville to where the Animas joins Cement Creek in Silverton.
\nThere are two principle objectives of the habitat studies in the Animas Basin: (1) to improve understanding of the fate of sediment from mining operations from the view point of physical habitat impacts, and (2) to determine if reconnaissance level physical habitat studies can be useful in understanding the impacts of mining on the aquatic ecosystem.
\nPart of the project was to apply the Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) to selected locations in the Upper Animas River Basin, Colorado in order to demonstrate the importance of physical habitat in evaluating the efficacy of mined land remediation activities. Physical habitat analysis included the use of sedimentation variables in physical habitat simulations. A map of the Upper Animas Basin is presented in Figure 2.
\nThe project involves collecting data for the following locations: Animas River above Magee Creek; Animas River above Howardsville; Animas River below Howardsville; Animas River above Silverton at Hillsdale Cemetery; Animas River at Silverton; Cement Creek above Silverton; Cement Creek at Silverton; Mineral Creek at Powerline above Silverton; Mineral Creek at Campground; South Mineral Creek at Overflow Campground; Mineral Creek above Bear Creek; Mineral Creek at Silverton; Animas River below Silverton; and Animas River at Elk Park.
\nBed material samples were collected at each site. These included samples of the armour, the substrate, and sand and fines deposited on the surface. At selected sites the stream morphology was measured. These measurements included one to three cross sections, stream discharge, and water surface elevations. The data are located in the files of the Fort Collins Science Center.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr2003222","usgsCitation":"Milhous, R.T., 2003, Reconnaissance-level application of physical habitat simulation in the evaluation of physical habitat limits in the Animas Basin, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-222, v, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2003222.","productDescription":"v, 16 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr2003222.PNG"},{"id":320296,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0222/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Animas River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.21807861328125,\n 36.697053200100335\n ],\n [\n -107.940673828125,\n 36.82247761166621\n ],\n [\n -107.74566650390625,\n 37.2587521486561\n ],\n [\n -107.53692626953125,\n 37.861844098370945\n ],\n [\n -107.611083984375,\n 37.93553306183642\n ],\n [\n -107.82257080078125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -107.99835205078124,\n 37.54022177661216\n ],\n [\n -108.03131103515625,\n 37.24782120155428\n ],\n [\n -108.0670166015625,\n 37.00035919622158\n ],\n [\n -108.21807861328125,\n 36.697053200100335\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a49e4b07f02db623b5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milhous, Robert T.","contributorId":28646,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milhous","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":51982,"text":"wri034045 - 2003 - Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-20T22:28:43.026829","indexId":"wri034045","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-08T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"03-4045","title":"Comprehensive water quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, during high-flow and low-flow conditions, 2000","docAbstract":"The Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, is 1160 square kilometers in area and ranges in elevation from 1480 to 4120 meters above sea level. Streamflow originates primarily as snowmelt near the Continental Divide, and thus discharge varies seasonally and annually (Chapter 1). Most of the water in Boulder Creek is diverted for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Some diverted water is returned to the creek as wastewater effluent and by ditch returns, and additional water enters as groundwater and by transbasin diversions. These diversions and returns lead to complex temporal and spatial variations in discharge. The variations in discharge, along with natural factors such as geology and climate, and anthropogenic factors such as wastewater treatment, agriculture, mining, and urbanization, can affect water chemistry. As with many watersheds in the American West, dependable water quality and sufficient water supply are issues facing local water managers and users.
Detailed water-quality and sediment sampling allows the identification of sources and sinks of chemical constituents and an understanding of the processes at work in a river system. This study, the most comprehensive water-quality analysis performed for Boulder Creek to date, was a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the city of Boulder. Geographic information systems and modeling programs were used to delineate watershed boundaries, land cover, and geology (Chapter 2). During high-flow (June 2000) and low-flow (October 2000) conditions, researchers evaluated 226 water-quality variables, including basic water-quality indicators (Chapter 3), major ions and trace elements (Chapter 4), wastewater-derived organic compounds (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6). Discharge (Chapter 1) and bed-sediment particle size and mineralogy (Chapter 7) were also evaluated. This cooperative study was facilitated by the Boulder Area Sustainability Information Network (BASIN), which provides public access to environmental information about the Boulder Creek Watershed on a website, www.basin.org. In addition to the USGS and city of Boulder data, researchers at the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado provided water chemistry data for the headwaters of North Boulder Creek, upstream of the reach of the USGS/city of Boulder sampling sites (Chapter 8).
Snowmelt produces high flows in Boulder Creek in late spring to early summer (Chapter 1). Because precipitation falling in the headwaters is very dilute (specific conductance about 5 microsiemens per centimeter), most chemical constituents are present in lower concentrations during high flows (Chapters 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8). However, concentrations of some constituents, such as total suspended solids (Chapter 3) and organic carbon (Chapter 5), increase during the spring snowmelt flush.
The upper basin, which consists of alpine, subalpine, montane, and foothills regions west of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks (Chapter 1). Major dissolved inorganic constituents in headwater sites were found to be enriched by factors of 10 to 20 relative to precipitation; this is consistent with minor weathering of the local crystalline bedrock (Chapter 4). Some anthropogenic input is observed in the headwaters; precipitation introduces nitrogen derived from fossil fuel combustion and agricultural activities (Chapter 8).
The lower basin, which consists of the plains region east of the mouth of Boulder Canyon, is underlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rock and Quaternary alluvium, and has substantially more anthropogenic sources. Concentrations of most dissolved inorganic constituents increased in the lower basin. Differentiation between natural and anthropogenic sources of some dissolved constituents is difficult because both sources contribute to the water composition in this region. The increase of most major constituents (bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, and sulfate) is consistent with weathering of the underlying sedimentary bedrock (Chapter 4). It is likely that anthropogenic loading of constituents in this reach occurs during storm events. Fecal coliform concentrations were variable and in some cases exceeded state standards, primarily during low-flow conditions (Chapter 3).
Effluent from Boulder’s 75th Street Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) has a substantial impact on the water chemistry of lower Boulder Creek. The WWTP increases the concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus (Chapter 3), major ions and trace metals (Chapter 4), and organic carbon (Chapter 5) in Boulder Creek. The effluent contained a spike in gadolinium, a rare earth element that is ingested for magnetic resonance imaging as a contrasting agent and then excreted to the urban wastewater system. The effluent also contained trace organic compounds such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals, hormones (Chapter 5), and pesticides (Chapter 6), which also were detected at downstream Boulder Creek sites. Water chemistry of Boulder Creek downstream of the WWTP is largely controlled by the degree of dilution of the wastewater effluent, which varies depending on the baseflow of Boulder Creek, the volume of wastewater effluent, and depletion by agricultural diversions. Coal Creek, a tributary of Boulder Creek, contains wastewater effluent from four additional WWTPs, and increases the load of many constituents in Boulder Creek. In addition to the impact from wastewater effluent, lower Boulder Creek is affected by agricultural land use. Eleven of 84 analyzed pesticides were detected in Boulder Creek or its inflows, primarily in the eastern section of the watershed (Chapter 6).
This collaborative study provides an in-depth evaluation of the hydrology, water chemistry, and sediment mineralogy of North Boulder Creek, Middle Boulder Creek, Boulder Creek, and major inflows. The detailed sampling and analysis in this report provide a baseline for future reference, as well as information on the effect of land use and geology on water chemistry.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034045","usgsCitation":"Murphy, S.F., Verplanck, P.L., and Barber, L.B., 2003, Comprehensive Water Quality of the Boulder Creek Watershed, Colorado, During High-Flow and Low-Flow Conditions, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4045, 198 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034045.","productDescription":"xiii, 198 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366653,"rank":10,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter6.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 6"},{"id":366651,"rank":8,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter4.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 4"},{"id":366649,"rank":6,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter2.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 2"},{"id":366648,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter1.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 1"},{"id":422749,"rank":14,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_62004.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":366647,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_ExecSummary.pdf","text":"Executive Summary","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Executive Summary"},{"id":366655,"rank":12,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter8.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 8"},{"id":366654,"rank":11,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter7.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 7"},{"id":366656,"rank":13,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Errata.pdf","text":"Errata","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Errata"},{"id":366652,"rank":9,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter5.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 5"},{"id":366650,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Chapter3.pdf","text":"Report Chapter 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Chapter 3"},{"id":179190,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":366644,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025.pdf","text":"Entire Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025"},{"id":366646,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2003/4045/wri20034025_Foreword.pdf","text":"Report Foreword","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2003-4025 Foreword"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek Watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ],\n [\n -104.1888427734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 40.29419163838167\n ],\n [\n -106.029052734375,\n 39.806426117299374\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Earth System Processes Division, Water Resources Mission Area
U.S. Geological Survey
3215 Marine St., Suite E-127
Boulder, CO 80303
The effects of land cover on flooding and base-flow characteristics of Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wis., were examined in a study that involved ground-water-flow and rainfall-runoff modeling. Field data were collected during 1999-2001 for synoptic base flow, streambed head and temperature, precipitation, continuous streamflow and stream stage, and other physical characteristics. Well logs provided data for potentiometric-surface altitudes and stratigraphic descriptions. Geologic, soil, hydrography, altitude, and historical land-cover data were compiled into a geographic information system and used in two ground-water-flow models (GFLOW and MODFLOW) and a rainfall-runoff model (SWAT). A deep ground-water system intersects Whittlesey Creek near the confluence with the North Fork, producing a steady base flow of 17?18 cubic feet per second. Upstream from the confluence, the creek has little or no base flow; flow is from surface runoff and a small amount of perched ground water. Most of the base flow to Whittlesey Creek originates as recharge through the permeable sands in the center of the Bayfield Peninsula to the northwest of the surface-water-contributing basin. Based on simulations, model-wide changes in recharge caused a proportional change in simulated base flow for Whittlesey Creek. Changing the simulated amount of recharge by 25 to 50 percent in only the ground-water-contributing area results in relatively small changes in base flow to Whittlesey Creek (about 2?11 percent). Simulated changes in land cover within the Whittlesey Creek surface-water-contributing basin would have minimal effects on base flow and average annual runoff, but flood peaks (based on daily mean flows on peak-flow days) could be affected. Based on the simulations, changing the basin land cover to a reforested condition results in a reduction in flood peaks of about 12 to 14 percent for up to a 100-yr flood. Changing the basin land cover to 25 percent urban land or returning basin land cover to the intensive row-crop agriculture of the 1920s results in flood peaks increasing by as much as 18 percent. The SWAT model is limited to a daily time step, which is adequate for describing the surface-water/ground-water interaction and percentage changes. It may not, however, be adequate in describing peak flow because the instantaneous peak flow in Whittlesey Creek during a flood can be more than twice the magnitude of the daily mean flow during that same flood. In addition, the storage and infiltration capacities of wetlands in the basin are not fully understood and need further study.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034130","collaboration":"In cooperation with the Bayfield County Land and Water Conservation Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lenz, B.N., Saad, D.A., and Fitzpatrick, F.A., 2003, Simulation of ground-water flow and rainfall runoff with emphasis on the effects of land cover, Whittlesey Creek, Bayfield County, Wisconsin, 1999-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4130, viii, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034130.","productDescription":"viii, 47 p.","numberOfPages":"56","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":173948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311312,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wrir-03-4130/pdf/wrir03-4130.pdf"},{"id":4782,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034130/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield County","otherGeospatial":"Whittlesey Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.58722686767578,\n 46.74244865234409\n ],\n [\n -88.58722686767578,\n 46.790892872885806\n ],\n [\n -88.48251342773438,\n 46.790892872885806\n ],\n [\n -88.48251342773438,\n 46.74244865234409\n ],\n [\n -88.58722686767578,\n 46.74244865234409\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2b12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lenz, Bernard N.","contributorId":85170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenz","given":"Bernard","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saad, David A. dasaad@usgs.gov","contributorId":121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saad","given":"David","email":"dasaad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":246855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, Faith A. fafitzpa@usgs.gov","contributorId":1182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"Faith","email":"fafitzpa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":246856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":51978,"text":"wri20034207 - 2003 - Evaluation of Streamflow, Water Quality, and Permitted and Nonpermitted Loads and Yields in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, Water Years 1991-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:17","indexId":"wri20034207","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4207","title":"Evaluation of Streamflow, Water Quality, and Permitted and Nonpermitted Loads and Yields in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, Water Years 1991-98","docAbstract":"Seventeen water-quality constituents were analyzed in samples collected from 21 surface-water sampling sites in the Raritan River Basin during water years 1991-97. Loads were computed for seven constituents. Thirteen constituents have associated instream water-quality standards that are used as reference levels when evaluating the data. Nine of the 13 constituents did not meet water-quality reference levels in all samples at all sites. The constituents that most commonly failed to meet the water-quality reference levels in the 801 samples analyzed were total phosphorus (greater than 0.1 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in 32 percent of samples), fecal coliform bacteria (greater than 400 counts/100 milliliters in 29 percent), hardness (less than 50 mg/L in 21 percent), pH (greater than 8.5 or less than 6.5 in 17 percent), and water temperature in designated trout waters (greater than 20 degrees Celsius in 12 percent of samples). Concentrations of chloride, total dissolved solids, nitrate plus nitrite, and sulfate did not exceed water-quality reference levels in any sample. Results from previous studies on pesticides and volatile organic compounds in streamwater during 1996-98, and organic compounds and trace elements in sediments during 1976-93, were summarized for this study. Concentrations of pesticides in some samples exceeded the relevant standards. \r\n\r\nWater-quality data varied significantly as season and streamflow changed. Concentrations or values of 12 constituents were significantly higher in the growing season than in the nongrowing season at 1 to 21 sites, and concentrations of 6 constituents were significantly higher in the nongrowing season at 1 to 21 sites. Concentrations or values of seven constituents decreased significantly with increased streamflow, indicating a more significant contribution from base flow or permitted sources than from runoff. Concentrations or values of four constituents increased with increased flow, indicating a more significant contribution from runoff than from base flow or permitted sources. Phosphorus concentrations increased with flow at two sites with no point sources and decreased with flow at five sites with four or more permitted point sources. Concentrations of five constituents did not vary significantly with changes in streamflow at any of the sites. \r\n\r\nConcentrations of constituents differed significantly between sites. The sites with the most desirable values for the most constituents were Mulhockaway Creek, Spruce Run, Millstone River at Manalapan, Manalapan Brook, and Lamington River at Pottersville. The sites with the least desirable values for the most constituents were Millstone River at Blackwells Mills, Matchaponix Brook, Raritan River at Bound Brook, Neshanic River, and Millstone River at Grovers Mill. \r\n\r\nThe total instream loads of seven constituents - total ammonia plus organic nitrogen (TKN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate plus nitrite (NO3+NO2), total organic carbon (TOC), total phosphorus, and total suspended solids (TSS) - were analyzed at low, median, and high flows. The quantities of total instream load that originated from facilities with permits issued by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection to discharge effluent to streams (permitted sources) and from other sources (nonpermitted sources) were estimated for each sampling site. TOC and TSS loads primarily were contributed by nonpermitted sources at all flows. BOD and TDS loads primarily were contributed by nonpermitted sources at median and high flows. At low flow, permitted sources contributed more than one-third of the TDS load at 10 sites and more than one-third of the BOD load at 3 sites. Permitted sources contributed more than one-third of the total phosphorus load at 15 and 14 sites at low and median flows, respectively. Permitted sources accounted for more than one-third of total instream load of NO3+NO2 at low- and median-flow conditions at nearly ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20034207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Water Supply Authority","usgsCitation":"Reiser, R.G., 2003, Evaluation of Streamflow, Water Quality, and Permitted and Nonpermitted Loads and Yields in the Raritan River Basin, New Jersey, Water Years 1991-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4207, xii, 210 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20034207.","productDescription":"xii, 210 p.","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1990-10-01","temporalEnd":"1997-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":12679,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4207/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -75.16666666666667,40 ], [ -75.16666666666667,41 ], [ -74,41 ], [ -74,40 ], [ -75.16666666666667,40 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a04e4b07f02db5f8626","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiser, Robert G. 0000-0001-5140-2745 rreiser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-2745","contributorId":4083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiser","given":"Robert","email":"rreiser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":244594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53445,"text":"ofr0240 - 2003 - ERF1_2 -- Enhanced River Reach File 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-04T13:54:08","indexId":"ofr0240","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-40","title":"ERF1_2 -- Enhanced River Reach File 2.0","docAbstract":"The digital segmented network based on watershed boundaries, ERF1_2, includes enhancements to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's River Reach File 1 (RF1) (USEPA, 1996; DeWald and others, 1985) to support national and regional-scale surface water-quality modeling. Alexander and others (1999) developed ERF1, which assessed the hydrologic integrity of the digital reach traces and calculated the mean water time-of-travel in river reaches and reservoirs. ERF1_2 serves as the foundation for SPARROW (Spatially Referenced Regressions (of nutrient transport) on Watershed) modeling. Within the context of a Geographic Information System, SPARROW estimates the proportion of watersheds in the conterminous U.S. with outflow concentrations of several nutrients, including total nitrogen and total phosphorus, (Smith, R.A., Schwarz, G.E., and Alexander, R.B., 1997). This version of the network expands on ERF1 (Version 1.2; Alexander, et al., 1999) and includes the incremental and total drainage area derived from 1-kilometer (km) elevation data for North America. Previous estimates of the water time-of-travel were recomputed for reaches with water-quality monitoring sites that included two reaches. The mean flow and velocity estimates for these split reaches are based on previous estimation methods (Alexander et al., 1999) and are unchanged in ERF1_2. Drainage area calculations provide data used to estimate the contribution of a given nutrient to the outflow. Data estimates depend on the accuracy of node connectivity. Reaches split at water-quality or pesticide-monitoring sites indicate the source point for estimating the contribution and transport of nutrients and their loads throughout the watersheds. The ERF1_2 coverage extends the earlier drainage area founded on the 1-kilometer data for North America (Verdin, 1996; Verdin and Jenson, 1996). A 1-kilometer raster grid of ERF1_2 projected to Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area, NAD 27 Datum (Snyder, 1987), was merged with the HYDRO1K flow direction data set (Verdin and Jenson, 1996) to generate a DEM-based watershed grid, ERF1_2WS_LG. The watershed boundaries are maintained in a raster (grid cell) format as well as a vector (polygon) format for subsequent model analysis. Both the coverage, ERF1_2, and the grid, ERF1_2WS_LG, are available at: URL:http://water.usgs.gov/lookup/getspatial?erf1_2","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr0240","usgsCitation":"Nolan, J.V., Brakebill, J.W., Alexander, R.B., and Schwarz, G., 2003, ERF1_2 -- Enhanced River Reach File 2.0 (Version 2.0, November 10, 2003): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-40, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0240.","productDescription":"Dataset","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175238,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5267,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/erf1_2.xml"}],"edition":"Version 2.0, November 10, 2003","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62c32a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, Jacqueline V.","contributorId":97185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"Jacqueline","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brakebill, John W. 0000-0001-9235-6810 jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-6810","contributorId":1061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brakebill","given":"John","email":"jwbrakeb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alexander, Richard B. 0000-0001-9166-0626 ralex@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9166-0626","contributorId":541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"Richard","email":"ralex@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwarz, Gregory E. 0000-0002-9239-4566 gschwarz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-4566","contributorId":543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwarz","given":"Gregory E.","email":"gschwarz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":247612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44894,"text":"wri024196 - 2003 - Investigation of water quality in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument and Preserve, Saguache County, Colorado, February 1999 through September 2000: Qualifying for outstanding waters designation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:13","indexId":"wri024196","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4196","title":"Investigation of water quality in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument and Preserve, Saguache County, Colorado, February 1999 through September 2000: Qualifying for outstanding waters designation","docAbstract":"Great Sand Dunes National Monument and Preserve is located on the eastern side of the San Luis Valley in south-central Colorado. The monument covers 60.4 square miles in Saguache and Alamosa Counties and lies at the base of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, where a unique combination of climate, topography, and hydrology has created and maintained the Nation?s tallest inland sand dunes. The Sangre de Cristo Mountains, which rise to more than 14,000 feet to the north and east of the dunes, are the source of several streams that flow around the dunes and eventually recharge the aquifer beneath the valley. Sand Creek and Medano Creeks are the largest of the streams in the monument that originate in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains; several ephemeral streams flow into Sand Creek and Medano Creek. Maintaining the high surface-water quality in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument and Preserve is identified as a critical issue by the National Park Service. Additionally, the National Park Service has indicated a desire to pursue an Outstanding Waters Designation, which offers the highest level of water-quality protection available under the Clean Water Act and Colorado regulations. This designation is designed to prevent any degradation from existing conditions (Chatman and others, 1997). Assessment is needed to evaluate whether the water quality of the streams in the monument meets the requirements for an Outstanding Waters Designation. Historically, prospecting and mining activities have occurred in the watersheds of Sand and Medano Creeks; currently, however, there is no mining activity in those watersheds. In addition, the camping and recreation that occur upstream from the monument on national preserve lands and water activities that occur in Medano Creek during the summer are a potential source of human-waste contamination. Figure 1. Location of study area, sampling sites, and indication of sites that meet or exceed instream standards. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the National Park Service, investigated the water quality at 15 sites (fig. 1) from February 1999 through September 2000 to identify baseline water-quality conditions and to determine if the water met standards to qualify for the Outstanding Waters Designation. This report describes current water-quality conditions in streams in the monument and compares the water-quality data to Colorado instream standards to assist the State of Colorado Water Quality Control Commission in the determination of qualification for Outstanding Waters Designation.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024196","usgsCitation":"Ferguson, S.A., 2003, Investigation of water quality in the Great Sand Dunes National Monument and Preserve, Saguache County, Colorado, February 1999 through September 2000: Qualifying for outstanding waters designation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4196, 8 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024196.","productDescription":"8 p. : ill., map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3787,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024196","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4783e4b07f02db483888","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl A.","contributorId":78698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":54344,"text":"wdrMN021 - 2003 - Water resources data Minnesota water year 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-08T14:10:15","indexId":"wdrMN021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MN-02-1","title":"Water resources data Minnesota water year 2002","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2002 water year for Minnesota consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage of lakes and reservoirs; ground-water quality; and water quality in wells. This report contains discharge records for 101 stream-gaging stations; stage for 11 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 6 stream-gaging stations; peak flow data for 89 highflow partial-record stations, and water levels for 3 groundwater observation wells. Additional water data were collected at various sites that are not part of the systematic data collection program, and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey for cooperating State and Federal agencies in Minnesota.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wdrMN021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Waters; the Minnesota Department of Transportation; and with other State, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Mitton, G., Guttormson, K., Stratton, G., and Wakeman, E., 2003, Water resources data Minnesota water year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MN-02-1, xvi, 333 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMN021.","productDescription":"xvi, 333 p.","numberOfPages":"349","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"2001-10-01","temporalEnd":"2002-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wdrMN021.JPG"},{"id":12230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index 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E.S.","contributorId":83593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wakeman","given":"E.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":51413,"text":"ofr03215 - 2003 - Streamflow and water-quality characteristics of the Ottawa River and selected tributaries in Allen, Hardin, and Putnam counties, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T20:53:15.55985","indexId":"ofr03215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003–0215","title":"Streamflow and water-quality characteristics of the Ottawa River and selected tributaries in Allen, Hardin, and Putnam counties, Ohio","docAbstract":"Streamflow and water-quality measurements were made on the Ottawa River and selected tributaries between 1999 to 2002. Ten sets of streamflow measurements were made at an index station on the Auglaize River at Fort Jennings (station 04186500) and at 19 other sites along the Ottawa River and selected tributaries. These data were collected to relate daily mean streamflow at the Auglaize River at Fort Jennings and the instantaneous streamflow at each of the other 19 sites.
Two sets of water-quality samples were collected and 4 or 5 dissolved-oxygen measurements were made at the 19 sites. Water samples were collected during periods of potential stress on the aquatic communities, once during low flow and once during a runoff event that occurred after recent land application of pesticides. The first set of water-quality samples was analyzed for groups of nutrients, major ions and trace elements, and physical properties, whereas the second set was analyzed for nutrients, pesticides, and physical properties.
With regard to nutrients and physical properties, median values of specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, and orthophosphate were higher during low flow than during the runoff event. In contrast, the median concentrations of total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, and ammonia plus organic nitrogen were higher during the runoff event than during low flow. Orthophosphate, total phosphorus, and dissolved-oxygen concentrations all had wider ranges during the low-flow sampling than the runoff-event sampling.
Of the 25 major ions and trace elements analyzed for, 15 were detected in all 18 samples, and 10 were detected infrequently or not detected at all. The runoff samples were analyzed for 48 pesticides, 18 of which were detected in one or more samples and 30 of which were not detected. Of the 18 pesticides detected, 13 were detected in 5 or more samples. Five pesticides acetochlor, atrazine, deethylatrazine, metolachlor, and simazine were detected in all the samples.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr03215","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Ottawa River Coalition","usgsCitation":"Shaffer, K., 2003, Streamflow and water-quality characteristics of the Ottawa River and selected tributaries in Allen, Hardin, and Putnam counties, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003–0215, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03215.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","numberOfPages":"49","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0215/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":86544,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/0215/ofr20030215.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 2003-0215"},{"id":410233,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_55300.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","county":"Allen County, Hardin County, Putnam County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84.2722,\n 40.6953\n ],\n [\n -83.7869,\n 40.6953\n ],\n [\n -83.7869,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -84.2722,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -84.2722,\n 40.6953\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Ohio Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6460 Busch Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43229-1737
Shallow ground-water flow in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, was investigated to develop an understanding of the hydrology of the shallow aquifer, define a water balance for the lake, delineate ground-water recharge areas for the lake, and to estimate solute flux toward the lake. A single-layer, steady-state, analytic-element model was used to simulate shallow ground-water flow. Regional model parameters include a recharge rate of 4 inches per year, hydraulic conductivity of 50 feet per day and a model base of 800 feet above sea level. A model inhomogeneity was added to represent deviations from these regional values for an area roughly coincident with the Kettle Moraine Area that trends through the study area. Model calibration was accomplished by varying the regional parameter values and those of the inhomogeneity through trial-and-error to determine a best-fit match between simulated and measured values for head and streamflow targets. There was no change to the regional parameter values as a result of calibration, however, the calibrated values for the inhomogeneity are: recharge rate of 12 inches per year, hydraulic conductivity of 20 feet per day, and a model base of 900 feet. These changes represent a four- to five-fold reduction in transmissivity within the inhomogeneity as compared to the regional model.
\nA Silver Lake water budget was defined using both published hydrologic data and simulations using the calibrated model. Model simulations show that 1.08 cubic feet per second of ground water enters Silver Lake on the upgradient (primarily western) side and 0.08 cubic feet per second recharges to ground water on the downgradient (primarily eastern) side. Net precipitation (precipitation minus evaporation) on the lake is 0.04 cubic feet per second. Collectively, these water-budget terms provide a residual value of 1.04 cubic feet per second flow to Silver Creek at the north end of Silver Lake, which is a very good match to the range of measured flow (0.7 to 5.2 cubic feet per second). Ground-water recharge areas for Silver Lake are largely on the western side of the lake. The recharge area for the northern two-thirds of Silver Lake is west toward Big Cedar Lake. Assuming a porosity of 20 percent, model results indicate that the 50-year time-of-travel for recharge to Silver Lake does not extend to Big Cedar Lake. The recharge area for the southern one-third of Silver Lake is west toward Little Cedar Lake. Model results indicate that time of travel for recharge to Silver Lake from Little Cedar Lake is about 15 to 20 years. For travel times greater than 15 or 20 years, the ground-water recharge area for Little Cedar Lake and inflow from Big Cedar Lake also should be considered recharge affecting Silver Lake. Solute flux toward Silver Lake was calculated based on simulated ground-water flux and measured concentrations in the upgradient piezometers and observation wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Silver Lake Protection and Rehabilitation District","usgsCitation":"Dunning, C.P., Thomas, J.C., and Lin, Y., 2003, Simulation of the shallow aquifer in the vicinity of Silver Lake, Washington County, Wisconsin, using analytic elements: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4204, v, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024204.","productDescription":"v, 29 p.","numberOfPages":"35","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":407533,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54501.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4204/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":84454,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Washington County","otherGeospatial":"Silver Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 43.34540466524301\n ],\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -88.18107604980469,\n 43.42699324866588\n ],\n [\n -88.18107604980469,\n 43.34540466524301\n ],\n [\n -88.29299926757812,\n 43.34540466524301\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a0eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dunning, C. P.","contributorId":35792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, Judith Coffman","contributorId":73261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"Coffman","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Yu-Feng","contributorId":108167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Yu-Feng","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":235605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53284,"text":"wdrPA021 - 2003 - Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2002, Volume 1. Delaware River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-29T12:57:11","indexId":"wdrPA021","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"PA-02-1","title":"Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2002, Volume 1. Delaware River Basin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2002 water year for Pennsylvania consists of records of discharge and water quality of streams; contents and elevations of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground-water wells. This report, Volume 1 contains (1) discharge records for 80 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations, 8 partial-record stations, 19 special study and miscellaneous streamflow sites, and 39 low-flow miscellaneous streamflow sites; (2) elevation and contents records for 13 lake and reservoirs; (3) water-quality records for 38 gaging stations and 14 ungaged streamsites; (4) water-quality records for 47 special-study station; (5) water-level records for 63 network observation wells; (6) water-quality analyses of ground water from 55 ground-water wells. Site locations are shown in figures throughout the report. Additional water data collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program are also presented. These data together with the data in Volumes 2 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Pennsylvania.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrPA021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, the Philadelphia District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Chester County Water Resources Authority, and with other State, municipal, and Federal agencies","usgsCitation":"Durlin, R.R., and Schaffstall, W.P., 2003, Water Resources Data, Pennsylvania, Water Year 2002, Volume 1. Delaware River Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report PA-02-1, 527 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrPA021.","productDescription":"527 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4987,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2002/pa-02-1/wdr-del-2002-1.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":177300,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2002/pa-02-1/coverthb.jpg"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070