{"pageNumber":"132","pageRowStart":"3275","pageSize":"25","recordCount":4111,"records":[{"id":70017502,"text":"70017502 - 1994 - Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-22T19:55:17.120806","indexId":"70017502","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pleistocene basalt of the Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field (MEF) is subdivided into a plagioclase type and an olivine type. Olivine basalt crops out farther inboard from the nearby Fairweather transform than plagioclase basalt. Th/La ratios of plagioclase basalt are similar to those of mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), whereas those of olivine basalt are of continental affinity. The olivine basalt has higher&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios than the plagioclase basalt.We model rare earth element (REE) contents of the olivine basalt, which resemble those of transitional MORB, by 10–15% partial melting of fertile spinel–plagioclase lherzolite followed by removal of 8–13% olivine. Normative mineralogy indicates melting in the spinel stability field. REE contents of an undersaturated basalt (sample 5L005) resemble those of Mauna Loa tholeiite and are modelled by 5–10% partial melting of fertile garnet lherzolite followed by 10% olivine removal. Plagioclase basalt resembles sample 5L005 in REE contents but is lower in other incompatible-element contents and&nbsp;</span><sup>87</sup><span>Sr/</span><sup>86</sup><span>Sr ratios. Plagioclase basalt either originated in depleted garnet lherzolite or is a mixture of sample 5L005 and normal MORB; complex zoning of plagioclase and colinear Sc and Th contents are consistent with magma mixing.We conclude that olivine basalt originated in subcontinental spinel lherzolite and that plagioclase basalt may have originated in suboceanic lithosphere of the Pacific plate. Lithospheric melting seemingly requires vertical flow of mantle material, although there is no direct evidence at the MEF for crustal extension that might provide a mechanism for mantle advection. In any case, most MEF magmas are subalkaline because of moderately high degrees of partial melting at shallow depth.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e94-078","usgsCitation":"Riehle, J., Budahn, J., Lanphere, M.A., and Brew, D.A., 1994, Rare earth element contents and multiple mantle sources of the transform-related Mount Edgecumbe basalts, southeastern Alaska: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 31, no. 5, p. 852-864, https://doi.org/10.1139/e94-078.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"852","endPage":"864","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228376,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kruzof Island, Mount Edgecumbe Volcanic Field","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.98489379882812,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ],\n            [\n              -134.98489379882812,\n              57.36579294673093\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              57.36579294673093\n            ],\n            [\n              -136.153564453125,\n              56.772293472653445\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9519e4b0c8380cd817df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riehle, J.R.","contributorId":73573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riehle","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanphere, M. A.","contributorId":35298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brew, D. A.","contributorId":88344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":376675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":85759,"text":"85759 - 1994 - Freshwater bivalves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:01","indexId":"85759","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Freshwater bivalves","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume 4. Invertebrates.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"University of Florida Press","publisherLocation":"Gainesville, FL","usgsCitation":"Williams, J., and Butler, R., 1994, Freshwater bivalves, chap. <i>of</i> Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume 4. Invertebrates., v. 4, p. 53-128.","productDescription":"p. 53-128","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8593","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Deyrup, M.","contributorId":112890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deyrup","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504781,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Franz, R.","contributorId":93850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504780,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Williams, J.D.","contributorId":74701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, R.S.","contributorId":16774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70187692,"text":"70187692 - 1994 - The status of sea ducks in the North Pacific Rim: Toward their conservation and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-15T10:59:31","indexId":"70187692","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5322,"text":"Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","printIssn":"0078-1355","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":19}},"title":"The status of sea ducks in the North Pacific Rim: Toward their conservation and management","docAbstract":"<p>Sea ducks (tribe <i>Mergini</i> after Johnsgard 1960) are the most northerly distributed ducks, and species diversity is greatest in the North Pacific. They exploit a diversity of inshore and offshore marine habitats during the non-breeding season, and their use of habitat during breeding varies from coastal through freshwater wetlands of the tundra and taiga (Figure 1, Appendix 1). Non-breeding cohorts frequent marine habitats most of the year. Sea ducks thus are important indicators of the quality of freshwater and marine ecosystems of northern biomes.</p><p>Of the 17 species discussed in this manuscript, at least 3 are reported to be declining (Appendix 2). However, the basis for many of those assessments is equivocal because there has been little effort to monitor populations. The efforts to more precisely assess their status point to catastrophic declines (Kertell 1991, Stehn et a 1993). Conservation problems related to sea ducks have a long history throughout the Holarctic. For example, the Labrador duck (<i>Camptorhynchus labradorius</i>) became extinct in 1875. (Phillips 1925); common eiders (<i>Somateria mollissima</i>) declined seriously throughout the northern hemisphere (Townsend 1914, Phillips 1925, Doughty 1979); harlequin ducks (<i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i>) experienced declines in Iceland and Greenland (Gudmundsson1971, Salomonson 1950), and more recently have been designated <i>endangered</i> in eastern Canada (Committee On the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada 1990). In Russia, all species of eider and harlequin ducks have been closed to sport hunting since 1981, and the Chinese mergansers (<i>Mergus squamatus</i>) presently are extremely rare and fully protected, i.e. category one of the red book (Solomonov 1987).</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the fifty-ninth North American wildlife and natural resources conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Fifty-ninth North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","conferenceDate":"March 18-23, 1993","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","issn":"0078-1355","usgsCitation":"Goudie, R.I., Brault, S., Conant, B., Kondratyev, A.V., Petersen, M.R., and Vermeer, K., 1994, The status of sea ducks in the North Pacific Rim: Toward their conservation and management, <i>in</i> Transactions of the fifty-ninth North American wildlife and natural resources conference, v. 59, Anchorage, AK, March 18-23, 1993, p. 27-49.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"49","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"North Pacific","volume":"59","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"591abe3be4b0a7fdb43c8c0d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCabe, Richard E.","contributorId":76489,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCabe","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695095,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wadsworth, Kelly G.","contributorId":42936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wadsworth","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695096,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Goudie, R. Ian","contributorId":181609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goudie","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ian","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brault, Solange","contributorId":29633,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brault","given":"Solange","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conant, Bruce","contributorId":37596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conant","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kondratyev, Alexander V.","contributorId":60160,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kondratyev","given":"Alexander","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vermeer, Kees","contributorId":103524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vermeer","given":"Kees","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70182831,"text":"70182831 - 1994 - Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T12:43:16","indexId":"70182831","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The Aleutian arc is the arcuate arrangement of mountain ranges and flanking submerged margins that forms the northern rim of the Pacific Basin from the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) eastward more than 3,000 km to Cooke Inlet (Fig. 1). It consists of two very different segments that meet near Unimak Pass: the Aleutian Ridge segment to the west and the Alaska Peninsula-the Kodiak Island segment to the east. The Aleutian Ridge segment is a massive, mostly submerged cordillera that includes both the islands and the submerged pedestal from which they protrude. The Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segment is composed of the Alaska Peninsula, its adjacent islands, and their continental and insular margins. The Bering Sea margin north of the Alaska Peninsula consists mostly of a wide continental shelf, some of which is underlain by rocks correlative with those on the Alaska Peninsula.</p><p>There is no pre-Eocene record in rocks of the Aleutian Ridge segment, whereas rare fragments of Paleozoic rocks and extensive outcrops of Mesozoic rocks occur on the Alaska Peninsula. Since the late Eocene, and possibly since the early Eocene, the two segments have evolved somewhat similarly. Major plutonic and volcanic episodes, however, are not synchronous. Furthermore, uplift of the Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segment in late Cenozoic time was more extensive than uplift of the Aleutian Ridge segment. It is probable that tectonic regimes along the Aleutian arc varied during the Tertiary in response to such factors as the directions and rates of convergence, to bathymetry and age of the subducting Pacific Plate, and to the volume of sediment in the Aleutian Trench.</p><p>The Pacific and North American lithospheric plates converge along the inner wall of the Aleutian trench at about 85 to 90 mm/yr. Convergence is nearly at right angles along the Alaska Peninsula, but because of the arcuate shape of the Aleutian Ridge relative to the location of the plates' poles of rotation, the angle of convergence lessens to the west (Minster and Jordan, 1978). Along the central Aleutian Ridge, underthrusting is about 30° from normal to the volcanic axis. Motion between plates is approximately parallel along the western Aleutian Ridge.</p><p>In this paper we briefly describe and interpret the Cenozoic evolution of the Aleutian arc by focusing on the onshore and offshore geologic frameworks in four of its sectors, two sectors each from the Aleutian Ridge and Alaska Peninsula-Kodiak Island segments (Fig. 1). We compare the geologic evolution of the segments and comment on the implications of some new, previously unpublished data.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","usgsCitation":"Vallier, T.L., Scholl, D.W., Fisher, M.A., Bruns, T.R., Wilson, F.H., von Huene, R.E., and Stevenson, A.J., 1994, Geologic framework of the Aleutian arc, Alaska, chap. 11 <i>of</i> The geology of Alaska: Volume G-1 of Decade of North American Geology, v. G-1, p. 367-388.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"388","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336372,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian arc","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ],\n            [\n              -142.91015625,\n              62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              62.34960927573042\n            ],\n            [\n              -197.2265625,\n              42.94033923363181\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"G-1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a44e4b01ccd54ff3fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vallier, Tracy L.","contributorId":28857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scholl, David W. 0000-0001-6500-6962 dscholl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6500-6962","contributorId":3738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scholl","given":"David","email":"dscholl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fisher, Michael A. mfisher@usgs.gov","contributorId":1991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Michael","email":"mfisher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":673937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bruns, Terry R.","contributorId":29420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruns","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"von Huene, Roland E. 0000-0003-1301-3866 rvonhuene@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-3866","contributorId":191070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"von Huene","given":"Roland","email":"rvonhuene@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":7065,"text":"USGS emeritus","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":673940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stevenson, Andrew J.","contributorId":18830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevenson","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70185144,"text":"70185144 - 1994 - Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-15T12:39:55","indexId":"70185144","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets","docAbstract":"<p><span>The incidental catch of seabirds in high-seas drift nets was recorded in 1990-1991 by scientific observers on commercial squid and large-mesh fishery vessels operating in the North Pacific Transitional Zone. Twenty-six <i>Synthliboramphus</i> murrelet deaths were recorded in the months of August through December. All but one were from the Korean squid fishery in a small area bounded by 38°-44°N and 142°-157°E. Five specimens of the dead birds were collected and later identified as Japanese Murrelets (<i>S. wumizusume</i>). As fishing effort was widely distributed over a large area east of Japan, these data suggest that postbreeding Japanese Murrelets migrate north to winter in a relatively small area southeast of Hokkaido, where persistent eddies form at the confluence of the Oyashio and Kuroshio currents. Fronts between cold Oyashio water and Kuroshio warm-core eddies promote the aggregation of zooplankton and pelagic fishes, which in turn may attract murrelets during the nonbreeding season. The estimated total mortality of Japanese Murrelets in high-seas drift-net fisheries represents a significant proportion of the total world population of this rare and endangered species.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.2307/4088827","usgsCitation":"Piatt, J.F., and Gould, P.J., 1994, Postbreeding dispersal and drift-net mortality of endangered Japanese Murrelets: The Auk, v. 111, no. 4, p. 953-961, https://doi.org/10.2307/4088827.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"953","endPage":"961","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337629,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","otherGeospatial":"North Pacific Transitional Zone","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              147,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              141,\n              36\n            ],\n            [\n              141,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              147,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              147,\n              36\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"111","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca5301e4b0849ce97c875a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gould, Patrick J.","contributorId":11667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gould","given":"Patrick","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018023,"text":"70018023 - 1993 - Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-17T15:52:35.572159","indexId":"70018023","displayToPublicDate":"2010-05-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seamount phosphorites have been recognized since the 1950s, but this is the first study to provide an in depth exploration of the origin and history of these widespread deposits. Representative samples from equatorial Pacific Cretaceous seamounts were analyzed for chemical, mineralogical, and stable isotope compositions. The phosphorites occur in a wide variety of forms, but most commonly carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) replaced middle Eocene and older carbonate sediment in a deep water environment (&gt;1000 m). Element ratios distinguish seamount phosphorites from continental margin, plateau, and insular phosphorites. Uranium and thorium contents are low and total rare earth element (REE) contents are generally high. REE ratios and shale-normalized patterns demonstrate that the REEs and host CFA were derived from seawater. Strontium isotopic compositions compared with inferred Cenozoic seawater curves define two major episodes of Cenozoic phosphatization: Late Eocene/early Oligocene (39–34 Ma) and late Oligocene/early Miocene (27–21 Ma); three minor events are also indicated. The major episodes occurred at times of climate transition, the first from a nonglacial to glacial earth and the second from a predominantly glacial to warm earth. The paleoceanographic conditions that existed at those times initiated and sustained development of phosphorite by accumulation of dissolved phosphorus in the deep sea during relatively stable climatic conditions when oceanic circulation was sluggish. Fluctuations in climate, sealevel, and upwelling that accompanied the climate transitions may have driven cycles of enrichment and depletion of the deep-sea phosphorus reservoir. As temperature gradients in the oceans increased, Antarctic glaciation expanded and oceanic circulation and upwelling intensified. Expansion and intensification of the oxygen minimum zone may have increased the capacity for midwater storage of phosphorus supplied by dynamic upwelling around seamounts; however, the bottom waters never became anoxic during the phosphogenic episodes. Fluctuations in the CCD and lysocline, CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;fluxes, and changes in bottom water circulation and temperatures may have bathed the seamount carbonates in more corrosive waters which, coupled with increased supplies of dissolved phosphorus, promoted replacement processes. The late Eocene/early Oligocene phosphogenic episode recorded in seamount deposits is not matched by large phosphorite deposits in the geologic record, whereas the late Oligocene/early Miocene episode and middle Miocene event are matched by large deposits distributed globally. The seamount phosphorites are exposed at the surface of the seamounts and have been for most of the Neogene and Oligocene. The phosphorites do not show signs of etching that would indicate substantial undersaturation of seawater phosphate with respect to CFA. Mass balance calculations indicate that about 5.4–19 × 10</span><sup>12</sup><span>&nbsp;g of P</span><sub>2</sub><span>O</span><sub>5</sub><span>&nbsp;are locked up in equatorial Pacific seamount phosphorites. That amount is equivalent to about 2-7 years of the present annual input from rivers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/93PA00320","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Hein, J., Hsueh-Wen, Y., Gunn, S., Sliter, W., Benninger, L., and Chung-Ho, W., 1993, Two major Cenozoic episodes of phosphogenesis recorded in equatorial Pacific seamount deposits: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 8, no. 2, p. 293-311, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA00320.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"311","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228458,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb958e4b08c986b327bd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsueh-Wen, Yeh","contributorId":75811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsueh-Wen","given":"Yeh","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gunn, S.H.","contributorId":65236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunn","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sliter, W.V.","contributorId":38997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sliter","given":"W.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benninger, L.M.","contributorId":34930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benninger","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Chung-Ho, Wang","contributorId":82982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chung-Ho","given":"Wang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5210890,"text":"5210890 - 1993 - Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5210890","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley","docAbstract":"In 1992, the Vicksburg Field Research Station of the National Wetlands Research Center initiated research on the ecology of migratory birds within forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). The MAV was historically a nearly contiguous bottomland hardwood forest, however, only remnants remain. These remnants are fragmented and often influenced by drainage projects, silviculture, agriculture, and urban development. Our objectives are to assess species richness and relative abundance, and to relate these to the size, quality, and composition of forest stands. Species richness and relative abundance were estimated for 53 randomly selected forest sites using 1 to 8 point counts per site, depending on the size of the forest fragment. However, statistical comparisons among sites will be restricted to an equal number ofpoint counts within the sites being compared. Point counts, lasting five minutes, were conducted from 11 May to 29 June 1992, foltowing Ralph, Sauer, and Droege (Point Count Standards; memo dated 9 March 1992). Vegetation was measured at the first three points on each site using a modification of the methods employed by Martin and Roper (Condor 90: 5 1-57; 1988). During 252 counts, 7 1 species were encountered, but only 62 species were encountered within a 50-m radius of point center. The mean number of species encountered within 50 m of a point, was 7.3 (s.d. = 2.7) and the mean number of individuals was 11.2 (s.d. = 4.2). The mean number of species detected at any distance was 9.6 (s.d, = 2.8) and the mean number of individuals was 15.6 (s.d. = 7.9). The most frequently encountered warblers in the MAV were Prothonotary Warbler and Northern Parula. Rarely encountered warblers were American Redstart and Worm-eating Warbler. The genera, Quercus, Ulmus, Carya, and Celtis were each encountered at 80 or more of the 152 points at which vegetation was sampled. Species most frequentlyencountered were: sugarberry (Celtis laevagata), water hickory (Caqa aquatica), American elm (Ulmus arnericana), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and willow oak (Quercus phellos)  The mean basal area of all trees 10 cm diameter-at-breast height (dbh) was 28 m2 /ha (range 7-70). The mean canopy cover was 87 percent, mean canopy height was 20 m, ground cover was 60 percent, and vegetation density (2-7 m) was 47 percent. The most frequently encountered understory species were sugarberry, ash (Fraxinus spp.), maple (Acer spp.), and elm (Ulnrus spp.). A cooperative GIs effort among the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Nature Conservancy, and the University of Arkansas is currently classifying forested habitats within the MAV. This effort will provide information on stand size and topology which will be used in concert with our current data, and data from visits to additional forest stands in 1993, to assess the relationship between the size, quatity, and composition of forests within the MAV and their breeding bird community.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"New Orleans, LA.","collaboration":"OCLC 34795517.  Held Nov. 12-14 : Memphis, Tenn.","usgsCitation":"Nelms, C., and Twedt, D., 1993, Species richness and relative abundance of breeding birds in forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, chap. <i>of</i> Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight.","productDescription":"20","startPage":"17 (abs)","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e3c","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, Winston Paul","contributorId":112384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507277,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nelms, C.O.","contributorId":41554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"C.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5210892,"text":"5210892 - 1993 - Point counts of landbirds in bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley:  How long and how many?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5210892","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Point counts of landbirds in bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley:  How long and how many?","docAbstract":"To quantify efficacy of point count sampling in bottomland hardwood forests, we examined the influence of point count duration on corresponding estimates of number of individuals and species recorded. To accomplish this we conducted a totalof 82 point counts 7 May-16 May 1992distributed among three habitats (Wet, Mesic, Dry) in each of three regions within the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV). Each point count consisted of recording the number of individual birds (all species) seen or heard during the initial three minutes and per each minute thereafter for a period totaling ten minutes. In addition, we included 384 point counts recorded during an 8-week period in each of 3 years (1985-1987) among 56 randomly-selected forest patches within the bottomlands of western Tennessee.  Each point count consisted of recording the number of individuals (excluding migrating species) during each of four, 5 minute intervals for a period totaling 20 minutes.  To estimate minimum sample size, we determined sampling variation at each level (region, habitat, and locality) with the 82 point counts from the lower (MAV) and applied the procedures of Neter and Wasserman (1974:493; Applied linear statistical models). Neither the cumulative number of individuals nor number of species per sampling interval attained an asymptote after 10 or 20 minutes of sampling. For western Tennessee bottomlands, total individual and species counts relative to point count duration were similar among years and comparable to the pattern observed throughout the lower MAV. Across the MAV, we recorded a total of 1,62 1 birds distributed among 52 species with the majority (8721/1621) representing 8 species. More birds were recorded within 25-50 m than in either of the other distance categories. There was significant variation in numbers of individuals and species among point counts. For both, significant differences between region and patch (nested within region) occurred; neither habitat nor interaction between habitat and region was significant. For = 0.05 and L3 = 0.10, minimum sample size estimates (per factor level) varied by orders of magnitude depending upon the observed or specified range of desired detectable difference. For observed regional variation, 20 and 40 point counts were required to accommodate variability in total birds (MSE = 9.28) and species (MSE = 3.79), respectively; 25 percent of the mean could be achieved with 5 counts per factor level. Corresponding sample sizes required to detect differences of rarer species (e.g., Wood Thrush) were 500; for common species (e.g., Northern Cardinal) this same level of precision could be achieved with 100 counts.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"New Orleans, LA","collaboration":"OCLC 34795517  Held Nov. 12-14 : Memphis, Tenn.","usgsCitation":"Smith, W., Wiedenfeld, D., Hanel, P., Twedt, D., Ford, R., and Cooper, R., 1993, Point counts of landbirds in bottomland hardwood forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley:  How long and how many?, chap. <i>of</i> Fourth meeting of the Southeast Management Working Group Partners in Flight.","productDescription":"20","startPage":"15 (abs)","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681e71","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Smith, Winston Paul","contributorId":112384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Winston","email":"","middleInitial":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507279,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, W.P.","contributorId":97217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiedenfeld, D.A.","contributorId":25518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiedenfeld","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hanel, P.B.","contributorId":20049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ford, R.P.","contributorId":30325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5210593,"text":"5210593 - 1993 - Habitat use and survival rates of wintering American woodcocks in coastal South Carolina and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210593","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8,"text":"Biological Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"16","title":"Habitat use and survival rates of wintering American woodcocks in coastal South Carolina and Georgia","docAbstract":"Habitat use and survival rates of radio-marked American woodcocks (Scolopax minor) were studied during the winter in coastal South Carolina (1988-89) and Georgia (1989-90).  Soon after they arrived, woodcocks were captured in mist nets or in modified shorebird traps or by nightlighting.  Each bird was weighed, aged, sexed, and fitted with a 4-g radio transmitter and monitored daily until it died or could not be located or until its radio failed.  During the day, the woodcocks in South Carolina frequented seasonally flooded stands of gum-oak-willow (Liquidambar-Quercus-Salix) > 75% of the time and <15-year-old pine (Pinus spp.) plantations during the remaining time.  The predominantly used understory vegetation was switch cane (Arundinaria gigantica).  In Georgia, woodcocks used bottomland hardwoods, young pine plantations (<15-years-old), mature pine-hardwood stands, and clear-cuttings that had regenerated naturally.  Wax myrtle (Myrica cerifera) dominated the used understory species at these sites.  The woodcocks in South Carolina rarely made daily moves between daytime and nighttime cover, whereas the birds in Georgia made regular flights.  At both sites, the daily survival rates of females were low, especially in the absence of losses from hunting.  Daily survival rates of females ranged from 0.992 in adults to 0.994 in young.  Daily survival rates of males ranged from 1.0 in adults to 0.996 in young.  We determined no significant differences in the daily survival rates of woodcocks by age or sex in either South Carolina or Georgia.  Probable predators of radio-marked woodcocks included bobcats (Lynx rufus), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and barred owls (Strix varia).","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth American Woodcock Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Krementz, D., and Seginak, J., 1993, Habitat use and survival rates of wintering American woodcocks in coastal South Carolina and Georgia: Biological Report 16, 139.","productDescription":"139","startPage":"133 (abs)","numberOfPages":"139","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":92167,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheEighthAmericanWoodcockSymposium","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":200453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db64860b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Longcore, Jerry R.","contributorId":45447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Longcore","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506770,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepik, Greg F.","contributorId":100055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepik","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506771,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Krementz, D.G.","contributorId":74332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krementz","given":"D.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seginak, J.T.","contributorId":100783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seginak","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5200255,"text":"5200255 - 1993 - Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) reproductive behavior: a guideline for management of active nests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:15","indexId":"5200255","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) reproductive behavior: a guideline for management of active nests","docAbstract":"One explanation for the failure of intensively monitored Puerto Rican Parrot nests is that observers may lack the information needed to evaluate pair behavior and to recognize behaviors indicative of nest problems.  I examined the behavior of Puerto Rican Parrots during eight non-problematic and six problematic nesting attempts to 1) describe behavior of pairs that experienced no notable nest problems and 2) to identify and describe behaviors associated with nest problems.  I examined nest attendance, duration of attentive periods, and frequency of nest visits for both males and females, and duration of periods away from the nest for females only.      Adult behavior during incubation and early chick rearing at non-problematic nests was well-defined.  Females spent an average of 93.2 to 97.3% of the observation period in their nests during incubation and generally left their nests for average periods of 5 to 12 min.  Female nest attendance generally declined and recesses became longer as chick rearing progressed. Males rarely entered their nests during incubation, but they generally established a regular pattern of nest visits within seven to 10 days of hatching of their young.  In some cases, incidents of human disturbance to nest pairs during incubation and early chick rearing were associated with sudden changes in behavior.      The key indicator of nest problems (abandonment during incubation or loss of young) was unexpected declines in female nest attendance.  Declines were often accompanied by unexpected increases in female recesses or frequency of female nest visits, and sometimes by increases in male nest visits.  Abandonment of nests during incubation was associated with repeated incidents of potentially disturbing activities (e.g., nest inspections).  Deaths of embryos and young were associated with behaviors that allowed increased cooling of embryos.","language":"English","publisher":"Thesis (M.S.)--University of Massachusetts at Amherst","collaboration":"Funded by Patuxent, Becky Field and Marcia Wilson acknowledged. ","usgsCitation":"Wilson, K., 1993, Puerto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) reproductive behavior: a guideline for management of active nests, xvii, 214.","productDescription":"xvii, 214","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200420,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f089a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, K.A.","contributorId":45021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":58562,"text":"mf2198E - 1993 - Mineral resource assessment of rare-earth elements, thorium, titanium, and uranium in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:27:28.872987","indexId":"mf2198E","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2198","chapter":"E","title":"Mineral resource assessment of rare-earth elements, thorium, titanium, and uranium in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","docAbstract":"<p>Mineral resources of the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina, were assessed between 1984 and 1990 under the Conterminuous United States Mineral Assessment Program (CUSMAP) of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The mineral resource assessments were made on the basis of geologic, geochemical, and geophysical investigations and the presence of mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences from the literature.</p><p>This report is an assessment of the rare-earth elements (REE), thorium, titanium, and uranium resources in the Greenville quadrangle and is based on heavy mineral concentrates collected in 1951-54 by the USGS (Overstreet and others, 1968; Caldwell and White, 1973; Cuppels and White, 1973); on the results of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) sampling program (Ferguson, 1978, 1979); on analyses of stream-sediment and heavy-mineral-concentrate samples (Jackson and Moore, 1992, G.C Cullin, USGS, unpub. data, 1992) on maps showing aerial gamma radiation in the Greenville quadrangle (D.L. Daniels, USGS, unpub. data, 1992); and on the geology as mapped by Nelson and others (1987, 1989).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2198E","usgsCitation":"Lesure, F.G., Curtin, G.C., Daniels, D.L., and Jackson, J.C., 1993, Mineral resource assessment of rare-earth elements, thorium, titanium, and uranium in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2198, 1 Plate: 47.48 x 40.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2198E.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 47.48 x 40.79 inches","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":390914,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5830.htm"},{"id":180670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2198e.jpg"},{"id":283688,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2198-E/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d049","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lesure, Frank G.","contributorId":20068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lesure","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Curtin, Gary C.","contributorId":89109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Daniels, David L. 0000-0003-0599-8036 dave@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0599-8036","contributorId":1792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniels","given":"David","email":"dave@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jackson, John C. jjackson@usgs.gov","contributorId":2652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"John","email":"jjackson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":18601,"text":"ofr93407 - 1993 - Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","indexId":"ofr93407","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":21946,"text":"ofr00212 - 2000 - Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples","indexId":"ofr00212","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory-Processing, taxonomy, and quality control of benthic macroinvertebrate samples"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-26T10:08:37","indexId":"ofr93407","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-407","title":"Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"<p>Benthic invertebrate samples are collected as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. This is a perennial, multidisciplinary program that integrates biological, physical, and chemical indicators of water quality to evaluate status and trends and to develop an understanding of the factors controlling observed water quality. The Program examines water quality in 60 study units (coupled ground- and surface-water systems) that encompass most of the conterminous United States and parts of Alaska and Hawaii. Study-unit teams collect and process qualitative and semi-quantitative invertebrate samples according to standardized procedures. These samples are processed (elutriated and subsampled) in the field to produce as many as four sample components: large-rare, main-body, elutriate, and split. Each sample component is preserved in 10-percent formalin, and two components, large-rare and main-body, are sent to contract laboratories for further processing. The large-rare component is composed of large invertebrates that are removed from the sample matrix during field processing and placed in one or more containers. The main-body sample component consists of the remaining sample materials (sediment, detritus, and invertebrates) and is subsampled in the field to achieve a volume of 750 milliliters or less. The remaining two sample components, elutriate and split, are used for quality-assurance and quality-control purposes. Contract laboratories are used to identify and quantify invertebrates from the large-rare and main-body sample components according to the procedures and guidelines specified within this document. These guidelines allow the use of subsampling techniques to reduce the volume of sample material processed and to facilitate identifications. These processing procedures and techniques may be modified if the modifications provide equal or greater levels of accuracy and precision. The intent of sample processing is to determine the quantity of each taxon present in the semi-quantitative samples or to list the taxa present in qualitative samples. The processing guidelines provide standardized laboratory forms, sample labels, detailed sample processing flow charts, standardized format for electronic data, quality-assurance procedures and checks, sample tracking standards, and target levels for taxonomic determinations. The contract laboratory (1) is responsible for identifications and quantifications, (2) constructs reference collections, (3) provides data in hard copy and electronic forms, (4) follows specified quality-assurance and quality-control procedures, and (5) returns all processed and unprocessed portions of the samples. The U.S. Geological Survey's Quality Management Group maintains a Biological Quality-Assurance Unit, located at the National Water-Quality Laboratory, Arvada, Colorado, to oversee the use of contract laboratories and ensure the quality of data obtained from these laboratories according to the guidelines established in this document. This unit establishes contract specifications, reviews contractor performance (timeliness, accuracy, and consistency), enters data into the National Water Information System-II data base, maintains in-house reference collections, deposits voucher specimens in outside museums, and interacts with taxonomic experts within and outside the U.S. Geological Survey. This unit also modifies the existing sample processing and quality-assurance guidelines, establishes criteria and testing procedures for qualifying potential contract laboratories, identifies qualified taxonomic experts, and establishes voucher collections.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/ofr93407","usgsCitation":"Cuffney, T., Gurtz, M., and Meador, M.R., 1993, Guidelines for the processing and quality assurance of benthic invertebrate samples collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-407, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93407.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363256,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr93407","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":150810,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0407/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a301","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cuffney, T. F.","contributorId":108134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cuffney","given":"T. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gurtz, M. E.","contributorId":29841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurtz","given":"M. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meador, M. R.","contributorId":74400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meador","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":34228,"text":"b2052 - 1993 - The Seaman volcanic center—A rare middle Tertiary stratovolcano in southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-18T21:08:50.012985","indexId":"b2052","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2052","title":"The Seaman volcanic center—A rare middle Tertiary stratovolcano in southern Nevada","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2052","usgsCitation":"Du Bray, E., 1993, The Seaman volcanic center—A rare middle Tertiary stratovolcano in southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2052, iii, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2052.","productDescription":"iii, 19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391886,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22315.htm"},{"id":62132,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2052/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":166039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2052/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Seaman volcanic center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.19989013671875,\n              37.87702138607635\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.11543273925781,\n              37.87702138607635\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.11543273925781,\n              37.94798787156644\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.19989013671875,\n              37.94798787156644\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.19989013671875,\n              37.87702138607635\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67abd2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Du Bray, E. A.","contributorId":22333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du Bray","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":212645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39619,"text":"pp1537 - 1993 - Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and base-metal ores of the North Amethyst vein system, San Juan Mountains, Mineral County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T10:30:09","indexId":"pp1537","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1537","title":"Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and base-metal ores of the North Amethyst vein system, San Juan Mountains, Mineral County, Colorado","docAbstract":"<p>Gold-rich adularia-sericite-type mineralization occurs near the southern margin of the San Luis caldera, at the intersection of the Equity fault and the northern extension of the Amethyst fault system. Mineralized rock is confined primarily to steeply dipping structures in silicified rhyolite and dacite. Intense sericitic alteration occurs at higher levels in the vein system, and wall rock adjacent to some veins is bleached. The ores are multiply brecciated, and vein filling locally shows sedimentary textures.</p>\n<p>Textural, mineralogical, and chemical criteria indicate that there are at least two partially coextensive associations of mineral assemblages separated by periods of brecciation and sedimentation. An older gold-bearing association consists of two fine-grained ore stages, both of which contain electrum, uytenbogaardtite, tetrahedrite, silver sulfosalts, silver sulfides and base-metal sulfides, and a manganese-rich stage containing the assemblages (1) manganese silicate + manganese carbonate minerals + quartz and (2) magnetite + hematite + pyrite + quartz. A younger crosscutting association contains calcite, adularia, fluorite, and quartz, plus the assemblages (1) coarse-grained basemetal sulfides and (2) hematite + chlorite + quartz. Quartz, manganese-rich calcite, and trace pyrite line late-stage vugs.</p>\n<p>Mineralogic, lead-isotopic, and fluid-inclusion characteristics of the younger association are similar to those of ores of the southern and central parts of the Creede mining district. In contrast, the gold and manganese-silicate assemblages of the older association are rare to absent in the southern and central parts of the district. The local and early occurrence of the manganese and gold assemblages may indicate that they formed in a small hydrothermal cell that predated the extensive hydrothermal system from which ores of the central and southern parts of the Creede district are proposed to have been deposited (Bethke, 1988). If similar early-stage cells were present in the southern and central parts of the district, they may have been replaced or overprinted by later assemblages, and they may remain to be discovered. In the latter case, mineral assemblages that formed at early stages in the paragenesis hold the most promise for gold exploration.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/pp1537","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Caddey, S.W., Byington, C.B., and Vardiman, D.M., 1993, Mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and paragenesis of gold, silver, and base-metal ores of the North Amethyst vein system, San Juan Mountains, Mineral County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1537, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1537.","productDescription":"39 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67237,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1537/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"5.91 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":126518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1537/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"Mineral County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -108.5,\n              37.00693943418586\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.5,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              37.00693943418586\n            ],\n            [\n              -108.5,\n              37.00693943418586\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d82","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":221815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caddey, Stanton W.","contributorId":55506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caddey","given":"Stanton","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Byington, Craig B.","contributorId":10287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byington","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vardiman, David M.","contributorId":45577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vardiman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25136,"text":"cir930N - 1993 - International strategic minerals inventory summary report; rare-earth oxides","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:12","indexId":"cir930N","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"930","chapter":"N","title":"International strategic minerals inventory summary report; rare-earth oxides","docAbstract":"Bastnaesite, monazite, and xenotime are currently the most important rare-earth minerals. Bastnaesite occurs as a primary mineral in carbonatites. Monazite and xenotime also can be found in primary deposits but are recovered principally from heavy-mineral placers that are mined for titanium or tin. Each of these minerals has a different composition of the 15 rare-earth elements. \r\n\r\nWorld resources of economically exploitable rare-earth oxides (REO) are estimated at 93.4 million metric tons in place, composed of 93 percent in primary deposits and 7 percent in placers. The average mineral composition is 83 percent bastnaesite, 13 percent monazite, and 4 percent of 10 other minerals. Annual global production is about 67,000 metric tons of which 41 percent is from placers and 59 percent is from primary deposits; mining methods consist of open pits (94 percent) and dredging (6 percent). This output could be doubled if the operations that do not currently recover rare earths would do so. \r\n\r\nResources are more than sufficient to meet the demand for the predictable future. About 52 percent of the world's REO resources are located in China. Ranking of other countries is as follows: Namibia (22 percent), the United States (15 percent), Australia (6 percent), and India (3 percent); the remainder is in several other countries. Conversely, 38 percent of the production is in China, 33 percent in the United States, 12 percent in Australia, and 5 percent each in Malaysia and India. Several other countries, including Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, make up the remainder. Markets for rare earths are mainly in the metallurgical, magnet, ceramic, electronic, chemical, and optical industries. Rare earths improve the physical and rolling properties of iron and steel and add corrosion resistance and strength to structural members at high temperatures. Samarium and neodymium are used in lightweight, powerful magnets for electric motors. Cerium and yttrium increase the density and heat resistance of sintered ceramics. Yttrium and gadolinium contribute to the efficiency of electronic switches and sensors. Cerium improves the effectiveness of catalysts in the petroleum and automotive industries. Cerium oxides speed glass melting and are used to polish glass by chemical, rather than mechanical, means. Cerium, europium, terbium, and yttrium, as phosphoric compounds, promote the vivid colors of television screens. Consumption of rare earths is expected to grow by about 2.6 percent per year.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/cir930N","usgsCitation":"Jackson, W., and Christiansen, G., 1993, International strategic minerals inventory summary report; rare-earth oxides: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 930, v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 68 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir930N.","productDescription":"v. :ill. ;26 cm.; 68 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/0930n/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54116,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1993/0930n/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4887e4b07f02db519db9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jackson, W.D.","contributorId":45743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, Grey","contributorId":14013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Grey","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":17802,"text":"ofr93592 - 1993 - The U. S. Geological Survey, Digital Spectral Library: Version 1 (0.2 to 3.0um)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:16","indexId":"ofr93592","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-592","title":"The U. S. Geological Survey, Digital Spectral Library: Version 1 (0.2 to 3.0um)","docAbstract":"We have developed a digital reflectance spectral library, with management and spectral analysis software. The library includes 498 spectra of 444 samples (some samples include a series of grain sizes) measured from approximately 0.2 to 3.0 um . The spectral resolution (Full Width Half Maximum) of the reflectance data is <= 4 nm in the visible (0.2-0.8 um) and <= 10 nm in the NIR (0.8-2.35 um). All spectra were corrected to absolute reflectance using an NIST Halon standard. Library management software lets users search on parameters (e.g. chemical formulae, chemical analyses, purity of samples, mineral groups, etc.) as well as spectral features. \r\n\r\nMinerals from borate, carbonate, chloride, element, halide, hydroxide, nitrate, oxide, phosphate, sulfate, sulfide, sulfosalt, and the silicate (cyclosilicate, inosilicate, nesosilicate, phyllosilicate, sorosilicate, and tectosilicate) classes are represented. X-Ray and chemical analyses are tabulated for many of the entries, and all samples have been evaluated for spectral purity. The library also contains end and intermediate members for the olivine, garnet, scapolite, montmorillonite, muscovite, jarosite, and alunite solid-solution series. We have included representative spectra of H2O ice, kerogen, ammonium-bearing minerals, rare-earth oxides, desert varnish coatings, kaolinite crystallinity series, kaolinite-smectite series, zeolite series, and an extensive evaporite series. Because of the importance of vegetation to climate-change studies we have include 17 spectra of tree leaves, bushes, and grasses. \r\n\r\nThe library and software are available as a series of U.S.G.S. Open File reports. PC user software is available to convert the binary data to ascii files (a separate U.S.G.S. open file report). Additionally, a binary data files are on line at the U.S.G.S. in Denver for anonymous ftp to users on the Internet. The library search software enables a user to search on documentation parameters as well as spectral features. The analysis system includes general spectral analysis routines, plotting packages, radiative transfer software for computing intimate mixtures, routines to derive optical constants from reflectance spectra, tools to analyze spectral features, and the capability to access imaging spectrometer data cubes for spectral analysis. Users may build customized libraries (at specific wavelengths and spectral resolution) for their own instruments using the library software. \r\n\r\nWe are currently extending spectral coverage to 150 um. The libraries (original and convolved) will be made available in the future on a CD-ROM.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr93592","usgsCitation":"Clark, R.N., Swayze, G.A., Gallagher, A.J., King, T., and Calvin, W.M., 1993, The U. S. Geological Survey, Digital Spectral Library: Version 1 (0.2 to 3.0um): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-592, 1326 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93592.","productDescription":"1326 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0592/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":9923,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral.lib04/clark1993/spectral_lib.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":47042,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0592/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673dff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, Roger N. 0000-0002-7021-1220 rclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-1220","contributorId":515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Roger","email":"rclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Swayze, Gregg A. 0000-0002-1814-7823 gswayze@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1814-7823","contributorId":518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swayze","given":"Gregg","email":"gswayze@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":177892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gallagher, Andrea J.","contributorId":65868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallagher","given":"Andrea","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"King, Trude","contributorId":29831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"King","given":"Trude","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Calvin, Wendy M.","contributorId":93508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvin","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":19997,"text":"ofr93445 - 1993 - Can rain cause volcanic eruptions?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T13:26:56","indexId":"ofr93445","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-445","title":"Can rain cause volcanic eruptions?","docAbstract":"Volcanic eruptions are renowned for their violence and destructive power. This power comes ultimately from the heat and pressure of molten rock and its contained gases. Therefore we rarely consider the possibility that meteoric phenomena, like rainfall, could promote or inhibit their occurrence. Yet from time to time observers have suggested that weather may affect volcanic activity. In the late 1800's, for example, one of the first geologists to visit the island of Hawaii, J.D. Dana, speculated that rainfall influenced the occurrence of eruptions there. In the early 1900's, volcanologists suggested that some eruptions from Mount Lassen, Calif., were caused by the infiltration of snowmelt into the volcano's hot summit. Most such associations have not been provable because of lack of information; others have been dismissed after careful evaluation of the evidence.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93445","usgsCitation":"Mastin, L.G., 1993, Can rain cause volcanic eruptions?: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-445, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93445.","productDescription":"2 p.","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288111,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr93445.jpg"},{"id":1134,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0445/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49526,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0445/pdf/of1993-0445.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,90.0 ], [ 180.0,-90.0 ], [ -180.0,-90.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ffe4b07f02db5f7af2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mastin, Larry G. 0000-0002-4795-1992 lgmastin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-1992","contributorId":555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mastin","given":"Larry","email":"lgmastin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":181874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70207413,"text":"70207413 - 1993 - Emplacement and differentiation of the york haven diabase sheet, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T08:07:06","indexId":"70207413","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T08:00:18","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Emplacement and differentiation of the york haven diabase sheet, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many of the high-Ti quartz-normative tholeiitic intrusive sheets in the early Mesozoic rift basins of the Eastern USA exhibit lateral differentiation from mafic cumulate units, through diabase, to relatively evolved iron-rich rock types. We have investigated a representative example in detail, the York Haven sheet in the Gettysburg basin of south-central Pennsylvania. It ranges in thickness from 330 m to 675 m, and we have sampled it from base to top along four separate stratigraphic sections evenly spaced over the extent of the intrusion. The easternmost section (York Haven) is entirely basaltic bronzite cumulate (average 15 vol. % bronzite), whereas the westernmost (Reesers Summit) consists of diabase and low-MgO diabase with a middle to upper 'sandwich zone' of ferrogabbro. The intervening sections feature rock types transitional between the two end-member sequences. Chemically, the rock series shows a gradual east to west depletion of compatible elements (Mg, Ca, Ni, and Cr), and enrichment of incompatible elements [Ti, Fe, Na, K, P, Cu, Zr, Th, Ta, Hf, Sb, Cs, As, platinum group elements (PGEs), and rare earth elements (REEs)].We suggest two main processes for the trends observed in the York Haven sheet. First, flow differentiation during ascent and lateral injection of the parental magma produced a tongue of basaltic bronzite cumulate that thins from southeast to northwest and passes laterally into diabase, and, at the distal end of the intrusion, into low-MgO diabase. Then, in the latter stages of crystallization, densitydriven hydrothermal fluids transported incompatible elements westward, into structurally higher parts of the intrusion. Reaction of this residual aqueous fluid with partly crystallized low-MgO diabase produced a zone of ferrogabbro rich in hydrothermal replacement products (e.g., Cl-amphibole, biotite, ferrohypersthene, and skeletal ilmenite) and precipitates (e.g., quartz, fayalite, Cl-apatite, sulfides, and PGE minerals). © 1993 Oxford University Press.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press ","doi":"10.1093/petrology/34.6.1271","issn":"00223530","usgsCitation":"Mangan, M.T., Marsh, B., Froelich, A., and Gottfried, D., 1993, Emplacement and differentiation of the york haven diabase sheet, Pennsylvania: Journal of Petrology, v. 34, no. 6, p. 1271-1302, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/34.6.1271.","productDescription":"32 p. 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 \"}}]}","volume":"34","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mangan, M. T.","contributorId":10438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, B.D.","contributorId":221356,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marsh","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187764,"text":"70187764 - 1993 - Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T16:09:04","indexId":"70187764","displayToPublicDate":"1993-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea","docAbstract":"<p>We review recent accounts of the foraging ecologies of &nbsp;five species of small auklets found in the Bering Sea. These birds eat a wide variety of zooplankton and micronekton. Least Auklets&nbsp;<i>Aethia pusilla&nbsp;</i>and Whiskered Auklets&nbsp;<i>A. pygmaea</i>, as far as is known, primarily eat copepods, whereas Created Auklets&nbsp;<i>A. cristatella</i> appear to specialize on euphausiids, at least during the breeding season. The diet of Parakeet Auklets&nbsp;<i>Cyclorrhynchus psittacula&nbsp;</i>is much broader than that of most other&nbsp;<i>Aethia&nbsp;</i>species, and includes many gelatinous species and their commensals. Little is known of the diet of Cassin's Auklet&nbsp;<i>Ptychoramphus aleuticus&nbsp;</i>in the Bering Sea, although elsewhere they take large copepods, euphausiids, and larval fish.</p><p>There are considerable differences in the at-sea distributions and foraging behaviors of these five species of auklet. Least Auklets in the norhtern Bering Sea concentrate their foraging activities over strongly stratified water and near fronts where pycnoclines may approach the surface. In the Aleutian Islands, Least Auklets forage where oceanic and tidal currents strike the shelf between the islands and rise toward the surface carrying plankton. Least Auklets and Crested Auklets are often found in large flocks, whereas Parakeet Auklets are rarely found in groups of more than three birds and are usually widely dispersed. The few at-sea observations of Whiskered Auklets have been of small flocks in turbulent waters of island passes. We relate prey types taken, foraging dispersion, and the use of hydrographic features by these auklet species.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"largerWorkTitle":"The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"conferenceTitle":"The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific: A symposium sponsored by the Pacific Seabird Group, the Canadian Wildlife Service, and the British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks","conferenceDate":"February 22-23, 1990","conferenceLocation":"Victoria, BC","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, CA","usgsCitation":"Hunt, G.L., Harrison, N.M., and Piatt, J.F., 1993, Foraging ecology as related to the distribution of planktivorous auklets in the Bering Sea, <i>in</i> The status, ecology and conservation of marine birds of the North Pacific, Victoria, BC, February 22-23, 1990, p. 18-26.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"26","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341436,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341722,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pacificseabirdgroup.org/psg-publications/symposia/the-status-ecology-and-conservation-of-marine-birds-of-the-north-pacific/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59269bd1e4b0b7ff9fb489d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunt, George L. Jr.","contributorId":56953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"George","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrison, Nancy M.","contributorId":192115,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrison","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":695531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":695532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5223712,"text":"5223712 - 1993 - A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-04T20:43:25.538968","indexId":"5223712","displayToPublicDate":"1993-09-09T12:18:10","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":739,"text":"American Museum Novitates","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new anoline lizard (<i>Phenacosaurus</i>) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela","title":"A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p><i>Phenacosaurus neblininus</i>, new species, was discovered during the 1984-1985 expedition to Cerro de la Neblina on the Venezuelan-Brazilian border. It was found at several highland camps (&gt; 1600 m) but seems unaccountably rare, with only six specimens collected. The closest relative of this lizard may be another new species (Williams et al., MS) known from a single specimen from Chimanta Tepui -- some 600 km to the northeast of Neblina. Except for these two Venezuelan tepui species, <i>Phenacosaurus</i> has a strictly Andean distribution, from northwestern Venezuela to Peru.<br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Museum of Natural History","usgsCitation":"Myers, C., Williams, E., and McDiarmid, R., 1993, A new anoline lizard (Phenacosaurus) from the highland of Cerro de la Neblina, Southern Venezuela: American Museum Novitates, v. No. 3070, 15 p.","productDescription":"15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199753,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16477,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2246/4967"}],"volume":"No. 3070","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abe67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Myers, C.W.","contributorId":37343,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Myers","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, E.E.","contributorId":30722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDiarmid, R.W.","contributorId":15130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDiarmid","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":339321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018391,"text":"70018391 - 1993 - Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-13T15:23:10.898906","indexId":"70018391","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-05T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Sangsang deposit of the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, southeastern Kalimantan, Indonesia, contains 11 layers, which are thin (&lt;5 cm) and high in ash (&gt; 70%). These layers are characterized by their pelitic macroscopic texture. Examination of eight of the layers by scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and X-ray diffraction analyses show that they are composed primarily of fairly well-crystallized kaolinite, much of which is vermicular. Accessory minerals include abundant Ti oxide, rare-earth element-rich Ca and A1 phosphates, quartz that luminescences in the blue color range, and euhedral to subhedral pyroxene, hornblende, zircon, and sanidine. Although this mineral suite is suggestive of volcanic ash-fall material, only the four pelitic layers in the middle of the bed are thought to be solely derived from volcanic ash-falls on the basis of diagnostic minerals, replaced glass shards, and lithostratigraphic relationships observed in core and outcrop. The three uppermost pelitic layers contain octahedral chromites, some quartz grains that luminesce in teh orange color range, and some quartz grains that contain two-phase fluid inclusions. These layers are interpreted to be derived from a combination of volcanic ash-fall material and hydrologic transport of volcaniclastic sediment. In contrast, the lowermost pelitic layer, which contains large, rounded FeMg-rich chromites, is thought to have been dominantly deposited by water. The source of the volcanic ash-fall material may have been middle Tertiary volcanism related to plate tectonic activity between Kalimantan and Sulawesi. The volcanic ash was deposited in sufficient amounts to be preserved as layers within the coal only in the northern portions of the Senakin region: the southern coal beds in the region do not contain pelitic layers.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0146-6380(93)90041-9","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L., and Moore, T., 1993, Differentiation of volcanic ash-fall and water-borne detrital layers in the Eocene Senakin coal bed, Tanjung Formation, Indonesia: Organic Geochemistry, v. 20, no. 2, p. 233-247, https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90041-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"247","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227380,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Indonesia","otherGeospatial":"southeastern Kalimantan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              115.22917642325245,\n              -2.3507385996688868\n            ],\n            [\n              115.22917642325245,\n              -4.332144074818373\n            ],\n            [\n              116.60264384751423,\n              -4.332144074818373\n            ],\n            [\n              116.60264384751423,\n              -2.3507385996688868\n            ],\n            [\n              115.22917642325245,\n              -2.3507385996688868\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010ae4b0c8380cd4fa7d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":118763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, T.A.","contributorId":91101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70128312,"text":"70128312 - 1993 - Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-07T13:14:42","indexId":"70128312","displayToPublicDate":"1993-02-01T12:49:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"Final Report PX 1430-2-0787","title":"Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage","docAbstract":"<p>In 1982, Glacier National Park (GNP) initiated long-term studies to document the fire history of all forested lands in the 410,000 ha. park.  To date, studies have been conducted for GNP west of the Continental Divide (Barrett et al. 1991), roughly half of the total park area.  These and other fire history studies in the Northern Rockies (Arno 1976, Sneck 1977, Arno 1980, Romme 1982, Romme and Despain 1989, Barrett and Arno 1991, Barrett 1993a, Barrett 1993b) have shown that fire history data can be an integral element of fire management planning, particularly wen natiral fire plans are being developed for parks and wilderness.  The value of site specific fire history data is apparent when considering study results for lodgepole pin (<i>Pinus contorta</i> var. <i>latifolia</i>) forests.  Lodgepole pine is a major subalpine type in the Northern Rockies and such stands experiences a wide range of presettlement fire patterns.  On relatively warm-dry sites at lower elevations, such as in GNP's North Fork drainage (Barrett et al. 1991), short to moderately long interval (25-150 yr) fires occurred in a mixed severity pattern ranging from non-lethal underburns to total stand replacement (Arno 1976, Sneck 1977, Barrett and Arno 1991).  Markedly different fire history occurred at high elevation lodgepole pine stands on highly unproductive sites, such as on Yellowstone National Park's (YNP) subalpine plateau.  Romme (1982) found that, on some sites, stand replacing fires recurred after very long intervals (300-400 yr), and that non-lethal surface fires were rare.  For somewhat more productive sites in the Absaroka Mountains in YNP, Barrett (1993a) estimated a 200 year mean replacement interval, in a pattern similar to that found in steep mountain terrain elsewhere, such as in the Middle Fork Flathead River drainage (Barrett et al. 1991, Sneck 1977).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Aside from post-1900 written records (ayres 1900; fire atlas data on file, GNP Archives Div. and GNP Resources Mgt. Div.), little fire history information existed for GNP's east-side forests, which are dominated primarily by lodgepole pine.  In fall 1992, the park initiated a study to determine the fire history of the Missouri River drainage portion of southeastern GNP.  Given the known variation in pre-1900 fire patterns for lodgepole pine, this study was seen as a potentially important contribution to GNP's Fire Management Plan, and to the expanding data base of fire history studies in the region.  Resource managers sought this information to assist their development of appropriate fire management strategies for the east-side forests, and the fire history data also would be a useful interactive component of the park's Geographic Information System (GIS).  Primary objectives were to: 1) determine pre-1900 fire periodicities, severities, burning patterns, and post-fire succession for major forest types, and 2) document and map the forest age class mosaic, reflecting the history of stand replacing fires at the landscape level of analysis.  Secondary objectives were to interpret the possible effects of modern fire suppression on area forests, and to determine fire regime patterns relative to other lodgepole pine ecosystems in the Northern Rockies.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Barrett, S.W., 1993, Fire history of southeastern Glacier National Park: Missouri River Drainage, 43 p.","productDescription":"43 p.","numberOfPages":"43","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295021,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543500a7e4b0a4f4b46a2395","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barrett, Stephen W.","contributorId":32848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70128731,"text":"70128731 - 1993 - Winter phytoplankton dynamics in a subalpine lake, Colorado, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-06T16:46:53.970453","indexId":"70128731","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T11:39:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5662,"text":"Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Winter phytoplankton dynamics in a subalpine lake, Colorado, U.S.A","docAbstract":"<p><span>The temporal dynamics of phytoplankton were examined in The Loch, a subalpine lake in Rocky Mountain National Park, over the winter seasons of 1987-88 and 1988-89. The Loch was ice-covered from early November until early to mid May. The pattern of phytoplankton biovolume during ice-cover was consistent between the two years with maxima occurring in November/December and February/March. This pattern resulted principally from the contribution of <i>Asterionella formosa</i> Hass. Other dominant phytoplankton species in terms of biomass (<i>Dinobryon sertularia</i> Ehrenb., <i>Cryptomonas ovata</i> Ehrenb., and <i>Peridinium cinctum</i> (Müll.) Ehrenb.) collectively contributed from 10 to 90 % of the total cells. Algal composition changed throughout the winter and individual species varied in abundance with depth. The same dominant (and most of the rare) taxa were present both years. They varied in time of occurrence and abundance, but did not occur at the same time in both years. Phytoplankton species composition continually fluctuated throughout the winter. Because of the stability afforded by ice-cover, algal species succession was not driven by thermal regime or by wind induced changes in the mixed depth. Nor did grazing by the winter zooplankton assemblage, composed nearly exclusively of cyclopoid copepods and rotifers, adequately explain the phytoplankton dynamics. Freeze concentration of water (concentration as ions are excluded in the formation of ice) in early winter may be responsible for the early phytoplankton bloom.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart","doi":"10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/129/1993/179","usgsCitation":"Spaulding, S., Ward, J.V., and Baron, J., 1993, Winter phytoplankton dynamics in a subalpine lake, Colorado, U.S.A: Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie, v. 129, no. 2, p. 179-198, https://doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/129/1993/179.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40553,"text":"WMA - Office of the Chief Operating Officer","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":295275,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"The Loch, Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -105.66053867340088,\n              40.29026356570576\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.65397262573242,\n              40.29026356570576\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.65397262573242,\n              40.294551700286306\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.66053867340088,\n              40.294551700286306\n            ],\n            [\n              -105.66053867340088,\n              40.29026356570576\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"543e3b33e4b0fd76af69cf43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spaulding, S. A. 0000-0002-9787-7743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-7743","contributorId":18182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spaulding","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ward, J. V.","contributorId":13038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503139,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70127891,"text":"70127891 - 1993 - The Pajarito Plateau: A bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T16:50:36","indexId":"70127891","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T10:59:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5598,"text":"NPS Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Paper","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"49","title":"The Pajarito Plateau: A bibliography","docAbstract":"<p>This bibliography is the result of two initially independent projects. As the consulting archaeologist at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Charlie R. Steen collected entries at the suggestion of the staff of the Environmental Surveillance Group of the Health, Safety, and Environmental Division, HSE-8. The primary purpose was to aid the staff in evaluating cultural resources on LANL lands. In addition to works that related to the archaeology and history of the area, Steen included notations of a few books and articles in other fields such as geology and natural history. It was hoped that they also would be of value to other organizations and to students of past human activities on the Pajarito Plateau.</p><p>At the same time, the National Park Service (NPS) was planning a major survey of Bandelier National Monument (BNM). As part of this plan, the author was asked to prepare a background document that described research previously carried out in the area, including an annotated bibliography. Although the survey would be limited to the park boundaries, the larger Pajarito Plateau is a more logical study area from physiographic, environmental, and cultural perspectives; hence the focus was on this larger region. Mathien (1986) also included some references to natural resources studies, particularly those initiated by NPS within Bandelier National Monument.</p><p>Both bibliographies were made available to Colleen Olinger and Beverly Larson of the Health and Environmental Services Group at Los Alamos. They realized that while neither was complete, each included entries missing from the other. Larson suggested the two bibliographies be combined. (At this time, Craig Allen was studying the landscape of the Jemez Mountains [Allen 1984c, 1989]. His investigations included much detailed information on natural resource studies and were added in 1991 and 1992.)</p><p>To limit the scope of their work, Steen and Mathien had chosen their parameter: the Pajarito Plateau. Geographically, the Pajarito Plateau is described as the high tableland that lies between the Jemez Mountains on the west and the Rio Grande on the east. From north to south, it extends from the Chama Valley to La Cañada de Cochiti (Hewett 1906:14)(Figure 1). Because human activity rarely stops at such definite boundaries, major ethnographic studies of Tewa (San Ildefonso and Santa Clara) and Keres (Cochiti) linguistic groups are included. (Even though most of the historic pueblos occupied by the Tewa and Keres are not located on the Pajarito Plateau, oral traditions and archaeological data suggest that these groups once occupied sites on the plateau.) Towa studies are not included because Steen believed Towa ancestors were not involved in major cultural developments of the Pajarito Plateau. In addition, a bibliography of the Jemez area (home of Towa people) has been prepared by Michael Elliott (1982) and included with his nomination of large Pueblo sites near Jemez Springs to the National Register of Historic Places that is on file at the Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, in Santa Fe. Both Steen and Mathien included references to geographically and historically related material that does not focus on the Pajarito Plateau but, nonetheless, is important to understanding the area's archaeology and physical environment, for example, lithic resources available from Cerro Pedernal or in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. National Park Service Branch of Cultural Research","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Mathien, F.J., Steen, C.R., and Allen, C.D., 1993, The Pajarito Plateau: A bibliography: NPS Southwest Cultural Resources Center Professional Paper 49, xiii, 129 p.","productDescription":"xiii, 129 p.","numberOfPages":"142","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":294792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350476,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/band/pajarito_plateau.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Pajarito Plateau","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542e6986e4b092f17df5aaa4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mathien, Frances Joan","contributorId":73128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mathien","given":"Frances","email":"","middleInitial":"Joan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steen, Charlie R.","contributorId":62156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steen","given":"Charlie","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018035,"text":"70018035 - 1993 - Fluid inclusion studies of ejected nodules from plinian eruptions of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:57","indexId":"70018035","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluid inclusion studies of ejected nodules from plinian eruptions of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius","docAbstract":"Mt. Somma-Vesuvius (Naples, Italy) has erupted potassium-rich and silica-undersaturated products during a complicated history of plinian and non-plinian events. Coarse-grained cognate nodules are commonly found in the pyroclastics and are upper crustal in origin. We examined cumulate and subeffusive nodules from the 3800 y.B.P. Avellino. A.D. 79 Pompei, and A.D. 472 Pollena eruptions. Silicate-melt and liquid-vapor fluid inclusion studies in clinopyroxene from both types of nodules have been used to assess the fluids attending crystallization and to place constraints on the pressure and temperature of nodule formation. Thermometric and volumetric data from primary and pseudosecondary CO2-H2O and CO2 and coeval silicate-melt fluid inclusions indicate that they were trapped at a pressure of ???1 to ???2.5 kbar at ???1200??C. This suggests a crystallization depth of ???4 to ???10 km. The H2O-bearing fluid inclusions are abundant from plinian eruptions in contrast to non-plinian eruptions where H2O-bearing fluid inclusions were rare. The presence of primary H2O-CO2 fluid inclusions indicates that an immiscible, supercritical H2O-CO2 fluid was in the nodule-forming environment. The H2O-bearing fluid inclusions in plinian nodules may record a higher pre-eruptive H2O content in the bulk magma that is dramatically reflected in the eruption dynamics. ?? 1993.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Belkin, H., and de Vivo, B., 1993, Fluid inclusion studies of ejected nodules from plinian eruptions of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 58, no. 1-4, p. 89-100.","startPage":"89","endPage":"100","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1273e4b0c8380cd542e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belkin, H. E. 0000-0001-7879-6529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":38160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"H. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"de Vivo, B.","contributorId":50549,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Vivo","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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