{"pageNumber":"1321","pageRowStart":"33000","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":5210726,"text":"5210726 - 1995 - Population dynamics of neotropical migratory birds using agriculture-forest mosaics in Campeche, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:19","indexId":"5210726","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"727","title":"Population dynamics of neotropical migratory birds using agriculture-forest mosaics in Campeche, Mexico","docAbstract":"In many areas of the tropics, forests are being converted to agriculture and other uses at a rapid rate. Previous research has documented that forest-breeding migratory birds are distributed across a wide variety of habitat types during midwinter. However, to evaluate the relative importance of different habitat types to wintering birds, we need to examine habitat-specific estimates of survival. During the winter of 1992-1993, mist nets, observations of individually marked birds and point counts were used to sample bird populations in a pasture-forest mosaic in southern Mexico. Sampling was conducted four times throughout the winter on a total of six grids. Twenty nets were run for two days in each grid. A total of 129 species were captured and 3,585 individuals banded. Neotropical migrants made up 31% of the species captured and 47% of the individuals banded. The banding data were used to estimate species richness for permanent and winter residents in different habitats and at different time periods. Capture-recapture models were used to estimate overwintering survival for selected species.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop. ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station.","collaboration":"Title and abstract are also in Spanish. OCLC 34281491","usgsCitation":"Wilson, M., Berlanga, M., Dawson, D., Wood, P., Sauer, J., and Robbins, C., 1995, Population dynamics of neotropical migratory birds using agriculture-forest mosaics in Campeche, Mexico, chap. <i>of</i> Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds in Mexico: Symposium-Workshop. .","productDescription":"viii, 288","startPage":"257 (abs)","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200652,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682e98","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wilson, Marcia H.","contributorId":6149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Marcia","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506972,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sader, Steven A.","contributorId":112282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sader","given":"Steven A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506973,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Wilson, M.H.","contributorId":17713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berlanga, M.","contributorId":105022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berlanga","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, D.","contributorId":72901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wood, P.","contributorId":37857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sauer, J.","contributorId":29771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5210893,"text":"5210893 - 1995 - Sample size and allocation of effort in point count sampling of birds in bottomland hardwood forests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5210893","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Sample size and allocation of effort in point count sampling of birds in bottomland hardwood forests","docAbstract":"To examine sample size requirements and optimum allocation of effort in point count sampling of bottomland hardwood forests, we computed minimum sample sizes from variation recorded during 82 point counts (May 7-May 16, 1992) from three localities containing three habitat types across three regions of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV).  Also, we estimated the effect of increasing the number of points or visits by comparing results of 150 four-minute point counts obtained from each of four stands on Delta Experimental Forest (DEF) during May 8-May 21, 1991 and May 30-June 12, 1992.  For each stand, we obtained bootstrap estimates of mean cumulative number of species each year from all possible combinations of six points and six visits.  ANOVA was used to model cumulative species as a function of number of points visited, number of visits to each point, and interaction of points and visits.  There was significant variation in numbers of birds and species between regions and localities (nested within region); neither habitat, nor the interaction between region and habitat, was significant. For a = 0.05 and a = 0.10, minimum sample size estimates (per factor level) varied by orders of magnitude depending upon the observed or specified range of desired detectable difference.  For observed regional variation, 20 and 40 point counts were required to accommodate variability in total individuals (MSE = 9.28) and species (MSE = 3.79), respectively, whereas ? 25 percent of the mean could be achieved with five counts per factor level.  Sample size sufficient to detect actual differences of Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) was >200, whereas the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea) required <10 counts.  Differences in mean cumulative species were detected among number of points visited and among number of visits to a point. In the lower MAV, mean cumulative species increased with each added point through five points and with each additional visit through four visits.  Although no interaction was detected between number of points and number of visits, when paired reciprocals were compared, more points invariably yielded a significantly greater cumulative number of species than more visits to a point.  Still, 36 point counts per stand during each of two breeding seasons detected only 52 percent of the known available species pool in DEF. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring bird populations by point counts","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest Experiment Station","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","collaboration":"  PDF on file: 4846_Smith.pdf","usgsCitation":"Smith, W., Twedt, D., Cooper, R., Wiedenfeld, D., Hamel, P., and Ford, R., 1995, Sample size and allocation of effort in point count sampling of birds in bottomland hardwood forests, chap. <i>of</i> Monitoring bird populations by point counts, p. 7-19.","productDescription":"iv, 181","startPage":"7","endPage":"19","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92034,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31734","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9aa1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C. John","contributorId":71284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507282,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":507281,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Droege, Sam sdroege@usgs.gov","contributorId":3464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","email":"sdroege@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507280,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Smith, W.P.","contributorId":97217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Twedt, D.J. 0000-0003-1223-5045","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1223-5045","contributorId":105009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twedt","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cooper, R.J.","contributorId":89077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiedenfeld, D.A.","contributorId":25518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiedenfeld","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hamel, P.B.","contributorId":88444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamel","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ford, R.P.","contributorId":30325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":5210854,"text":"5210854 - 1995 - Population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:29","indexId":"5210854","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION:  Most Neotropical migrant birds are difficult to count accurately and are moderately common over large breeding distributions. Consequently, little historical information exists on their large-scale population changes, and most of this information is anecdotal. Surveys begun in this century such as Breeding Bird Censuses and Christmas Bird Counts have the potential to provide this information, but only the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) achieves the extensive continental coverage necessary to document population changes for most Neotropical migrant birds. Conservationists and ecologists have begun to use BBS data to estimate population trends, but there is still widespread confusion over exactly what these data show regarding population changes.     In this chapter, we review the current state of knowledge regarding population changes in Neotropical migrant birds and the methods used to analyze these changes. The primary emphasis is on the BBS (Robbins et al. 1986) because this survey provides the best available data for estimating trends of Neotropical migrants on a continental scale. To address questions about methods of analyzing survey data, we review and compare some alternative methods of analyzing BBS data. We also discuss the effectiveness of the BBS in sampling Neotropical migrant species, and review possibilities for use of alternative data sets to verify trends from the BBS.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B., Sauer, J., and Robbins, C., 1995, Population trends from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. <i>of</i> Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues, p. 3-39.","productDescription":"xvi, 489","startPage":"3","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e04","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":507212,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finch, Deborah M.","contributorId":59894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finch","given":"Deborah","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507213,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":5210731,"text":"5210731 - 1995 - The use of multi-state capture-recapture models to address questions in evolutionary ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210731","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The use of multi-state capture-recapture models to address questions in evolutionary ecology","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistics and ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING technical meeting, 19-24 September, 1994","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"OCLC 34316323; 'Full title': State-of-the-art data analysis for studies of marked birds.  PDF on file: 4808_Nichols.pdf","usgsCitation":"Nichols, J., and Kendall, W., 1995, The use of multi-state capture-recapture models to address questions in evolutionary ecology, chap. <i>of</i> Statistics and ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING technical meeting, 19-24 September, 1994, p. 835-846.","productDescription":"553-1081","startPage":"835","endPage":"846","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634940","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"North, P.M.","contributorId":35852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506983,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506982,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5210730,"text":"5210730 - 1995 - On the use of secondary capture-recapture samples to estimate temporary emigration and breeding proportions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210730","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"On the use of secondary capture-recapture samples to estimate temporary emigration and breeding proportions","docAbstract":"The use of the Cormack- Jolly-Seber model under a standard sampling scheme of one sample per time period, when the Jolly-Seber assumption that all emigration is permanent does not hold, leads to the confounding of temporary emigration probabilities with capture probabilities.  This biases the estimates of capture probability when temporary emigration is a completely random process, and both capture and survival probabilities when there is a temporary trap response in temporary emigration, or it is Markovian.  The use of secondary capture samples over a shorter interval within each period, during which the population is assumed to be closed (Pollock's robust design), provides a second source of information on capture probabilities.  This solves the confounding problem, and thus temporary emigration probabilities can be estimated.  This process can be accomplished in an ad hoc fashion for completely random temporary emigration and to some extent in the temporary trap response case, but modelling the complete sampling process provides more flexibility and permits direct estimation of variances.  For the case of Markovian temporary emigration, a full likelihood is required.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Statistics and ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING technical meeting, 19-24 September, 1994","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"OCLC 34316323; 'Full title': State-of-the-art data analysis for studies of marked birds.","usgsCitation":"Kendall, W., and Nichols, J., 1995, On the use of secondary capture-recapture samples to estimate temporary emigration and breeding proportions, chap. <i>of</i> Statistics and ornithology. Proceedings of the 4th EURING technical meeting, 19-24 September, 1994, p. 751-762.","productDescription":"553-1081","startPage":"751","endPage":"762","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200458,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af3e4b07f02db691a9f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"North, P.M.","contributorId":35852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506981,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506980,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":329125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5210721,"text":"5210721 - 1995 - The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:13","indexId":"5210721","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations","docAbstract":"Concerns about Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) have arisen because of their rapid population increase across North America and their economic impact on several aquaculture and commercial fish industries. In spite of the concern for cormorants, little published research is available that addresses either basic population biology questions or management issues. Based on a literature review, I recommend that research be conducted in four areas. First, a large-scale banding and marking program should be initiated so that population models can be used to estimate age- and sex-specific survival and fecundity (as has been done for the Shag [P. aristotelis] in Europe). By marking individual birds, survival and movement rates can be estimated between nesting colonies, which will provide information about potential source versus sink colonies. Second, studies of movements during migration and winter are required. Presently, no data are available on habitat use during migration or on the length-of-stay by individual birds. This has important implications to how cormorants interact with other fish and wildlife species over a broad range. Studies of movements during winter with radio-marked birds should indicate whether the 'problem birds' at aquaculture sites are merely a few specialists. Third, limiting factors, such as contaminants and disease, should receive further investigation, especially in light of recent concerns over the outbreak of Newcastle disease. The relationship between contaminant levels and developmental abnormalities in young cormorants in certain areas of the Great Lakes in Canada and the United States remains equivocal. Fourth, further studies are needed to document the economic impacts of cormorants on Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and other cultured fishes and to determine ways to reduce predation by fish-eating birds. Mesocosm experiments should be conducted to evaluate how different fish extraction rates affect final productivity of fish. Controlled experiments with different exclusion and scaring devices are needed. With radio-marked birds, it should be determined what the behavioral responses are to the different scaring devises. Also, providing alternative wetland feeding sites in regions of fish farm depredation might alleviate some of the pressure on farmers. Studies with radio-marked birds could evaluate effects of manipulation of 'natural' wetlands on use by birds during the winter period. Finally, any research directed at the Double-crested Cormorant should also evaluate its interactions with other fisheating waterbirds. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The double-crested cormorant: Biology, conservation, and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Erwin, R., 1995, The ecology of cormorants: some research needs and recommendations, chap. <i>of</i> The double-crested cormorant: Biology, conservation, and management, p. 240-246.","productDescription":"256","startPage":"240","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"256","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6681cb","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Nettleship, David N.","contributorId":35374,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nettleship","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":12590,"text":"Canadian Wildlife Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":506962,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duffy, David C.","contributorId":112701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duffy","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506963,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","indexId":"5210574","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:23:52","indexId":"5210574","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The two zinc smelters at Palmerton, PA emitted huge amounts of contaminants ( 260,000 t of Zn, 3,300 t of Cd, 6,800 t of Pb) to the air and severely damaged the forest on Blue Mountain. The high Zn concentrations in soil killed tree seedlings by inhibiting root elongation. The result was a forest with too few young trees. When natural stresses such as fire challenged the forest, the forest failed to regenerate, and the exposed soil eroded down the steep slopes. Tree species that could sprout were favored over those that developed from seeds. As a result of high zinc concentrations, the lichen and moss communities were depauperate for at least 20 km along Blue Mountain. The denuded areas are in the process of being reclaimed with the addition of a mixture of fly ash and sewage sludge, which is seeded with grasses tolerant to the harsh conditions. In preliminary experiments, the fly ash and sewage sludge mixture was stable, despite the steepness of the slopes of the reclaimed sites on Blue Mountain.  Zinc emissions reduced the decomposition rate of plant material on Blue Mountain. The partially decomposed litter, in particular, accumulated on the surface of the mineral soil. The populations of both microorganisms and arthropods were greatly reduced in soils near the smelters. Samples of litter collected from sites spanning 30 km were toxic to woodlice, and Zn was shown to be the toxic factor.  A white-tailed deer examined had a very high renal Zn concentration and an articular lesion in one of its hind legs that closely resembled the lesions reported in Zn-poisoned horses. Zinc concentrations were regulated in wildlife tissues and were not reliable indicators of exposure, except in extreme cases. Two songbirds, a shrew, and several rabbits contained Pb concentrations that were suggested to be toxic. Shrews and ground-feeding songbirds accumulated relatively high concentrations of Pb. Exposure to Pb seemed to be related to the amount of soil that an animal ingests. Some white-tailed deer and cottontails had renal Cd concentrations near 600 ppm w.w., which is associated with renal damage in other mammals. The accumulation of Cd was greatest in wildlife that lived longest.    The destruction of the habitat for wildlife on Blue Mountain decreased wildlife populations. Populations of insectivorous birds, however, were depressed well beyond the area of obvious damage to the forest. Forest-floor salamanders were completely absent from study sites spanning 18 km along Blue Mountain. Actual reductions in wildlife populations were much greater than would have been predicted from habitat suitability models alone.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Beyer, W.N., and Storm, G.L., 1995, Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania, chap. 27 <i>of</i> Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 596-608.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"596","endPage":"608","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625953","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506709,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506708,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506710,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506711,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Beyer, W. Nelson 0000-0002-8911-9141 nbeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8911-9141","contributorId":3301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beyer","given":"W.","email":"nbeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Nelson","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":328731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Storm, Gerald L.","contributorId":73657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5210573,"text":"5210573 - 1995 - Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210573,"text":"5210573 - 1995 - Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies","indexId":"5210573","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"32","title":"Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-18T15:31:41","indexId":"5210573","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"32","title":"Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies","docAbstract":"<p>A model could be defined as any abstraction from reality that is used to provide some insight into the real system. In this discussion, we will use a more specific definition that a model is a set of rules or assumptions, expressed as mathematical equations, that describe how animals survive and reproduce, including the external factors that affect these characteristics. A model simplifies a system, retaining essential components while eliminating parts that are not of interest. ecology has a rich history of using models to gain insight into populations, often borrowing both model structures and analysis methods from demographers and engineers. Much of the development of the models has been a consequence of mathematicians and physicists seeing simple analogies between their models and patterns in natural systems. Consequently, one major application of ecological modeling has been to emphasize the analysis of dynamics of often complex models to provide insight into theoretical aspects of ecology.<sup>1</sup></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"Sauer, J., and Pendleton, G.W., 1995, Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies, chap. 32 <i>of</i> Handbook of ecotoxicology, p. 681-702.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"681","endPage":"702","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683e9a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506705,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506704,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506706,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506707,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Sauer, John R. jrsauer@usgs.gov","contributorId":3737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"John R.","email":"jrsauer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":328730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pendleton, Grey W.","contributorId":191446,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pendleton","given":"Grey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":695598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5210233,"text":"5210233 - 1995 - Statistical aspects of point count sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:20","indexId":"5210233","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:16","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Statistical aspects of point count sampling","docAbstract":"The dominant feature of point counts is that they do not census birds, but instead provide incomplete counts of individuals present within a survey plot.  Considering a simple model for point count sampling, we demon-strate that use of these incomplete counts can bias estimators and testing procedures, leading to inappropriate conclusions.  A large portion of the variability in point counts is caused by the incomplete counting, and this within-count variation can be confounded with ecologically meaningful varia-tion.  We recommend caution in the analysis of estimates obtained from point counts.  Using; our model, we also consider optimal allocation of sampling effort.  The critical step in the optimization process is in determining the goals of the study and methods that will be used to meet these goals.  By explicitly defining the constraints on sampling and by estimating the relationship between precision and bias of estimators and time spent counting, we can predict the optimal time at a point for each of several monitoring goals.  In general, time spent at a point will differ depending on the goals of the study. ","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts.  ","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.","collaboration":"  PDF on file: 4703_Barker.pdf  ","usgsCitation":"Barker, R.J., and Sauer, J., 1995, Statistical aspects of point count sampling, chap. <i>of</i> Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts.  , p. 125-130.","productDescription":"iv, 181","startPage":"125","endPage":"130","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":92029,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31750","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67ba98","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Ralph, C.J.","contributorId":38252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ralph","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506148,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506150,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Droege, Sam 0000-0003-4393-0403","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4393-0403","contributorId":64185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Droege","given":"Sam","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":506149,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Barker, R. J.","contributorId":34222,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":5200177,"text":"5200177 - 2003 - Handbook of ecotoxicology, second edition","indexId":"5200177","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology, second edition"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":5210573,"text":"5210573 - 1995 - Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies","indexId":"5210573","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"32","title":"Population modeling and its role in toxicological studies"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":2},{"subject":{"id":5210574,"text":"5210574 - 1995 - Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania","indexId":"5210574","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"27","title":"Ecotoxicological damage from zinc smelting at Palmerton, Pennsylvania"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":3},{"subject":{"id":5210575,"text":"5210575 - 1995 - Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California","indexId":"5210575","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"26","title":"Agricultural drainwater effects on wildlife in central California"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":4},{"subject":{"id":5210576,"text":"5210576 - 1995 - Ecological and toxicological aspects of the partial meltdown of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant reactor","indexId":"5210576","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"24","title":"Ecological and toxicological aspects of the partial meltdown of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant reactor"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":5},{"subject":{"id":5210577,"text":"5210577 - 1995 - Electroplating wastes in marine environments: A case history at Quonset Point, Rhode Island","indexId":"5210577","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"23","title":"Electroplating wastes in marine environments: A case history at Quonset Point, Rhode Island"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":6},{"subject":{"id":5210578,"text":"5210578 - 1995 - Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates","indexId":"5210578","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"22","title":"Environmental factors affecting contaminant toxicity in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":7},{"subject":{"id":5210579,"text":"5210579 - 1995 - Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","indexId":"5210579","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"15","title":"Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":8},{"subject":{"id":5210580,"text":"5210580 - 1995 - Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects","indexId":"5210580","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"14","title":"Acidic deposition: A review of biological effects"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":9},{"subject":{"id":5210581,"text":"5210581 - 1995 - Organochlorine pesticides","indexId":"5210581","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"13","title":"Organochlorine pesticides"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":10},{"subject":{"id":5210582,"text":"5210582 - 1995 - Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides","indexId":"5210582","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"12","title":"Organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":11},{"subject":{"id":5210583,"text":"5210583 - 1995 - Bioindicators used in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring","indexId":"5210583","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"11","title":"Bioindicators used in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":12},{"subject":{"id":5210584,"text":"5210584 - 1995 - Making sense of soil ecotoxicology","indexId":"5210584","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"6","title":"Making sense of soil ecotoxicology"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":13},{"subject":{"id":5210585,"text":"5210585 - 1995 - Wildlife toxicity testing","indexId":"5210585","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"chapter":"4","title":"Wildlife toxicity testing"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5200050,"text":"5200050 - 1995 - Handbook of ecotoxicology","indexId":"5200050","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology"},"id":14}],"supersededBy":{"id":5200177,"text":"5200177 - 2003 - Handbook of ecotoxicology, second edition","indexId":"5200177","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology, second edition"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-15T15:14:49","indexId":"5200050","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-08T16:49:39","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":13,"text":"Handbook"},"title":"Handbook of ecotoxicology","docAbstract":"The Handbook of Ecotoxicology offers 34 chapters with contributions from over 50 selected international experts.  The book is divided into four major sections: I. Quantifying and Measuring Ecotoxicological Effects, II. Contaminant Sources and Effects, III. Case Histories and Ecosystem Surveys, and IV. Methods for Making Estimates and Predictability in Ecotoxicology.  Concepts and methodology are presented for many types of aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity test protocols for both controlled and field assessments.  Chapters are offered on such diverse topics as sediment and soil ecotoxicity, landscape indicators, biomonitoring, and use of current bioindicators.  The roles of deforestation and global warming, pathogens and disease in ecotoxicology, abiotic factors, urban runoff, predictive ecotoxicology, population modeling, and restoration ecology are discussed.  This book was designed to serve as a reference book for students entering the fields of ecotoxicology, aquatic toxicology, terrestrial wildlife toxicology, and other environmental sciences.  Many portions of this handbook will serve as a convenient reference text for established investigators, resource managers, and those involved in risk assessment and risk management within regulatory agencies and the private sector.","language":"English","publisher":"Lewis Publishers","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","isbn":"0873715853","usgsCitation":"1995, Handbook of ecotoxicology (1st), x, 755.","productDescription":"x, 755","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"1st","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68aa61","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hoffman, David J.","contributorId":86075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":505781,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843 brattner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":4142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett","email":"brattner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505784,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burton, G. Allen Jr.","contributorId":111752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Allen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505783,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cairns, John Jr.","contributorId":111897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cairns","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505782,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70204690,"text":"70204690 - 1995 - Coastal ecosystem decision‐support GIS: Functions and methodology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-08T14:50:21","indexId":"70204690","displayToPublicDate":"2009-01-10T14:34:08","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2666,"text":"Marine Geodesy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Coastal ecosystem decision‐support GIS: Functions and methodology","docAbstract":"<p><span>To solve coastal resource and environmental issues and handle complex spatial data and information effectively and efficiently, a coastal ecosystem decision‐support geographic information system (GIS) is being developed at the Southern Science Center of the U.S. National Biological Service. With three subsystems, natural resource management, environmental impact assessment, and data and information handling, respectively, the multifunctional system is designed to provide decision makers with tools to integrate and organize various environmental data and information for analytical modeling, spatial query, and graphic visualization. The multiple integration approach was employed in this system's development based on a commercial GIS, which includes subsystems integration, environmental data integration, decision‐support functions integration, and analytical model integration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/15210609509379758","usgsCitation":"Ji, W., and Johnson, J.B., 1995, Coastal ecosystem decision‐support GIS: Functions and methodology: Marine Geodesy, v. 18, no. 3, p. 229-241, https://doi.org/10.1080/15210609509379758.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"241","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":366422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ji, Wei","contributorId":218024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ji","given":"Wei","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, James B.","contributorId":55088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":768079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018813,"text":"70018813 - 1995 - Evolution of a trench-slope basin within the Cascadia subduction margin: The Neogene Humboldt Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T16:22:39.888264","indexId":"70018813","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of a trench-slope basin within the Cascadia subduction margin: The Neogene Humboldt Basin, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Neogene Humboldt (Eel River) Basin is located along the north-eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean within the Cascadia subduction zone. This sedimentary basin originated near the base of the accretionary prism in post-Eocene time. Subduction processes since that time have elevated strata in the south-eastern portion of the basin above sea level. High-resolution chronostratigraphic data from the onshore portion of the Humboldt Basin enable correlation of time-equivalent lithofacies across the palaeomargin, reconstruction of slope-basin evolution, and preliminary delineation of climatic and tectonic influence on lithological variation. Emergent basin fill is divided into five lithofacies which clearly document shoaling of the inner trench slope from deep-water environments in early Miocene time to paralic environments in Pleistocene time. The oldest strata consist of hemipelagic mudstones and minor debris-flow breccias deposited in a deep-water setting during elevated sea level. These strata are overlain by glauconite-rich, fine-grained turbidites which heralded an increasing influx of terrigenous detritus. Water depths shoaled earlier in the eastern basin area as the palaeoshoreline prograded seaward. Turbidite deposition ceased in the eastern basin area at about 2-2 Ma, whereas 22 km to the west, turbidite deposition continued until about 1-8 Ma. Lithofacies at the western study site change abruptly across a middle Pleistocene unconformity from outer shelf to paralic deposits. In the east, a more complete Pleistocene section records transition from outer to inner shelf, beach and fluvial environments.</span></p><p><span>The Humboldt Basin lithofacies sequence is overprinted by eustatic control of sediment source. Comparison of sediment character with palaeoceanographic conditions indicates dominance of hemipelagic facies during periods of elevated sea level in the middle Miocene and early Pliocene when depocentres were isolated from terrigenous sediment. Glauconite-rich facies were mobilized from an upper slope setting following these periods of elevated sea level and redeposited in a deep-marine environment. Pleistocene shoreline lithofacies display glacio-esutatic control of depositional environment by recording several cycles of nearshore to fluvial progressions.</span></p><p><span>General models of accretionary prism behaviour and trench-slope basin evolution are compatible with the overall coarsening-upward lithofacies sequence filling the Humboldt Basin. Early structural barriers precluded deposition of terrigenous material except from locally derived debris flows; subsequent shoaling and burial of deactivated thrust-folds enabled turbidity flows to reach the basin floor.</span></p><div class=\"abstract-group  metis-abstract\"><div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>However, late-stage tectonism apparently controlled the onset of coarse-grained deposition in this sequence. Significant sand-rich turbidite deposition began in the middle Pliocene, synchronous with tectonic uplift of the southern basin margin. Conversely, cessation of turbidite deposition in the eastern basin area in latest Pliocene time was synchronous with growth of anticlinal structures which again blocked widespread dispersal of turbidity flows. This middle Pliocene to Holocene period of crustal shortening is synchronous with continued reduction in spreading rate along the southern Juan de Fuca ridge, and probably reflects partial coupling between the subducting lithosphere and the overlying accretionary prism.</p></div></div><div class=\"accordion article-accordion\"><div class=\"accordion__control\" aria-controls=\"idss1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" data-references=\"/action/ajaxShowEnhancedAbstract?widgetId=5cf4c79f-0ae9-4dc5-96ce-77f62de7ada9&amp;ajax=true&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.1995.tb02100.x&amp;pbContext=%3Bpage%3Astring%3AArticle%2FChapter+View%3Bctype%3Astring%3AJournal+Content%3Barticle%3Aarticle%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fj.1365-3091.1995.tb02100.x%3BsubPage%3Astring%3AAbstract%3Bwebsite%3Awebsite%3Apericles%3Bjournal%3Ajournal%3A13653091%3BrequestedJournal%3Ajournal%3A13653091%3Bwgroup%3Astring%3APublication+Websites%3BpageGroup%3Astring%3APublication+Pages%3Bissue%3Aissue%3Adoi%5C%3A10.1111%2Fsed.1995.42.issue-2&amp;widgetKey=ux3-publicationContent-widget_5cf4c79f-0ae9-4dc5-96ce-77f62de7ada9_3067_4942_en&amp;accordionHeadingWrapper=h2&amp;onlyLog=true\"><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span id=\"references-section-1\" class=\"section__title\"></span></span></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb02100.x","issn":"00370746","usgsCitation":"McCrory, P.A., 1995, Evolution of a trench-slope basin within the Cascadia subduction margin: The Neogene Humboldt Basin, California: Sedimentology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 223-247, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb02100.x.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"247","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227138,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.23386506952258,\n              33.721536436965835\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.23386506952258,\n              33.0881125501915\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.29971578411406,\n              33.0881125501915\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.29971578411406,\n              33.721536436965835\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.23386506952258,\n              33.721536436965835\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-06-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d7ce4b0c8380cd5304d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCrory, Patricia A. 0000-0003-2471-0018 pmccrory@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-0018","contributorId":2728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrory","given":"Patricia","email":"pmccrory@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":72355,"text":"ofr95257 - 1995 - Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:01","indexId":"ofr95257","displayToPublicDate":"2005-09-24T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-257","title":"Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The construction of a probabilistic ground-motion hazard map for a region follows a sequence of analyses beginning with the selection of an earthquake catalog and ending with the mapping of calculated probabilistic ground-motion values (Hanson and others, 1992). An integral part of this process is the creation of sources used for the calculation of earthquake recurrence rates and ground motions. These sources consist of areas and lines that are representative of geologic or tectonic features and faults.\r\nAfter the design of the sources, it is necessary to arrange the coordinate points in a particular order compatible with the input format for the SEISRISK-III program (Bender and Perkins, 1987). Source zones are usually modeled as a point-rupture source. Where applicable, linear rupture sources are modeled with articulated lines, representing known faults, or a field of parallel lines, representing a generalized distribution of hypothetical faults. Based on the distribution of earthquakes throughout the individual source zones (or a collection of several sources), earthquake recurrence rates are computed for each of the sources, and a minimum and maximum magnitude is assigned.\r\nOver a period of time from 1978 to 1980 several conferences were held by the USGS to solicit information on regions of the United States for the purpose of creating source zones for computation of probabilistic ground motions (Thenhaus, 1983). As a result of these regional meetings and previous work in the Pacific Northwest, (Perkins and others, 1980), California continental shelf, (Thenhaus and others, 1980), and the Eastern outer continental shelf, (Perkins and others, 1979) a consensus set of source zones was agreed upon and subsequently used to produce a national ground motion hazard map for the United States (Algermissen and others, 1982).\r\nIn this report and on the accompanying disk we provide a complete list of source areas and line sources as used for the 1982 and later 1990 seismic hazard maps for the conterminous U.S. and Alaska. These source zones are represented in the input form required for the hazard program SEISRISK-III, and they include the attenuation table and several other input parameter lines normally found at the beginning of an input data set for SEISRISK-III.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95257","usgsCitation":"Hanson, S.L., and Perkins, D.M., 1995, Seismic Sources and Recurrence Rates as Adopted by USGS Staff for the Production of the 1982 and 1990 Probabilistic Ground Motion Maps for Alaska and the Conterminous United States (Online only, Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-257, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95257.","productDescription":"42 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":7322,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online only, Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb877","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hanson, Stanley L.","contributorId":8113,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":285481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, David M. perkins@usgs.gov","contributorId":2114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"David","email":"perkins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":301,"text":"Geologic Hazards Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":285480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25843,"text":"wri954258 - 1995 - Water-quality characteristics of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay at the Fall Line, Virginia, July 1988 through June 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T13:33:31","indexId":"wri954258","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4258","title":"Water-quality characteristics of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay at the Fall Line, Virginia, July 1988 through June 1993","docAbstract":"<p>Development in the Chesapeake Bay region has adversely affected the water quality of the Bay. The general degradation in the Bay has resulted in the decline of commercial fishing industries and has reduced the area of aquatic vegetation that provides food and habitat for fish and shellfish. In order to assess the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing the effects of excess nutrients and suspended solids on Chesapeake Bay, it is necessary to quantify the loads of these constituents into the Bay, and to evaluate the trends in water quality. This report presents the results of a study funded by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Programs and the U.S. Geological Survey, to monitor and estimate loads of selected nutrients and suspended solids discharged to Chesapeake Bay from five major tributaries in Virginia. The water-quality data and load estimates provided in this report also will be used to calibrate computer models of Chesapeake Bay.</p><p>Water-quality constituents were monitored in the James and Rappahannock Rivers over a 5-year period, and in the Pamunkey, Appomattox, and Mattaponi Rivers over a 4-year period. Water-quality samples were collected from July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1993, for the James and Rappahannock Rivers; from July 1, 1989 through June 30, 1993, for the Pamunkey and Appomattox Rivers; and from September 1,1989 through June 30, 1993, for the Mattaponi River. Water-quality samples were collected on a scheduled basis and during stormflow to cover a range in discharge conditions. Monitore water-quality constituents, for which loads were estimated include total suspended solids (residue, total at 105° Celsius), dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen,&nbsp;dissolved ammonia nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphorus, total organic carbon, and dissolved silica. Organic nitrogen concentrations were calculated from measurements of ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and organic nitrogen loads were estimated using these calculations. Other selected water-quality constituents were monitored for which loads were not calculated. Daily mean load estimates of each constituent were computed by use of a seven-parameter log-linear regression model that uses variables of time, discharge, and seasonality.</p><p>Concentration of total nitrogen ranged from less than 0.14 to 3.41 mg/L (milligrams per liter), with both extreme values occurring at the Rappahannock River. Concentration of total Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from less than 0.1 mg/L in the James, Rappahannock, and Appomattox Rivers to 3.0 mg/L in the James River. Organic nitrogen was the predominant form of nitrogen at all stations except the Rappahannock River, where nitrite plus-nitrate nitrogen was predominant, and organic nitrogen comprised the majority of the measured total Kjeldahl nitrogen at all stations, ranging from 0.01 mg/L in the Appomattox River to 2.86 mg/L in the James River. Concentration of dissolved ammonia nitrogen ranged from 0.01 mg/L in the Pamunkey River to 0.54 mg/L at the James River. Concentration of nitrite-plusnitrate nitrogen ranged from 0.02 to 1.05 mg/L in the James River. Concentrations of total phosphorus ranged from less than 0.01 mg/L in the Rappahannock and the Mattaponi Rivers to 1.4 mg/L in the James River. Dissolved orthophosphorus ranged from less than 0.01 mg/L in all five rivers to 0.51 mg/L in the James River. Total suspended solids ranged from a concentration of less than 1 mg/L in all five rivers to 844 mg/L in the&nbsp;Rappahannock River. Total organic carbon ranged from 1.1 mg/L in the Appomattox River to 110 mg/L in the Rappahannock River. Dissolved silica ranged from 2.4 mg/L in the James River to 18 mg/L in the Appomattox River.</p><p>The James and Rappahannock Rivers had high median concentrations and large ranges in concentrations for most constituents, probably because of a greater number of point and nonpoint sources of nutrients and suspended solids, and differences in land use when compared with the other basins. A significantly higher median concentration and greater range of dissolved orthophosphorus generally occurred at the James River than in all other rivers, which primarily is due to the greater number of point sources, such as municipal waste-water treatment plants. The Rappahannock River had significantly higher median concentrations and greater ranges of dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen than other rivers, probably derived from agricultural sources. Total organic carbon was highest in the Mattaponi and Pamunkey River Basins that contain expanses of wetlands. The Appomattox River had the highest concentration of dissolved silica.</p><p>The median monthly load of total nitrogen ranged from 16,500 kg (kilogram) in the Mattaponi River to 371,000 kg in the James River. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from a median monthly load of 12,500 kg in the Mattaponi River to 205,500 kg, also in the James River. Organic nitrogen comprised the majority of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen load in all five rivers, ranging from a median monthly load of 11,251 kg in the Mattaponi River to 3,299,500 kg in the James River. The median monthly load of dissolved ammonia nitrogen was 1,130 kg in the Mattaponi River and was as much as 21,050 kg in the James River, whereas nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen ranged from a median monthly load of 4,065 kg in the Mattaponi River to 156,500 kg in the James River. The median monthly load of total phosphorus ranged from 1,670 kg in the Mattaponi River to 61,600 kg in the James River, whereas the median monthly load of dissolved orthophosphorus ranged from 350 kg in the Mattaponi River to 25,900 kg in the James River. Total suspended solids ranged from a median monthly load of 241,500 kg in the Mattaponi River to 20,050,000 kg in the James River. Total organic carbon ranged from a median monthly load of 167,000 kg in the Mattaponi River to 2,100,000 kg in the James River. The median monthly load of dissolved silica ranged from 209,500 kg in the Mattaponi River to 3,625,000 kg in the James River.</p><p>In general, annual loads for complete years of data collection were greatest at the James River for all constituents, probably because of the much higher discharge, greater basin size, and higher rates of runoff. Yields, or computations of loads per square mile of basin area, were generally highest at the Rappahannock River for total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrite-plusnitrate nitrogen, and total nitrogen. Dissolved orthophosphorus was the only constituent with a yield consistently greater at the James River. Yields of total phosphorus were highest for the James and Rappahannock River basins, whereas yields of dissolved ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, and dissolved silica were similar for all five river basins.</p><p>Quality-assurance analyses that compare the results of the Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services and the U.S. Geological Survey Laboratory indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the laboratories for several constituents. Differences between laboratories were found to be caused by differences in analytical reporting limits, differences in analytical technique, or a slight bias at both laboratories. Quality-assurance data were used to address analytical technique problems, and to qualify final concentrations and loads.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Programs","usgsCitation":"Belval, D.L., Campbell, J.P., Phillips, S.W., and Bell, C.F., 1995, Water-quality characteristics of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay at the Fall Line, Virginia, July 1988 through June 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4258, Report: vi, 71 p.; Appendices: 1 diskette, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954258.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 71 p.; Appendices: 1 diskette","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4258/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54588,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4258/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":358967,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4258/wri954258.zip","text":"Diskette","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688e9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belval, Donna L.","contributorId":66736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belval","given":"Donna","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Jean P.","contributorId":67969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Scott W. 0000-0002-1637-9428 swphilli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-9428","contributorId":191221,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Scott","email":"swphilli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":5067,"text":"Northeast Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bell, Clifton F.","contributorId":79905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"Clifton","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25988,"text":"wri954249 - 1995 - Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T08:58:38","indexId":"wri954249","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4249","title":"Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation, conducted a study of extreme flood potential for Texas. Potential extreme peak discharges, derived from the relation between documented extreme peak discharges and their contributing drainage areas, can provide valuable information concerning the maximum expected peak discharge that could occur at a stream site. Documented extreme peak discharges and associated data were aggregated for 832 sites with and without streamflow-gaging stations in natural basins in Texas. </p><p>A potential extreme peak discharge curve was developed for each of 11 hydrologic regions in Texas and for the State as a whole, based on documented extreme peak discharges and associated contributing drainage areas. The curve envelops, for a large range of drainage areas, the largest documented extreme peak discharges. Potential extreme peak discharges estimated from the curves were compared to probable maximum flood peak discharges estimated from various simulation models.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954249","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Texas Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Asquith, W.H., and Slade, R.M., 1995, Documented and potential extreme peak discharges and relation between potential extreme peak discharges and probable maximum flood peak discharges in Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4249, Report: iii, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 x 23.92 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954249.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 58 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 x 23.92 inches","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358783,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4249/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4249/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54739,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db636121","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Asquith, William H. 0000-0002-7400-1861 wasquith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-1861","contributorId":1007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asquith","given":"William","email":"wasquith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":48595,"text":"Oklahoma-Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Slade, Raymond M. Jr.","contributorId":46487,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slade","given":"Raymond","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22309,"text":"ofr95735 - 1995 - Listings of model values for the simulation of ground-water flow in the Cimarron River alluvium and terrace deposits from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:56","indexId":"ofr95735","displayToPublicDate":"1997-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-735","title":"Listings of model values for the simulation of ground-water flow in the Cimarron River alluvium and terrace deposits from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"This report contains MODFLOW input and output listings for the simulation of ground-water flow in alluvium and terrace deposits associated with the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma. These values are to be used in conjuction with the report, 'Geohydrology of alluvium and terrace deposits of the Cimarron River from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma,' by G.P. Adams and D.L. Bergman, published as U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigatons Report 95-4066. The simulation used a digital ground-water flow model and was evaluated by a management and statistical program.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95735","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Adams, G.P., 1995, Listings of model values for the simulation of ground-water flow in the Cimarron River alluvium and terrace deposits from Freedom to Guthrie, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-735, iii, 111 p. :map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95735.","productDescription":"iii, 111 p. :map ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0735/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51723,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0735/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Adams, G. P.","contributorId":60256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25705,"text":"wri954061 - 1995 - Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:18","indexId":"wri954061","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4061","title":"Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"Quantitative material-property data are needed to describe lateral and vertical spatial variability of physical and hydrologic properties and to model ground-water flow and radionuclide transport at the potential Yucca Mountain nuclear-waste repository site in Nevada. As part of ongoing site characterization studies of Yucca Mountain directed toward this understanding of spatial variability, laboratory measurements of porosity, bull* and particle density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity have been obtained for a set of outcrop samples that form a systematic,two dimensional grid that covers a large exposure of the basal Tiva Canyon Tuff of the Paintbrush Group of Miocene age at Yucca Mountain. The samples form a detailed vertical grid roughly parallel to the transport direction of the parent ash flows, and they exhibit material-property varia- tions in an interval of major lithologic change overlying a potential nuclear-waste repository at Yucca Mountain.  The observed changes in hydrologic properties were systematic and consistent with the changes expected for the nonwelded to welded transition at the base of a major ash-flow sequence. Porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and sorptivity decreased upward from the base of the Tiva Canyon Tuff, indicating the progressive compaction of ash- rich volcanic debris and the onset of welding with increased overburden pressure from the accumulating ash-flow sheet. The rate of decrease in the values of these material properties varied with vertical position within the transition interval. In contrast, bulk-density values increased upward, a change that also is consistent with progressive compaction and the onset of welding. Particle-density values remained almost constant throughout the transition interval, probably indicating compositional (chemical) homogeneity.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954061","usgsCitation":"Rautman, C., Flint, L.E., Flint, A.L., and Istok, J., 1995, Physical and hydrologic properties of outcrop samples from a nonwelded to welded tuff transition, Yucca Mountain, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4061, iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954061.","productDescription":"iv, 29 p. :ill., map ;28 cm. [PGS - 28 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54467,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db685c1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rautman, C.A.","contributorId":46979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rautman","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, L. E. 0000-0002-7868-441X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7868-441X","contributorId":38180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"L.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flint, A. L.","contributorId":102453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Istok, J.D.","contributorId":34165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":28357,"text":"wri944104 - 1995 - Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T17:15:40.938301","indexId":"wri944104","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4104","title":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","docAbstract":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates developed from hydrologic modeling studies are presented for 3-Springs and East Stewart basins. two small basins (analog sites) located in central Nevada. The analog-site studies were conducted to aid in the estimation of recharge to the paleohydrologic regime associated with ground water in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain under wetter climatic conditions. The two analog sites are located to the north and at higher elevations than Yucca Mountain, and the prevailing (current) climatic conditions at these sites is thought to be representative of the possible range of paleoclimatic conditions in the general area of Yucca Mountain during the Quaternary. Two independent modeling approaches were conducted at each of the analog sites using observed hydrologic data on precipitation, temperature, solar radiation stream discharge, and chloride-ion water chemistry for a 6-year study period (October 1986 through September 1992). Both models quantify the hydrologic water-balance equation and yield estimates of ground-water recharge, given appropriate input data. The first model uses a traditional approach to quantify watershed hydrology through a precipitation-runoff modeling system that accounts for the spatial variability of hydrologic inputs, processes, and responses (outputs) using a dailycomputational time step. The second model is based on the conservative nature of the dissolved chloride ion in selected hydrologic environments, and its use as a natural tracer allows the computation of acoupled, water and chloride-ion, mass-balance system of equations to estimate available water (sum ofsurface runoff and groundwater recharge).  Results of the modeling approaches support the conclusion that reasonable estimates of average-annual recharge to ground water range from about 1 to 3 centimeters per year for 3-Springs basin (the drier site), and from about 30 to 32 centimeters per year for East Stewart basin (the wetter site). The most reliable results are those derived from a reduced form of the chloride-ion model because they reflect integrated, basinwide processes in terms of only three measured variables: precipitation amount, precipitation chemistry, and streamflow chemistry.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944104","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and McKinley, P.W., 1995, Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4104, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944104.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466115,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47994.htm","text":"3-Springs basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466116,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47995.htm","text":"East Stewart Creek basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              37.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              37.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -116,\n              38.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -118,\n              38.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64869b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKinley, P. W.","contributorId":16414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26197,"text":"wri944038 - 1995 - Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri944038","displayToPublicDate":"1997-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4038","title":"Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington","docAbstract":"A method to conceptualize and simulate the generation of runoff from rainfall was applied to three small drainage basins in north-central Thurston County, Washington. Because the study basins face continued urban development, this method was developed to provide a technique for assessing the effects of alternative urban-development plans on runoff characteristics. A conceptual model of runoff generation and three numerical simulation models, called basin models, were constructed for the study basins. Hydrologic Simulation Program- FORTRAN was the program used to construct the basin models. The basin models were constructed using parameter values based on qualitative rainfall- runoff relations defined in the conceptual model. The features of the conceptual model, incorporated in the basin models, were assessed by calibration and evaluation of the basin models with observed streamflow data collected from March 1988 through March 1990. The simulation results from the basin models generally confirmed the study's conceptual model of runoff generation. Absolute differences between simulated and observed streamflows were less than 6 percent for total runoff volumes, equal to or less than 32 percent for daily mean discharges, less than 32 percent for storm runoff volumes, and less than 33 percent for peak discharges. Although the conceptual model adequately described runoff generation from rainfall, it did not adequately describe the actual flow paths from land segments to streams.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944038","usgsCitation":"Berris, S., 1995, Conceptualization and simulation of runoff generation from rainfall for three basins in Thurston County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4038, vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944038.","productDescription":"vi, 149 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6980f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berris, S.N.","contributorId":46570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berris","given":"S.N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25452,"text":"wri934197 - 1995 - Distribution and sources of nitrate, and presence of fluoride and pesticides, in parts of the Pasco Basin, Washington, 1986-88","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-16T19:30:11.829168","indexId":"wri934197","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4197","title":"Distribution and sources of nitrate, and presence of fluoride and pesticides, in parts of the Pasco Basin, Washington, 1986-88","docAbstract":"<p>Ground water was sampled in a 900-square-mile agricultural area in the Pasco Basin, which includes parts of eastern Benton County and western Franklin County, Washington, to determine distributions of nitrate and fluoride. Additional data were obtained to determine if fertilizers, irrigation water, septic systems, and naturally occurring nitrate are sources of nitrate in ground water. Limited sampling also was done to determine if pesticides were present in the ground water.</p><p>Nitrate concentrations in ground water ranged from less than 0.1 to 100 milligrams per liter as nitrogen, and median concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in ground water were 3.2 and 6.7 milligrams per liter for Benton and Franklin Counties, respectively. In Franklin County, where a large percentage of the land is used for irrigated agriculture, nitrate nitrogen concentrations in water from 31 percent of sampled wells were equal to or greater than the maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter. In Benton County, nitrate concentrations in water from about 10 percent of the sampled wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level. </p><p>Nitrate concentrations in ground water at some locations in Franklin County have increased by as much as two orders of magnitude since the early 1950's. Historical data generally were not available to evaluate changes of nitrate concentrations in ground water in Benton County, except for the area around the town of Finley. A comparison of data collected during this study with data collected during 1976-77 indicate that nitrate concentrations in ground water of the Finley area probably have not changed over the intervening period. </p><p>Applied nitrogen fertilizers are a major source of nitrate in ground water at many locations in the study area. Surface water used for irrigation does not contain sufficient nitrate to cause elevated concentrations in ground water. Instead, canal seepage, which makes up about 50 percent of the ground-water recharge in the study area, tends to dilute the nitrate present in ground water.</p><p>Septic systems in the Finley area of Benton County are a source of nitrate in ground water, but analyses of data and results of a numerical model analysis of nitrate concentrations in the unconfmed ground-water system indicate that they are not the primary source of nitrate in ground water in this area.</p><p>Naturally occurring nitrate may be a source of nitrate in ground water underlying Badger Coulee in Benton County. Average masses of natural nitrate per unit volume of sediment in two boreholes in Badger Coulee were equivalent to 2,590 and 964 pounds of nitrogen, respectively, in a block of sediments 50 feet thick underlying an acre of land. At most other locations in the study area, the amount of natural nitrate in ground water is probably small compared with nitrate from anthropogenic sources.</p><p>Fluoride concentrations in ground water in the study area ranged from less than 0.1 to 4.7 milligrams per liter; the median concentration was 0.5 milligram per liter. The concentration of fluoride in water from only two of 143 wells equalled or exceeded 2.0 milligrams per liter, which is the secondary maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Both are deep wells open to the Saddle Mountains Basalt in Franklin County. Large concentrations of fluoride in deep ground waters of the Pasco Basin are apparently the result of natural conditions in the deeper basalt aquifers.</p><p>One or more pesticide compounds were detected in 10 of 29 ground-water samples, which were analyzed for selected chlorophenoxy acid herbicides, triazine herbicides, carbamate insecticides, organophosphorus insecticides, and a few other types of pesticides. The sampling locations did not represent a random distribution, but instead, most were wells open to unconfined, shallow ground water in irrigated areas. The pesticides found include the herbicides atrazine, dicamba, metribuzin, picloram, and 2,4,5-T. Also present were aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide, which are degradation products of the insecticide aldicarb. Except for metribuzin, pesticide concentrations were at or near the analytical reporting limits. In all instances, the concentrations of pesticides detected were below the health advisory levels that are issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Ebbert, J., Cox, S., Drost, B., and Schurr, K., 1995, Distribution and sources of nitrate, and presence of fluoride and pesticides, in parts of the Pasco Basin, Washington, 1986-88: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4197, Report: vii, 173 p.; 3 Plates: 48.32 x 35.45 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934197.","productDescription":"Report: vii, 173 p.; 3 Plates: 48.32 x 35.45 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":424442,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47890.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":351279,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351278,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351277,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":118815,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54184,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4197/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Pasco Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.44859231635866,\n              47.54198150754928\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.84390781849129,\n              47.54198150754928\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.84390781849129,\n              46.0060605168527\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.44859231635866,\n              46.0060605168527\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.44859231635866,\n              47.54198150754928\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db6348c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.E.","contributorId":66663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drost, B. W.","contributorId":38526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drost","given":"B. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schurr, K.M.","contributorId":36102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schurr","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":29140,"text":"wri954108 - 1995 - Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-23T16:16:35.832282","indexId":"wri954108","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4108","title":"Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Winter Park chain of lakes (Lakes Maitland, Virginia, Osceola, and Mizell) has a combined area of about 900 acres, an immediate drainage area of about 3,100 acres, and mean depths ranging from 11 to 15 feet. The lakes are an important recreational resource for the surrounding communities, but there is concern about the possible effects of stormwater runoff and seepage of nutrient-enriched ground water on the quality of water in the lakes.</span></p><p>The lakes receive water from several sources: rainfall on lake surfaces, inflow from other surface-water bodies, stormflow that enters the lakes through storm drains or by direct runoff from land adjacent to the lakes, and ground-water seepage. Water leaves the lakes by evaporation, surface outflow, and ground-water outflow. Of the three, only surface outflow can be measured directly. Rainfall, surface inflow and outflow, and lake-stage data were collected from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1992. Stormflow, evaporation and ground-water inflow and outflow were estimated for the 3 years of the study. Ground-water outflow was calculated by evaluating the rate of lake-stage decline during dry periods. Estimated ground-water outflow was compared to downward leakage rates estimated by ground-water flow models. Lateral ground-water inflow from surficial sediments was calculated as the residual of the flow budget.</p><p>Flow budgets were calculated for the 3 years of the study. In water year 1992 (a year with about average rainfall), inflow consisted of rainfall, 48 inches; stormflow, 15 inches; surface inflow, 67 inches; and ground water, 40 inches. The calculated outflows were evaporation, 47 inches; surface outflow, 90 inches; and ground water, 33 inches.</p><p>Water-quality data also were used to calculate nutrient budgets for the lakes. Bimonthly water samples were collected from the lakes and at surface inflow and outflow sites, and were analyzed for physical characteristics, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, major ions, the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and chlorophyll (collected at lake sites only). Specific conductance ranged from about 190 to 230 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lakes Maitland, Virginia and Osceola and from about 226 to 260 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lake Mizell. The median concentrations of total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen in all the lakes ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 milligrams per liter. Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.20 milligrams per liter. Stormwater samples were collected for 17 storms at one storm-drain site and 16 storms at another storm-drain site on Lake Osceola. Median total nitrogen concentrations at the sites were 2.23 and 3.06 milligrams per liter and median total phosphorus concentrations were 0.34 and 0.40 milligrams per liter.</p><p>The water quality in the Winter Park lakes generally is fair to good, based on a trophic-state index used by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for assessing the tropic state of Florida lakes. This index was determined from median total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentrations, and median Secchi-disk transparency for all lakes for the period September 1989 to June 1992.</p><p>Based on a one-time sampling of 20 sites around the lakes, surficial ground-water quality is highly variable. Nutrient concentrations were highly variable and could not be correlated to the proximity of septic tanks. Fertilizer probably is the primary source of nutrients in the surficial ground water.</p><p>Nutrient budgets were calculated for the lakes for the 3 years of the study. The most variable source of nutrient loading to the lakes is stormwater. Nutrient-loading modeling indicates that reduction of nutrients in stormflow probably would improve lake-water quality. However, even with complete removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from stormwater, the lakes might still be mesotrophic with respect to both nutrients during periods of below average rainfall because of the input from the other sources of inflow to the lakes.</p><p>Littoral vegetation in the lakes was surveyed in March 1992. The length of shoreline containing vegetation was 44 percent in Lake Maitland, 62 percent in Lake Virginia, 46 percent in Lake Osceola, and 76 percent in Lake Mizell. The types of vegetation present generally were similar for all four lakes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954108","usgsCitation":"Phelps, G.G., German, E.R., Beckage, B., and Gain, W.S., 1995, Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92, with a section on littoral vegetation: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4108, vi, 96 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954108.","productDescription":"vi, 96 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":422857,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48211.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":2332,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954108","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159383,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Winter Park Chain of Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              28.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              28.53\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3,\n              28.53\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3,\n              28.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              28.6667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67aeb4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Phelps, G. G.","contributorId":82346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"German, E. R.","contributorId":86315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beckage, Brian","contributorId":289256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beckage","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":62082,"text":"Department of Plant Biology & Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":888594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gain, W. Scott wsgain@usgs.gov","contributorId":346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W.","email":"wsgain@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":888595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":22864,"text":"ofr95689 - 1995 - Digital maps of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal springs and wells in the Pacific Northwest: A contribution to the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-09-08T20:07:56.446884","indexId":"ofr95689","displayToPublicDate":"1996-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-689","title":"Digital maps of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal springs and wells in the Pacific Northwest: A contribution to the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95689","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Derkey, P., and Johnson, B.R., 1995, Digital maps of low- to moderate-temperature geothermal springs and wells in the Pacific Northwest: A contribution to the Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-689, i, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95689.","productDescription":"i, 11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":388970,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18537.htm"},{"id":1326,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-689/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"2000000","country":"United States","state":"California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Northwest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -108,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -108,\n              49.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              49.00\n            ],\n            [\n              -124,\n              39\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a96e4b07f02db65abd9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Derkey, Pamela D.","contributorId":69590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derkey","given":"Pamela D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Bruce R.","contributorId":100009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38227,"text":"pp1406D - 1995 - Simulation of ground-water flow in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-07-10T13:01:12","indexId":"pp1406D","displayToPublicDate":"1996-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","chapter":"D","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","docAbstract":"<p>Numerical modeling was used to examine the character of aquifer systems in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona. The report documents the modeling approach, design and calibration procedures, and results of simulations made by using specific and general models. Transferability of geohydrologic information among basins was tested and generally proved successful. Extensive sensitivity testing was done on all models. Sensitivity to specific properties is related to geologic environment and the magnitude of predevelopment flow quantities.</p>","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1406D","usgsCitation":"Anderson, T.W., and Freethey, G., 1995, Simulation of ground-water flow in alluvial basins in south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1406, p. D1-D78, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1406D.","productDescription":"p. D1-D78","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":64563,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406d/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124190,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406d/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico, United States","state":"Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.6640625,\n              35.817813158696616\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              36.474306755095206\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.00488281250001,\n              36.721273880045004\n            ],\n            [\n              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W.","contributorId":105686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Freethey, G. W.","contributorId":105714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"G. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26235,"text":"wri954056 - 1995 - Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri954056","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4056","title":"Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"Methods to evaluate changes in the volume of storm runoff from drainage basins that are likely to be urbanized are needed by land-use planning agencies to establish criteria for the design of flood-control systems. To document the changes in runoff volume of basins that may be urbanized, nine small basins that are considered representative of varying hydrologic conditions in Antelope Valley, California, were selected for detailed study. Precipitation and stream-gaging stations were established and data were collected for the period 1990-93. The data collected at these U.S. Geological Survey stations were supplemented by data collected at 35 Long-term precipitation stations operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. These data will be used to calibrate and verify rainfall-runoff models for the nine basins. Results of the model runs will then be used as a guide for estimating basin runoff characteristics throughout Antelope Valley.  Annual precipitation in Antelope Valley ranges from more than 20 inches in the mountains to less than 4 inches on the valley floor. Most precipitation in the valley falls during the months of December through March, but cyclonic storms in the fall and convectional storms in the summer sometimes occur. The duration of most storms ranges from 1 to 8 days, but most of the precipitation usually occurs within the first 2 days. Many parts of the valley have been affected by storms with precipitation depths that equal or exceed 0.60 inch per hour. The storms of January 1943 and March 1983 were the most intense storms of record, with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years in some parts of the valley.  Depth-duration ratios were calculated by disaggregating daily total precipitation data for intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 18 hours for storms that occurred during 1990-93. The hourly total precipitation data were then disaggregated at 5-minute intervals. A comparison of the depth-duration data collected during 1990-93 at the Geological Survey stations with the data collected at the other stations indicated that the 1990-93 data are not representative of historical storms. Therefore, depth-duration ratios developed using these data should be considered preliminary for use in disaggregating the historical hourly data for Antelope Valley.  Annual maximum 24-hour precipitation records were used to calculate precipitation depth-frequency relations for 23 stations in the valley using the log Pearson type III distribution. These calculations indicate that the storms of January 1943 and March 1983 were the most intense of record in the valley with recurrence intervals greater than 100 years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Report Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954056","usgsCitation":"Blodgett, J.C., 1995, Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4056, iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954056.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157553,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4056/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55035,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4056/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680be9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blodgett, J. C.","contributorId":32154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blodgett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30222,"text":"wri954028 - 1995 - Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:50","indexId":"wri954028","displayToPublicDate":"1996-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4028","title":"Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico, are the least developed of those on the north coast, and relatively little information is available concerning the ground-water system. The present study, which was part of a comprehensive appraisal of the ground-water resources of the North Coast Province, attempts to interpret the hydrology of the area within the constraints of available data.  The study area consists of an uplifted rolling plain that is 200 to 400 feet above sea level and a heavily forested, karst upland. The only major streams in the area are the Rfo Camuy and the Rio Guajataca. Most water used in the area is obtained from Lago de Guajataca, just south of the study area, and ground-water use is minimal (less than 5 million gallons per day). Sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age, mainly limestone and calcareous clays, comprise the aquifers of the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area. The rocks generally dip from 4 to 7 degrees to the north, and the total sedimentary rock sequence may be as much as 6,000 feet thick near the Atlantic coast.  Baseflows for the Rio Camuy are 58 cubic feet per second near Bayaney and 72 cubic feet per second near Hatillo. The ground-water discharge to the Rio Camuy between these stations is estimated to be 15 cubic feet per second, or 2.6 cubic feet per second per linear mile. The flow of the Rio Guajataca is regulated by the Guajataca Dam at Lago de Guajataca. Ground-water discharge to the Rio Guajataca between the dam and the coast is estimated to be about 17 cubic feet per.second, based on the average ground-water discharge per linear mile estimated for the Rio Camuy.  Both water-table and artesian aquifers are present in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area; how-ever, most ground water occurs within the watertable aquifer, which was the primary focus of this study. The top of the confining unit, below the water-table aquifer, generally is within the unnamed upper member of the Cibao Formation; however, it is within the Los Puertos Formation in the eastern part of the study area. The water-table aquifer primarily is composed of rocks of the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation. The estimated saturated thickness of the water-table aquifer ranges from zero at the southern limit of the aquifer to more than 600 feet south of Isabela.  Hydraulic conductivity of the Aymam6n Limestone, based on specific-capacity test data for seven wells, ranges from about 1 to about 25 feet per day and averages 7.5 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivity of the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data for four wells, generally was less than 7 feet. per day. The average hydraulic-conductivity value for both the Aymam6n Limestone and the Los Puertos Formation, based on specific-capacity test data, is estimated to be about 6.0 feet per day. These hydraulic-conductivity values are much less than average values for the water-table aquifer reported for other parts of the North Coast Province. Transmissivity values, based on the average hydraulic-conductivity value for the aquifer derived from specific-capacity tests, range from zero to about 4,000 feet squared per day; however, these values were adjusted upward during model calibration.  Ground water generally moves from the highlands in the south toward the sea to the north and west, and locally, to streams. A major groundwater divide extends from the southeastern corner of the study area to the northwest, and separates flow north and east into the study area from flow to the southwest toward the Rio Culebrinas. Nearly all recharge to the aquifer is from infiltration of rainfall into the karst uplands. Discharge from the aquifer primarily occurs as leakage to streams and to the sea, and to a lesser degree as flow to wells.  A two-layer, three-dimensional, steady-state, numerical model was constructed to simulateground-water flow in the water-table aquifer between Aguadilla and the R/o Camuy area. A basic a","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954028","usgsCitation":"Tucci, P., and Martinez, M., 1995, Hydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Aguadilla to Rio Camuy area, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4028, iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954028.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill. (1 col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59005,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605068","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tucci, Patrick ptucci@usgs.gov","contributorId":926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tucci","given":"Patrick","email":"ptucci@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinez, M.I.","contributorId":12895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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