{"pageNumber":"1322","pageRowStart":"33025","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":29015,"text":"wri954227 - 1995 - User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-07-17T17:39:21.669947","indexId":"wri954227","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4227","title":"User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations","docAbstract":"<p>PHREEQC is a computer program written in the C programming language that is designed to perform a wide variety of aqueous geochemical calculations. PHREEQC is based on an ion-association aqueous model and has capabilities for (1) speciation and saturation-index calculations, (2) reaction-path and advective-transport calculations involving specified irreversible reactions, mixing of solutions, mineral and gas equilibria surface-complex-ation reactions, and ion-exchange reactions, and (3) inverse modeling, which finds sets of mineral and gas mole transfers that account for composition differences between waters, within specified compositional uncertainties. </p><p>PHREEQC is derived from the Fortran program PHREEQE, but it has been completely rewritten in C with the addition many new capabilities. New features include the capabilities to use redox couples to distribute redox elements among their valence states in speciation calculations; to model ion-exchange and surface-complex-ation reactions; to model reactions with a fixed-pressure, multicomponent gas phase (that is, a gas bubble); to calculate the mass of water in the aqueous phase during reaction and transport calculations; to keep track of the moles of minerals present in the solid phases and determine automatically the thermodynamically stable phase assemblage; to simulate advective transport in combination with PHREEQC's reaction-modeling capability; and to make inverse modeling calculations that allow for uncertainties in the analytical data. The user interface is improved through the use of a simplified approach to redox reactions, which includes explicit mole-balance equations for hydrogen and oxygen; the use of a revised input that is modular and completely free format; and the use of mineral names and standard chemical symbolism rather than index numbers. The use of (2) eliminates nearly all limitations on army sizes, including numbers of elements, aqueous species, solutions, phases, and lengths of character strings. A new equation solver that optimizes a set of equalities subject to both equality and inequality constraints is used to determine the thermodynamically stable set of phases in equilibrium with a solution. A more complete Newton-Raphson formulation, master-species switching, and scaling of the algebraic equations reduce the number of failures of the numerical method in PHREEQC relative to PHREEQE. </p><p>This report presents the equations that are the basis for chemical equilibrium and inverse-modeling calculations in PHREEQC, describes the input for the program, and presents twelve examples that demonstrate most of the program's capabilities.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954227","usgsCitation":"Parkhurst, D., 1995, User's guide to PHREEQC, a computer program for speciation, reaction-path, advective-transport, and inverse geochemical calculations: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4227, viii, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954227.","productDescription":"viii, 143 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4227/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57880,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db603f85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parkhurst, D.L.","contributorId":12474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22685,"text":"ofr95727 - 1995 - Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-30T14:52:33.338316","indexId":"ofr95727","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-727","title":"Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps","docAbstract":"This document provides a general description of the procedures used to develop the data sets included on this compact disc. This compact disc contains watershed boundaries for Oklahoma, a digital elevation model, and other data sets derived from the digital elevation model. The digital elevation model was produced using the ANUDEM software package, written by Michael Hutchinson and licensed from the Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies at The Australian National University. Elevation data (hypsography) and streams (hydrography) from digital versions of the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps were used by the ANUDEM package to produce a hydrologically conditioned digital elevation model with a 60-meter cell size. This digital elevation model is well suited for drainage-basin delineation using automated techniques.\r\nAdditional data sets include flow-direction, flow-accumulation, and shaded-relief grids, all derived from the digital elevation model, and the hydrography data set used in producing the digital elevation model. The watershed boundaries derived from the digital elevation model have been edited to be consistent with contours and streams from the U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000-scale topographic maps. The watershed data set includes boundaries for 11-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (watersheds) within Oklahoma, and 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Codes (cataloging units) outside Oklahoma. Cataloging-unit boundaries based on 1:250,000-scale maps outside Oklahoma for the Arkansas, Red, and White River basins are included. The other data sets cover Oklahoma, and where available, portions of 1:100,000-scale quadrangles adjoining Oklahoma.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95727","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cederstrand, J., and Rea, A.H., 1995, Watershed boundaries and digital elevation model of Oklahoma derived from 1:100,000-scale digital topographic maps: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-727, 1 computer laser optical disk ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95727.","productDescription":"1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":503671,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0727/ofr95727.zip","text":"CD-ROM","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":154626,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-96.944611,33.949217],[-96.973807,33.935697],[-96.979818,33.941588],[-96.981031,33.94916],[-96.979347,33.95513],[-96.981337,33.956378],[-96.987892,33.954671],[-96.994288,33.949206],[-96.996183,33.941728],[-96.995023,33.932035],[-96.984939,33.904866],[-96.983971,33.892083],[-96.985567,33.886522],[-97.023899,33.844213],[-97.041245,33.837761],[-97.052209,33.841737],[-97.057554,33.840133],[-97.058623,33.837728],[-97.055148,33.825701],[-97.058623,33.818752],[-97.087999,33.808747],[-97.092112,33.804097],[-97.095236,33.794136],[-97.085218,33.765512],[-97.086195,33.743933],[-97.097154,33.727809],[-97.108936,33.720294],[-97.121102,33.717174],[-97.13753,33.718664],[-97.149394,33.721967],[-97.16281,33.729118],[-97.172192,33.737545],[-97.187792,33.769702],[-97.190397,33.781153],[-97.205431,33.801488],[-97.204995,33.81887],[-97.1997,33.827322],[-97.195831,33.830803],[-97.18137,33.831375],[-97.171627,33.835335],[-97.166824,33.840395],[-97.166629,33.847311],[-97.180845,33.895204],[-97.185458,33.9007],[-97.210921,33.916064],[-97.226522,33.914642],[-97.244946,33.903092],[-97.249209,33.875101],[-97.255636,33.863698],[-97.271532,33.86256],[-97.279108,33.864555],[-97.299245,33.880175],[-97.30749,33.878204],[-97.314413,33.866989],[-97.318243,33.865121],[-97.324158,33.866017],[-97.327563,33.873903],[-97.33294,33.87444],[-97.336524,33.872827],[-97.339392,33.86763],[-97.348338,33.843876],[-97.358513,33.830018],[-97.368744,33.821471],[-97.372941,33.819454],[-97.426493,33.819398],[-97.444193,33.823773],[-97.453057,33.828536],[-97.462857,33.841772],[-97.461486,33.84956],[-97.451469,33.87093],[-97.450954,33.891398],[-97.460376,33.903948],[-97.486505,33.916994],[-97.50096,33.919643],[-97.525277,33.911751],[-97.551541,33.897947],[-97.55827,33.897099],[-97.587441,33.902479],[-97.596289,33.913769],[-97.597115,33.917868],[-97.591514,33.9282],[-97.589598,33.953554],[-97.609091,33.968093],[-97.633778,33.981257],[-97.65621,33.989488],[-97.671772,33.99137],[-97.69311,33.983699],[-97.709684,33.954997],[-97.725289,33.941045],[-97.733723,33.936392],[-97.752957,33.937049],[-97.762768,33.934396],[-97.759399,33.91882],[-97.765446,33.913532],[-97.772672,33.914382],[-97.783717,33.91056],[-97.78034,33.904833],[-97.779683,33.899243],[-97.784657,33.890632],[-97.801578,33.885138],[-97.805423,33.877167],[-97.834333,33.857671],[-97.871447,33.849001],[-97.896738,33.857985],[-97.936743,33.879204],[-97.951215,33.878424],[-97.967777,33.88243],[-97.977808,33.889883],[-97.983769,33.8972],[-97.983552,33.904002],[-97.978804,33.912548],[-97.969873,33.905999],[-97.964461,33.907398],[-97.957155,33.914454],[-97.952679,33.929482],[-97.953395,33.936445],[-97.954467,33.937774],[-97.971175,33.937129],[-97.974173,33.942832],[-97.960351,33.951928],[-97.94573,33.989839],[-97.958325,33.990846],[-97.974173,34.006716],[-97.987388,33.999823],[-98.027672,33.993357],[-98.055197,33.995841],[-98.082839,34.002412],[-98.088203,34.005481],[-98.105482,34.031307],[-98.104022,34.036233],[-98.098001,34.03824],[-98.096177,34.044625],[-98.114587,34.06228],[-98.120208,34.072127],[-98.121039,34.081266],[-98.119417,34.084474],[-98.099328,34.104295],[-98.092421,34.116917],[-98.089755,34.128211],[-98.101937,34.14683],[-98.109462,34.154111],[-98.123377,34.15454],[-98.130816,34.150532],[-98.154354,34.122734],[-98.16912,34.114171],[-98.203711,34.117676],[-98.241013,34.133103],[-98.256467,34.129481],[-98.293901,34.13302],[-98.300209,34.134579],[-98.325445,34.151025],[-98.364023,34.157109],[-98.381238,34.149454],[-98.398441,34.128456],[-98.400967,34.122236],[-98.39816,34.121396],[-98.399777,34.099973],[-98.414426,34.085074],[-98.419995,34.082488],[-98.42848,34.085523],[-98.440092,34.084311],[-98.443724,34.082152],[-98.449034,34.073462],[-98.475066,34.064269],[-98.486328,34.062598],[-98.504182,34.072371],[-98.5282,34.094961],[-98.536257,34.107343],[-98.550917,34.119334],[-98.558593,34.128254],[-98.560191,34.133202],[-98.572451,34.145091],[-98.599789,34.160571],[-98.616733,34.156418],[-98.643223,34.164531],[-98.648073,34.164441],[-98.690072,34.133155],[-98.717537,34.13645],[-98.734287,34.135758],[-98.741966,34.12553],[-98.757037,34.124633],[-98.759653,34.126912],[-98.760558,34.132388],[-98.76557,34.136376],[-98.792015,34.143736],[-98.80681,34.155901],[-98.812954,34.158444],[-98.831115,34.162154],[-98.855585,34.161621],[-98.8579,34.159627],[-98.860125,34.149913],[-98.868116,34.149635],[-98.874872,34.155657],[-98.871211,34.163012],[-98.872922,34.166584],[-98.918333,34.181831],[-98.94022,34.203686],[-98.952358,34.212579],[-98.960791,34.21303],[-98.96247,34.204668],[-98.966302,34.201323],[-98.974132,34.203566],[-98.981364,34.217583],[-98.987294,34.221223],[-98.990852,34.221633],[-99.000761,34.217643],[-99.003433,34.214466],[-99.002916,34.208782],[-99.013075,34.203222],[-99.036273,34.206912],[-99.043471,34.198208],[-99.058084,34.200569],[-99.060344,34.204761],[-99.066465,34.208404],[-99.079535,34.211518],[-99.092191,34.209316],[-99.108758,34.203401],[-99.119204,34.201747],[-99.126567,34.203004],[-99.131885,34.207382],[-99.126614,34.215329],[-99.130609,34.219408],[-99.13822,34.219159],[-99.143985,34.214763],[-99.159016,34.20888],[-99.189511,34.214312],[-99.192683,34.218825],[-99.190146,34.22966],[-99.197153,34.244298],[-99.196926,34.260929],[-99.19457,34.272424],[-99.195605,34.280839],[-99.207561,34.283505],[-99.211648,34.292232],[-99.213476,34.310672],[-99.209724,34.324935],[-99.210716,34.336304],[-99.213135,34.340369],[-99.217335,34.34152],[-99.226153,34.339726],[-99.232606,34.34238],[-99.237233,34.362717],[-99.242945,34.372668],[-99.248969,34.375984],[-99.254722,34.372405],[-99.258696,34.372634],[-99.274926,34.384904],[-99.273958,34.38756],[-99.264508,34.388085],[-99.25898,34.391243],[-99.261321,34.403499],[-99.294648,34.415373],[-99.308274,34.410014],[-99.319606,34.408869],[-99.334037,34.427536],[-99.356713,34.442144],[-99.354672,34.451857],[-99.358795,34.455863],[-99.36961,34.458699],[-99.381011,34.456936],[-99.394956,34.442099],[-99.396902,34.418688],[-99.393919,34.415274],[-99.391492,34.405631],[-99.397253,34.377871],[-99.40296,34.373481],[-99.408848,34.372776],[-99.420432,34.380464],[-99.430995,34.373414],[-99.44076,34.374123],[-99.452648,34.388252],[-99.470969,34.396471],[-99.487219,34.397955],[-99.499875,34.409608],[-99.51428,34.414035],[-99.529786,34.411452],[-99.549242,34.412715],[-99.569696,34.418418],[-99.58006,34.416653],[-99.58448,34.407673],[-99.585442,34.388914],[-99.600026,34.374688],[-99.624197,34.373577],[-99.649662,34.379885],[-99.659362,34.37439],[-99.665992,34.374185],[-99.678283,34.379799],[-99.696462,34.381036],[-99.712682,34.390928],[-99.715089,34.400754],[-99.720259,34.406295],[-99.754248,34.421289],[-99.767234,34.430502],[-99.765599,34.437488],[-99.775743,34.444225],[-99.782986,34.444364],[-99.793684,34.453894],[-99.814313,34.476204],[-99.818739,34.484976],[-99.818186,34.48784],[-99.825325,34.497596],[-99.853066,34.511593],[-99.868953,34.527615],[-99.874403,34.537095],[-99.887147,34.549047],[-99.915771,34.565975],[-99.921801,34.570253],[-99.923211,34.574552],[-99.94572,34.579273],[-99.954567,34.578195],[-99.958898,34.571271],[-99.971555,34.562179],[-99.985833,34.560079],[-100.000381,34.560509],[-100.000406,36.499702],[-103.002434,36.500397],[-103.002199,37.000104],[-102.986976,36.998524],[-102.75986,37.000019],[-102.698142,36.995149],[-102.04224,36.993083],[-100.115722,37.002206],[-99.648652,36.999604],[-98.219499,36.997824],[-95.049499,36.99958],[-94.61808,36.998135],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.571806,36.213748],[-94.522634,35.934892],[-94.431215,35.39429],[-94.433915,35.387391],[-94.431515,35.369591],[-94.437774,35.239271],[-94.45753,34.642961],[-94.485875,33.637867],[-94.487514,33.628939],[-94.491503,33.625115],[-94.520725,33.616567],[-94.526291,33.619203],[-94.528928,33.62184],[-94.529221,33.634437],[-94.533322,33.63766],[-94.549142,33.635902],[-94.552658,33.638246],[-94.552072,33.65348],[-94.557052,33.656702],[-94.570821,33.654945],[-94.572286,33.656995],[-94.569357,33.663441],[-94.569943,33.66637],[-94.57962,33.677623],[-94.586641,33.678968],[-94.596895,33.671351],[-94.603047,33.671351],[-94.607442,33.67223],[-94.621211,33.681018],[-94.627656,33.677796],[-94.635273,33.669886],[-94.64289,33.668421],[-94.646113,33.6693],[-94.648457,33.673401],[-94.648457,33.684534],[-94.652265,33.690979],[-94.659167,33.692138],[-94.684792,33.684353],[-94.707858,33.686876],[-94.710088,33.68815],[-94.710725,33.691654],[-94.709451,33.699617],[-94.711043,33.705669],[-94.719006,33.708217],[-94.724102,33.705669],[-94.728243,33.699617],[-94.732384,33.700254],[-94.737161,33.704713],[-94.739072,33.710128],[-94.73748,33.716179],[-94.739391,33.72255],[-94.742576,33.727009],[-94.759139,33.729557],[-94.762961,33.731787],[-94.767739,33.73752],[-94.766465,33.750897],[-94.770924,33.754401],[-94.775064,33.755038],[-94.789716,33.74612],[-94.798634,33.744527],[-94.812012,33.751853],[-94.817427,33.752172],[-94.824753,33.749305],[-94.826027,33.74389],[-94.830804,33.740068],[-94.849296,33.739585],[-94.8693,33.745871],[-94.87708,33.75222],[-94.876033,33.760771],[-94.879218,33.764912],[-94.886226,33.764594],[-94.902276,33.776289],[-94.911427,33.778383],[-94.919614,33.786305],[-94.916834,33.804617],[-94.91945,33.810176],[-94.924518,33.812792],[-94.9358,33.810339],[-94.944302,33.812138],[-94.948716,33.818023],[-94.949533,33.825708],[-94.957676,33.835004],[-94.964401,33.837021],[-94.968895,33.860916],[-94.973411,33.861731],[-94.98165,33.852284],[-94.988487,33.851],[-94.992671,33.852455],[-95.000223,33.862505],[-95.008376,33.866089],[-95.022325,33.859813],[-95.046568,33.862565],[-95.049025,33.86409],[-95.061065,33.895292],[-95.065492,33.899585],[-95.07126,33.901597],[-95.078905,33.898377],[-95.084002,33.89328],[-95.090441,33.89328],[-95.093929,33.895963],[-95.095002,33.904816],[-95.10077,33.912193],[-95.103318,33.913669],[-95.110964,33.912998],[-95.119951,33.915815],[-95.122365,33.918632],[-95.121184,33.931307],[-95.1247,33.934675],[-95.131056,33.936925],[-95.161109,33.937598],[-95.184075,33.950353],[-95.219358,33.961567],[-95.230491,33.960764],[-95.252906,33.933648],[-95.250737,33.917083],[-95.253095,33.905444],[-95.26385,33.899256],[-95.272542,33.902055],[-95.277846,33.900877],[-95.280351,33.896751],[-95.283445,33.877746],[-95.287865,33.874946],[-95.294789,33.875388],[-95.325572,33.885704],[-95.333452,33.886286],[-95.334854,33.876831],[-95.339122,33.868873],[-95.407795,33.866308],[-95.44737,33.86885],[-95.463346,33.872313],[-95.461499,33.883686],[-95.464925,33.886709],[-95.469962,33.886105],[-95.478575,33.879301],[-95.492028,33.874822],[-95.502304,33.874742],[-95.506085,33.87639],[-95.506234,33.886306],[-95.510063,33.890135],[-95.515302,33.891142],[-95.533283,33.881162],[-95.545197,33.880294],[-95.552085,33.888422],[-95.549145,33.90795],[-95.559414,33.930179],[-95.563424,33.932193],[-95.585945,33.93448],[-95.599678,33.934247],[-95.603657,33.927195],[-95.636978,33.906613],[-95.647273,33.905976],[-95.659818,33.909092],[-95.665338,33.908132],[-95.669978,33.905844],[-95.684831,33.890232],[-95.696962,33.885218],[-95.71354,33.885124],[-95.728449,33.893704],[-95.737508,33.895967],[-95.747335,33.895756],[-95.756367,33.892625],[-95.761916,33.883402],[-95.762559,33.874367],[-95.757458,33.867957],[-95.753513,33.856464],[-95.758016,33.85008],[-95.772067,33.843817],[-95.776255,33.845145],[-95.789867,33.857686],[-95.805149,33.861304],[-95.820596,33.858465],[-95.821666,33.856633],[-95.818976,33.844456],[-95.820784,33.840564],[-95.828245,33.836054],[-95.837516,33.83564],[-95.859469,33.852456],[-95.881292,33.860627],[-95.915961,33.881148],[-95.935198,33.887101],[-95.937202,33.884652],[-95.935308,33.878724],[-95.936631,33.870615],[-95.941267,33.861619],[-95.944284,33.859811],[-95.951609,33.857017],[-95.972156,33.856371],[-95.980966,33.859307],[-95.984254,33.864403],[-95.991487,33.866869],[-95.996748,33.864403],[-95.998351,33.851049],[-96.005296,33.845505],[-96.019599,33.840566],[-96.022065,33.843196],[-96.022229,33.850923],[-96.029463,33.852402],[-96.037191,33.841245],[-96.048834,33.836468],[-96.084626,33.846656],[-96.100095,33.847971],[-96.101473,33.846709],[-96.097638,33.837935],[-96.097448,33.832725],[-96.09936,33.83047],[-96.109993,33.832396],[-96.122951,33.839964],[-96.14807,33.837799],[-96.15163,33.831946],[-96.148792,33.819197],[-96.150765,33.816987],[-96.164217,33.817001],[-96.17589,33.814627],[-96.178964,33.810553],[-96.17515,33.801951],[-96.162123,33.79614],[-96.162757,33.788769],[-96.169452,33.770131],[-96.178059,33.760518],[-96.1999,33.752117],[-96.220521,33.74739],[-96.229023,33.748021],[-96.269896,33.768405],[-96.277269,33.769735],[-96.292482,33.766419],[-96.303009,33.750878],[-96.307389,33.735005],[-96.307035,33.719987],[-96.309964,33.710489],[-96.316925,33.698997],[-96.321103,33.6951],[-96.348306,33.686379],[-96.355946,33.687155],[-96.362198,33.691818],[-96.363253,33.70105],[-96.36959,33.716809],[-96.408469,33.751192],[-96.422643,33.776041],[-96.436455,33.78005],[-96.448045,33.781031],[-96.459154,33.775232],[-96.500268,33.772583],[-96.511914,33.781478],[-96.515912,33.787795],[-96.516584,33.803168],[-96.526655,33.820891],[-96.532865,33.823005],[-96.551223,33.819129],[-96.572937,33.819098],[-96.592926,33.830916],[-96.623155,33.841483],[-96.62929,33.845488],[-96.628969,33.852407],[-96.61197,33.869016],[-96.597348,33.875101],[-96.590112,33.880665],[-96.58536,33.888948],[-96.587934,33.894784],[-96.628294,33.894477],[-96.659896,33.916666],[-96.667187,33.91694],[-96.673449,33.912278],[-96.680947,33.896204],[-96.683464,33.884217],[-96.682209,33.873876],[-96.684727,33.862905],[-96.690708,33.849959],[-96.699574,33.839049],[-96.712422,33.831633],[-96.761588,33.824406],[-96.766235,33.825458],[-96.770676,33.829621],[-96.776766,33.841976],[-96.780569,33.860098],[-96.783485,33.863534],[-96.794276,33.868886],[-96.832157,33.874835],[-96.839778,33.868396],[-96.841592,33.852894],[-96.845896,33.848975],[-96.85609,33.84749],[-96.866438,33.853149],[-96.88301,33.868019],[-96.895728,33.896414],[-96.899442,33.933728],[-96.907387,33.950025],[-96.9163,33.957798],[-96.922114,33.959579],[-96.944611,33.949217]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Oklahoma\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cederstrand, J. R.","contributorId":91523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cederstrand","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, A. H.","contributorId":58301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28043,"text":"wri954228 - 1995 - Data for and adjusted regional regression models of volume and quality of urban storm-water runoff in Boise and Garden City, Idaho, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:51:04.738972","indexId":"wri954228","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4228","title":"Data for and adjusted regional regression models of volume and quality of urban storm-water runoff in Boise and Garden City, Idaho, 1993-94","docAbstract":"The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires information on the volume and quality of urban \nstorm-water runoff to apply for a permit to discharge this water into the Boise River under the National \nPollutant Discharge Elimination System Program. Concentrations of selected chemical constituents in \nstorm runoff were determined from samples collected at four storm-sewer outfalls in Boise from October \n1993 through June 1994 and at one outfall in Garden City from September through October 1994. \nSamples were analyzed for specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, water temperature, oxygen demand, fecal \nindicator bacteria, major ions, dissolved and suspended solids, nutrients, trace elements, and numerous \norganic compounds. The measurement of storm-runoff volume and mean concentrations of constituents \nwere used to estimate storm-runoff loads.\nPreviously developed U.S. Geological Survey regional regression models of runoff and 11 chemical \nconstituents were evaluated to assess their suitability for use in urban areas in Boise and Garden City. \nData collected in the study area were used to develop adjusted regional models of storm-runoff volumes \nand mean concentrations and loads of chemical oxygen demand, dissolved and suspended solids, total \nnitrogen and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total and dissolved phosphorus, and total \nrecoverable cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. Explanatory variables used in these models were drainage \narea, impervious area, land-use information, and precipitation data. Mean annual runoff volume and loads \nat the five outfalls were estimated from 904 individual storms during 1976 through 1993. Two methods \nwere used to compute individual storm loads. The first method used adjusted regional models of storm \nloads and the second used adjusted regional models for mean concentration and runoff volume. For large \nstorms, the first method seemed to produce excessively high loads for some constituents and the second \nmethod provided more reliable results for all constituents except suspended solids. The first method \nprovided more reliable results for large storms for suspended solids.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954228","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Ada County Highway District, City of Boise, Idaho Transportation Department, Ada County Drainage District No.3, and Boise State University","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., 1995, Data for and adjusted regional regression models of volume and quality of urban storm-water runoff in Boise and Garden City, Idaho, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4228, v, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954228.","productDescription":"v, 36 p.","numberOfPages":"39","temporalStart":"1993-01-01","temporalEnd":"1994-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":415460,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48312.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56881,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4228/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123927,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4228/report-thumb.jpg"}],"projection":"North American Datum 1983","datum":"GRS 80 Spheroid","country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Ada County","city":"Boise, Garden City","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.291667,\n              43.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.291667,\n              43.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.041667,\n              43.6667\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.041667,\n              43.5833\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.291667,\n              43.5833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kjelstrom, L.C.","contributorId":89104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjelstrom","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23310,"text":"ofr95279 - 1995 - Sampling design and procedures for fixed surface-water sites in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain study unit, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:38:59","indexId":"ofr95279","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-279","title":"Sampling design and procedures for fixed surface-water sites in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain study unit, 1993","docAbstract":"The implementation of design guidelines for the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program has resulted in the development of new sampling procedures and the modification of existing procedures commonly used in the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey. The Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain (GAFL) study unit began the intensive data collection phase of the program in October 1992. This report documents the implementation of the NAWQA guidelines by describing the sampling design and procedures for collecting surface-water samples in the GAFL study unit in 1993. This documentation is provided for agencies that use water-quality data and for future study units that will be entering the intensive phase of data collection. The sampling design is intended to account for large- and small-scale spatial variations, and temporal variations in water quality for the study area. Nine fixed sites were selected in drainage basins of different sizes and different land-use characteristics located in different land-resource provinces. Each of the nine fixed sites was sampled regularly for a combination of six constituent groups composed of physical and chemical constituents: field measurements, major ions and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, pesticides, and suspended sediments. Some sites were also sampled during high-flow conditions and storm events. Discussion of the sampling procedure is divided into three phases: sample collection, sample splitting, and sample processing. A cone splitter was used to split water samples for the analysis of the sampling constituent groups except organic carbon from approximately nine liters of stream water collected at four fixed sites that were sampled intensively. An example of the sample splitting schemes designed to provide the sample volumes required for each sample constituent group is described in detail. Information about onsite sample processing has been organized into a flowchart that describes a pathway for each of the constituent groups.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95279","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Hatzell, H.H., Oaksford, E., and Asbury, C., 1995, Sampling design and procedures for fixed surface-water sites in the Georgia-Florida coastal plain study unit, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-279, vi, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95279.","productDescription":"vi, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155118,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":1677,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr95-279/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -84.7210693359375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.90234375,\n              30.543338954230222\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.0177001953125,\n              30.24957724046765\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.803466796875,\n              30.164126343161097\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.627685546875,\n              29.935895213372444\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.57275390625,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.44091796875,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.29809570312499,\n              29.859701442126756\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.2926025390625,\n              30.012030680358613\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.17724609375,\n              30.035811042667792\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.990478515625,\n              30.050076521698735\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7322998046875,\n              29.893043385434165\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.6224365234375,\n              29.76914573606667\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.51806640624999,\n              29.602118211647333\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.397216796875,\n              29.415675471217877\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.2489013671875,\n              29.377388403478992\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1610107421875,\n              29.233683670282787\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.0841064453125,\n              29.1281717828162\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8753662109375,\n              29.10897615145302\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.77099609375,\n              28.945668833650508\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75451660156249,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.694091796875,\n              28.671310915880834\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.694091796875,\n              28.492833128965096\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8094482421875,\n              28.265682390146477\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              28.164032516628076\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.869873046875,\n              27.955591004642553\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.8973388671875,\n              27.790491224830877\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.7874755859375,\n              27.68352808378776\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.75451660156249,\n              27.552111841284695\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.299072265625,\n              27.571590861376308\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.2935791015625,\n              27.649472352561876\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.37597656249999,\n              27.848790459862073\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52429199218749,\n              28.105903469076186\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              28.20760859532738\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.540771484375,\n              28.318888915773826\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5133056640625,\n              28.386567819657213\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.46936035156249,\n              28.44454394857482\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.518798828125,\n              28.647210004919998\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.6341552734375,\n              28.815799886487298\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.771484375,\n              29.065772888415406\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0406494140625,\n              29.439597566602902\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1614990234375,\n              29.807284450222504\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.27685546875,\n              30.107117887092357\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.3592529296875,\n              30.5764500266181\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              30.873940237887624\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.32080078125,\n              31.052933985705163\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.23291015625,\n              31.22689446881399\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.19445800781249,\n              31.358327833411312\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.14501953125,\n              31.48020882071693\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.03515625,\n              31.648705289976853\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.958251953125,\n              31.835565983656227\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.85937499999999,\n              31.94750122367064\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.782470703125,\n              32.00341778396365\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8978271484375,\n              32.0732655510424\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.046142578125,\n              32.115148622612445\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1175537109375,\n              32.16166284018013\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.112060546875,\n              32.2546200600072\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0955810546875,\n              32.30570601389429\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.177978515625,\n              32.43097672054704\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.1669921875,\n              32.47732919639942\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.24938964843749,\n              32.537551746769\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.34277343749999,\n              32.59773394005744\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4031982421875,\n              32.648625783736726\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.39770507812499,\n              32.76880048488168\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4031982421875,\n              32.86574639547474\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.441650390625,\n              32.95797741405952\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4801025390625,\n              33.04550781490999\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5899658203125,\n              33.1329513125159\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73278808593749,\n              33.15594830078649\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.88110351562499,\n              33.330528249028085\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.06787109374999,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28759765625,\n              33.348884792201694\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.5732421875,\n              33.22949814144951\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.056640625,\n              33.25706340236547\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.33129882812499,\n              33.0178760185549\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.507080078125,\n              32.80574473290688\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.82568359375,\n              32.722598604044066\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.66638183593749,\n              32.263910555201306\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.7652587890625,\n              32.05464469054932\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8421630859375,\n              31.76086695137955\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.19921875,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.6826171875,\n              30.869225348040825\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.7210693359375,\n              30.704058230919504\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f4127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hatzell, H. H.","contributorId":7732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatzell","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oaksford, E. T.","contributorId":64284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oaksford","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Asbury, C.E.","contributorId":45740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Asbury","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29769,"text":"wri954230 - 1995 - Application of acoustic velocity meters for gaging discharge of three low-velocity tidal streams in the St. Johns River basin, northeast Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-20T19:46:13.933494","indexId":"wri954230","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4230","title":"Application of acoustic velocity meters for gaging discharge of three low-velocity tidal streams in the St. Johns River basin, northeast Florida","docAbstract":"Index-velocity data collected with acoustic velocity meters, stage data, and cross-sectional area data were used to calculate discharge at three low-velocity, tidal streamflow stations in north-east Florida. Discharge at three streamflow stations was computed as the product of the channel cross-sectional area and the mean velocity as determined from an index velocity measured in the stream using an acoustic velocity meter. The tidal streamlflow stations  used in the study were: Six Mile Creek near Picolata, Fla.; Dunns Creek near Satsuma, Fla.; and the St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. Cross-sectional areas at the measurement sections ranged from about 3,000 square feet at Six Mile Creek to about 18,500 square feet at St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. Physical characteristics for all three streams were similar except for drainage area. The topography primarily is low-relief, swampy terrain; stream velocities ranged from about -2 to 2 feet per second; and the average change in stage was about 1 foot. Instantaneous discharge was measured using a portable acoustic current meter at each of the three streams to develop a relation between the mean velocity in the stream and the index velocity measured by the acoustic velocity meter. Using least-squares linear regression, a simple linear relation between mean velocity and index velocity was determined. Index velocity was the only significant linear predictor of mean velocity for Six Mile Creek and St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. For Dunns Creek, both index velocity and stage were used to develop a multiple-linear predictor of mean velocity. Stage-area curves for each stream were developed from bathymetric data. Instantaneous discharge was computed by multiplying results of relations developed for cross-sectional area and mean velocity. Principal sources of error in the estimated discharge are identified as: (1) instrument errors associated with measurement of stage and index velocity, (2) errors in the representation of mean daily stage and index velocity due to natural variability over time and space, and (3) errors in cross-sectional area and mean-velocity ratings based on stage and index velocity. Standard errors for instantaneous discharge for the median cross-sectional area for Six Mile Creek, Dunns Creek, and St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff were 94,360, and 1,980 cubic feet per second, respectively. Standard errors for mean daily discharge for the median cross-sectional area for Six Mile Creek, Dunns Creek, and St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff were 25, 65, and 455 cubic feet per second, respectively. Mean daily discharge at the three sites ranged from about -500 to 1,500 cubic feet per second at Six Mile Creek and Dunns Creek and from about -500 to 15,000 cubic feet per second on the St. Johns River at Buffalo Bluff. For periods of high discharge, the AVM index-velocity method tended to produce estimates accurate with 2 to 6 percent. For periods of moderate discharge, errors in discharge may increase to more than 50 percent. At low flows, errors as a percentage of discharge increase toward infinity.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954230","usgsCitation":"Sloat, J.V., and Gain, W., 1995, Application of acoustic velocity meters for gaging discharge of three low-velocity tidal streams in the St. Johns River basin, northeast Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4230, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954230.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4230.jpg"},{"id":2485,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954230","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":400876,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48314.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"St. Johns River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.75,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.4167,\n              30.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.75,\n              30.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.75,\n              29.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa7c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sloat, J. V.","contributorId":85997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloat","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gain, W. S.","contributorId":29024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gain","given":"W. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":23624,"text":"ofr94348 - 1995 - Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T15:26:12","indexId":"ofr94348","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-348","title":"Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Water clarity of Devils Lake, in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin, has been decreasing because of blue-green algal blooms. An understanding of the hydrology of Devils Lake is needed to develop a mitigation plan to reduce phosphorus input. A model was developed to test the current understanding of the hydrology of the lake including stage and hydrologic budget and to estimate the effects of proposed mitigation plans on lake stage.</p>\n<p>Daily lake stage was simulated in the model by summing estimates of hydrologic-budget components. The Devils Lake hydrologic-budget components are precipitation on the lake surface, evaporation from the lake surface, runoff (consisting of overland flow to the lake and an intermittent stream flowing into the lake), and ground-water flow into and out of the lake.</p>\n<p>The model was calibrated to measured lake stage for the period 1980-92. Simulated stage compares reasonably well with historical stage data for Devils Lake. The root mean square of the differences of simulated and measured daily lake stages for the period 1980-92 is 0.83 foot. Simulated lake stage is very sensitive to small changes in runoff and evaporation coefficients, and ground-waterflow rates used in the model.</p>\n<p>The average model-calculated annual amounts of each hydrologic-budget component for the 1980-92 simulation period, in order of increasing volume, are evaporation (791 acre-feet), precipitation (973 acre-feet), runoff (1,107 acre-feet), and net ground-water flow, which is out of the lake (1,323 acre-feet).</p>\n<p>Three mitigation plans were simulated. Mitigation plan 3, which includes the addition of water from a basin adjacent to the northeastern side of the Devils Lake Basin, allows for withdrawals of hypolimnetic water and maintaining lake stage closer to optimal levels than would result without mitigation.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94348","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and the town of Baraboo","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., and Batten, W.G., 1995, Simulation of stage and the the hydrologic budget of Devils Lake, Sauk County, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-348, iv, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94348.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p.","numberOfPages":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154912,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52901,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0348/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Sauk County","city":"Baraboo","otherGeospatial":"Devil's Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.791259765625,\n              43.3601336603352\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.791259765625,\n              43.44544148221772\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.66629028320312,\n              43.44544148221772\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.66629028320312,\n              43.3601336603352\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.791259765625,\n              43.3601336603352\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2119","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26551,"text":"wri954262 - 1995 - Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T12:48:20","indexId":"wri954262","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4262","title":"Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina","docAbstract":"Field and laboratory studies show that microorganisms indigenous to the ground-water system underlying Tank Farm C, Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, S.C., degrade petroleum hydrocarbons under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.  Under aerobic conditions, sediments from the shallow aquifer underlying the site mineralized radiolabeled (14C) toluene to 14CO2 with first-order rate constants of about -0.29 per day. Sediments incubated under anaerobic conditions mineralized radiolabeled toluene more slowly, with first-order rate constants of -0.001 per day.  Although anaerobic rates of biodegradation are low, they are significant in the hydrologic and geochemical context of the site. Because of low hydraulic conductivities (1.9-9.1 feet per day) and low hydraulic gradients (about 0.004 feet per feet), ground water flows slowly (approximately 20 feet per year) at this site. Furthermore, aquifer sediments contain  organic-rich peat that has a high sorptive capacity. Under these conditions, hydrocarbon contaminants have moved no further than 10 feet downgradient of the jet fuel free product. Digital solute-transport simulations, using the range of model parameters measured at the site, show that dissolved contaminants will be completely degraded before they are discharged from the aquifer into adjacent surface-water bodies. These results show that natural attenuation processes are containing the migration of soluble hydrocarbons, and that intrinsic bioremediation is a potentially effective remedial strategy at this site.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954262","usgsCitation":"Chapelle, F., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 1995, Assessment of intrinsic bioremediation of jet fuel contamination in a shallow aquifer, Beaufort, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4262, vi, 30 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954262.","productDescription":"vi, 30 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":55418,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4262/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4262/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Beaufort","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.980224609375,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5462646484375,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5462646484375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.980224609375,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.980224609375,\n              32.287132632616384\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671d65","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chapelle, Frank","contributorId":96236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapelle","given":"Frank","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30451,"text":"wri954292 - 1995 - Verification of water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater during ice-cover conditions to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-14T16:43:30","indexId":"wri954292","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4292","title":"Verification of water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater during ice-cover conditions to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>The Red River at Fargo Water-Quality (RRatFGO QW) Model, which used the Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model (QUAL2E) computer program, was calibrated and verified for icefree conditions. The purpose of this study was to verify the model for ice-cover conditions using the same Red River of the North study reach that was used for ice-free conditions. The study reach begins about 0.1 mile downstream of the 12th Avenue North bridge in Fargo, North Dakota, and extends 30.8 miles downstream to a site 0.8 mile upstream of the confluence of the Buffalo River and the Red River of the North. The study reach receives treated wastewater outflow from municipal wastewater-treatment plants at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, and inflow from the Sheyenne River. For simulations conducted for ice-cover conditions, the RRatFGO QW Model will be referred to as the Red River at Fargo Ice-Cover Water-Quality (RRatFGOIC QW) Model.</p><p>Streamflow measurements were made at 10 sites during February 21-24, 1995, and water-quality samples were collected and field properties were measured at 12 sites during February 23-24, 1995. Properties and constituents analyzed for include specific conductance, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrite (reported as nitrogen), total nitrite plus nitrate (reported as nitrogen), total ammonia (reported as nitrogen), total organic nitrogen (reported as nitrogen), total phosphorus (reported as phosphorus), chlorophyll a, and algal biomass.</p><p>The RRatFGOIC QW Model simulated streamflow, specific conductance, total organic nitrogen, total ammonia, total nitrite, total nitrite plus nitrate, 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen. The model was considered verified for ice-cover conditions for all of the values or concentrations simulated except for the total organic nitrogen concentrations. Based on the results of this study, the QUAL2E Model computer program that was calibrated for ice-free conditions is capable of simulating water quality for both ice-free and ice-cover conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954292","usgsCitation":"Wesolowski, E.A., 1995, Verification of water-quality model to simulate effects of discharging treated wastewater during ice-cover conditions to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4292, iii, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954292.","productDescription":"iii, 20 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59233,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4292/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160491,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4292/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ace4b07f02db5c65a2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesolowski, Edwin A.","contributorId":14014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesolowski","given":"Edwin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30054,"text":"wri954270 - 1995 - Quality of surface water and ground water in the proposed artificial-recharge project area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954270","displayToPublicDate":"1996-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4270","title":"Quality of surface water and ground water in the proposed artificial-recharge project area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994","docAbstract":"Controlled artificial recharge of surface runoff is being considered as a water-management technique to address the problem of ground-water overdraft. The planned use of recharge facilities in urban areas has caused concern about the quality of urban runoff to be recharged and the potential for ground-water contamination. The proposed recharge facility in Rillito Creek will utilize runoff entering a 1-mile reach of the Rillito Creek between Craycroft Road and Swan Road for infiltration and recharge purposes within the channel and excavated overbank areas.  Physical and chemical data were collected from two surface-water and two ground-water sites in the study area in 1994. Analyses of surface-water samples were done to determine the occurrence and concentration of potential contaminants and to determine changes in quality since samples were collected during 1987-93. Analyses of ground-water samples were done to determine the variability of ground-water quality at the monitoring wells throughout the year and to determine changes in quality since samples were collected in 1989 and 1993. Surface-water samples were collected from Tanque Verde Creek at Sabino Canyon Road (streamflow-gaging station Tanque Verde Creek at Tucson, 09484500) and from Alamo Wash at Fort Lowell Road in September and May 1994, respectively. Ground-water samples were collected from monitoring wells (D- 13-14)26cbb2 and (D-13-14)26dcb2 in January, May, July, and October 1994.  In surface water, calcium was the dominant cation, and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. In ground water, calcium and sodium were the dominant cations and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. Surface water in the area is soft, and ground water is moderately hard to hard. In surface water and ground water, nitrogen was found predominantly as nitrate. Concentrations of manganese in ground-water samples ranged from 60 to 230 micrograms per liter and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 50 micrograms per liter. None of the constituents in surface-water and ground-water samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water or State of Arizona aquifer water-quality standards. Concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water from the monitoring wells did not vary significantly throughout the year and were not significantly different from concentrations in samples collected in March 1989 and January and September 1993.  Priority pollutants were not found in surface-water samples or ground-water samples, and organochlorine pesticides were not found in ground-water samples. Dieldrin and biphenyl polychlor were the only pesticides found in surface water and were at the minimum reporting levels in one sample from Alamo Wash.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954270","usgsCitation":"Tadayon, S., 1995, Quality of surface water and ground water in the proposed artificial-recharge project area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4270, iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954270.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4270/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58864,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4270/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640dbe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28344,"text":"wri944147 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and ground-water flow, fractured Mesozoic structural-basin rocks, Stony Brook, Beden Brook, and Jacobs Creek drainage basins, west-central New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:38","indexId":"wri944147","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4147","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water flow, fractured Mesozoic structural-basin rocks, Stony Brook, Beden Brook, and Jacobs Creek drainage basins, west-central New Jersey","docAbstract":"This study was undertaken to characterize ground- water flow in the Stony Brook, Beden Brook, and Jacobs Creek drainage basins in west-central New Jersey. The 89-square-mile study area is underlain by dipping beds of fractured siltstone, shale, and sandstone and by massive diabase sills. In all of the rocks, the density of interconnected fractures decreases with depth. A major fault extends through the study area, and rocks on both sides of the fault are extensively fractured. The average annual rates of precipitation and ground-water recharge in the study area are 45.07 inches and 8.58 inches, respectively. The rate of recharge to diabase rocks is about one-half the rate of recharge to other rocks. Part of the surface runoff from diabase rocks enters the ground-water system where it encounters more permeable rocks. Most ground water in the study area follows short, shallow flow paths. A three- dimensional finite-difference model of ground-water flow was developed to test hypotheses concerning geologic features that control ground-water flow in the study area. The decrease in the density of interconnected fractures with depth was represented by dividing the model into two layers with different hydraulic conductivity. The pinching out of water- bearing beds in the dip direction at land surface and at depth was simulated as a lower hydraulic conductivity in the dip direction than in the strike direction. This model can be used to analyze ground-water flow if the area of interest is more than about 0.5 square mile.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944147","usgsCitation":"Lewis, J.C., and Jacobsen, E., 1995, Hydrogeology and ground-water flow, fractured Mesozoic structural-basin rocks, Stony Brook, Beden Brook, and Jacobs Creek drainage basins, west-central New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4147, vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944147.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4147/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57152,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4147/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6259bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Jean C.","contributorId":74417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Jean","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobsen, Eric jacobsen@usgs.gov","contributorId":3864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobsen","given":"Eric","email":"jacobsen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29522,"text":"wri954090 - 1995 - The use of three-parameter rating table lookup programs, RDRAT and PARM3, in hydraulic flow models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri954090","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4090","title":"The use of three-parameter rating table lookup programs, RDRAT and PARM3, in hydraulic flow models","docAbstract":"Subroutines RDRAT and PARM3 enable computer programs such as the BRANCH open-channel unsteady-flow model to route flows through or over combinations of critical-flow sections, culverts, bridges, road- overflow sections, fixed spillways, and(or) dams. The subroutines also obstruct upstream flow to simulate operation of flapper-type tide gates. A multiplier can be applied by date and time to simulate varying numbers of tide gates being open or alternative construction scenarios for multiple culverts. The subroutines use three-parameter (headwater, tailwater, and discharge) rating table lookup methods. These tables may be manually prepared using other programs that do step-backwater computations or compute flow through bridges and culverts or over dams. The subroutine, therefore, precludes the necessity of incorporating considerable hydraulic computational code into the client program, and provides complete flexibility for users of the model for routing flow through almost any affixed structure or combination of structures. The subroutines are written in Fortran 77 language, and have minimal exchange of information with the BRANCH model or other possible client programs. The report documents the interpolation methodology, data input requirements, and software.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954090","usgsCitation":"Sanders, C., 1995, The use of three-parameter rating table lookup programs, RDRAT and PARM3, in hydraulic flow models: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4090, iii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954090.","productDescription":"iii, 17 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159668,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4090/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4090/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62f3e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanders, C.L. Jr.","contributorId":57496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanders","given":"C.L.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30269,"text":"wri954179 - 1995 - Application of a sediment-transport model to estimate bridge scour at selected sites in Colorado, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954179","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4179","title":"Application of a sediment-transport model to estimate bridge scour at selected sites in Colorado, 1991-93","docAbstract":"A bridge-scour study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Department of Transportation, was begun in 1991 to evaluate bridges in the State for potential scour during floods. A part of that study was to apply a computer model for sediment-transport routing to simulate channel aggradation or degradation and pier scour during floods at three bridge sites in Colorado. Stream-channel reaches upstream and downstream from the bridges were simulated using the Bridge Stream Tube model for Alluvial River Simulation (BRI-STARS). Synthetic flood hydrographs for the 500-year floods were developed for Surveyor Creek near Platner and for the Rio Grande at Wagon Wheel Gap. A part of the recorded mean daily hydrograph for the peak flow of record was used for the Yampa River near Maybell. The recorded hydrograph for the peak flow of record exceeded the computed 500-year-flood magnitude for this stream by about 22 percent. Bed-material particle-size distributions were determined from samples collected at Surveyor Creek and the Rio Grande. Existing data were used for the Yampa River. The model was used to compute a sediment-inflow hydrograph using particle-size data collected and a specified sediment-transport equation at each site. Particle sizes ranged from less than 0.5 to 16 millimeters for Surveyor Creek, less than 4 to 128 millimeters for the Yampa River, and 22.5 to 150 millimeters for the Rio Grande. Computed scour at the peak steamflows ranged from -2.32 feet at Surveyor Creek near Platner to +0.63 foot at the Rio Grande at Wagon Wheel Gap. Pier- scour depths computed at the peak streamflows ranged from 4.46 feet at the Rio Grande at Wagon Wheel Gap to 5.94 feet at the Yampa River near Maybell. The number of streamtubes used in the model varied at each site.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954179","usgsCitation":"Vaill, J.E., 1995, Application of a sediment-transport model to estimate bridge scour at selected sites in Colorado, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4179, iii, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954179.","productDescription":"iii, 37 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4179/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59055,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4179/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67ab93","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vaill, J. E.","contributorId":86362,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaill","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24259,"text":"ofr95741 - 1995 - Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:54:14","indexId":"ofr95741","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-741","displayTitle":"Tritium and radioactive carbon (<i>14</i>C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","title":"Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995","docAbstract":"<p>Tritium activities in water vapor and radioactive carbon (<sup>14</sup>C) activities in carbon dioxide were determined in gas samples pumped from small-diameter air ports installed in a test hole within the unsaturated sediments next to a commercial burial site for low-level radioactive waste south of Beatty, Nevada. In April 1994, gas samples were collected from test hole UZB-2, which was drilled about 350 feet south of the southwest corner of the fence enclosing the burial site. The test hole is part of a study to determine the depth to which atmospheric air circulates through the unsaturated sediments at the desert site. Laboratory results completed in May 1995 show activities of tritium and <sup>14</sup>C were greater than expected, with measured tritium in the water vapor as high as 762 tritium units at a depth of 79 feet and measured <sup>14</sup>C in carbon dioxide as high as 1,700 percent modern carbon at a depth of 18 feet.</p><p>In July 1995, the uppermost five air ports in test hole UZB-2 were resampled. In addition, water vapor was collected for tritium analyses at a distant test hole, and water vapor for tritium analyses and carbon dioxide for <sup>14</sup>C analyses were collected from three depths at the research shaft about 200 feet north of test hole UZB-2, and at two shallow probes (depth of 5.5 feet) next to the fence enclosing the burial site. Analyses of samples collected in the upper 112 feet from test hole UZB-2 in July 1995 show the same distribution of tritium and<sup> 14</sup>C as analyses of samples collected in April 1994, except that activities were somewhat greater in July. The greatest activities of tritium and <sup>14</sup>C were measured from a shallow probe next to the fence with activities of 29,400 tritium units and 517,000 percent modern carbon, respectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Carson City, NV","doi":"10.3133/ofr95741","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Prudic, D.E., and Striegl, R.G., 1995, Tritium and radioactive carbon (14C) analyses of gas collected from unsaturated sediments next to a low-level radioactive-waste burial site south of Beatty, Nevada, April 1994 and July 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-741, iii, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95741.","productDescription":"iii, 7 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155054,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0741/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53386,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0741/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","city":"Beatty","otherGeospatial":"Amargosa Desert Research Site","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6979d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prudic, David E. deprudic@usgs.gov","contributorId":3430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prudic","given":"David","email":"deprudic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":191582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Striegl, Robert G. 0000-0002-8251-4659 rstriegl@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-4659","contributorId":1630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Striegl","given":"Robert","email":"rstriegl@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":191583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":27438,"text":"wri944145 - 1995 - Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:25","indexId":"wri944145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4145","title":"Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida","docAbstract":"Temporal and spatial distributions of ground-water inflow to, and leakage from Lake Five-O, a softwater, seepage lake in northwestern Florida, were evaluated using hydrologic data and simulation models of the shallow ground-water system adjacent to the lake. The simulation models indicate that ground-water inflow to the lake and leakage from the lake to the ground-water system are the dominant components in the total inflow (precipitation plus ground-water inflow) and total outflow (evaporation plus leakage) budgets of Lake Five-O. Simlulated ground-water inflow and leakage were approximately 4 and 5 times larger than precipitation inputs and evaporative losses, respectively, during calendar years 1989-90. Exchanges of water between Lake Five-O and the ground-water system were consistently larger than atmospheric-lake exchanges. A consistent pattern of shallow ground-water inflow and deep leakage was also evident throughout the study period. The mean time of travel from ground-water that discharges at Lake Five-O (time from recharge at the water table to discharge at the lake) was estimated to be within a range of 3 to 6 years. Flow-path evaluations indicated that the intermediate confining unit probably has a negligible influence on the geochemistry of ground-water inflow to Lake Five-O. The hydrologic budgets and flow-path evaluations provide critical information for developing geochemical budgets for Lake Five-O and for improving the understanding of the relative importance of various processes that regulate the acid-neutralizing capacity of softwater seepage lakes in Florida.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944145","usgsCitation":"Grubbs, J.W., 1995, Evaluation of ground-water flow and hydrologic budget for Lake Five-O, a seepage lake in northwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4145, vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944145.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2122,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri944145","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123720,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_94_4145.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688d3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grubbs, J. W.","contributorId":77139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grubbs","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":22028,"text":"ofr95831 - 1995 - Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T11:12:19","indexId":"ofr95831","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-831","title":"Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models","docAbstract":"Summary:  This book was released in paper form in June, 1996. After its release, it was converted to digital form as Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) files using Acrobat version 2.1. The Acrobat presentation you are accessing is a facsimile of the published book. A few minor editorial changes were made to the book to correct errors and some of the figures have been enhanced. The figures are the same as those in the book, but some have been reprocessed or redrafted and others converted from grayscale to color to make them more useable. In January 2004, the book was enhanced with the creation of a Navigation page, plus the addition of links, web links and bookmarks to improve ease of use.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95831","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., 1995, Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-831, ii, 272 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95831.","productDescription":"ii, 272 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":8083,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/ofr-95-0831/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":152994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0831/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51494,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0831/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c727","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29680,"text":"wri954128 - 1995 - Water Budget for the Island of Kauai, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri954128","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4128","title":"Water Budget for the Island of Kauai, Hawaii","docAbstract":"A geographic information system model was created to calculate a monthly water budget for the island of Kauai. Ground-water recharge is the residual component of a monthly water budget calculated using long-term average rainfall, streamflow, and pan-evaporation data, applied irrigation-water estimates, and soil characteristics. The water-budget components are defined seasonally, through the use of the monthly water budget, and spatially by aquifer-system areas, through the use of the geographic information system model.\r\n\r\nThe mean annual islandwide water-budget totals are 2,720 Mgal/d for rainfall plus irrigation; 1,157 Mgal/d for direct runoff; 911 Mgal/d for actual evapotranspiration; and 652 Mgal/d for ground-water recharge. Direct runoff is 43 percent, actual evapotranspiration is 33 percent, and ground-water recharge is 24 percent of rainfall plus irrigation. Ground-water recharge in the natural land-use areas is spatially distributed in a pattern similar to the rainfall distribution.\r\n\r\nDistinct seasonal variations in the water-budget components are apparent from the monthly water-budget calculations. Rainfall and ground-water recharge peak during the wet winter months with highs in January of 3,698 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) and 981 Mgal/d, respectively; a slight peak in July and August relative to June and September is caused by increased orographic rainfall. Recharge is lowest in June (454 Mgal/d) and November (461 Mgal/d).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954128","usgsCitation":"Shade, P.J., 1995, Water Budget for the Island of Kauai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4128, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954128.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4128/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58508,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4128/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd42b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27185,"text":"wri954091 - 1995 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:26","indexId":"wri954091","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4091","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"An existing model was modified in recognition of new \r\ngeohydrologic interpretations and adjusted to simulate \r\nhydrographs in well fields in the Los Alamos area. Hydraulic-head\r\ndrawdowns at the Buckman well field resulting from two projected\r\nground-water-withdrawal alternatives were estimated with the \r\nmodified model.\r\n\r\n     The Chaquehui formation (informal usage) is the main new \r\nfeature of recent hydrologic interpretations for the Los Alamos \r\narea. The Chaquehui occupies a 'channel' that was eroded or \r\nfaulted into the Tesuque Formation, and the Chaquehui is more \r\npermeable than the Tesuque. The Chaquehui is a major producing \r\nzone in the Pajarito Mesa well field and to a lesser extent in\r\nthe Guaje well field.\r\n\r\n     Model modification included splitting the four layers of the\r\nMcAda-Wasiolek model (McAda, D.P., and Wasiolek, Maryann, 1988, \r\nSimulation of the regional geohydrology of the Tesuque aquifer \r\nsystem near Santa Fe, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-\r\nResources Investigations Report 87-4056, 71 p.) into eight layers\r\nto better simulate vertical ground-water movement. Other model \r\nmodifications were limited as much as possible to the area of \r\ninterest near Los Alamos and consisted mainly of adjusting \r\nhydraulic-conductivity values representing the Tesuque Formation,\r\nChaquehui formation (informal usage), and Puye Formation, and \r\nadjusting simulated recharge along the Pajarito Fault Zone west \r\nof Los Alamos. Adjustments were based mainly on simulation of \r\nfluctuations in measured hydraulic heads near Los Alamos.\r\n\r\n     Two possible alternative plans for replacing Guaje well field \r\nproduction were suggested by Los Alamos National Laboratory. In \r\nthe first plan (Guaje alternative), the Guaje field would be \r\nrenewed with four new wells replacing the existing production \r\nwells in the Guaje field. In the second plan (Pajarito-Otowi \r\nalternative), the Guaje well field would be retired and its\r\nformer production would be made up by additional withdrawals from the \r\nPajarito Mesa and Otowi well fields. A projection for each of \r\nthese alternatives was made through 2012 using the new eight-\r\nlayer model. In the Guaje field, projected hydraulic heads at the\r\nend of 2012 were as much as 50 feet lower with the Guaje \r\nalternative; in the Pajarito Mesa field, hydraulic heads were as\r\nmuch as 12 feet higher with the Guaje alternative. At the western\r\nend of the Los Alamos well field, projected hydraulic heads were\r\nabout 20 feet higher with the Guaje alternative; at the eastern \r\nend of the Los Alamos field, the difference between alternatives\r\nwas much less. At the Buckman field, projected hydraulic heads \r\nwere about 2 feet higher with the Guaje alternative because the \r\nBuckman field is closer to the Pajarito Mesa field than to the \r\nGuaje field. \r\n\r\n     Ways of improving the understanding of the flow system \r\ninclude developing a more accurate representation of the \r\nstructure and extent of the Tesuque Formation, Chaquehui \r\nformation, and Puye Formation of the Santa Fe Group and obtaining\r\nmore detailed geologic and hydrologic data for the Chaquehui and\r\nPuye. Data that describe water chemistry, hydraulic head, and \r\ndegree of saturation would be valuable for determining the \r\nlocation and quantity of recharge on the Pajarito Plateau, \r\nespecially along the west side of the Plateau and in canyon \r\nbottoms. Chloride concentrations in soil at the top of the \r\nBandelier Tuff could be used to verify the concept that \r\nevapotranspiration accounts for nearly all precipitation over a \r\nlarge area of the plateau.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri954091","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., 1995, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4091, vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954091.","productDescription":"vi, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4091/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56059,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4091/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, P. F.","contributorId":98726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31946,"text":"ofr95843B - 1995 - Arctic delta processes: A computer animation and paper models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T13:23:53.508764","indexId":"ofr95843B","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-843","chapter":"B","title":"Arctic delta processes: A computer animation and paper models","docAbstract":"<p>This report shows, by means of a computer animation and paper models, how deltas are affected by fresh and salt water currents, topography and location. The report is intended to help students and others visualize how ice shapes and forms a delta. By studying the animations and the paper models, students will come to understand why deltas have different shapes and different interior structures. The diskette version has an animation of arctic delta processes. While both the diskette and paper versions have teacher guide and paper models.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95843B","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Reimnitz, E., 1995, Arctic delta processes: A computer animation and paper models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-843, 27 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95843B.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0843-b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":493024,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0843-b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674b11","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31945,"text":"ofr95843A - 1995 - Arctic delta processes : a computer animation and paper models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"ofr95843A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-843","chapter":"A","title":"Arctic delta processes : a computer animation and paper models","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95843A","usgsCitation":"Alpha, T.R., and Reimnitz, E., 1995, Arctic delta processes : a computer animation and paper models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-843, 27 p.:ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95843A.","productDescription":"27 p.:ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0843a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60097,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0843a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abee4b07f02db674d67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alpha, Tau Rho","contributorId":63371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpha","given":"Tau","email":"","middleInitial":"Rho","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reimnitz, Erk","contributorId":17963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reimnitz","given":"Erk","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26872,"text":"wri954138 - 1995 - Results of a shallow seismic-refraction survey in the Little Valley area near Hemet, Riverside County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri954138","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4138","title":"Results of a shallow seismic-refraction survey in the Little Valley area near Hemet, Riverside County, California","docAbstract":"Little Valley, a small locally named valley southeast of the city of Hemet in Riverside County, California, is being evaluated for development of a constructed wetland and infiltration area as part of a water-resources management program in the area. The valley is a granitic basin filled with unconsolidated material. In August 1993 and June and July 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a seismic-refraction survey consisting of four lines northwest of the valley, eight lines in the valley, and six lines northeast of the valley. Two interpretations were made for the lines: a two-layer model yielded an estimate of the minimum depths to bedrock and a three-layer model yielded the most likely depths to bedrock. Results of the interpretation of the three-layer model indicate that the unsaturated unconsolidated surface layer ranges in thickness from 12 to 83 feet in the valley and 24 to 131 feet northeast of the valley. The mean compressional velocity for this layer was about 1,660 feet per second. A saturated middle layer was detected in some parts of the study area, but not in others--probably because of insufficient thickness in some places; however, in order to determine the &quot;most likely&quot; depths to bedrock, it was assumed that the layer was present throughout the valley. Depths to this layer were verified on three seismic lines using the water level from the only well in the valley. Data for additional verification were not available for wells near Little Valley. The bedrock slope from most of Little Valley is down toward the northeast. Bedrock profiles show that the bedrock surface is very uneven in the study area. The interpreted most likely depth to bedrock in the valley ranged from land surface (exposed) to a depth of 176 feet below land surface, and northeast of the valley it ranged from 118 to 331 feet below land surface. Bedrock depths were verified using lithologic logs from test holes drilled previously in the area. On the basis of a measured mean compressional velocity of about 12,000 feet per second, the bedrock was interpreted to be weathered granite.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954138","usgsCitation":"Duell, L., 1995, Results of a shallow seismic-refraction survey in the Little Valley area near Hemet, Riverside County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4138, v, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954138.","productDescription":"v, 13 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4138/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55765,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4138/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60eedb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duell, L. F. Jr.","contributorId":39009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duell","given":"L. F.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26584,"text":"wri954097 - 1995 - Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T21:55:11.888669","indexId":"wri954097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4097","title":"Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"A potential hydrologic effect of surface mining of coal in southeastern Montana is a change in the quality of ground water. Dissolved-solids concen- trations in water in spoils aquifers generally are larger than concentrations in water in the coal aquifers they replaced; however, laboratory experiments have indicated that concentrations can decrease if ground water flows from coal-mine spoils to coal. This study was conducted to determine if decreases in concentrations occur onsite and, if so, which geochemical processes caused the decreases. Solid-phase core samples of spoils, unmined over- burden, and coal, and ground-water samples were collected from 16 observation wells at two mine areas. In the Big Sky Mine area, changes in ground- water chemistry along a flow path from an upgradient coal aquifer to a spoils aquifer probably were a result of dedolomitization. Dissolved-solids concentrations were unchanged as water flowed from a spoils aquifer to a downgradient coal aquifer. In the West Decker Mine area, dissolved-solids concentrations apparently decreased from about 4,100 to 2,100 milligrams per liter as water moved along an inferred flow path from a spoils aquifer to a downgradient coal aquifer. Geochemical models were used to analyze changes in water chemistry on the basis of results of solid-phase and aqueous geochemical characteristics. Geochemical processes postulated to result in the apparent decrease in dissolved-solids concentrations along this inferred flow path include bacterial reduction of sulfate, reverse cation exchange within the coal, and precipitation of carbonate and iron-sulfide minerals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954097","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., 1995, Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4097, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954097.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55453,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465912,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48202.htm","text":"Big Sky Mine area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465913,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48203.htm","text":"West Decker Mine area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107,\n              46\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              46\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              46\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adefa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.W.","contributorId":22765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24333,"text":"ofr95468 - 1995 - A computerized data base of nitrate concentrations in Indiana ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-22T09:51:43","indexId":"ofr95468","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-468","title":"A computerized data base of nitrate concentrations in Indiana ground water","docAbstract":"<p>As part of a cooperative study with the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, the U.S. Geological Survey compiled a computerized data base of nitrate concentrations in Indiana ground water. The data included nitrate determinations from more than 29 studies by five Federal and State agencies during June 1973 through August 1991. The National Water Information System software of the U.S. Geological Survey was used to store the data at the U.S. Geological Survey office in Indianapolis, Indiana. Electronic data sets were converted to a standard format of well data, sample data, and analytical data. Data were screened by several error-checking procedures before they were retained in the data base; they were examined for potential duplicates of well location and name.</p>\n<p>The data base of nitrate concentrations in Indiana ground water contains records of 5,525 samples collected from 4,448 wells in 88 of 92 counties during 1973-91. Those wells included 3,832 drinking-water wells; 536 monitoring wells, 38 livestock-supply wells; and 42 irrigation wells. Nitrate concentrations greater than minimum reporting limits of 0.0 to 0.5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) were determined in 2,453 samples (44 percent of the total). Nitrate in ground water at concentrations greater than 3 mg/L have been considered to be the result of human activities. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 0.005 to 380 mg/L with a median nitrate concentration of 0.3 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations were greater than or equal to 3 mg/L in 704 samples (13 percent of the total). Nitrate concentrations were greater than or equal to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 mg/L in 188 samples (3.4 percent of the total). Of the 3,832 drinking- water wells in the data base, 147 had at least one sample in which a nitrate concentration was greater than the Maximum Contaminant Level. The percentage of samples with nitrate concentrations greater than or equal to 3 mg/L and greater than or equal to 10 mg/L generally increased during the period 1973 through 1991.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>The nitrate data base was compiled from numerous data sets that were readily accessible in electronic format. The uses of these data may be limited because they were neither comprehensive nor of a single statistical design. Nonetheless, the nitrate data can be used in several ways: (1) to identify geographic areas with and without nitrate data; (2) to evaluate assumptions, models, and maps of ground-water-contamination potential; and (3) to investigate the relation between environmental factors, land-use types, and the occurrence of nitrate.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/ofr95468","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Risch, M., and Cohen, D., 1995, A computerized data base of nitrate concentrations in Indiana ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-468, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95468.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0468/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53439,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0468/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.802483,40.528046],[-84.802547,40.50181],[-84.803928,40.462564],[-84.804504,40.411555],[-84.803917,40.310115],[-84.806175,40.197995],[-84.808291,40.129027],[-84.809737,40.048929],[-84.811212,39.995331],[-84.814179,39.814212],[-84.814129,39.72662],[-84.814619,39.669174],[-84.814323,39.655814],[-84.814955,39.566251],[-84.815754,39.477358],[-84.819451,39.305153],[-84.820159,39.227225],[-84.819802,39.157613],[-84.820157,39.10548],[-84.826246,39.10417],[-84.831197,39.10192],[-84.839515,39.095292],[-84.849574,39.088264],[-84.860689,39.07814],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.893873,39.062466],[-84.897364,39.057378],[-84.897171,39.052407],[-84.894281,39.049572],[-84.889065,39.04082],[-84.882856,39.034031],[-84.870168,39.025551],[-84.856959,39.011528],[-84.850354,39.00325],[-84.849445,39.000923],[-84.847094,38.997309],[-84.83983,38.99129],[-84.83712,38.988059],[-84.833473,38.981522],[-84.830619,38.974898],[-84.829857,38.969385],[-84.832617,38.96146],[-84.83516,38.957961],[-84.864731,38.934893],[-84.870759,38.929231],[-84.877762,38.920357],[-84.879268,38.916116],[-84.878817,38.913405],[-84.877029,38.909016],[-84.870124,38.900389],[-84.867778,38.899133],[-84.860759,38.897654],[-84.830472,38.897256],[-84.819073,38.895469],[-84.812746,38.895132],[-84.800247,38.89107],[-84.788143,38.883728],[-84.786406,38.88222],[-84.785234,38.880439],[-84.784579,38.87532],[-84.785799,38.869496],[-84.788302,38.864325],[-84.791002,38.860572],[-84.793714,38.857788],[-84.803247,38.850723],[-84.817169,38.84342],[-84.823363,38.839196],[-84.827488,38.834909],[-84.829958,38.830632],[-84.829886,38.825405],[-84.827098,38.818634],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-84.813939,38.800209],[-84.811645,38.792766],[-84.811752,38.789169],[-84.812877,38.786087],[-84.814641,38.784488],[-84.821378,38.783111],[-84.828714,38.783208],[-84.835672,38.784289],[-84.847918,38.788106],[-84.856904,38.790224],[-84.887919,38.794652],[-84.89393,38.793704],[-84.901874,38.790604],[-84.915234,38.784086],[-84.932977,38.777519],[-84.941071,38.775627],[-84.947644,38.775273],[-84.962535,38.778035],[-84.978723,38.77928],[-84.990006,38.778383],[-84.995939,38.776756],[-84.999949,38.774715],[-85.011772,38.766712],[-85.040938,38.755163],[-85.047967,38.750849],[-85.060264,38.744948],[-85.071928,38.741567],[-85.076369,38.739496],[-85.08218,38.735439],[-85.100963,38.7268],[-85.103313,38.725323],[-85.106979,38.72163],[-85.106902,38.720789],[-85.121357,38.711232],[-85.133049,38.702375],[-85.13868,38.699168],[-85.146861,38.695427],[-85.156158,38.692251],[-85.172528,38.688082],[-85.177112,38.688405],[-85.187278,38.687609],[-85.190507,38.68795],[-85.2045,38.691692],[-85.213257,38.695446],[-85.221124,38.700957],[-85.226062,38.705456],[-85.238665,38.722494],[-85.242434,38.726235],[-85.246505,38.731821],[-85.258846,38.737754],[-85.267639,38.739899],[-85.275454,38.741172],[-85.289226,38.74241],[-85.306049,38.741649],[-85.330807,38.736705],[-85.340953,38.733893],[-85.351776,38.731638],[-85.363827,38.730477],[-85.372284,38.730576],[-85.400481,38.73598],[-85.410925,38.73708],[-85.416631,38.736272],[-85.422021,38.734834],[-85.434065,38.729455],[-85.437766,38.726405],[-85.442271,38.71985],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.452114,38.709348],[-85.455967,38.695655],[-85.456978,38.689135],[-85.456481,38.685069],[-85.455486,38.68209],[-85.444815,38.670083],[-85.438742,38.659319],[-85.437738,38.648898],[-85.439458,38.632366],[-85.439351,38.610388],[-85.438594,38.605405],[-85.437446,38.601724],[-85.43617,38.598292],[-85.419883,38.573558],[-85.415821,38.563558],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.4156,38.546341],[-85.417322,38.540763],[-85.423077,38.531581],[-85.425787,38.52873],[-85.433136,38.523914],[-85.441725,38.520191],[-85.458496,38.5144],[-85.462518,38.512602],[-85.466691,38.51028],[-85.472221,38.506279],[-85.474354,38.504074],[-85.47767,38.49832],[-85.479472,38.494533],[-85.481246,38.488374],[-85.482897,38.485701],[-85.491422,38.474702],[-85.498866,38.468242],[-85.516939,38.461357],[-85.527164,38.45829],[-85.536542,38.456083],[-85.553304,38.45388],[-85.575254,38.453292],[-85.587758,38.450495],[-85.603833,38.442094],[-85.607629,38.439295],[-85.620521,38.423105],[-85.620329,38.421697],[-85.621625,38.417089],[-85.629961,38.402306],[-85.632937,38.395666],[-85.638041,38.380338],[-85.638521,38.376802],[-85.638009,38.366115],[-85.638777,38.361443],[-85.646201,38.342916],[-85.653641,38.327108],[-85.659897,38.319396],[-85.668698,38.310517],[-85.675017,38.301317],[-85.683561,38.295469],[-85.738746,38.269366],[-85.744862,38.26717],[-85.750962,38.26787],[-85.761062,38.27257],[-85.766563,38.27767],[-85.765763,38.279669],[-85.765963,38.280469],[-85.773363,38.286169],[-85.780963,38.288469],[-85.791563,38.288569],[-85.794063,38.287869],[-85.796063,38.286669],[-85.802563,38.284969],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-85.823764,38.280569],[-85.829364,38.276769],[-85.834864,38.268069],[-85.838064,38.257369],[-85.837964,38.25117],[-85.839664,38.23977],[-85.845464,38.23027],[-85.851436,38.223189],[-85.868564,38.211969],[-85.880264,38.203369],[-85.894764,38.188469],[-85.897664,38.184269],[-85.908764,38.161169],[-85.909464,38.14007],[-85.905164,38.11107],[-85.904564,38.10027],[-85.906163,38.08617],[-85.913163,38.07337],[-85.915643,38.06647],[-85.916987,38.061846],[-85.918379,38.054214],[-85.919563,38.041079],[-85.921371,38.032135],[-85.922395,38.028679],[-85.925418,38.023456],[-85.930235,38.018311],[-85.934635,38.014423],[-85.939483,38.010951],[-85.951467,38.005608],[-85.958299,38.004616],[-85.976028,38.00356],[-85.996582,38.000073],[-86.009127,37.998529],[-86.020655,37.996116],[-86.029509,37.99264],[-86.032468,37.9901],[-86.035012,37.984814],[-86.035279,37.981228],[-86.033386,37.970382],[-86.034355,37.964621],[-86.036013,37.961703],[-86.038188,37.95935],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.045208,37.958258],[-86.048458,37.959369],[-86.053912,37.963571],[-86.061731,37.971326],[-86.064859,37.975618],[-86.071644,37.9872],[-86.074915,37.993345],[-86.07398,37.995449],[-86.075393,37.996948],[-86.080034,38.000848],[-86.087525,38.005127],[-86.095766,38.00893],[-86.108156,38.013416],[-86.118208,38.015279],[-86.12757,38.016011],[-86.141063,38.01547],[-86.16731,38.009879],[-86.172186,38.00992],[-86.178983,38.011308],[-86.190927,38.016438],[-86.206439,38.021876],[-86.220371,38.027922],[-86.225519,38.03328],[-86.233057,38.039305],[-86.249972,38.04583],[-86.261273,38.052721],[-86.266891,38.057125],[-86.273584,38.067443],[-86.27872,38.089303],[-86.278656,38.098509],[-86.271223,38.130112],[-86.271802,38.137874],[-86.287773,38.15805],[-86.304155,38.167872],[-86.317139,38.172907],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.347736,38.195363],[-86.360377,38.198796],[-86.373801,38.193352],[-86.378151,38.185845],[-86.377434,38.171379],[-86.37174,38.164183],[-86.353625,38.159579],[-86.325941,38.154317],[-86.321274,38.147418],[-86.323453,38.139032],[-86.328398,38.132877],[-86.335145,38.129242],[-86.352466,38.128459],[-86.375324,38.130629],[-86.379775,38.129274],[-86.387216,38.124632],[-86.396215,38.107789],[-86.401653,38.105396],[-86.405068,38.105801],[-86.41876,38.117693],[-86.431749,38.126121],[-86.449793,38.127223],[-86.457115,38.124531],[-86.463248,38.119278],[-86.466081,38.114437],[-86.466217,38.106781],[-86.463858,38.101177],[-86.458795,38.096404],[-86.434046,38.086763],[-86.430091,38.078638],[-86.432789,38.067171],[-86.438236,38.060426],[-86.452192,38.05049],[-86.471903,38.046218],[-86.480393,38.045578],[-86.500051,38.045757],[-86.51176,38.044448],[-86.517289,38.042634],[-86.519404,38.041241],[-86.521825,38.038327],[-86.524969,38.027879],[-86.524385,38.018609],[-86.524656,38.012894],[-86.525671,38.007145],[-86.525844,37.998385],[-86.524888,37.981834],[-86.525174,37.968228],[-86.523831,37.962169],[-86.520503,37.954438],[-86.518575,37.951798],[-86.512588,37.94695],[-86.50939,37.942492],[-86.507043,37.936439],[-86.50662,37.930719],[-86.507831,37.928829],[-86.511005,37.92612],[-86.51924,37.922163],[-86.528279,37.918618],[-86.534156,37.917007],[-86.540722,37.916871],[-86.548507,37.917842],[-86.566256,37.922164],[-86.580322,37.923145],[-86.586542,37.922285],[-86.588581,37.921159],[-86.596125,37.914289],[-86.598452,37.910965],[-86.599848,37.906754],[-86.600096,37.901218],[-86.598151,37.884553],[-86.598317,37.88042],[-86.59939,37.874753],[-86.597476,37.871478],[-86.59732,37.870162],[-86.598108,37.867382],[-86.604624,37.858272],[-86.609163,37.855408],[-86.615215,37.852857],[-86.625763,37.847266],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.638265,37.842718],[-86.648028,37.841425],[-86.652516,37.841636],[-86.655286,37.842505],[-86.658268,37.844144],[-86.661637,37.849714],[-86.662495,37.856951],[-86.661233,37.862761],[-86.658374,37.869376],[-86.648727,37.886036],[-86.644754,37.894806],[-86.644039,37.898202],[-86.644143,37.902366],[-86.645513,37.906529],[-86.647081,37.908621],[-86.650087,37.910616],[-86.660888,37.913059],[-86.673038,37.914903],[-86.680929,37.91501],[-86.686015,37.913084],[-86.691994,37.908529],[-86.707816,37.898367],[-86.716138,37.894073],[-86.718462,37.893123],[-86.722247,37.892648],[-86.73146,37.89434],[-86.734718,37.896587],[-86.75099,37.912893],[-86.765054,37.93251],[-86.779993,37.956522],[-86.788044,37.97284],[-86.790597,37.980062],[-86.794985,37.988982],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-86.815267,37.998877],[-86.820071,37.999392],[-86.823491,37.998939],[-86.835161,37.99375],[-86.849027,37.99002],[-86.85595,37.987292],[-86.863224,37.982495],[-86.866936,37.979294],[-86.870388,37.975276],[-86.875874,37.97077],[-86.881338,37.967523],[-86.884961,37.964373],[-86.892084,37.955929],[-86.902413,37.946161],[-86.907131,37.943023],[-86.919329,37.936664],[-86.927747,37.934956],[-86.933357,37.934939],[-86.944633,37.933534],[-86.964785,37.932384],[-86.969044,37.932858],[-86.978834,37.930233],[-87.003301,37.922395],[-87.010315,37.919668],[-87.033444,37.906593],[-87.042249,37.898291],[-87.045101,37.893775],[-87.046237,37.889866],[-87.045894,37.887574],[-87.044144,37.884025],[-87.043407,37.87994],[-87.043049,37.875049],[-87.043854,37.870796],[-87.04926,37.859745],[-87.051452,37.853681],[-87.055404,37.835297],[-87.057836,37.827457],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.067836,37.806065],[-87.070732,37.801937],[-87.077404,37.796209],[-87.090636,37.787808],[-87.0999,37.78464],[-87.111133,37.782512],[-87.119229,37.782848],[-87.127533,37.78504],[-87.129629,37.786608],[-87.133149,37.792208],[-87.137502,37.807264],[-87.14195,37.816176],[-87.153486,37.832384],[-87.158878,37.837871],[-87.162319,37.840159],[-87.164863,37.841215],[-87.170831,37.842319],[-87.180063,37.841375],[-87.20224,37.843791],[-87.212416,37.846223],[-87.220944,37.849134],[-87.25525,37.867326],[-87.26293,37.872846],[-87.26989,37.879854],[-87.27437,37.882942],[-87.302324,37.898445],[-87.320036,37.905741],[-87.331765,37.908253],[-87.334165,37.908205],[-87.335397,37.907565],[-87.344933,37.911164],[-87.352614,37.916124],[-87.35471,37.918252],[-87.358294,37.92054],[-87.361638,37.921004],[-87.363622,37.922348],[-87.372327,37.930028],[-87.372711,37.930556],[-87.372039,37.931708],[-87.372439,37.932044],[-87.380247,37.935596],[-87.40116,37.941227],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.418585,37.944763],[-87.428521,37.944811],[-87.436859,37.944192],[-87.447786,37.942427],[-87.450458,37.941451],[-87.465514,37.93369],[-87.486347,37.920218],[-87.490411,37.916682],[-87.501131,37.909162],[-87.507483,37.90673],[-87.511499,37.906426],[-87.520284,37.912618],[-87.531532,37.916298],[-87.545901,37.922666],[-87.551277,37.925418],[-87.559342,37.931146],[-87.56587,37.93793],[-87.568398,37.941226],[-87.57203,37.947466],[-87.574287,37.954842],[-87.573415,37.962642],[-87.574715,37.967742],[-87.577915,37.971542],[-87.581115,37.973442],[-87.585916,37.975442],[-87.589816,37.976042],[-87.592916,37.975842],[-87.596716,37.974842],[-87.601416,37.972542],[-87.603816,37.968942],[-87.605216,37.965142],[-87.605216,37.961442],[-87.603516,37.958942],[-87.606216,37.949642],[-87.610816,37.944602],[-87.619488,37.938538],[-87.625616,37.933442],[-87.62896,37.926714],[-87.628416,37.92145],[-87.626256,37.916138],[-87.623296,37.910746],[-87.620272,37.906922],[-87.608479,37.898794],[-87.601967,37.895722],[-87.597118,37.892394],[-87.591582,37.887194],[-87.588426,37.868791],[-87.588729,37.860984],[-87.591504,37.856642],[-87.606599,37.838669],[-87.612426,37.83384],[-87.615399,37.831974],[-87.625014,37.829077],[-87.635806,37.827015],[-87.645858,37.825899],[-87.655171,37.826037],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.672397,37.829127],[-87.675538,37.831732],[-87.679188,37.836321],[-87.680689,37.84062],[-87.6819,37.84641],[-87.681633,37.855917],[-87.6754,37.865946],[-87.673186,37.868412],[-87.668879,37.871497],[-87.666175,37.874146],[-87.664101,37.877176],[-87.66282,37.881449],[-87.662865,37.885578],[-87.665025,37.893514],[-87.666481,37.895786],[-87.671457,37.899498],[-87.67573,37.90193],[-87.680338,37.903274],[-87.684018,37.903498],[-87.688338,37.902474],[-87.700915,37.897274],[-87.710675,37.893898],[-87.717971,37.89257],[-87.723635,37.892058],[-87.7333,37.894346],[-87.740148,37.89465],[-87.76226,37.890906],[-87.771004,37.886261],[-87.773015,37.884544],[-87.783643,37.877759],[-87.786407,37.876556],[-87.7909,37.875714],[-87.795185,37.875273],[-87.808013,37.875191],[-87.830578,37.876516],[-87.833883,37.877324],[-87.838102,37.879769],[-87.841193,37.882325],[-87.841615,37.883393],[-87.841693,37.887685],[-87.844691,37.892048],[-87.84559,37.893151],[-87.857243,37.900649],[-87.858738,37.902779],[-87.863097,37.911858],[-87.865558,37.915056],[-87.87254,37.920999],[-87.877325,37.924034],[-87.883321,37.926238],[-87.892471,37.92793],[-87.898062,37.927514],[-87.904789,37.924892],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-87.927769,37.900924],[-87.932129,37.89732],[-87.936784,37.892587],[-87.938365,37.890802],[-87.940069,37.88767],[-87.941021,37.879168],[-87.940005,37.875044],[-87.938128,37.870651],[-87.936228,37.867937],[-87.927303,37.858709],[-87.914892,37.849618],[-87.910276,37.843416],[-87.907773,37.837611],[-87.903804,37.817762],[-87.904595,37.812526],[-87.90681,37.807624],[-87.911087,37.805158],[-87.919138,37.802128],[-87.927543,37.799851],[-87.932554,37.797672],[-87.934936,37.79522],[-87.934698,37.791827],[-87.935861,37.789703],[-87.938598,37.787914],[-87.944506,37.775256],[-87.946463,37.773477],[-87.948594,37.772344],[-87.95259,37.771742],[-87.96003,37.773223],[-87.970262,37.781856],[-87.971805,37.784648],[-87.976389,37.788004],[-87.984358,37.7918],[-87.987157,37.792202],[-87.991168,37.794049],[-87.993099,37.795756],[-87.997102,37.797672],[-88.004706,37.800145],[-88.015144,37.80193],[-88.021021,37.801409],[-88.02803,37.799224],[-88.029382,37.803601],[-88.045939,37.807481],[-88.049528,37.81107],[-88.051771,37.813761],[-88.051771,37.817799],[-88.049079,37.826322],[-88.044145,37.830808],[-88.043247,37.836639],[-88.044593,37.840677],[-88.053116,37.847854],[-88.056705,37.85548],[-88.058499,37.865349],[-88.056705,37.872078],[-88.054462,37.877461],[-88.050425,37.882844],[-88.033378,37.894059],[-88.031584,37.901685],[-88.044145,37.926805],[-88.036124,37.942746],[-88.012929,37.966544],[-88.012574,37.977062],[-88.025831,38.007245],[-88.02979,38.025046],[-88.025304,38.038055],[-88.020369,38.046578],[-88.009603,38.04927],[-87.990314,38.056447],[-87.984931,38.069008],[-87.986725,38.076185],[-87.9948,38.083362],[-87.998389,38.090091],[-87.999734,38.100857],[-87.990763,38.110726],[-87.974272,38.121981],[-87.945472,38.126616],[-87.92168,38.148407],[-87.922577,38.160071],[-87.928858,38.168594],[-87.937162,38.172189],[-87.9595,38.184376],[-87.975819,38.197834],[-87.984234,38.20996],[-87.982688,38.221527],[-87.979548,38.228256],[-87.975511,38.232742],[-87.968968,38.237389],[-87.960225,38.237118],[-87.950838,38.247097],[-87.945904,38.256966],[-87.951277,38.26875],[-87.952125,38.273763],[-87.938727,38.289264],[-87.928858,38.292404],[-87.92168,38.289712],[-87.916746,38.284778],[-87.913606,38.276703],[-87.908223,38.274012],[-87.898802,38.276255],[-87.887849,38.285299],[-87.883102,38.293301],[-87.88041,38.299581],[-87.875476,38.301376],[-87.868747,38.299133],[-87.860224,38.291507],[-87.853046,38.289264],[-87.844972,38.29061],[-87.838243,38.29375],[-87.833757,38.299133],[-87.831972,38.307241],[-87.832723,38.324853],[-87.822721,38.346912],[-87.806075,38.363143],[-87.779996,38.370842],[-87.745254,38.408996],[-87.74104,38.435576],[-87.730699,38.442908],[-87.730134,38.446518],[-87.735729,38.452986],[-87.74317,38.459019],[-87.743535,38.467774],[-87.739522,38.475069],[-87.730768,38.478717],[-87.714047,38.47988],[-87.693188,38.488038],[-87.678374,38.498438],[-87.663701,38.502931],[-87.657084,38.507169],[-87.654166,38.511911],[-87.653802,38.517382],[-87.65578,38.521206],[-87.660732,38.541092],[-87.650704,38.55624],[-87.651529,38.568166],[-87.637752,38.588512],[-87.629362,38.589971],[-87.626444,38.591066],[-87.62389,38.593984],[-87.624143,38.596955],[-87.627348,38.60544],[-87.622375,38.618873],[-87.62012,38.639489],[-87.593678,38.667402],[-87.545538,38.677613],[-87.531231,38.684036],[-87.519609,38.697198],[-87.516707,38.716333],[-87.496494,38.742728],[-87.498948,38.757774],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.527342,38.818121],[-87.521681,38.826576],[-87.525893,38.848795],[-87.550515,38.85956],[-87.553384,38.863344],[-87.54737,38.875614],[-87.544089,38.895093],[-87.527645,38.907688],[-87.518826,38.923205],[-87.512187,38.954417],[-87.529496,38.971925],[-87.578319,38.988786],[-87.579117,39.001607],[-87.569696,39.019413],[-87.575027,39.034062],[-87.572588,39.057286],[-87.596373,39.079639],[-87.608517,39.082445],[-87.613513,39.085568],[-87.616636,39.08994],[-87.61726,39.096186],[-87.619134,39.100557],[-87.625379,39.101806],[-87.630376,39.104305],[-87.632249,39.106803],[-87.632874,39.11055],[-87.632245,39.118702],[-87.643145,39.128562],[-87.64599,39.1449],[-87.640435,39.166727],[-87.620796,39.17479],[-87.588614,39.197824],[-87.577029,39.211123],[-87.574558,39.218404],[-87.579163,39.232962],[-87.583535,39.243579],[-87.593486,39.247452],[-87.605543,39.261122],[-87.61005,39.282232],[-87.597545,39.296388],[-87.600397,39.312904],[-87.589084,39.333831],[-87.578331,39.340343],[-87.5544,39.340488],[-87.544013,39.352907],[-87.531646,39.347888],[-87.531355,39.437732],[-87.532703,39.664868],[-87.533227,39.883],[-87.531759,40.144273],[-87.526376,40.491574],[-87.525783,40.854357],[-87.526437,40.894209],[-87.526014,40.895582],[-87.526768,41.298052],[-87.526404,41.355812],[-87.52535,41.380851],[-87.525671,41.470115],[-87.52494,41.529735],[-87.525041,41.559235],[-87.524641,41.563335],[-87.524944,41.702635],[-87.524044,41.708335],[-87.520544,41.709935],[-87.515243,41.704235],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.505343,41.691535],[-87.470742,41.672835],[-87.463142,41.675535],[-87.453041,41.673035],[-87.446113,41.66934],[-87.441987,41.671905],[-87.43853,41.670679],[-87.432953,41.665102],[-87.432396,41.66053],[-87.438941,41.654335],[-87.42984,41.646035],[-87.42344,41.642835],[-87.394539,41.637235],[-87.365439,41.629536],[-87.324338,41.623036],[-87.287637,41.622236],[-87.278437,41.619736],[-87.261536,41.620336],[-87.22066,41.624356],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-87.160625,41.637266],[-87.160784,41.645385],[-87.125835,41.650302],[-87.120322,41.645701],[-87.066033,41.661845],[-87.027888,41.674661],[-86.93483,41.709638],[-86.90913,41.726938],[-86.875429,41.737939],[-86.824828,41.76024],[-86.519318,41.759447],[-86.041027,41.760512],[-85.791363,41.759051],[-85.607548,41.759079],[-85.30814,41.760097],[-85.17223,41.759618],[-85.039436,41.759985],[-84.972803,41.759366],[-84.805883,41.760216],[-84.80621,41.67455],[-84.803919,41.435531],[-84.803413,41.164649],[-84.80378,41.14052],[-84.803234,41.121414],[-84.803313,40.989394],[-84.80217,40.800601],[-84.802538,40.765515],[-84.802094,40.702476],[-84.802483,40.528046]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Indiana\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b26e4b07f02db6afca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Risch, M.R.","contributorId":55032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risch","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cohen, D.A.","contributorId":17628,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cohen","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29554,"text":"wri954173 - 1995 - Simulated effects of proposed ground-water pumping in 17 basins of east-central and southern Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:01","indexId":"wri954173","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4173","title":"Simulated effects of proposed ground-water pumping in 17 basins of east-central and southern Nevada","docAbstract":"The Las Vegas Valley Water District filed 146 applications in 1989 to pump about 180,800 acre- ft/yr in 17 basins for use in Las Vegas Valley. A previously constructed, two-layer computer model of the carbonate-rock province area was configured to simulate transient conditions and used to develop first approximations of the possible effects of these withdrawals. Simulations were made using the phased pumping schedule proposed by the water district. Ground-water-level declines of several hundred feet could ultimately develop in the basins scheduled to supply most of the pumped ground water. Simulated declines in the carbonate-rock aquifer were somewhat larger than simulated declines in the overlying basin-fill deposits. Decreases in simulated regional spring flow were shown in several cells including those representing the Muddy River Springs, Hiko-Crystal-Ash spring area, and the Ash Meadows spring area. Model simulations show flow decreases of about 11 percent, 14 percent, and 2 percent, respectively, at these springs after almost 100 years of pumping. Simulated evapotranspiration also decreased in many basins, with the largest decreases occurring in the basins where ground-water withdrawals were greatest. These basins include Railroad, Spring, and Snake Valleys. The largest decrease in simulated evapotranspiration occurred in Railroad Valley, 64 percent after almost 100 years of pumpage. Model-sensitivity tests indicate that long-term results were relatively insensitive to variations in values used for aquifer storage. The adequacy of the model to simulate the effects of this proposed pumping will remain untested until actual pumping stresses have been in place long enough to cause measurable effects within the system.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954173","usgsCitation":"Schaefer, D.H., and Harrill, J., 1995, Simulated effects of proposed ground-water pumping in 17 basins of east-central and southern Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4173, iv, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954173.","productDescription":"iv, 71 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4173/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58384,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4173/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3367","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaefer, D. H.","contributorId":84763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harrill, J. R.","contributorId":10417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrill","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29519,"text":"wri924093 - 1995 - Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T21:33:46.050946","indexId":"wri924093","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4093","title":"Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Program - Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-mined basins of Fayette County, Pa. Hydrologic data from the Stony Fork Basin (0.93 square miles) was used to calibrate HSPF parameters. The calibrated parameters were applied to an HSPF model of the Poplar Run Basin (8.83 square miles) to evaluate the transfer value of model parameters. The results of this investigation provide information to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, regarding the value of the simulated hydrologic data for use in cumulative hydrologic-impact assessments of surface-mined basins. \r\n     The calibration period was October 1, 1985, through September 30, 1988 (water years 1986-88). The simulated data were representative of the observed data from the Stony Fork Basin. Mean simulated streamflow was 1.64 cubic feet per second compared to measured streamflow of 1.58 cubic feet per second for the 3-year period. The difference between the observed and simulated peak stormflow ranged from 4.0 to 59.7 percent for 12 storms. The simulated sediment load for the 1987 water year was 127.14 tons (0.21 ton per acre), which compares to a measured sediment load of 147.09 tons (0.25 ton per acre). The total simulated suspended-sediment load for the 3-year period was 538.2 tons (0.30 ton per acre per year), which compares to a measured sediment load of 467.61 tons (0.26 ton per acre per year). \r\n\r\n     The model was verified by comparing observed and simulated data from October 1, 1988, through September 30, 1989. The results obtained were comparable to those from the calibration period. The simulated mean daily discharge was representative of the range of data observed from the basin and of the frequency with which specific discharges were equalled or exceeded.\r\n\r\n     The calibrated and verified parameters from the Stony Fork model were applied to an HSPF model of the Poplar Run Basin. The two basins are in a similar physical setting. Data from October 1, 1987, through September 30, 1989, were used to evaluate the Poplar Run model. In general, the results from the Poplar Run model were comparable to those obtained from the Stony Fork model. The difference between observed and simulated total streamflow was 1.1 percent for the 2-year period. The mean annual streamflow simulated by the Poplar Run model was 18.3 cubic feet per second. This compares to an observed streamflow of 18.15 cubic feet per second. For the 2-year period, the simulated sediment load was 2,754 tons (0.24 ton per acre per year), which compares to a measured sediment load of 3,051.2 tons (0.27 ton per acre per year) for the Poplar Run Basin. Cumulative frequency-distribution curves of the observed and simulated streamflow compared well. The comparison between observed and simulated data improved as the time span increased. Simulated annual means and totals were more representative of the observed data than hourly data used in comparing storm events.\r\n\r\n     The structure and organization of the HSPF model facilitated the simulation of a wide range of hydrologic processes. The simulation results from this investigation indicate that model parameters may be transferred to ungaged basins to generate representative hydrologic data through modeling techniques.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924093","usgsCitation":"Sams, J.I., and Witt, E., 1995, Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4093, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924093.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406891,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47658.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4093/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Fayette County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.6,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.425,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.425,\n              40.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6,\n              40.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6,\n              39.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e492de4b07f02db57ef5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sams, J. I. III","contributorId":50548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sams","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witt, E. C. III","contributorId":105746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"E. C.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24043,"text":"ofr95298 - 1995 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24043,"text":"ofr95298 - 1995 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"ofr95298","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2374,"text":"wsp2457 - 1997 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"wsp2457","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2374,"text":"wsp2457 - 1997 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"wsp2457","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T20:45:59.70411","indexId":"ofr95298","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-298","title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Growth within the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia has focused concern about allocation of surface-water flow and increased demands on the ground-water resources. The purpose of this report is to (1) describe the base-flow characteristics of streams, (2) identify regional differences in these flow characteristics, and (3) describe, if possible, the potential surface-water and ground-water yields of basins on the basis of the base-flow characteristics. </p><p>Base-flow characteristics are presented for streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia. The provinces are separated into five regions: (1) Valley and Ridge, (2) Blue Ridge, (3) Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition, (4) Piedmont northern, and (5) Piedmont southern. Different flow statistics, which represent streamflows predominantly comprised of base flow, were determined for 217 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations from historical mean daily discharge and for 192 partial-record streamflow-gaging stations by means of correlation of discharge measurements. Variability of base flow is represented by a duration ratio developed during this investigation. Effective recharge rates were also calculated. </p><p>Median values for the different flow statistics range from 0.05 cubic foot per second per square mile for the 90-percent discharge on the streamflow-duration curve to 0.61 cubic foot per second per square mile for mean base flow. An excellent estimator of mean base flow for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition region and Piedmont southern region is the 50-percent discharge on the streamflow-duration curve, but tends to underestimate mean base flow for the remaining regions. The base-flow variability index ranges from 0.07 to 2.27, with a median value of 0.55. Effective recharge rates range from 0.07 to 33.07 inches per year, with a median value of 8.32 inches per year. </p><p>Differences in the base-flow characteristics exist between regions. The median discharges for the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition regions are higher than those for the Piedmont regions. Results from statistical analysis indicate that the regions can be ranked in terms of base-flow characteristics from highest to lowest as follows: (1) Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition, (2) Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge, (3) Piedmont southern, and (4) Piedmont northern. The flow statistics are consistently higher and the values for base-flow variability are lower for basins within the Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition region relative to those from the other regions, whereas the basins within the Piedmont northern region show the opposite pattern. The group rankings of the base-flow characteristics were used to designate the potential surface-water yield for the regions. In addition, an approach developed for this investigation assigns a rank for potential surface-water yield to a basin according to the quartiles in which the values for the base-flow characteristics are located. Both procedures indicate that the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition regions have moderate-to-high potential surface-water yield and the Piedmont regions have low-to-moderate potential surface-water yield. </p><p>In order to indicate potential ground-water yield from base-flow characteristics, aquifer properties for 51 streamflow-gaging stations with continuous record of streamflow data were determined by methods that use streamflow records and basin characteristics. Areal diffusivity ranges from 17,100 to 88,400 feet squared per day, with a median value of 38,400 feet squared per day. Areal transmissivity ranges from 63 to 830 feet squared per day, with a median value of 270 feet squared per day. Storage coefficients, which were estimated by dividing areal transmissivity by areal diffusivity, range from approximately 0.001 to 0.019 (dimensionless), with a median value of 0.007.&nbsp;</p><p><span>The median value for areal diffusivity </span><span>decreases as potential surface-water yield of the </span><span>basins increases. The ranking of areal diffusivity </span><span>does not correspond with the ranking of poten</span><span>tial surface-water yield for either the regions or </span><span>the basins. Areal transmissivity generally </span><span>increases as storage coefficient increases; how</span><span>ever, basins with low potential surface-water </span><span>yield generally have high values of areal trans</span><span>missivity associated with low values of storage </span><span>coefficient over a narrow range relative to those </span><span>from basins designated as having moderate-to-</span><span>high potential surface-water yield. Although the </span><span>basins with high potential surface-water yield </span><span>tend to have comparatively lower values for </span><span>areal transmissivity, storage coefficients gener</span><span>ally are large when compared to those from </span><span>basins with similar values of areal transmissivity </span><span>but different potential surface-water yield.</span></p><p><span>Aquifer properties were grouped by potential surface-water yield and were related to hydrogeologic units categorized by large, medium, and small well yields for the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province and for the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Generally, no trend is evident between areal diffusivity and the hydrogeologic units. Some of the high val-ues of areal diffusivity are associated with basins predominantly underlain by hydrogeologic units with small well yields, especially basins with a low potential surface-water yield. Areal transmissivity and storage coefficient tend to decrease, which is the expected trend, as more of the basin is underlain by the hydrogeologic unit with small well yields in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. A similar trend is indi-cated for the hydrogeologic unit with medium well yields in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Areal transmissivity and storage coefficient tend to increase, which is not the expected trend, as more of the basin is underlain by the hydrogeologic unit with small well yields in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. The base-flow characteristics of a basin may provide a relative indication of the potential ground-water yield; but other factors need to be considered, such as geologic structure, lithology, precipitation, relief, and the degree of hydraulic interconnection between the regolith and bedrock. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95298","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D., Harlow, G., and Hayes, D.C., 1995, Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-298, Report: iv, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 34.23 x 23.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 34.23 x 23.27 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0298/report-thumb.jpgpg"},{"id":383832,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0298/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":383831,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0298/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-75.973607,37.835817],[-75.971705,37.830928],[-75.977301,37.825821],[-75.982158,37.806226],[-75.987301,37.804917],[-75.9983,37.812626],[-75.999658,37.848198],[-75.992556,37.848889],[-75.988018,37.841085],[-75.973607,37.835817]]],[[[-76.029405,37.953776],[-75.994739,37.953501],[-76.017592,37.935161],[-76.032491,37.915008],[-76.04653,37.953586],[-76.029405,37.953776]]],[[[-75.242266,38.027209],[-75.296871,37.959043],[-75.334296,37.893477],[-75.359036,37.864143],[-75.374642,37.859454],[-75.40054,37.874865],[-75.437868,37.872324],[-75.467951,37.851328],[-75.514921,37.799149],[-75.581333,37.683593],[-75.586136,37.660653],[-75.610808,37.605909],[-75.612237,37.585602],[-75.608123,37.578018],[-75.595716,37.576657],[-75.594044,37.569698],[-75.63337,37.52214],[-75.666178,37.472124],[-75.66179,37.455028],[-75.665957,37.439209],[-75.697914,37.405301],[-75.720739,37.373129],[-75.727335,37.360346],[-75.726691,37.350127],[-75.735829,37.335426],[-75.765401,37.305596],[-75.778817,37.297176],[-75.784634,37.300976],[-75.798448,37.296285],[-75.79083,37.276207],[-75.799343,37.251779],[-75.789929,37.228134],[-75.804446,37.208011],[-75.800755,37.197297],[-75.897298,37.118037],[-75.912308,37.115154],[-75.92552,37.133601],[-75.945872,37.120514],[-75.97043,37.118608],[-75.978083,37.157338],[-76.013071,37.205366],[-76.010535,37.231579],[-76.025753,37.257407],[-76.023664,37.268971],[-76.015507,37.280874],[-76.023475,37.289067],[-76.018645,37.31782],[-76.014251,37.331943],[-75.987122,37.368548],[-75.97997,37.404608],[-75.983105,37.415802],[-75.981624,37.434116],[-75.960877,37.467562],[-75.963326,37.481785],[-75.958966,37.500133],[-75.940318,37.534582],[-75.937665,37.549652],[-75.941182,37.563839],[-75.924756,37.600215],[-75.909586,37.622671],[-75.868481,37.668224],[-75.868355,37.687609],[-75.859262,37.703111],[-75.837685,37.712985],[-75.827922,37.737986],[-75.812155,37.749502],[-75.803041,37.762464],[-75.818125,37.791698],[-75.784599,37.806826],[-75.743097,37.806656],[-75.73588,37.816561],[-75.723224,37.820124],[-75.71659,37.826696],[-75.709114,37.8477],[-75.689837,37.861817],[-75.685293,37.873341],[-75.687584,37.88634],[-75.709626,37.900622],[-75.753048,37.896605],[-75.758796,37.897615],[-75.757694,37.903912],[-75.712065,37.936082],[-75.704318,37.92901],[-75.693942,37.930362],[-75.669711,37.950796],[-75.655681,37.945435],[-75.647606,37.947027],[-75.648229,37.966775],[-75.638221,37.979397],[-75.629532,37.975966],[-75.633712,37.983057],[-75.624342,37.994208],[-75.242266,38.027209]]],[[[-77.041898,38.741514],[-77.041398,38.724515],[-77.045498,38.714315],[-77.053199,38.709915],[-77.079499,38.709515],[-77.1059,38.696815],[-77.132501,38.673816],[-77.135901,38.649817],[-77.1302,38.635017],[-77.157501,38.636417],[-77.174902,38.624217],[-77.202002,38.617217],[-77.216303,38.637817],[-77.240604,38.638917],[-77.246704,38.635217],[-77.247003,38.590618],[-77.26443,38.582845],[-77.26083,38.56533],[-77.276603,38.54712],[-77.276303,38.53962],[-77.283503,38.525221],[-77.310334,38.493926],[-77.322622,38.467131],[-77.32544,38.44885],[-77.310719,38.397669],[-77.317288,38.383576],[-77.296077,38.369797],[-77.279633,38.339444],[-77.265295,38.333165],[-77.240072,38.331598],[-77.162692,38.345994],[-77.138224,38.367917],[-77.08481,38.368297],[-77.069956,38.377895],[-77.056032,38.3962],[-77.043526,38.400548],[-77.011827,38.374554],[-77.016932,38.341697],[-77.030683,38.311623],[-77.026304,38.302685],[-76.99767,38.278047],[-76.981372,38.274214],[-76.96215,38.256486],[-76.957417,38.236341],[-76.967335,38.227185],[-76.962311,38.214075],[-76.937134,38.202384],[-76.910832,38.197073],[-76.875272,38.172207],[-76.838795,38.163476],[-76.788445,38.169199],[-76.760241,38.166581],[-76.743064,38.156988],[-76.738938,38.14651],[-76.721722,38.137635],[-76.704048,38.149264],[-76.701297,38.155718],[-76.684892,38.156497],[-76.665127,38.147638],[-76.643448,38.14825],[-76.629476,38.15305],[-76.613939,38.148587],[-76.604131,38.128771],[-76.600937,38.110084],[-76.579497,38.09487],[-76.543155,38.076971],[-76.535919,38.069532],[-76.516547,38.026566],[-76.469343,38.013544],[-76.462542,37.998572],[-76.416299,37.966828],[-76.343848,37.947345],[-76.265998,37.91138],[-76.236725,37.889174],[-76.251358,37.833072],[-76.275178,37.812664],[-76.282592,37.814109],[-76.284904,37.822308],[-76.293525,37.822717],[-76.307482,37.81235],[-76.310307,37.794849],[-76.306489,37.788646],[-76.312108,37.750522],[-76.304917,37.729913],[-76.312858,37.720338],[-76.300067,37.695364],[-76.302545,37.689],[-76.324808,37.676983],[-76.339892,37.655966],[-76.332562,37.645817],[-76.292534,37.636098],[-76.279447,37.618225],[-76.28037,37.613715],[-76.309174,37.621892],[-76.36232,37.610368],[-76.381106,37.627003],[-76.390054,37.630326],[-76.399236,37.628636],[-76.472392,37.665772],[-76.489576,37.666201],[-76.497564,37.647056],[-76.510187,37.642324],[-76.536548,37.663574],[-76.537228,37.698892],[-76.560476,37.727827],[-76.584289,37.76889],[-76.602024,37.772731],[-76.651413,37.796239],[-76.680197,37.825654],[-76.701606,37.822677],[-76.72718,37.842263],[-76.747552,37.875864],[-76.765711,37.879274],[-76.784618,37.869569],[-76.766328,37.840437],[-76.723863,37.788503],[-76.689773,37.78519],[-76.683775,37.781391],[-76.683372,37.765507],[-76.677002,37.7561],[-76.61971,37.744795],[-76.61997,37.731271],[-76.597213,37.717269],[-76.597868,37.702918],[-76.579591,37.671508],[-76.583143,37.661986],[-76.574049,37.646781],[-76.542666,37.616857],[-76.527188,37.611315],[-76.435474,37.612807],[-76.420252,37.598686],[-76.410781,37.581815],[-76.383188,37.573056],[-76.357835,37.573699],[-76.300144,37.561734],[-76.29796,37.557636],[-76.302762,37.551295],[-76.330598,37.536391],[-76.348992,37.536548],[-76.360474,37.51924],[-76.352678,37.504913],[-76.32947,37.49492],[-76.306952,37.497488],[-76.297739,37.506863],[-76.297651,37.515424],[-76.293599,37.516499],[-76.281043,37.507821],[-76.265056,37.481365],[-76.252415,37.447274],[-76.245283,37.386839],[-76.24846,37.375135],[-76.264847,37.357399],[-76.272888,37.335174],[-76.275552,37.309964],[-76.282555,37.319107],[-76.308581,37.329366],[-76.31205,37.338088],[-76.337476,37.364014],[-76.387112,37.385061],[-76.393958,37.39594],[-76.415167,37.402133],[-76.418719,37.3978],[-76.418176,37.385064],[-76.437525,37.37975],[-76.445333,37.36646],[-76.406388,37.332924],[-76.38777,37.30767],[-76.381075,37.28534],[-76.369029,37.279311],[-76.352556,37.278334],[-76.349489,37.273963],[-76.392788,37.264973],[-76.417173,37.26395],[-76.421765,37.255198],[-76.429141,37.25331],[-76.475927,37.250543],[-76.48284,37.254831],[-76.493302,37.24947],[-76.50364,37.233856],[-76.494008,37.225408],[-76.471799,37.216016],[-76.394132,37.22515],[-76.389793,37.222981],[-76.396052,37.201087],[-76.389284,37.193503],[-76.391252,37.179887],[-76.399659,37.160272],[-76.381379,37.155711],[-76.35969,37.16858],[-76.348658,37.170655],[-76.343234,37.166207],[-76.34405,37.160367],[-76.334017,37.144223],[-76.311088,37.138495],[-76.292344,37.126615],[-76.271262,37.084544],[-76.304272,37.001378],[-76.315008,37.001683],[-76.318065,37.013846],[-76.34011,37.015212],[-76.348066,37.006747],[-76.383367,36.993347],[-76.411768,36.962847],[-76.428869,36.969947],[-76.452118,36.998163],[-76.452461,37.004603],[-76.448231,37.007705],[-76.464471,37.027547],[-76.518242,37.055351],[-76.526273,37.062947],[-76.526203,37.077773],[-76.536875,37.083942],[-76.555066,37.075859],[-76.564219,37.077507],[-76.579499,37.096627],[-76.618252,37.119347],[-76.62478,37.127091],[-76.622252,37.142146],[-76.604476,37.160034],[-76.606684,37.166674],[-76.610972,37.166994],[-76.623292,37.198738],[-76.649869,37.220914],[-76.689166,37.222866],[-76.730951,37.213813],[-76.74,37.195379],[-76.75047,37.190098],[-76.757765,37.191658],[-76.780532,37.209336],[-76.801023,37.206043],[-76.802511,37.198308],[-76.796905,37.189404],[-76.756899,37.161582],[-76.747632,37.150548],[-76.73032,37.145395],[-76.715295,37.148035],[-76.696735,37.174403],[-76.691918,37.195731],[-76.685614,37.198851],[-76.663774,37.173875],[-76.67147,37.158739],[-76.671588,37.14206],[-76.666542,37.138179],[-76.656894,37.109843],[-76.669822,37.06426],[-76.662558,37.045748],[-76.646013,37.036228],[-76.612124,37.035604],[-76.586491,37.02874],[-76.562923,37.003796],[-76.524853,36.983833],[-76.521006,36.973187],[-76.513363,36.968057],[-76.500355,36.965212],[-76.487559,36.952372],[-76.482407,36.917364],[-76.483369,36.896239],[-76.469914,36.882898],[-76.454692,36.884077],[-76.453941,36.89274],[-76.441605,36.906116],[-76.407507,36.897444],[-76.387567,36.899547],[-76.385867,36.923247],[-76.345569,36.924531],[-76.344663,36.919313],[-76.328864,36.918447],[-76.330765,36.938647],[-76.327365,36.959447],[-76.315867,36.955351],[-76.297663,36.968147],[-76.267962,36.964547],[-76.22166,36.939547],[-76.139557,36.923047],[-76.095508,36.908817],[-76.058154,36.916947],[-76.033454,36.931946],[-76.013753,36.930746],[-75.996252,36.922047],[-75.94955,36.76115],[-75.921748,36.692051],[-75.890946,36.630753],[-75.874145,36.583853],[-75.867044,36.550754],[-76.915897,36.552093],[-76.916048,36.543815],[-77.152691,36.544078],[-77.16966,36.547315],[-77.205156,36.544581],[-78.245462,36.544411],[-78.529722,36.540981],[-80.122183,36.542646],[-80.295243,36.543973],[-80.704831,36.562319],[-80.837089,36.559154],[-81.003802,36.563629],[-81.176712,36.571926],[-81.442228,36.576822],[-81.600934,36.587019],[-81.677535,36.588117],[-81.6469,36.611918],[-81.922644,36.616213],[-81.934144,36.594213],[-83.248933,36.593827],[-83.2763,36.598187],[-83.55681,36.597384],[-83.675413,36.600814],[-83.649513,36.616683],[-83.645213,36.624183],[-83.628913,36.624083],[-83.607913,36.637083],[-83.577312,36.641784],[-83.562612,36.651284],[-83.541812,36.656584],[-83.529612,36.666184],[-83.498011,36.670485],[-83.466483,36.6647],[-83.423707,36.667385],[-83.395806,36.676786],[-83.386099,36.686589],[-83.307103,36.711387],[-83.194597,36.739487],[-83.136395,36.743088],[-83.127833,36.750828],[-83.126719,36.761],[-83.132477,36.764398],[-83.128494,36.775588],[-83.131694,36.781488],[-83.103092,36.806689],[-83.098492,36.814289],[-83.101792,36.829089],[-83.07519,36.840889],[-83.07259,36.854589],[-83.047589,36.851789],[-83.026887,36.855489],[-83.021887,36.849989],[-83.009222,36.847295],[-82.998376,36.85663],[-82.970253,36.857686],[-82.951685,36.866152],[-82.907774,36.874706],[-82.906325,36.87974],[-82.879492,36.889085],[-82.870068,36.901735],[-82.877473,36.90796],[-82.858635,36.927785],[-82.861282,36.944848],[-82.856099,36.952471],[-82.87023,36.965498],[-82.868455,36.976481],[-82.862926,36.979975],[-82.857936,36.978276],[-82.853729,36.985178],[-82.845002,36.983812],[-82.836008,36.988837],[-82.830802,36.993445],[-82.828592,37.005707],[-82.782144,37.008242],[-82.759175,37.027333],[-82.747981,37.025214],[-82.743684,37.041397],[-82.722472,37.045101],[-82.727022,37.073019],[-82.718353,37.075706],[-82.717204,37.079544],[-82.724954,37.091905],[-82.721617,37.101276],[-82.726449,37.114985],[-82.722097,37.120168],[-82.684601,37.135835],[-82.676765,37.134965],[-82.651646,37.151908],[-82.633493,37.154264],[-82.592451,37.182847],[-82.550372,37.204458],[-82.531576,37.209163],[-82.528746,37.213742],[-82.520117,37.212906],[-82.498858,37.227044],[-82.491486,37.225086],[-82.487317,37.230578],[-82.457016,37.238288],[-82.449164,37.243908],[-82.350948,37.267077],[-82.342068,37.274109],[-82.341849,37.280886],[-82.324619,37.28318],[-82.309415,37.300066],[-81.968297,37.537798],[-81.969279,37.534325],[-81.959362,37.53522],[-81.953524,37.528056],[-81.943981,37.5303],[-81.94766,37.52508],[-81.943693,37.521212],[-81.944756,37.513657],[-81.938749,37.512902],[-81.933088,37.518968],[-81.926391,37.514207],[-81.941151,37.509483],[-81.943912,37.502929],[-81.951831,37.50205],[-81.953264,37.491763],[-81.964986,37.493488],[-81.977593,37.484603],[-81.992916,37.482969],[-81.995649,37.469833],[-81.987006,37.454878],[-81.976176,37.457186],[-81.965582,37.446918],[-81.949367,37.445687],[-81.945765,37.440214],[-81.935621,37.438397],[-81.940553,37.429058],[-81.93695,37.41992],[-81.923481,37.411379],[-81.930042,37.405291],[-81.928778,37.393845],[-81.936744,37.38073],[-81.926697,37.364618],[-81.928497,37.360645],[-81.916678,37.349346],[-81.899495,37.341102],[-81.893773,37.330105],[-81.880886,37.331146],[-81.860267,37.315715],[-81.865429,37.31012],[-81.859624,37.304765],[-81.856032,37.306742],[-81.853551,37.287701],[-81.849949,37.285227],[-81.838762,37.286343],[-81.834432,37.285416],[-81.83447,37.281763],[-81.819625,37.279411],[-81.805382,37.285622],[-81.793595,37.284838],[-81.793639,37.282188],[-81.789294,37.284416],[-81.774747,37.274847],[-81.76022,37.275254],[-81.745505,37.26133],[-81.744291,37.244178],[-81.739277,37.238837],[-81.723061,37.240493],[-81.716248,37.234321],[-81.71573,37.228771],[-81.695113,37.21357],[-81.683544,37.211452],[-81.683268,37.205649],[-81.678603,37.202467],[-81.5536,37.208443],[-81.545211,37.220165],[-81.508786,37.232564],[-81.498874,37.258025],[-81.492287,37.25096],[-81.480144,37.251121],[-81.449068,37.269583],[-81.416663,37.273214],[-81.40506,37.298794],[-81.398185,37.302965],[-81.394287,37.316411],[-81.388132,37.319903],[-81.374455,37.318614],[-81.362156,37.337687],[-81.320105,37.299323],[-81.225104,37.234874],[-81.167029,37.262881],[-81.112596,37.278497],[-80.979589,37.302279],[-80.981322,37.293465],[-80.966556,37.292158],[-80.947896,37.295872],[-80.900535,37.315],[-80.868986,37.338573],[-80.849451,37.346909],[-80.883248,37.383933],[-80.862761,37.411829],[-80.865148,37.419927],[-80.859563,37.429558],[-80.846324,37.423394],[-80.837678,37.425658],[-80.808769,37.406271],[-80.806129,37.398074],[-80.784188,37.394587],[-80.770082,37.372363],[-80.705203,37.394618],[-80.645893,37.422147],[-80.63439,37.431227],[-80.622664,37.433307],[-80.552036,37.473563],[-80.511391,37.481672],[-80.492981,37.457749],[-80.49728,37.444779],[-80.494867,37.43507],[-80.475601,37.422949],[-80.371952,37.474069],[-80.36317,37.480001],[-80.366838,37.484879],[-80.309331,37.50288],[-80.299789,37.508271],[-80.282385,37.533517],[-80.291644,37.536505],[-80.309346,37.527381],[-80.330306,37.536244],[-80.312393,37.546239],[-80.328504,37.564315],[-80.258919,37.595499],[-80.240272,37.606961],[-80.220984,37.627767],[-80.267228,37.646011],[-80.279372,37.657077],[-80.296138,37.691783],[-80.253077,37.725899],[-80.252024,37.729825],[-80.262765,37.738336],[-80.257411,37.756084],[-80.251622,37.755866],[-80.246902,37.768309],[-80.230458,37.778305],[-80.217634,37.776775],[-80.215892,37.781989],[-80.227965,37.791714],[-80.227092,37.798886],[-80.218611,37.809783],[-80.206482,37.81597],[-80.199633,37.827507],[-80.179391,37.839751],[-80.183062,37.850646],[-80.176712,37.854029],[-80.162202,37.875122],[-80.148951,37.886892],[-80.141947,37.882616],[-80.12362,37.897943],[-80.117747,37.89772],[-80.118967,37.903614],[-80.102931,37.918911],[-80.096563,37.918112],[-80.074514,37.942221],[-80.04841,37.957481],[-79.999384,37.995842],[-79.995901,38.005791],[-79.973701,38.032556],[-79.954369,38.080397],[-79.92633,38.107151],[-79.938051,38.110759],[-79.944843,38.131585],[-79.933751,38.135508],[-79.925512,38.150237],[-79.918662,38.15479],[-79.914884,38.167524],[-79.917924,38.168399],[-79.916622,38.177994],[-79.921026,38.179954],[-79.91441,38.188418],[-79.898426,38.193045],[-79.888045,38.20736],[-79.850324,38.233329],[-79.846445,38.240003],[-79.835124,38.241892],[-79.830882,38.249687],[-79.817149,38.249511],[-79.811987,38.260401],[-79.806333,38.259193],[-79.790134,38.267654],[-79.789791,38.281167],[-79.795448,38.290228],[-79.802778,38.292073],[-79.810115,38.305037],[-79.808711,38.309429],[-79.79655,38.32348],[-79.77309,38.335529],[-79.764432,38.356514],[-79.740615,38.354101],[-79.725973,38.363229],[-79.72679,38.370832],[-79.730494,38.372217],[-79.72635,38.38707],[-79.706634,38.41573],[-79.689675,38.431439],[-79.691478,38.446282],[-79.688365,38.45687],[-79.698929,38.469869],[-79.693424,38.481011],[-79.697572,38.487223],[-79.692273,38.496474],[-79.682974,38.501317],[-79.680374,38.510617],[-79.670474,38.507717],[-79.663474,38.514117],[-79.662974,38.518717],[-79.672974,38.528717],[-79.666874,38.538317],[-79.669275,38.549516],[-79.665075,38.560916],[-79.659275,38.562416],[-79.659375,38.572616],[-79.649075,38.591515],[-79.53827,38.551817],[-79.521469,38.533918],[-79.476638,38.457228],[-79.312276,38.411876],[-79.288432,38.42096],[-79.282971,38.418095],[-79.279678,38.424173],[-79.282762,38.431647],[-79.267414,38.438322],[-79.254435,38.455949],[-79.242641,38.454168],[-79.240059,38.469841],[-79.225669,38.476471],[-79.219067,38.487441],[-79.210591,38.492913],[-79.206959,38.503522],[-79.210959,38.507422],[-79.205859,38.524521],[-79.176658,38.56552],[-79.170958,38.56812],[-79.170858,38.574119],[-79.158657,38.592319],[-79.159158,38.601219],[-79.151257,38.620618],[-79.131057,38.653217],[-79.122256,38.659817],[-79.106356,38.656217],[-79.092955,38.659517],[-79.084355,38.686516],[-79.090755,38.692515],[-79.092755,38.702315],[-79.072555,38.747513],[-79.057554,38.760213],[-79.055654,38.770913],[-79.051554,38.772613],[-79.054954,38.785713],[-79.046554,38.792113],[-79.029253,38.791013],[-79.023053,38.798613],[-79.024053,38.809212],[-79.019553,38.817912],[-79.006152,38.824512],[-78.998171,38.847353],[-78.993997,38.850102],[-78.869276,38.762991],[-78.786025,38.887187],[-78.759085,38.900529],[-78.738921,38.927283],[-78.718482,38.934267],[-78.71981,38.905907],[-78.717178,38.904296],[-78.704323,38.915231],[-78.69738,38.915602],[-78.670679,38.9338],[-78.646589,38.968138],[-78.638423,38.966819],[-78.625672,38.982575],[-78.620453,38.982601],[-78.618676,38.974082],[-78.611184,38.976134],[-78.601655,38.964603],[-78.570462,39.001552],[-78.550467,39.018065],[-78.571901,39.031995],[-78.540216,39.060631],[-78.522714,39.071062],[-78.495984,39.09898],[-78.478426,39.109843],[-78.475376,39.107469],[-78.459869,39.113351],[-78.439429,39.132146],[-78.427294,39.152726],[-78.403697,39.167451],[-78.426315,39.182762],[-78.428697,39.187217],[-78.424292,39.192156],[-78.438651,39.198049],[-78.405585,39.231176],[-78.404214,39.241214],[-78.399669,39.243874],[-78.418584,39.256065],[-78.414204,39.26391],[-78.367242,39.310148],[-78.364686,39.317312],[-78.35894,39.319484],[-78.346301,39.339108],[-78.347634,39.34272],[-78.339284,39.348605],[-78.34048,39.353492],[-78.366867,39.35929],[-78.343214,39.388807],[-78.350014,39.392861],[-78.349436,39.397252],[-78.359918,39.409028],[-78.346718,39.427618],[-78.353227,39.436792],[-78.346061,39.445613],[-78.345143,39.459484],[-78.349476,39.462205],[-78.347087,39.466012],[-77.828157,39.132329],[-77.822182,39.139985],[-77.821413,39.15241],[-77.805991,39.172421],[-77.793631,39.210125],[-77.771415,39.236776],[-77.767277,39.24938],[-77.770589,39.249393],[-77.770669,39.255262],[-77.762844,39.258445],[-77.747287,39.295001],[-77.730047,39.315666],[-77.719029,39.321125],[-77.692984,39.31845],[-77.677123,39.324077],[-77.650997,39.310784],[-77.615939,39.302722],[-77.592739,39.30129],[-77.566596,39.306121],[-77.561826,39.301913],[-77.560854,39.286152],[-77.540581,39.264947],[-77.486813,39.247586],[-77.45812,39.22614],[-77.459883,39.218682],[-77.47361,39.208407],[-77.477362,39.190495],[-77.505162,39.18205],[-77.516426,39.170891],[-77.527282,39.146236],[-77.524559,39.127821],[-77.519929,39.120925],[-77.4858,39.109303],[-77.458202,39.073723],[-77.38568,39.061987],[-77.340287,39.062991],[-77.293105,39.046508],[-77.274706,39.034091],[-77.248403,39.026909],[-77.244603,39.020109],[-77.255703,39.002409],[-77.249203,38.993709],[-77.249803,38.985909],[-77.234803,38.97631],[-77.232268,38.979502],[-77.221502,38.97131],[-77.197502,38.96681],[-77.183002,38.96881],[-77.148179,38.965002],[-77.1034,38.912911],[-77.0902,38.904211],[-77.067299,38.899211],[-77.058254,38.880069],[-77.049099,38.870712],[-77.046599,38.874912],[-77.039099,38.868112],[-77.031698,38.850512],[-77.032798,38.841712],[-77.044199,38.840212],[-77.044899,38.834712],[-77.039199,38.832212],[-77.035798,38.814913],[-77.041898,38.741514]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Virginia\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6da8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelms, D.L.","contributorId":32189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelms","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harlow, G.E. Jr.","contributorId":68776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"G.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":14000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}