Overabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been a concern for land managers in eastern North America because of their impacts on native forest ecosystems. Managers have sought native plant species to serve as phytoindicators of deer impacts to supplement deer surveys. We analyzed experimental data about red trillium (Trillium recurvatum), large flowered trillium (T. grandiflorum), nodding trillium (T. cernuum), and declined trillium (T. flexipes) growth in paired exclosure (fenced) plots and control (unfenced) plots from 2002 to 2010 at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The latter two species lacked replication, so statistical analysis was not possible. All red trillium plants were surveyed for height-to-leaf, effects of browsing, and presence of flowers.
\nData from individuals in 2009 demonstrated a sigmoidal relationship between height-to-leaf and probability of flowering. The relationship on moraine soils was shifted to taller plants compared to those on sand substrates, with respectively 50 percent flowering at 18 and 16 cm and 33 percent flowering at 16 and 14 cm height-to-leaf. On a plot basis, the proportion of plants flowering was influenced by height to leaf, duration of protection, and deviation in rainfall. The proportion of plants flowering increased ninefold in exclosures (28 percent) compared to control plots (3 percent) over the 8 years of protection. The mean height-to-leaf was a function of the interaction between treatment and duration, as well as red trillium density. Changes in height-to-leaf in control plots from year to year were significantly influenced by an interaction between change in deer density and change in snowfall depth. There was a significant negative correlation between change in deer density and snowfall depth. Plants in the exclosures increased in height at a rate of 1.5 cm yr−1 whereas control plants decreased in height by 0.9 cm yr−1. In all, 78 percent of the control plots lacked flowering individuals over the 9 years of study, indicating that red trillium is being negatively affected by deer throughout the East Unit of the park. Of the five deer management zones studied, only one showed pre-impact height-to-leaf and flowering percentages in control plots that then declined after 2005.
\nThe results of this study demonstrate that Trillium species growing in the lands of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore are being suppressed reproductively by deer browsing. Specifically, we demonstrate, for the first time, the utility of using red trillium (Trillium recurvatum) height-to-leaf and percentage of flowering as indicators of the impacts of deer browsing. Application of the recommended thresholds demonstrates their utility in adopting red trillium as a phytoindicator of deer impact. Responses of plants to protection from deer suggest that deer culling might be necessary for 6 or more years for red trillium populations and rare trillium species to recover.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145070","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Pavlovic, N.B., Leicht-Young, S.A., and Grundel, R., 2014, Impacts of white-tailed deer on red trillium (Trillium recurvatum): defining a threshold for deer browsing pressure at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5070, vi, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145070.","productDescription":"vi, 37 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-051273","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287318,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5070/"},{"id":287319,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5070/pdf/sir2014-5070.pdf"},{"id":287320,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145070.jpg"}],"datum":"North American Datum 1983","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -87.349674,41.44961 ], [ -87.349674,41.751016 ], [ -86.800616,41.751016 ], [ -86.800616,41.44961 ], [ -87.349674,41.44961 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537c6b51e4b00e1e1a48482a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pavlovic, Noel B. 0000-0002-2335-2274 npavlovic@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2335-2274","contributorId":1976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavlovic","given":"Noel","email":"npavlovic@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leicht-Young, Stacey A.","contributorId":80506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Leicht-Young","given":"Stacey","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grundel, Ralph 0000-0002-2949-7087 rgrundel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2949-7087","contributorId":2444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grundel","given":"Ralph","email":"rgrundel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175908,"text":"70175908 - 2014 - Post-earthquake relaxation using a spectral element method: 2.5-D case","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-20T15:36:10","indexId":"70175908","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-20T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-earthquake relaxation using a spectral element method: 2.5-D case","docAbstract":"The computation of quasi-static deformation for axisymmetric viscoelastic structures on a gravitating spherical earth is addressed using the spectral element method (SEM). A 2-D spectral element domain is defined with respect to spherical coordinates of radius and angular distance from a pole of symmetry, and 3-D viscoelastic structure is assumed to be azimuthally symmetric with respect to this pole. A point dislocation source that is periodic in azimuth is implemented with a truncated sequence of azimuthal order numbers. Viscoelasticity is limited to linear rheologies and is implemented with the correspondence principle in the Laplace transform domain. This leads to a series of decoupled 2-D problems which are solved with the SEM. Inverse Laplace transform of the independent 2-D solutions leads to the time-domain solution of the 3-D equations of quasi-static equilibrium imposed on a 2-D structure. The numerical procedure is verified through comparison with analytic solutions for finite faults embedded in a laterally homogeneous viscoelastic structure. This methodology is applicable to situations where the predominant structure varies in one horizontal direction, such as a structural contrast across (or parallel to) a long strike-slip fault.
","language":"English","publisher":"Blackwell Science","doi":"10.1093/gji/ggu114","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., 2014, Post-earthquake relaxation using a spectral element method: 2.5-D case: Geophysical Journal International, v. 198, no. 1, p. 308-326, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu114.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"326","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-052070","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472987,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu114","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":327122,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"198","issue":"1","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":14,"text":"Menlo Park PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b97f28e4b03fd6b7db87d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, Frederick 0000-0002-4060-2706 fpollitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-2706","contributorId":139578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"Frederick","email":"fpollitz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":646529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70102291,"text":"ofr20141082 - 2014 - Geochemical and mineralogical maps for soils of the conterminous United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-15T13:43:50.519699","indexId":"ofr20141082","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-20T12:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1082","title":"Geochemical and mineralogical maps for soils of the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey began sampling in 2007 for a low-density (1 site per 1,600 square kilometers, 4,857 sites) geochemical and mineralogical survey of soils in the conterminous United States as part of the North American Soil Geochemical Landscapes Project. The sampling protocol for the national-scale survey included, at each site, a sample from a depth of 0 to 5 centimeters, a composite of the soil A horizon, and a deeper sample from the soil C horizon or, if the top of the C horizon was at a depth greater than 1 meter, a sample from a depth of approximately 80–100 centimeters. The <2-millimeter fraction of each sample was analyzed for a suite of 45 major and trace elements by methods that yield the total or near-total elemental content. The major mineralogical components in the samples from the soil A and C horizons were determined by a quantitative X-ray diffraction method using Rietveld refinement. Sampling in the conterminous United States was completed in 2010, with chemical and mineralogical analyses completed in May 2013. The resulting data set provides an estimate of the abundance and spatial distribution of chemical elements and minerals in soils of the conterminous United States and represents a baseline for soil geochemistry and mineralogy against which future changes may be recognized and quantified. This report releases geochemical and mineralogical maps along with a histogram, boxplot, and empirical cumulative distribution function plot for each element or mineral.
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Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellefsen, Karl J. 0000-0003-3075-4703 ellefsen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"Karl","email":"ellefsen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":82803,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":492899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70095796,"text":"sir20145038 - 2014 - Creating a monthly time series of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer, Northern Tampa Bay area, Florida, January 2000-December 2009","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-20T08:32:05","indexId":"sir20145038","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-20T08:21:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5038","title":"Creating a monthly time series of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer, Northern Tampa Bay area, Florida, January 2000-December 2009","docAbstract":"In Florida’s karst terrain, where groundwater and surface waters interact, a mapping time series of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer offers a versatile metric for assessing the hydrologic condition of both the aquifer and overlying streams and wetlands. Long-term groundwater monitoring data were used to generate a monthly time series of potentiometric surfaces in the Upper Floridan aquifer over a 573-square-mile area of west-central Florida between January 2000 and December 2009. Recorded groundwater elevations were collated for 260 groundwater monitoring wells in the Northern Tampa Bay area, and a continuous time series of daily observations was created for 197 of the wells by estimating missing daily values through regression relations with other monitoring wells. Kriging was used to interpolate the monthly average potentiometric-surface elevation in the Upper Floridan aquifer over a decade. The mapping time series gives spatial and temporal coherence to groundwater monitoring data collected continuously over the decade by three different organizations, but at various frequencies. Further, the mapping time series describes the potentiometric surface beneath parts of six regionally important stream watersheds and 11 municipal well fields that collectively withdraw about 90 million gallons per day from the Upper Floridan aquifer.
\nMonthly semivariogram models were developed using monthly average groundwater levels at wells. Kriging was used to interpolate the monthly average potentiometric-surface elevations and to quantify the uncertainty in the interpolated elevations. Drawdown of the potentiometric surface within well fields was likely the cause of a characteristic decrease and then increase in the observed semivariance with increasing lag distance. This characteristic made use of the hole effect model appropriate for describing the monthly semivariograms and the interpolated surfaces. Spatial variance reflected in the monthly semivariograms decreased markedly between 2002 and 2003, timing that coincided with decreases in well-field pumping. Cross-validation results suggest that the kriging interpolation may smooth over the drawdown of the potentiometric surface near production wells.
\nThe groundwater monitoring network of 197 wells yielded an average kriging error in the potentiometric-surface elevations of 2 feet or less over approximately 70 percent of the map area. Additional data collection within the existing monitoring network of 260 wells and near selected well fields could reduce the error in individual months. Reducing the kriging error in other areas would require adding new monitoring wells. Potentiometric-surface elevations fluctuated by as much as 30 feet over the study period, and the spatially averaged elevation for the entire surface rose by about 2 feet over the decade. Monthly potentiometric-surface elevations describe the lateral groundwater flow patterns in the aquifer and are usable at a variety of spatial scales to describe vertical groundwater recharge and discharge conditions for overlying surface-water features.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20145038","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Lee, T.M., and Fouad, G.G., 2014, Creating a monthly time series of the potentiometric surface in the Upper Floridan aquifer, Northern Tampa Bay area, Florida, January 2000-December 2009: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014-5038, Report: v, 26 p.; Appendix 1-3; Animation File; Downloads, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20145038.","productDescription":"Report: v, 26 p.; Appendix 1-3; Animation File; Downloads","numberOfPages":"36","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"2000-01-01","temporalEnd":"2009-12-31","ipdsId":"IP-049010","costCenters":[{"id":285,"text":"Florida Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287307,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20145038.jpg"},{"id":287303,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5038/pdf/sir2014-5038.pdf"},{"id":287304,"type":{"id":3,"text":"Appendix"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5038/appendix"},{"id":287302,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5038/"},{"id":287305,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5038/video"},{"id":287306,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2014/5038/downloads"}],"projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 17 north","datum":"World Geodetic System 1984","country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Northern Tampa Bay Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -82.920685,27.897349 ], [ -82.920685,28.500075 ], [ -82.099457,28.500075 ], [ -82.099457,27.897349 ], [ -82.920685,27.897349 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537c6b50e4b00e1e1a484822","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":491437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fouad, Geoffrey G.","contributorId":101996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouad","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":491438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70141331,"text":"70141331 - 2014 - An individual-based growth and competition model for coastal redwood forest restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-02-20T09:53:24","indexId":"70141331","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-20T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An individual-based growth and competition model for coastal redwood forest restoration","docAbstract":"Thinning treatments to accelerate coastal redwood forest stand development are in wide application, but managers have yet to identify prescriptions that might best promote Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl. (redwood) growth. The creation of successful thinning prescriptions would be aided by identifying the underlying mechanisms governing how individual tree growth responds to competitive environments in coastal redwood forests. We created a spatially explicit individual-based model of tree competition and growth parameterized using surveys of upland redwood forests at Redwood National Park, California. We modeled competition for overstory trees (stems ≥ 20 cm stem diameter at breast height, 1.37 m (dbh)) as growth reductions arising from sizes, distances, and species identity of competitor trees. Our model explained up to half of the variation in individual tree growth, suggesting that neighborhood crowding is an important determinant of growth in this forest type. We used our model to simulate the effects of novel thinning prescriptions (e.g., 40% stand basal area removal) for redwood forest restoration, concluding that these treatments could lead to substantial growth releases, particularly for S. sempervirens. The results of this study, along with continued improvements to our model, will help to determine spacing and species composition that best encourage growth.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/cjfr-2014-0143","usgsCitation":"van Mantgem, P.J., and Das, A., 2014, An individual-based growth and competition model for coastal redwood forest restoration: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 44, no. 9, p. 1051-1057, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2014-0143.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1051","endPage":"1057","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-042722","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":298067,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"9","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":1,"text":"Sacramento PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"54e868b8e4b02d776a67c5bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"van Mantgem, Phillip J. 0000-0002-3068-9422 pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3068-9422","contributorId":2838,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"Phillip","email":"pvanmantgem@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Das, Adrian J. 0000-0002-3937-2616 adas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-2616","contributorId":3842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Das","given":"Adrian J.","email":"adas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":540674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073918,"text":"70073918 - 2014 - Freshwater availability and coastal wetland foundation species: ecological transitions along a rainfall gradient","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T11:41:48","indexId":"70073918","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-19T15:25:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Freshwater availability and coastal wetland foundation species: ecological transitions along a rainfall gradient","docAbstract":"Climate gradient-focused ecological research can provide a foundation for better understanding critical ecological transition points and nonlinear climate-ecological relationships, which is information that can be used to better understand, predict, and manage ecological responses to climate change. In this study, we examined the influence of freshwater availability upon the coverage of foundation plant species in coastal wetlands along a northwestern Gulf of Mexico rainfall gradient. Our research addresses the following three questions: (1) what are the region-scale relationships between measures of freshwater availability (e.g., rainfall, aridity, freshwater inflow, salinity) and the relative abundance of foundation plant species in tidal wetlands; (2) How vulnerable are foundation plant species in tidal wetlands to future changes in freshwater availability; and (3) What is the potential future relative abundance of tidal wetland foundation plant species under alternative climate change scenarios? We developed simple freshwater availability-based models to predict the relative abundance (i.e., coverage) of tidal wetland foundation plant species using climate data (1970-2000), estuarine freshwater inflow-focused data, and coastal wetland habitat data. Our results identify regional ecological thresholds and nonlinear relationships between measures of freshwater availability and the relative abundance of foundation plant species in tidal wetlands. In drier coastal zones, relatively small changes in rainfall could produce comparatively large landscape-scale changes in foundation plant species abundance which would affect some ecosystem good and services. Whereas a drier future would result in a decrease in the coverage of foundation plant species, a wetter future would result in an increase in foundation plant species coverage. In many ways, the freshwater-dependent coastal wetland ecological transitions we observed are analogous to those present in dryland terrestrial ecosystems.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/13-1269.1","usgsCitation":"Osland, M.J., Enwright, N.M., and Stagg, C.L., 2014, Freshwater availability and coastal wetland foundation species: ecological transitions along a rainfall gradient: Ecology, v. 95, no. 10, p. 2789-2802, https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1269.1.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2789","endPage":"2802","ipdsId":"IP-048822","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287295,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287294,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-1269.1"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -100.0,25.66 ], [ -100.0,31.01 ], [ -85.26,31.01 ], [ -85.26,25.66 ], [ -100.0,25.66 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"95","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b19d1e4b0929ba496ab2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osland, Michael J. 0000-0001-9902-8692 mosland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-8692","contributorId":3080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osland","given":"Michael","email":"mosland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enwright, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7887-3261 enwrightn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-3261","contributorId":4880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enwright","given":"Nicholas","email":"enwrightn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stagg, Camille L. 0000-0002-1125-7253 staggc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1125-7253","contributorId":4111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stagg","given":"Camille","email":"staggc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":489210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70106982,"text":"70106982 - 2014 - Beach science in the Great Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-19T15:00:53","indexId":"70106982","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-19T14:57:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beach science in the Great Lakes","docAbstract":"Monitoring beach waters for human health has led to an increase and evolution of science in the Great Lakes, which includes microbiology, limnology, hydrology, meteorology, epidemiology, and metagenomics, among others. In recent years, concerns over the accuracy of water quality standards at protecting human health have led to a significant interest in understanding the risk associated with water contact in both freshwater and marine environments. Historically, surface waters have been monitored for fecal indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci), but shortcomings of the analytical test (lengthy assay) have resulted in a re-focusing of scientific efforts to improve public health protection. Research has led to the discovery of widespread populations of fecal indicator bacteria present in natural habitats such as soils, beach sand, and stranded algae. Microbial source tracking has been used to identify the source of these bacteria and subsequently assess their impact on human health. As a result of many findings, attempts have been made to improve monitoring efficiency and efficacy with the use of empirical predictive models and molecular rapid tests. All along, beach managers have actively incorporated new findings into their monitoring programs. With the abundance of research conducted and information gained over the last 25 years, “Beach Science” has emerged, and the Great Lakes have been a focal point for much of the ground-breaking work. Here, we review the accumulated research on microbiological water quality of Great Lakes beaches and provide a historic context to the collaborative efforts that have advanced this emerging science.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.jglr.2013.12.011","usgsCitation":"Nevers, M.B., Byappanahalli, M.N., Edge, T.A., and Whitman, R.L., 2014, Beach science in the Great Lakes: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 40, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2013.12.011.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","ipdsId":"IP-052073","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287292,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287282,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2013.12.011"}],"country":"Canada;United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -92.44,41.18 ], [ -92.44,49.28 ], [ -75.71,49.28 ], [ -75.71,41.18 ], [ -92.44,41.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b19d0e4b0929ba496ab26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nevers, Meredith B.","contributorId":91803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Byappanahalli, Murulee N.","contributorId":79027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byappanahalli","given":"Murulee","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edge, Thomas A.","contributorId":21074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edge","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70106996,"text":"70106996 - 2014 - Home range characteristics of Mexican Spotted Owls in the Rincon Mountains, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-25T13:20:30","indexId":"70106996","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-19T14:50:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Home range characteristics of Mexican Spotted Owls in the Rincon Mountains, Arizona","docAbstract":"We studied a small isolated population of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) from 1996–1997 in the Rincon Mountains of Saguaro National Park, southeastern Arizona, USA. All mixed-conifer and pine-oak forest patches in the park were surveyed for Spotted Owls, and we located, captured, and radio-tagged 10 adult birds representing five mated pairs. Using radio-telemetry, we examined owl home range characteristics, roost habitat, and monitored reproduction within these five territories. Breeding season (Mar–Sep) home range size for 10 adult owls (95% adaptive kernel isopleths) averaged 267 ha (±207 SD), and varied widely among owls (range 34–652 ha). Mean home range size for owl pairs was 478 ha (±417 ha SD), and ranged from 70–1,160 ha. Owls that produced young used smaller home ranges than owls that had no young. Six habitat variables differed significantly between roost and random sites, including: percent canopy cover, number of trees, number of vegetation layers, average height of trees, average diameter of trees, and tree basal area. Radio-marked owls remained in their territories following small prescribed management fires within those territories, exhibiting no proximate effects to the presence of prescribed fire.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Wilson Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Lawrence, KS","doi":"10.1676/13-029.1","usgsCitation":"Willey, D.W., and van Riper, C., 2014, Home range characteristics of Mexican Spotted Owls in the Rincon Mountains, Arizona: Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 126, no. 1, p. 53-59, https://doi.org/10.1676/13-029.1.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"53","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"7","ipdsId":"IP-012308","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287291,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287290,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/13-029.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Rincon Mountains;Saguaro National Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -114.8166,31.3322 ], [ -114.8166,37.0043 ], [ -109.0452,37.0043 ], [ -109.0452,31.3322 ], [ -114.8166,31.3322 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"126","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b19d1e4b0929ba496ab30","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willey, David W.","contributorId":59724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willey","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70106993,"text":"70106993 - 2014 - The distribution and extent of heavy metal accumulation in song sparrows along Arizona's upper Santa Cruz River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-18T16:26:11","indexId":"70106993","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-19T14:37:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The distribution and extent of heavy metal accumulation in song sparrows along Arizona's upper Santa Cruz River","docAbstract":"Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminants, and transport of metals into the environment poses a threat to ecosystems, as plants and wildlife are susceptible to long-term exposure, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. We investigated the distribution and cascading extent of heavy metal accumulation in southwestern song sparrows (Melospiza melodia fallax), a resident riparian bird species that occurs along the US/Mexico border in Arizona’s upper Santa Cruz River watershed. This study had three goals: (1) quantify the degree of heavy metal accumulation in sparrows and determine the distributional patterns among study sites, (2) compare concentrations of metals found in this study to those found in studies performed prior to a 2009 international wastewater facility upgrade, and (3) assess the condition of song sparrows among sites with differing potential levels of exposure. We examined five study sites along with a reference site that reflect different potential sources of contamination. Body mass residuals and leukocyte counts were used to assess sparrow condition. Birds at our study sites typically had higher metal concentrations than birds at the reference site. Copper, mercury, nickel, and selenium in song sparrows did exceed background levels, although most metals were below background concentrations determined from previous studies. Song sparrows generally showed lower heavy metal concentrations compared to studies conducted prior to the 2009 wastewater facility upgrade. We found no cascading effects as a result of metal exposure.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10661-014-3737-2","usgsCitation":"Lester, M.B., and van Riper, C., 2014, The distribution and extent of heavy metal accumulation in song sparrows along Arizona's upper Santa Cruz River: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 186, no. 8, p. 4779-4791, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3737-2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"4779","endPage":"4791","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-045400","costCenters":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287289,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287288,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3737-2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Santa Cruz River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -111.199493,31.248617 ], [ -111.199493,31.700714 ], [ -110.500488,31.700714 ], [ -110.500488,31.248617 ], [ -111.199493,31.248617 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"186","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b19d3e4b0929ba496ab3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lester, Michael B.","contributorId":92170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lester","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Riper, Charles III 0000-0003-1084-5843 charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1084-5843","contributorId":169488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Riper","given":"Charles","suffix":"III","email":"charles_van_riper@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":493841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70127601,"text":"70127601 - 2014 - Factors affecting public-supply well vulnerability in two karst aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-30T13:57:53","indexId":"70127601","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-19T13:55:46","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors affecting public-supply well vulnerability in two karst aquifers","docAbstract":"Karst aquifers occur in a range of climatic and geologic settings. Nonetheless, they are commonly characterized by their vulnerability to water-quality impairment. Two karst aquifers, the Edwards aquifer in south-central Texas and the Upper Floridan aquifer in western Florida, were investigated to assess factors that control the movement of contaminants to public-supply wells (PSWs). The geochemistry of samples from a selected PSW or wellfield in each aquifer was compared with that from nearby monitoring wells and regional PSWs. Geochemistry results were integrated with age tracers, flow modeling, and depth-dependent data to refine aquifer conceptual models and to identify factors that affect contaminant movement to PSWs. The oxic Edwards aquifer is vertically well mixed at the selected PSW/wellfield, although regionally the aquifer is geochemically variable downdip. The mostly anoxic Upper Floridan aquifer is affected by denitrification and also is geochemically variable with depth. In spite of considerable differences in geology and hydrogeology, the two aquifers are similarly vulnerable to anthropogenic contamination. Vulnerability in studied PSWs in both aquifers is strongly influenced by rapid karst flowpaths and the dominance of young (<10 years) groundwater. Vulnerability was demonstrated by the frequent detection of similar constituents of concern in both aquifers (nitrate, atrazine, deethylatrazine, tetrachloroethene, and chloroform). Specific consideration of water-quality protection efforts, well construction and placement, and aquifer response times to land-use changes and contaminant loading are discussed, with implications for karst groundwater management.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"Westerville, OH","doi":"10.1111/gwat.12201","usgsCitation":"Musgrove, M., Katz, B.G., Fahlquist, L.S., Crandall, C.A., and Lindgren, R.J., 2014, Factors affecting public-supply well vulnerability in two karst aquifers: Ground Water, v. 52, no. 1, p. 63-75, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12201.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"75","numberOfPages":"13","ipdsId":"IP-052620","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12201","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294662,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":294659,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gwat.12201/pdf"},{"id":294661,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12201"}],"volume":"52","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"542bc636e4b0abfb4c8097f5","chorus":{"doi":"10.1111/gwat.12201","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12201","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","authors":"Musgrove MaryLynn, Katz Brian G., Fahlquist Lynne S., Crandall Christy A., Lindgren Richard J.","journalName":"Groundwater","publicationDate":"5/19/2014","auditedOn":"3/17/2016"},"contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Musgrove, MaryLynn","contributorId":34878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Musgrove","given":"MaryLynn","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":502506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fahlquist, Lynne S. 0000-0002-4993-4037 lfahlqst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4993-4037","contributorId":1051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fahlquist","given":"Lynne","email":"lfahlqst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":502502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Crandall, Christy A. crandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crandall","given":"Christy","email":"crandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lindgren, Richard J. lindgren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"Richard","email":"lindgren@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":502505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70104799,"text":"ofr20141099 - 2014 - Mercury concentrations in water, and mercury and selenium concentrations in fish from Brownlee Reservoir and selected sites in Boise and Snake Rivers, Idaho and Oregon, 2013","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-19T12:44:06","indexId":"ofr20141099","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-19T12:35:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1099","title":"Mercury concentrations in water, and mercury and selenium concentrations in fish from Brownlee Reservoir and selected sites in Boise and Snake Rivers, Idaho and Oregon, 2013","docAbstract":"Mercury (Hg) analyses were conducted on samples of sport fish and water collected from six sampling sites in the Boise and Snake Rivers, and Brownlee Reservoir to meet National Pollution Discharge and Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements for the City of Boise, Idaho. A water sample was collected from each site during October and November 2013 by the City of Boise personnel and was analyzed by the Boise City Public Works Water Quality Laboratory. Total Hg concentrations in unfiltered water samples ranged from 0.73 to 1.21 nanograms per liter (ng/L) at five river sites; total Hg concentration was highest (8.78 ng/L) in a water sample from Brownlee Reservoir. All Hg concentrations in water samples were less than the EPA Hg chronic aquatic life criterion in Idaho (12 ng/L).
\nThe EPA recommended a water-quality criterion of 0.30 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) methylmercury (MeHg) expressed as a fish-tissue residue value (wet-weight MeHg in fish tissue). MeHg residue in fish tissue is considered to be equivalent to total Hg in fish muscle tissue and is referred to as Hg in this report. The Idaho Department of Environmental Quality adopted the EPA’s fish-tissue criterion and a reasonable potential to exceed (RPTE) threshold 20 percent lower than the criterion or greater than 0.24 mg/kg based on an average concentration of 10 fish from a receiving waterbody. NPDES permitted discharge to waters with fish having Hg concentrations exceeding 0.24 mg/kg are said to have a reasonable potential to exceed the water-quality criterion and thus are subject to additional permit obligations, such as requirements for increased monitoring and the development of a Hg minimization plan. The Idaho Fish Consumption Advisory Program (IFCAP) issues fish advisories to protect general and sensitive populations of fish consumers and has developed an action level of 0.22 mg/kg wet weight Hg in fish tissue. Fish consumption advisories are water body- and species-specific and are used to advise of allowable fish consumption from specific water bodies. The geometric mean Hg concentration of 10 fish of a single species collected from a single water body (lake or stream) in Idaho is compared to the action level to determine if a fish consumption advisory should be issued.
\nThe U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed individual fillets of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) for Hg. The median Hg concentration of 0.32 mg/kg exceeded the Idaho water-quality criterion at the site in Brownlee Reservoir. Average Hg concentrations from Brownlee Reservoir (0.32 mg/kg) and the Boise River at mouth (0.33 mg/kg) exceeded the Hg RPTE threshold (>0.24 mg/kg). IFCAP action levels also were exceeded at the sites on Brownlee Reservoir and at the mouth of the Boise River. Median Hg concentrations in fish at the remaining four river sites were less than 0.20 mg/kg with average concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg Hg.
\nSelenium (Se) analysis also was conducted on one composite fish tissue sample per site to screen for general concentrations and to provide information for future risk assessments. Concentrations of Se ranged from 0.07 to 0.49 mg/kg wet weight; average concentrations were highest in smallmouth bass (0.40 mg/kg) and lowest in mountain whitefish (0.12 mg/kg).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141099","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Boise","usgsCitation":"MacCoy, D.E., 2014, Mercury concentrations in water, and mercury and selenium concentrations in fish from Brownlee Reservoir and selected sites in Boise and Snake Rivers, Idaho and Oregon, 2013: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1099, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141099.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"34","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052783","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287286,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141099.PNG"},{"id":287284,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1099/"},{"id":287285,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1099/pdf/ofr2014-1099.pdf"}],"projection":"Idaho Transverse Mercator","datum":"North American Datum of 1983","country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Boise River;Brownlee Reservoir;Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.4013,43.1491 ], [ -117.4013,44.4965 ], [ -115.9634,44.4965 ], [ -115.9634,43.1491 ], [ -117.4013,43.1491 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"537b19d3e4b0929ba496ab3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene E. 0000-0001-6810-4728 demaccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-4728","contributorId":948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","email":"demaccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70125431,"text":"70125431 - 2014 - Sea otters are recolonizing southern California in fits and starts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-18T09:28:17","indexId":"70125431","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-17T13:17:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1475,"text":"Ecosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otters are recolonizing southern California in fits and starts","docAbstract":"After near extinction as a result of the fur trade in the 1700s and 1800s, the southern sea otter slowly reoccupied the core of its range in central California. Range expansion beyond central California is seen as key to full recovery of otters, but the rate of expansion has been sporadic, raising concerns about habitat quality in southern California. To describe the range expansion of sea otters from central into southern California, we used skiff surveys, aerial surveys, and archival time-depth recorders from 2004 to 2013. These observations show that range expansion began when male otters swam southeast of Point Conception (Cojo Anchorage), perhaps to seek refuge from bad weather and to feed on unexploited resources. After several years of seasonal use by male groups, females began to use the area, leading to reproduction and a secondary increase in abundance. In contrast, a second male group that moved farther down the coast to Coal Oil Point stalled and retreated. Such range expansion and contraction can be explained by the social nature of sea otters, which acts to slow dispersal away from groups. Otter densities at Cojo Anchorage are now approaching equilibrium levels reported for central California. As in central California, otters rested in and near kelp forest habitat, but used deeper water for foraging. Together, these observations suggest habitat in the Santa Barbara Channel can still support sea otters, but range expansion of otters into southern California will be episodic due to social dynamics.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosphere","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/ES13-00394.1","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., and Tinker, M.T., 2014, Sea otters are recolonizing southern California in fits and starts: Ecosphere, v. 5, no. 5, art50; 11 p., https://doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00394.1.","productDescription":"art50; 11 p.","numberOfPages":"11","ipdsId":"IP-055028","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1890/es13-00394.1","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":294059,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293994,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1890/ES13-00394.1"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara Channel","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -120.146119,34.094231 ], [ -120.146119,34.389398 ], [ -119.633881,34.389398 ], [ -119.633881,34.094231 ], [ -120.146119,34.094231 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"5","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-05-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"541a9493e4b01571b3d4cc7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tinker, M. Tim 0000-0002-3314-839X ttinker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3314-839X","contributorId":2796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tinker","given":"M.","email":"ttinker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Tim","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":501432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70102317,"text":"ofr20141080 - 2014 - Cruise report for P1-13-LA, U.S. Geological Survey gas hydrates research cruise, R/V Pelican April 18 to May 3, 2013, deepwater Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-07T16:35:20","indexId":"ofr20141080","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-16T16:34:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1080","title":"Cruise report for P1-13-LA, U.S. Geological Survey gas hydrates research cruise, R/V Pelican April 18 to May 3, 2013, deepwater Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey led a seismic acquisition cruise in the Gulf of Mexico from April 18 to May 3, 2013, with the objectives of (1) achieving improved imaging and characterization at two established gas hydrate study sites, and (2) refining geophysical methods for gas hydrate characterization in other locations. We conducted this acquisition aboard the R/V Pelican, and used a pair of 105/105-cubic-inch generator/injector air guns to provide seismic energy that we recorded using a 450-meter 72-channel digital hydrophone streamer and 25 multicomponent ocean-bottom seismometers.
\nIn the area of lease block Green Canyon 955, we deployed 21 ocean-bottom seismometers and acquired approximately 400 kilometers of high-resolution two-dimensional streamer seismic data in a grid with line spacing as small as 50 meters and along radial lines that provide source offsets up to 10 kilometers and diverse azimuths for the ocean-bottom seismometers. In the area of lease block Walker Ridge 313, we deployed 25 ocean-bottom seismometers and acquired approximately 450 kilometers of streamer seismic data in a grid pattern with line spacing as small as 250 meters and along radial lines that provide source offsets up to 10 kilometers for the ocean-bottom seismometers. The data acquisition effort was conducted safely and met the scientific objectives.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141080","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"The work described in this report was performed in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.","usgsCitation":"Haines, S.S., Hart, P.E., Ruppel, C., O'Brien, T., Baldwin, W., White, J., Moore, E., Dal Ferro, P., and Lemmond, P., 2014, Cruise report for P1-13-LA, U.S. Geological Survey gas hydrates research cruise, R/V Pelican April 18 to May 3, 2013, deepwater Gulf of Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1080, v, 33 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141080.","productDescription":"v, 33 p.","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052130","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287271,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1080/"},{"id":287273,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141080.jpg"},{"id":287272,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1080/pdf/ofr2014-1080.pdf"}],"otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.86,18.18 ], [ -97.86,30.4 ], [ -81.04,30.4 ], [ -81.04,18.18 ], [ -97.86,18.18 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53771724e4b02eab8669eb76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haines, Seth S. 0000-0003-2611-8165 shaines@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2611-8165","contributorId":1344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haines","given":"Seth","email":"shaines@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, Patrick E. 0000-0002-5080-1426 hart@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5080-1426","contributorId":2879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"Patrick","email":"hart@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruppel, Carolyn cruppel@usgs.gov","contributorId":2015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppel","given":"Carolyn","email":"cruppel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O'Brien, Thomas","contributorId":75924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Brien","given":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baldwin, Wayne","contributorId":45625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldwin","given":"Wayne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"White, Jenny","contributorId":33629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Jenny","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moore, Eric 0000-0002-2732-2654 emoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2732-2654","contributorId":5489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Eric","email":"emoore@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Dal Ferro, Peter pdalferro@usgs.gov","contributorId":5488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dal Ferro","given":"Peter","email":"pdalferro@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":492951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lemmond, Peter","contributorId":48877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemmond","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70103867,"text":"ofr20141094 - 2014 - Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter: outer mainland shelf and slope, Gulf of Santa Catalina, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-16T16:30:38","indexId":"ofr20141094","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-16T16:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1094","title":"Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter: outer mainland shelf and slope, Gulf of Santa Catalina, southern California","docAbstract":"In 2010 and 2011, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Coastal and Marine Geology Program, acquired bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data from the outer shelf and slope region offshore of southern California. The surveys were conducted as part of the USGS Marine Geohazards Program. Assessment of the hazards posed by offshore faults, submarine landslides, and tsunamis are facilitated by accurate and detailed bathymetric data. The surveys were conducted using the USGS R/V Parke Snavely outfitted with a 100-kHz Reson 7111 multibeam-echosounder system. This report provides the bathymetry and backscatter data acquired during these surveys in several formats, a summary of the mapping mission, maps of bathymetry and backscatter, and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141094","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Dartnell, P., Conrad, J.E., Ryan, H., and Finlayson, D.P., 2014, Bathymetry and acoustic backscatter: outer mainland shelf and slope, Gulf of Santa Catalina, southern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1094, Report: iv, 15 p.; Data catalog; Maps, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141094.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 15 p.; Data catalog; Maps","numberOfPages":"21","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-049524","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287270,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141094.jpg"},{"id":287266,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1094/"},{"id":287267,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1094/pdf/ofr2014-1094.pdf"},{"id":287268,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1094/datacatalog.html"},{"id":287269,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1094/maps.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Gulf Of Santa Catalina","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.0,32.5 ], [ -118.0,33.5 ], [ -117.0,33.5 ], [ -117.0,32.5 ], [ -118.0,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53771717e4b02eab8669eaff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dartnell, Peter 0000-0002-9554-729X pdartnell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-729X","contributorId":2688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"Peter","email":"pdartnell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrad, James E. 0000-0001-6655-694X jconrad@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6655-694X","contributorId":2316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrad","given":"James","email":"jconrad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, Holly F.","contributorId":67616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"Holly F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":493516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finlayson, David P. dfinlayson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finlayson","given":"David","email":"dfinlayson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":493513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70093891,"text":"ofr20141025A - 2014 - Earthquake catalog for estimation of maximum earthquake magnitude, Central and Eastern United States: Part A, Prehistoric earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-16T15:15:49","indexId":"ofr20141025A","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-16T15:10:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1025","chapter":"A","title":"Earthquake catalog for estimation of maximum earthquake magnitude, Central and Eastern United States: Part A, Prehistoric earthquakes","docAbstract":"Computation of probabilistic earthquake hazard requires an estimate of Mmax, the maximum earthquake magnitude thought to be possible within a specified geographic region. This report is Part A of an Open-File Report that describes the construction of a global catalog of moderate to large earthquakes, from which one can estimate Mmax for most of the Central and Eastern United States and adjacent Canada. The catalog and Mmax estimates derived from it were used in the 2014 edition of the U.S. Geological Survey national seismic-hazard maps. This Part A discusses prehistoric earthquakes that occurred in eastern North America, northwestern Europe, and Australia, whereas a separate Part B deals with historical events.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141025A","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., 2014, Earthquake catalog for estimation of maximum earthquake magnitude, Central and Eastern United States: Part A, Prehistoric earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1025, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141025A.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-050768","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287265,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141025A.jpg"},{"id":287264,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1025/a/pdf/ofr2014-1025.pdf"},{"id":287263,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1025/a/"}],"otherGeospatial":"Australia;Europe;North America","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53771744e4b02eab8669ebc7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70102282,"text":"70102282 - 2014 - Distribution and landscape controls of organic layer thickness and carbon within the Alaskan Yukon River Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-16T14:38:14","indexId":"70102282","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-16T14:26:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and landscape controls of organic layer thickness and carbon within the Alaskan Yukon River Basin","docAbstract":"Understanding of the organic layer thickness (OLT) and organic layer carbon (OLC) stocks in subarctic ecosystems is critical due to their importance in the global carbon cycle. Moreover, post-fire OLT provides an indicator of long-term successional trajectories and permafrost susceptibility to thaw. To these ends, we 1) mapped OLT and associated uncertainty at 30 m resolution in the Yukon River Basin (YRB), Alaska, employing decision tree models linking remotely sensed imagery with field and ancillary data, 2) converted OLT to OLC using a non-linear regression, 3) evaluate landscape controls on OLT and OLC, and 4) quantified the post-fire recovery of OLT and OLC. Areas of shallow (< 10 cm), moderate (≥ 10 cm and < 20 cm), moderately thick (≥ 20 cm and < 30 cm), and thick (≥ 30 cm) OLT, composed 34, 20, 14, and 18% of the YRB, respectively; the average OLT was 19.4 cm. Total OLC was estimated to be 3.38 Pg. A regional chronosequence analysis over 30 years revealed that OLT and OLC increased with stand age (OLT: R2 = 0.68; OLC: R2 = 0.66), where an average of 16 cm OLT and 5.3 kg/m2 OLC were consumed by fires. Strong predictors of OLT included climate, topography, near-surface permafrost distributions, soil wetness, and spectral information. Our modeling approach enabled us to produce regional maps of OLT and OLC, which will be useful in understanding risks and feedbacks associated with fires and climate feedbacks.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geoderma","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.008","usgsCitation":"Pastick, N.J., Rigge, M.B., Wylie, B.K., Jorgenson, M., Rose, J.R., Johnson, K.D., and Ji, L., 2014, Distribution and landscape controls of organic layer thickness and carbon within the Alaskan Yukon River Basin: Geoderma, v. 230-231, p. 79-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.008.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"94","numberOfPages":"16","ipdsId":"IP-055907","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287261,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287260,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.008"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166.45,60.22 ], [ -166.45,69.68 ], [ -141.02,69.68 ], [ -141.02,60.22 ], [ -166.45,60.22 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"230-231","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53771742e4b02eab8669ebb1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pastick, Neal J. 0000-0002-8169-3018 njpastick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8169-3018","contributorId":4785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pastick","given":"Neal","email":"njpastick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rigge, Matthew B. 0000-0003-4471-8009 mrigge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-8009","contributorId":751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rigge","given":"Matthew","email":"mrigge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wylie, Bruce K. 0000-0002-7374-1083 wylie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7374-1083","contributorId":750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wylie","given":"Bruce","email":"wylie@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jorgenson, M. Torre","contributorId":40486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"M. Torre","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rose, Joshua R.","contributorId":90147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Johnson, Kristofer D.","contributorId":81027,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kristofer","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":492879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Ji, Lei 0000-0002-6133-1036 lji@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6133-1036","contributorId":2832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ji","given":"Lei","email":"lji@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70099907,"text":"sir20145044 - 2014 - Water levels and water quality in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer (middle Claiborne aquifer) in Arkansas, spring-summer 2011","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-22T15:02:13","indexId":"sir20145044","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-16T07:59:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-5044","title":"Water levels and water quality in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer (middle Claiborne aquifer) in Arkansas, spring-summer 2011","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Arkansas Natural Resources Commission and the Arkansas Geological Survey, has monitored water levels in the Sparta Sand of Claiborne Group and Memphis Sand of Claiborne Group (herein referred to as “the Sparta Sand” and “the Memphis Sand,” respectively) since the 1920s. Groundwater withdrawals have increased while water levels have declined since monitoring was initiated. Herein, aquifers in the Sparta Sand and Memphis Sand will be referred to as “the Sparta-Memphis aquifer” throughout Arkansas. During the spring of 2011, 291 water levels were measured in wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer and used to produce a regional potentiometric-surface map. During the summer of 2011, groundwater-quality samples were collected and measured from 61 wells for specific conductance, pH, and temperature.
In the northern half of Arkansas, the regional direction of groundwater flow in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer is generally to the south-southeast and flows east and south in the southern half of Arkansas. The groundwater in the southern half of Arkansas flows away from the outcrop area except where affected by large depressions in the potentiometric surface. The highest and lowest water-level altitudes measured in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer were 326 feet above and 120 feet below National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29), respectively.
Five depressions are located in the following counties: Arkansas, Cleveland, Jefferson, Lincoln, and Prairie; Union; Cross, Poinsett, St. Francis, and Woodruff; Columbia; and Bradley. Two large depressions, centered in Jefferson and Union Counties, are the result of large withdrawals for industrial, irrigation, or public supply. The depression centered in Jefferson County has expanded in recent years into Arkansas and Prairie Counties as a result of large withdrawals for irrigation and public supply. The lowest water-level altitude measured in this depression is approximately 20 feet (ft) higher in 2011 than in 2009. The area enclosed within the 40-ft contour on the 2011 potentiometric-surface map has decreased in area, shifting north in Lincoln County and west in Arkansas County when compared with the 2009 potentiometric-surface map.
The depression in Union County is roughly circular within the -60-ft contour. The lowest water-level altitude measurement was 157 ft below NGVD 29 in 2009, with a 37-ft rise to 120 ft below NGVD 29 in 2011. The depression in Union County has diminished and encloses a smaller area than in recent years. In 1993, the -60-ft contour enclosed 632 square miles (mi2). In 2011, the -60-ft contour enclosed 375 mi2, a decrease of 41 percent from 1993. The lowest water-level altitude measurement during 2011 in the center of the depression in Union County represents a rise of 79 ft since 2003. The area enclosed by the lowest altitude contour, 120 ft below NGVD 29, on the 2011 potentiometric-surface map is less than 10 percent of the area enclosed by that same contour on the 2009 potentiometric-surface map.
A broad depression in western Poinsett and Cross Counties was first shown in the 1995 potentiometric-surface map. In 2011, the lowest water-level altitude measurement in this depression, 129 ft above NGVD 29, is 2 ft lower than in 2009. The 140-ft contour has extended southwest into northwestern St. Francis and east-central Woodruff Counties in 2011. In Columbia County in 2011, the area of the depression has decreased, with water levels rising about 1 ft since 2005 in the well with the lowest water-level altitude measurement. The depression in Bradley County in 2011 has decreased in area compared to 2007.
A water-level difference map was constructed using the difference between water-level measurements made during 2007 and 2011 at 247 wells. The differences in water level between 2007 and 2011 ranged from -17.3 to 45.4 ft, with a mean of 4.1 ft. Water levels generally declined in the northern half of the study area and generally increased in the southern half of the study area. Areas with a general decline in water levels include Lonoke and western Prairie Counties; northern Arkansas County; Miller County; and Craighead, Poinsett, Cross, and Woodruff Counties. Areas with a general rise in water levels include Lafayette, Columbia, Union, Calhoun, and Bradley Counties; Grant, Jefferson, southern Arkansas, Lincoln, Drew, and Desha Counties; and Phillips County.
Hydrographs from 183 wells with a minimum of 25 years of water-level measurements were constructed. During the period 1987–2011, county mean annual water levels generally declined. Mean annual declines were between 0.5 foot per year (ft/yr) and 0.0 ft/yr in Ashley, Chicot, Crittenden, Drew, Grant, Jefferson, Lafayette, Mississippi, Monroe, Ouachita, Phillips, Pulaski, St. Francis, and Woodruff Counties. Mean annual declines were between 1.0 ft/yr and 0.5 ft/yr in Bradley, Calhoun, Cleveland, Craighead, Cross, Desha, Lonoke, Miller, Poinsett, and Prairie Counties. Mean annual declines were between 1.5 ft/yr and 1.0 ft/yr in Arkansas, Lee, and Lincoln Counties. The county mean annual water level rose in Columbia, Dallas, and Union Counties about 0.3 ft/yr, 0.1 ft/yr, and 1.2 ft/yr, respectively.
Water samples were collected in the summer of 2011 from 61 wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer and measured onsite for specific conductance, temperature, and pH. Although there is a regional increase in specific conductance to the east and south, anomalous increases occur in some parts of the study area. Specific conductance ranged from 35 microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm) in Ouachita County to 1,380 μS/cm in Monroe County. Relatively large specific conductance values (greater than 700 mS/cm) occur in samples from wells in Arkansas, Ashley, Clay, Monroe, Phillips, and Union Counties.
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Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3228,"text":"Rangeland Ecology and Management","onlineIssn":"1551-5028","printIssn":"1550-7424","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Corticosterone metabolite concentrations in greater sage-grouse are positively associated with the presence of cattle grazing","docAbstract":"The sagebrush biome in the western United States is home to the imperiled greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and encompasses rangelands used for cattle production. Cattle grazing activities have been implicated in the range-wide decline of the sage-grouse, but no studies have investigated the relationship between the physiological condition of sage-grouse and the presence of grazing cattle. We sampled 329 sage-grouse across four sites (two grazed and two ungrazed) encompassing 13 600 km2 during the spring and late summer–early autumn of 2005 to evaluate whether demographic factors, breeding status, plasma protein levels, and residence in a cattle-grazed habitat were associated with the stress hormone corticosterone. Corticosterone was measured in feces as immunoreactive corticosterone metabolites (ICM). Males captured during the lekking season exhibited higher ICM levels than all others. Prenesting female sage-grouse captured in a grazed site had higher ICM levels than those in ungrazed sites and prenesting female plasma protein levels were negatively correlated with ICM concentrations. With the use of a small-scale spatial model, we identified a positive correlation between cattle pat count and sage-grouse ICM levels. Our model indicated that ICM levels increased by 2.60 ng · g-1 dry feces for every increase in the number of cow pats found in the vicinity. Management practices will benefit from future research regarding the consistency and mechanism(s) responsible for this association and, importantly, how ICM levels and demographic rates are related in this species of conservation concern.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Range Management","doi":"10.2111/REM-D-13-00137.1","usgsCitation":"Jankowski, M., Russell, R.E., Franson, J., Dusek, R., Hines, M., Gregg, M., and Hofmeister, E.K., 2014, Corticosterone metabolite concentrations in greater sage-grouse are positively associated with the presence of cattle grazing: Rangeland Ecology and Management, v. 67, no. 3, p. 237-246, https://doi.org/10.2111/REM-D-13-00137.1.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"246","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-038634","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34983,"text":"Contaminant Biology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287242,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287241,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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This report documents the policy decisions that have affected the mining industry, discusses the response of the industry on a site by site basis, and suggests possible effects of these changes on the global economy. For the short term, at least, it appears that these changes have made Venezuela a more difficult place to invest for U.S. and Canadian companies, while investment by Chinese entities has been encouraged.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141068","issn":"2331-1258","usgsCitation":"Wilburn, D.R., 2014, Events affecting gold exploration in Venezuela since 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1068, Report: iii, 7 p.; Table 1, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141068.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 7 p.; Table 1","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052223","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287239,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1068/tables/of2014-1068_table1.xls"},{"id":287237,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1068/"},{"id":287238,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1068/pdf/of2014-1068.pdf"},{"id":287240,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141068.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -73.35,0.65 ], [ -73.35,12.49 ], [ -59.81,12.49 ], [ -59.81,0.65 ], [ -73.35,0.65 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5375d3d2e4b010920bbdecfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilburn, David R. 0000-0002-5371-7617 wilburn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5371-7617","contributorId":1755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilburn","given":"David","email":"wilburn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70095808,"text":"70095808 - 2014 - Physiological and ecological effects of increasing temperature on fish production in lakes of Arctic Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-29T15:28:09","indexId":"70095808","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-15T15:16:28","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1467,"text":"Ecology and Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological and ecological effects of increasing temperature on fish production in lakes of Arctic Alaska","docAbstract":"Lake ecosystems in the Arctic are changing rapidly due to climate warming. Lakes are sensitive integrators of climate-induced changes and prominent features across the Arctic landscape, especially in lowland permafrost regions such as the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Despite many studies on the implications of climate warming, how fish populations will respond to lake changes is uncertain for Arctic ecosystems. Least Cisco (Coregonus sardinella) is a bellwether for Arctic lakes as an important consumer and prey resource. To explore the consequences of climate warming, we used a bioenergetics model to simulate changes in Least Cisco production under future climate scenarios for lakes on the Arctic Coastal Plain. First, we used current temperatures to fit Least Cisco consumption to observed annual growth. We then estimated growth, holding food availability, and then feeding rate constant, for future projections of temperature. Projected warmer water temperatures resulted in reduced Least Cisco production, especially for larger size classes, when food availability was held constant. While holding feeding rate constant, production of Least Cisco increased under all future scenarios with progressively more growth in warmer temperatures. Higher variability occurred with longer projections of time mirroring the expanding uncertainty in climate predictions further into the future. In addition to direct temperature effects on Least Cisco growth, we also considered changes in lake ice phenology and prey resources for Least Cisco. A shorter period of ice cover resulted in increased production, similar to warming temperatures. Altering prey quality had a larger effect on fish production in summer than winter and increased relative growth of younger rather than older age classes of Least Cisco. Overall, we predicted increased production of Least Cisco due to climate warming in lakes of Arctic Alaska. Understanding the implications of increased production of Least Cisco to the entire food web will be necessary to predict ecosystem responses in lakes of the Arctic.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley Online Library","doi":"10.1002/ece3.1080","usgsCitation":"Carey, M.P., and Zimmerman, C.E., 2014, Physiological and ecological effects of increasing temperature on fish production in lakes of Arctic Alaska: Ecology and Evolution, v. 4, no. 10, p. 1981-1993, https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1080.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1981","endPage":"1993","ipdsId":"IP-053143","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":472990,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1080","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":287839,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287838,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1080"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Coastal Plain","volume":"4","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-04-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5388570ae4b0318b93124aed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carey, Michael P. 0000-0002-3327-8995 mcarey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3327-8995","contributorId":5397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carey","given":"Michael","email":"mcarey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491459,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zimmerman, Christian E. 0000-0002-3646-0688 czimmerman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3646-0688","contributorId":410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zimmerman","given":"Christian","email":"czimmerman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":491458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70100427,"text":"ofr20141070 - 2014 - The shallow stratigraphy and sand resources offshore from Cat Island, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-05-15T13:12:24","indexId":"ofr20141070","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-15T13:08:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2014-1070","title":"The shallow stratigraphy and sand resources offshore from Cat Island, Mississippi","docAbstract":"In collaboration with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center collected over 487 line kilometers (> 300 miles) of high-resolution geophysical data around Cat Island, Mississippi, to improve understanding of the island's geologic evolution and identify potential sand resources for coastal restoration. In addition, 40 vibracores were collected on and around the island, generating more than 350 samples for grain-size analysis.
\nThe results indicate that the geologic evolution of Cat Island has been influenced by deltaic, lagoonal/estuarine, tidal, and oceanographic processes, resulting in a stratigraphic record that is quite complex. The region north of the island is dominated by lagoonal/estuarine deposition, whereas the region south of the island is dominated by deltaic and tidal deposition. In general, the veneer of modern sediment surrounding the island is composed of newly deposited sediment and highly reworked relict sediments. The region east of the island shows the interplay of antecedent barrier-island change with delta development despite a significant ravinement of sediments. The data show from little to no modern sediment east of the island, exposing relict sediments at the seafloor.
\nFinally, the data reveal four subaqueous sand units around the island. Two of the units are northwest of the modern island and one is southwest. Given the dominant, westward, longshore transport along the Mississippi and Alabama barrier islands, the geographic location of these three units suggests that they do not contribute to the modern sediment budget of Cat Island. The last unit is directly east of the island and represents the antecedent island platform that has supplied sand over geologic time for creation of the spits that form the eastern shoreline. Because of its location east of the island, the antecedent island unit may still supply sediment to the island today.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr20141070","issn":"2331-1258","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","usgsCitation":"Kindinger, J.L., Miselis, J.L., and Buster, N.A., 2014, The shallow stratigraphy and sand resources offshore from Cat Island, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1070, viii, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141070.","productDescription":"viii, 74 p.","numberOfPages":"83","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-052803","costCenters":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":287234,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr20141070.jpg"},{"id":287232,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1070/"},{"id":287233,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1070/pdf/ofr2014-1070.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Cat Island","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -89.5,29.5 ], [ -89.5,30.5 ], [ -88.0,30.5 ], [ -88.0,29.5 ], [ -89.5,29.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5375d3d3e4b010920bbded07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":492204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miselis, Jennifer L. 0000-0002-4925-3979 jmiselis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4925-3979","contributorId":3914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miselis","given":"Jennifer","email":"jmiselis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buster, Noreen A. 0000-0001-5069-9284 nbuster@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-9284","contributorId":3750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buster","given":"Noreen","email":"nbuster@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":492205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70058501,"text":"sir20105090L - 2014 - Porphyry copper assessment of eastern Australia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70058501,"text":"sir20105090L - 2014 - Porphyry copper assessment of eastern Australia","indexId":"sir20105090L","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"chapter":"L","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of eastern Australia"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70040436,"text":"sir20105090 - 2010 - Global mineral resource assessment","indexId":"sir20105090","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Global mineral resource assessment"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T20:56:23.37247","indexId":"sir20105090L","displayToPublicDate":"2014-05-15T12:44:00","publicationYear":"2014","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2010-5090","chapter":"L","title":"Porphyry copper assessment of eastern Australia","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducts national and global assessments of resources (mineral, energy, water, and biologic) to provide science in support of decision making. Mineral resource assessments provide syntheses of available information about where mineral deposits are known and suspected to occur in the Earth’s crust and which commodities may be present, together with estimates of amounts of resources that may be present in undiscovered deposits. The USGS collaborated with geologists of the Geological Survey of New South Wales and Geoscience Australia (formerly the Australian Geological Survey Organisation) on an assessment of Phanerozoic-age porphyry copper resources in Australia. Porphyry copper deposits contain about 11 percent of the identified copper resources in Australia. This study addresses resources of known porphyry copper deposits and expected resources of undiscovered porphyry copper deposits in eastern Australia.
\nA three-part form of assessment was used for estimation of undiscovered resources. Using this method, four tracts were delineated that are permissive for porphyry copper deposits. A probabilistic estimate of the expected number of deposits in each tract was prepared on the basis of existing information about geology, geochemistry, geophysics, exploration history, and mineral occurrences. Monte Carlo simulation was used to combine the estimated number of deposits with an appropriate model of grade and tonnage for porphyry copper deposits to provide a probabilistic estimate of metal content and total tonnage for undiscovered deposits.
\nThe Delamerian permissive tract comprises igneous rocks of Cambrian age in the Delamerian Orogen, which borders the western margin of the Tasmanides. The Delamerian tract contains no known porphyry copper deposits, but the Adelaide sub-tract, one of three sub-tracts that compose the Delamerian tract, contains four porphyry copper prospects. The Adelaide sub-tract is estimated to contain 2.5±2.2 undiscovered deposits in an area of about 50,700 square kilometers.
\nThe Macquarie permissive tract comprises volcanic, volcaniclastic, and minor exposed intrusive igneous rocks of the Macquarie Arc. The nine known deposits in this tract are now estimated to contain a total of about 13.5 million metric tons of copper and 1,700 metric tons of gold. This tract is estimated to contain 6.9±3.5 undiscovered deposits for a total of about 16 deposits in an area of about 41,500 square kilometers.
\nThe Yeoval permissive tract includes subequal areas of permissive volcanic and intrusive rocks of Silurian to Devonian age exposed in and around the Cowra-Buchan Rift System, which overlaps the previously accreted Macquarie Arc. The Yeoval tract contains one porphyry copper deposit and several porphyry copper prospects. This tract is estimated to contain 1.3±0.75 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits, for a total of about 2 expected deposits in an area of about 53,200 square kilometers.
\nThe East Tasmanide permissive tract includes a semi-continuous belt of plutonic and subordinate volcanic rocks along the eastern margins of Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. The East Tasmanide tract contains 14 known porphyry copper deposits and many porphyry copper prospects, which are all in the Central sub-tract. This sub-tract is expected to contain 4.8±3.3 undiscovered porphyry copper deposits, for a total of about 19 deposits in an area of about 291,000 square kilometers.
\nThis assessment estimates that 15 undiscovered deposits contain an arithmetic mean of ~21 million metric tons or more of copper in four tracts, in addition to the 24 known porphyry copper deposits that contain identified resources of ~16 million metric tons of copper. In addition to copper, the mean expected amount of undiscovered byproduct gold predicted by the simulation is ~1,500 metric tons. The probability associated with these arithmetic means is on the order of 30 percent. Median expected amounts of metals predicted by the simulations may be ~50 percent lower than mean estimates.
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