Benthic macrofauna were collected during September 1986 to evaluate locations for long-term monitoring stations as part of the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Effects Monitoring Program in San Francisco Bay, California. Three to ten replicate samples were collected with a modified Van Veen sampler (0.05 m2 area) at ten locations. One box core sample (0.06 m2 area) was collected at seven to the ten locations. Six of the box core samples were split into an upper 10 cm sample and a deeper sample before analysis. Macrofauna specimens were identified to the lowest possible taxon, usually genus and species, then counted. An average of 88 percent of the benthic macrofauna specimens were identified to the species level. The fraction identified varied among stations from 54 to 98 percent. Nematodes and oligochaetes accounted for most of the unidentified specimens. Relative to the total number of species identified in five replicates at each location, an average of 90 percent of the species were collected with three replicates. In general, species with high to moderate abundances were present in all replicates, and species collected only after three or more replicates averaged less than one specimen per replicate. Results from the box cores showed that the dominant species were most abundant in the upper 10 cm, the depth of sediment that can be adequately sampled with a modified Van Veen sampler. On the basis of the number of species and their abundances at each location, seven of the ten locations were selected for sampling in the regular program, which began in March 1987.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95291","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L.E., Thompson, J., Harmon, J., and Yost, B.T., 1995, Benthic macrofauna data for San Francisco Bay, California, September 1986: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-291, iii, 33 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95291.","productDescription":"iii, 33 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46032,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149415,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0291/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.98645019531249,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -121.83288574218749,\n 37.38761749978395\n ],\n [\n -121.83288574218749,\n 38.21660403859855\n ],\n [\n -122.98645019531249,\n 38.21660403859855\n ],\n [\n -122.98645019531249,\n 37.38761749978395\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a3ae4b07f02db61dffb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, Laurence E. lschemel@usgs.gov","contributorId":4085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"Laurence","email":"lschemel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":174185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, J.K.","contributorId":103300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harmon, J.G.","contributorId":90753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmon","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Yost, B. T.","contributorId":19178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yost","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":16948,"text":"ofr95514 - 1995 - Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Mexico; chemical analyses and other data for 58 samples collected in 1977-1979","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T08:03:38","indexId":"ofr95514","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-514","title":"Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Mexico; chemical analyses and other data for 58 samples collected in 1977-1979","docAbstract":"This report releases the results of selected chemical analyses by the USGS of fluids collected from geothennal power production wells at the Cerro Prieto Geothennal Field, Mexico. Cerro Prieto, the world's largest producing hot-water geothennal field, is located 32 km southeast of Mexicali, Baja California. Comision Federal de Electricidad de Mexico (CFE) gave permission for, and assisted in, sample collection. Data collection and reported analyses was made by the U.S. Geological Survey. Data collected in 1977 and 1978 where published previously by Ball and Jenne (1983) which was about half the data given here. This report also includes samples collected in 1979 which were not previously released. These activities, including this data release, are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.
Analyses given in the following section were made by James W. Ball and E.A. Jenne. The data have been reviewed with the assistance of Cathy Janik, USGS, Menlo Park. Some, but not all, details from Ball and Jenne (1983) concerning collection, and preservation and analytical procedures are repeated here. Nehring and Trusdell (1977) also provide an outline of some of the issues involved in the difficult task of collecting samples from geothermal wells. The initial intent of the study was to provide basic data for use in determining how these fluids should be managed either in disposal or in reinjection. Some of the hot, corrosive brines were separated as two-phase (water and steam) samples under pressure using a coiled condenser tube submerged in an ice/water mixture (called \"condensed\" samples). It is not known if these were total flow samples. Other samples were collected from the brine sampling valve of the separators (called \"flashed\" samples). Analyses given in the following section area sorted by (1) well number, (2) date, and (3) sample type(s).
Analysis was by a Spectraspan III d.c. argon plasma emission spectrometer with a Spectraject III torch (Ball and Jenne, 1983). Elements were determined in two groups using interchangeable cassettes. Group one included B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Si, Zr, Be, Mn, Sr, Ti, Ca, Fe, Ba, K, Na, Rb, and Al. Group two included As, Se, Bi, Zn, Cd, Sb, Cu, Ni, Hg, Mo, Co, Cr, Fe, V, Tl, Li, and Pb. Ball and Jenne (1983) noted that analysis of B, Ca, Mg, Ba, and Sr generally gave precise results. Movement of the plasma or grating was observed to affect sensitivity over short time periods even while the instrument was carefully standardized and optimized. Sensitivity was also a function of sample concentration. All samples at the time of analysis contained a white precipitate (perhaps colloidal silica) thus the reported concentrations may not accurately represent the concentrations present at the time of collection (Ball and Jenne, 1983). Additional details about specific elements are given in the section on \"Evaluation of data\" (Bliss, this volume) following the data table.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95514","usgsCitation":"1995, Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Mexico; chemical analyses and other data for 58 samples collected in 1977-1979: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-514, iii, 75 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95514.","productDescription":"iii, 75 p.","numberOfPages":"78","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0514/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46057,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0514/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6e5f","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bliss, James D. jbliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bliss","given":"James","email":"jbliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":759394,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20325,"text":"ofr95281 - 1995 - Reassessment of hydrogeologic data and refinement of a regional ground-water-flow model for the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:34","indexId":"ofr95281","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-281","title":"Reassessment of hydrogeologic data and refinement of a regional ground-water-flow model for the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95281","usgsCitation":"Olimpio, J.R., and Harte, P.T., 1995, Reassessment of hydrogeologic data and refinement of a regional ground-water-flow model for the Milford-Souhegan glacial-drift aquifer, Milford, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-281, iv, 40 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95281.","productDescription":"iv, 40 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152525,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0281/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49855,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0281/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648678","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olimpio, Joseph R.","contributorId":57878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olimpio","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harte, Philip T. 0000-0002-7718-1204 ptharte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7718-1204","contributorId":1008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harte","given":"Philip","email":"ptharte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27546,"text":"wri944060 - 1995 - Land use, organochlorine compound concentrations, and trends in benthic-invertebrate communities in selected stream basins in Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T08:58:10","indexId":"wri944060","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4060","title":"Land use, organochlorine compound concentrations, and trends in benthic-invertebrate communities in selected stream basins in Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Land use was analyzed for the drainage areas of 26 stream sites in Chester County, Pa., that cover a total area of 227 square miles or about 30 percent of the country. The most significant land-use changes during 1967-87 were decreased agricultural land use, increased residential land use, and increased commercial and industrial land use.\r\n\r\n Bulk samples of stream-bottom materials were collected at 42 sites in the study area from October 1985 through November 1987 and analyzed for content of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's). Organochlorine compounds and (or) PCB's were detected in streambed materials collected at 40 of the 42 sites sampled. The most enriched compounds (greater than 15 micrograms per kilogram) were PCB's, chlordane, and DDT plus its breakdown products. Data suggest that chlordane residues are closely associated with residential land use. PCB residues are closely associated with industrial and commercial land use.\r\n\r\n Cores of labeled sediments from the site of Icedale Lake, a drained reservoir on the West Branch Brandywine Creek, indicate that DDT was the first organochlorine pesticide to enter the Brandywine Creek; concentrations peaked in the late 1940's and early 1950's. As DDT influx subsequently decreased, influxes of chlordane and dieldrin increased and peaked in the mind-1960's, before the Chester County biological monitoring program. Influx of all pesticides appears to have decreased significantly since the 1960's.\r\n\r\n Contingency analyses showed that the relation between the Kendall slope estimator for trend and the increases in residential land use of 12 percent or greater were significant at the 95-percent confidence level. The contingency tables also showed that the relation between diversity indices of less than 2.25 and organochlorine-compound concentrations greater than 45 micrograms per kilogram was significant at the 95-percent confidence level.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944060","usgsCitation":"Hardy, M.A., Wetzel, K.L., and Moore, C.R., 1995, Land use, organochlorine compound concentrations, and trends in benthic-invertebrate communities in selected stream basins in Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4060, iv, 78 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944060.","productDescription":"iv, 78 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56402,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4060/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126667,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4060/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae09d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hardy, Mark A.","contributorId":50902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wetzel, Kim L.","contributorId":104884,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wetzel","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, Craig R.","contributorId":43817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":20819,"text":"ofr94711W - 1995 - Hydrologic data from the lower Cedar River Basin, Iowa, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:11:21","indexId":"ofr94711W","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-711","chapter":"W","title":"Hydrologic data from the lower Cedar River Basin, Iowa, 1989-91","docAbstract":"Hydrologic data were collected from May 1989 through July 1991 from the Cedar River and the adjacent alluvial aquifer. The data were collected during various flow regimes of the river to evaluate the movement of agricultural chemicals between surface water and ground water. Water-quality samples from 34 surface-water sites and 95 ground-water sites were analyzed for 11 herbicides, 2 dealkylated atrazine metabolites, and nitrate. Specific conductance, pH, water temperature, and dissolved oxygen were measured at the time of sampling. Discharge and water-quality data from two seepage investigations were collected to identify gaining and losing reaches of the river and to help delineate where agricultural chemicals enter the river. Ancillary data on ground-water levels and river stage also were collected.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City","doi":"10.3133/ofr94711W","usgsCitation":"Schulmeyer, P., Barnes, K., and Squillace, P.J., 1995, Hydrologic data from the lower Cedar River Basin, Iowa, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-711, iv, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94711W.","productDescription":"iv, 116 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50401,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0711w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0711w/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Lower Cedar River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.34857177734375,\n 41.37474755643594\n ],\n [\n -91.329345703125,\n 41.33763822308113\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 41.29431726315258\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 41.279870545327114\n ],\n [\n -91.14257812499999,\n 41.335575973123895\n ],\n [\n -91.08489990234375,\n 41.395354710280166\n ],\n [\n -91.03271484375,\n 41.45301999377133\n ],\n [\n -90.96954345703125,\n 41.47154438707647\n ],\n [\n -90.8404541015625,\n 41.50446357504806\n ],\n [\n -90.780029296875,\n 41.57641597789266\n ],\n [\n -90.59051513671875,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -90.494384765625,\n 41.60928183876483\n ],\n [\n -90.5987548828125,\n 41.668808555620586\n ],\n [\n -90.74432373046875,\n 41.73442939072102\n ],\n [\n -90.802001953125,\n 41.7856490686444\n ],\n [\n -90.77728271484375,\n 41.832735062152615\n ],\n [\n -90.86517333984375,\n 41.88592102814744\n ],\n [\n -90.9173583984375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -90.95855712890625,\n 41.97582726102573\n ],\n [\n -91.16455078125,\n 42.014611228817955\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 42.047253079589595\n ],\n [\n -91.32110595703125,\n 42.05133213230169\n ],\n [\n -91.38153076171875,\n 42.05541092308216\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 42.12267315117259\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 42.15322331239858\n ],\n [\n -91.53259277343749,\n 42.21224516288584\n ],\n [\n -91.61224365234375,\n 42.26714700815231\n ],\n [\n -91.71661376953125,\n 42.32200108060303\n ],\n [\n -91.7523193359375,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -91.746826171875,\n 42.173581898327754\n ],\n [\n -91.746826171875,\n 42.10637370579324\n ],\n [\n -91.66717529296875,\n 42.08395512413707\n ],\n [\n -91.64520263671875,\n 42.002366213375524\n ],\n [\n -91.70562744140625,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -91.8841552734375,\n 41.99011884096809\n ],\n [\n -91.99951171875,\n 41.99624282178583\n ],\n [\n -92.19451904296875,\n 42.03093424950211\n ],\n [\n -92.31262207031249,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -92.44171142578125,\n 42.114523952464246\n ],\n [\n -92.559814453125,\n 42.165439250064324\n ],\n [\n -92.65869140625,\n 42.1613675328748\n ],\n [\n -92.74108886718749,\n 42.124710287101955\n ],\n [\n -92.74383544921875,\n 42.03501434990212\n ],\n [\n -92.71087646484375,\n 41.94519164538106\n ],\n [\n -92.52685546875,\n 41.86547012230939\n ],\n [\n -92.29888916015625,\n 41.89205502378826\n ],\n [\n -92.15057373046875,\n 41.92475971933975\n ],\n [\n -91.91436767578124,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -91.73583984374999,\n 41.937019660425264\n ],\n [\n -91.614990234375,\n 41.916585116228354\n ],\n [\n -91.51885986328125,\n 41.875696393231\n ],\n [\n -91.48040771484375,\n 41.826595373571706\n ],\n [\n -91.4007568359375,\n 41.795888098191426\n ],\n [\n -91.35955810546875,\n 41.73442939072102\n ],\n [\n -91.38153076171875,\n 41.67496335351134\n ],\n [\n -91.43646240234375,\n 41.63597302844412\n ],\n [\n -91.483154296875,\n 41.5969591019372\n ],\n [\n -91.5216064453125,\n 41.52297326747377\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 41.413895564677304\n ],\n [\n -91.42822265625,\n 41.380930388318\n ],\n [\n -91.34857177734375,\n 41.37474755643594\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db607725","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schulmeyer, P.M.","contributorId":17208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulmeyer","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barnes, K.K.","contributorId":99164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183308,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Squillace, P. J.","contributorId":8878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squillace","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28440,"text":"wri954074 - 1995 - Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-25T17:01:25","indexId":"wri954074","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4074","title":"Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The chemistry and toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material in the Phoenix, Arizona, area were characterized to determine if urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streams. Toxic phases of stormwater (oil and grease, suspended solids, dissolved metals, and dissolved organics) were identified to aid water-quality managers minimize the sources of toxicants. Acute aquatic toxicity tests were done using the water flea Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimaphales promelas), and acute sediment toxicity tests were done using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Statistical analyses also were used to determine the effect of urbanization on the quality of water and bed material and to identify toxic constituents.
Statistical analyses indicated that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streamflow with oil and grease, pesticides, dissolved trace metals, and ammonia, and that ammonia, lead, cadmium, and zinc are released by urban activities and accumulate in bed material. Ammonia may be from fertilizers, fecal matter, and other sources. Lead probably is from vehicles that use leaded gasoline. Cadmium and zinc could be from paniculate metal in oil, brake pads, and other sources.
Samples of the initial runoff from urban drainage basins appeared to be more toxic than flowweighted composite samples, and stormwater was more harmful to fathead minnows than to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Streamflow samples from the Salt River were not toxic to either species, which indicates that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of the Salt River. The enhanced mortality rate of fathead minnows exposed to urban stormwater from most urban drainage basins indicated that the toxicants were more detrimental to fish than to insects and could be present in stormwater throughout the Phoenix area. The most toxic stormwater samples were collected from the drainage basins with residential and commercial land use, and the toxicity probably was due to surfactants and (or) other constituents leached from asphalt and resealant Results of toxicity identification evaluations indicated that the toxicity of stormwater mostly was due to organic constituents; dissolved zinc and copper also appeared to contribute to stormwater toxicity. Statistical comparisons of chemical data to toxicity data indicated that organophosphate pesticides were not the toxic constituents, and the toxicity generally was due to organic constituents that were not analyzed.
The most toxic bed-material samples were collected from a drainage basin with undeveloped land use. In these bed-material samples, mortality rates were significantly higher than in samples from ephemeral channels. Comparisons between the toxicity of bed-material samples from undeveloped and urban drainage basins and between urban drainage basins and ephemeral channels showed no significant difference. In urban drainage basins, bed-material samples collected from areas where stormwater accumulates appeared to be more toxic than samples collected from areas where stormwater does not accumulate.
For bed-material samples from the undeveloped drainage basin, mortality rates strongly correlated with recoverable concentrations of zinc and moderately correlated with recoverable concentrations of copper. The high mortality rate probably was due to naturally occurring trace metals. For bed-material samples from urban drainage basins, mortality rates significantly correlated with recoverable concentrations of cadmium and zinc, which resulted from urban activities. The bioavailability of trace metals in bed material appeared to be controlled by the adsorption properties of organic carbon, iron, and manganese. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in most bed-material samples; however, mortality rates were poorly correlated with pesticide concentrations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954074","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Lopes, T.J., and Fossum, K.D., 1995, Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4074, v, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954074.","productDescription":"v, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":57242,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4074/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4074/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Maricopa County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.5,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 33.25\n ],\n [\n -111.75,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 33.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a1e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":199801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fossum, Kenneth D.","contributorId":34121,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fossum","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25428,"text":"wri944047 - 1995 - Data and statistical summaries of background concentrations of metals in soils and streambed sediments in part of Big Soos Creek drainage basin, King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:10","indexId":"wri944047","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4047","title":"Data and statistical summaries of background concentrations of metals in soils and streambed sediments in part of Big Soos Creek drainage basin, King County, Washington","docAbstract":"Twenty-nine soil samples from 14 holes at 9 sites in part of the Big Soos Creek drainage basin in southwest King County, Washington, were collected and analyzed to obtain data on the magnitude and variability of background concentrations of metals in soils. Seven streambed-sediment samples and three streamwater samples from three sites also were collected and analyzed. These data are needed by regulating government agencies to determine if soils at sites of suspected contamination have elevated concentrations of metals, and to evaluate the effectiveness of remediation at sites with known contamination. Concentrations of 43 metals were determined by a total method, and concentrations of 17 metals were determined by a total-recoverable method and two different leaching methods. Metals analyzed for by all methods included most of those on the U.S. Environmental Protection agency list of priority pollutants, plus alluminum, iron, and manganese. Ranges of concentrations of metals determined by the total method are within ranges found by others for the conterminous United States. Concentrations of mercury, manganese, phosphorus, lead, selenium, antimony, and zinc as determined by the total method, and of some of these plus other metals as determined by the other methods were larger in shallow soil (less than 12 inches deep) than in deep soil (greater than 12 inches). Concentrations of metals in streambed sediments were more typical of shallow than deep soils.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944047","usgsCitation":"Prych, E., Kresch, D., Ebbert, J., and Turney, G.L., 1995, Data and statistical summaries of background concentrations of metals in soils and streambed sediments in part of Big Soos Creek drainage basin, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4047, v, 81 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944047.","productDescription":"v, 81 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4047/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54151,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prych, E. A.","contributorId":36163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prych","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kresch, D. L.","contributorId":52559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ebbert, J.C.","contributorId":57451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebbert","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turney, G. L.","contributorId":95070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turney","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25399,"text":"wri954047 - 1995 - Aquatic communities and contaminants in fish from streams of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota and North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T11:16:11","indexId":"wri954047","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4047","title":"Aquatic communities and contaminants in fish from streams of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota and North Dakota","docAbstract":"Available data on the ecology of aquatic organisms in the Red River of the North Basin, a study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program, were collated from numerous sources. Lack of information for invertebrates and algae precluded a general summary of distribution and ecology throughout the basin. Data on fish species distributions in the major streams of the Red River of the North Basin were analyzed based on the drainage area of the stream and the number of ecoregions the stream flowed through. Species richness increased with both drainage area (log drainage area in square kilometers, R2=0.41, p=0.0055) and the number of ecoregions a river flowed through. However, theses two factors are autocorrelated because the larger the drainage, the more likely that the river will flow through more than one ecoregion. A cluster analysis identified five river groups based on similarity of species within the fish community. Analysis of trophic and taxonomic composition provided justification for the cluster groups. There were significant differences (p=0.05) in the trophic composition of the river cluster groups with respect to the number of predator species, omnivore species, benthic insectivore species, and general insectivore species. Although there were no significant differences in the number of species in the bass and sunfish family or the sucker family, the number of species in the minnow family and the darter subfamily were different (p=0.05) among the groups identified by cluster analysis. Data on contaminant concentrations in fish from the Red River of the North indicated that most trace elements and organochlorine compounds present in tissues were not at levels toxic to fish or humans. Minnesota and North Dakota have issued a fish consumption advisory based on levels of mercury and (or) PCBs found in some species.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954047","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., 1995, Aquatic communities and contaminants in fish from streams of the Red River of the North basin, Minnesota and North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4047, vi, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954047.","productDescription":"vi, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":54129,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4047/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122842,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4047/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 47.53203824675999 ], [ -100.250244140625, 47.42065432071321 ], [ -100.01953125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -99.84374999999999, 47.4355191531953 ], [ -99.766845703125, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -99.6240234375, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -99.393310546875, 47.73193447949174 ], [ -99.140625, 47.746711194756 ], [ -98.76708984374999, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -98.602294921875, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -98.4814453125, 47.47266286861342 ], [ -98.536376953125, 47.30903424774781 ], [ -98.58032226562499, 47.15236927446393 ], [ -98.45947265625, 46.965259400349275 ], [ -98.32763671875, 46.7549166192819 ], [ -98.118896484375, 46.626806395355175 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.55886030311719 ], [ -98.19580078125, 46.430285240839964 ], [ -98.15185546874999, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.05036097561633 ], [ -97.943115234375, 45.91294412737392 ], [ -97.701416015625, 45.85176048817254 ], [ -97.31689453125, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -97.152099609375, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.96533203125, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.88842773437499, 45.78284835197676 ], [ -96.767578125, 45.71385093029221 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.40502929687499, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.15234375, 45.60635207711834 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.92822950933618 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 46.13417004624326 ], [ -95.833740234375, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -95.723876953125, 46.07323062540838 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 46.126556302418514 ], [ -95.526123046875, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.31658418182218 ], [ -95.284423828125, 46.52863469527167 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.702202151643455 ], [ -95.2734375, 46.875213396722685 ], [ -95.29541015625, 47.08508535995384 ], [ -95.2734375, 47.19717795172789 ], [ -95.284423828125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -95.25146484374999, 47.44294999517949 ], [ -95.086669921875, 47.56170075451973 ], [ -94.95483398437499, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -94.58129882812499, 47.65058757118734 ], [ -94.3505859375, 47.76148371616669 ], [ -94.19677734375, 47.857402894658236 ], [ -93.9990234375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -94.02099609375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -94.19677734375, 48.23199134320962 ], [ -94.33959960937499, 48.32703913063476 ], [ -94.625244140625, 48.31973404047173 ], [ -95.00976562499999, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.1416015625, 48.45106561953216 ], [ -95.07568359375, 48.596592251456705 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.61838518688487 ], [ -95.350341796875, 48.65468584817256 ], [ -95.372314453125, 48.741700879765396 ], [ -95.3173828125, 48.821332549646634 ], [ -95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db67a09e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldstein, R. M.","contributorId":98305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldstein","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26034,"text":"wri954083 - 1995 - Summary statistics and trend analysis of water-quality data at sites in the Gila River basin, New Mexico and Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:33","indexId":"wri954083","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4083","title":"Summary statistics and trend analysis of water-quality data at sites in the Gila River basin, New Mexico and Arizona","docAbstract":"Summary statistics and temporal trends for 19 water-chemistry constituents and for turbidity were computed for 13 study sites in the Gila River basin, Arizona and New Mexico. A nonparametric technique, the seasonal Kendall tau test for flow-adjusted data, was used to analyze temporal changes in water-chemistry data. For the 19 selected constituents and turbidity, decreasing trends in concentrations outnumbered increasing trends by more than two to one. Decreasing trends in concentrations of constituents were found for 49 data sets at the 13 study sites. Gila River at Calva and Gila River above diversions, at Gillespie Dam (eight each) had the most decreasing trends for individual sites. The largest number of decreasing trends measured for a constituent was six for dissolved lead. The next largest number of decreasing trends for a constituent was for dissolved solids and total manganese (five each). Hardness, dissolved sodium, and dissolved chloride had decreasing trends at four of the study sites. Increasing trends in concen- trations of constituents were found for 24 data sets at the 13 study sites. The largest number of increasing trends measured for a single constituent was for pH (four), dissolved sulfate (three), dissolved chromium (three) and total manganese (three). Increased concentrations of constituents generally were found in three areas in the basin-at Pinal Creek above Inspiration Dam, at sites above reservoirs, and at sites on the main stem of the Gila River from Gillespie Dam to the mouth.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954083","usgsCitation":"Baldys, S., Ham, L.K., and Fossum, K., 1995, Summary statistics and trend analysis of water-quality data at sites in the Gila River basin, New Mexico and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4083, v, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954083.","productDescription":"v, 86 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4083/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54815,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4083/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db6978b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baldys, Stanley sbaldys@usgs.gov","contributorId":3366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldys","given":"Stanley","email":"sbaldys@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ham, L. K.","contributorId":13276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ham","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fossum, K. D.","contributorId":63420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fossum","given":"K. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":28022,"text":"wri944111 - 1995 - Hydrologic assessment of a riparian section along Boulder Creek near Boulder, Colorado, September 1989-September 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T19:50:54.466113","indexId":"wri944111","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4111","title":"Hydrologic assessment of a riparian section along Boulder Creek near Boulder, Colorado, September 1989-September 1991","docAbstract":"Native woody riparian species, primarily plains cottonwood (Populus fremontii), are regenerating at less than historical rates along Boulder Creek, a regulated stream near Boulder, Colorado. Loss of native riparian habitats might cause a decline in numbers of some native wildlife species. Previous studies have indicated that streamflow regulation can adversely affect native riparian vegetation reproduction. Surface- and ground-water data were collected from September 1989 to September 1991 along a riparian section of Boulder Creek to assist ecologists in assessing woody plant-recruitment characteristics. Annual mean streamflows in Boulder Creek at Cottonwood Grove of 34.5 cubic feet per second for water year 1990 (October 1, 1989- September 30, 1990) and 34.1 cubic feet per second for water year 1991 were 53 percent less than a site on Boulder Creek about 5 miles upstream from the study area. Diversions dating from 1882 caused most of the decrease. The alluvial aquifer in the study area averaged 5 feet in thickness and consisted of gravel- to cobble-size particles derived from crystalline rock of Precambrian age. The direction of ground-water movement was similar to the direction of streamflow. Ground-water movement in the northeastern part of the grove was affected by a pond constructed at a lower elevation than the stream channel. Water levels in the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the stream pre- dominantly were affected by stream stage, whereas farther from the channel, ground-water levels were affected by other processes such as evapotrans- piration, infiltration, and recharge from urban runoff.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944111","usgsCitation":"Kimbrough, R., 1995, Hydrologic assessment of a riparian section along Boulder Creek near Boulder, Colorado, September 1989-September 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4111, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944111.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414122,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48002.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56858,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4111/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123945,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4111/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Boulder","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.2439,\n 40.0236\n ],\n [\n -105.2439,\n 40.0167\n ],\n [\n -105.2292,\n 40.0167\n ],\n [\n -105.2292,\n 40.0236\n ],\n [\n -105.2439,\n 40.0236\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6116d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kimbrough, Robert","contributorId":101704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kimbrough","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":18017,"text":"ofr95142 - 1995 - Results of geophysical surveys of glacial deposits near a former waste-disposal site, Nashua, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr95142","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-142","title":"Results of geophysical surveys of glacial deposits near a former waste-disposal site, Nashua, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Geophysical investigations were done near a former waste-disposal site in Nashua, New Hampshire to determine the thickness and infer hydraulic characteristics of the glacial sediments that underlie the area. Approximately 5 miles of ground- penetrating radar (GPR) data were collected in the study area by use of dual-80 Megahertz antennas. Three distinct radar-reflection signatures were evident from the data and are interpreted to represent (1) glacial lake-bottom sediments, (2) coarse sand and gravel and (or) sandy glacial till, and (3) bedrock. The GPR signal penetrated as much as 70 feet of sediment in coarse-grained areas, but penetration depth was generally less than 40 feet in extensive areas of fine-grained deposits. Geologic features were evident in many of the profiles. Glacial-lake-bottom sediments were the most common features identified. Other features include deltas deposited in glacial Lake Nashua and lobate fans of sediment deposited subaqueously at the distal end of deltaic sediments. Cross-bedded sands were often identifiable in the deltaic sediments. Seismic-refraction data were also collected at five of the GPR data sites. In most cases, depths to the water table and to the till and (or) bedrock surface indicated by the seismic-refraction data compared favorably with depths calculated from the GPR data. Test holes were drilled at three locations to determine the true depths to radar reflectors and to determine the types of geologic material represented by the various reflectors.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95142","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Dorgan, T.H., 1995, Results of geophysical surveys of glacial deposits near a former waste-disposal site, Nashua, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-142, iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95142.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0142/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0142/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaee4b07f02db66c812","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":178382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorgan, Tracy H.","contributorId":10447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorgan","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18019,"text":"ofr95363 - 1995 - Geohydrology of the Flints Pond Aquifer, Hollis, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:23","indexId":"ofr95363","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-363","title":"Geohydrology of the Flints Pond Aquifer, Hollis, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Flints pond has been subjected to accelerated eutrophication as a result of watershed development (building of new homes and conversion of summer cottages into permanent homes) since the 1930's. Ground-water flow is the primary recharge and discharge mechanism for Flints Pond. The saturated thickness, transmissive properties, and altitude of the water table were determined by use of surface geophysics, test drilling, and aquifer-test data. Information on the geohydrology of the adjacent Flints Pond aquifer can be used in developing a water and nutrient budget for the pond-aquifer system. Ground-penetrating-radar surveys were done over more than 4 miles of the study area and on Flints Pond. Three distinct reflection signatures were commonly identifiable on the radar profiles: (1) thin, relatively flat-lying, continuous reflectors that represent fine-grained lacustrine sediment; (2) subparallel to hummocky and chaotic, coarse-grained reflectors that possibly represent coarse-grained ice-contact deposits or deltaic sediments in a lacustrine environment; and (3) sharply diffracted, fine-grained, chaotic reflectors that represent till and (or) till over bedrock. The saturated thickness of the aquifer exceeds 90 feet in the northern end of the study area and averages 30 to 50 feet in the southern and eastern parts. The saturated thickness of the western part is generally less than 10 feet. Test borings were completed at 19 sites and 13 wells (6 of which were nested pairs) were installed in various lithologic units. A water-table map, constructed from data collected in November 1994, represents average water-table conditions in the aquifer. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities calculated from single-well aquifer test data for stratified drift range from 2.8 to 226 feet per day. Hydraulic conductivities were quantitatively correlated with the reflector signatures produced with ground-penetrating radar so that transmissivities could be inferred for areas where well data were unavailable but where ground- penetrating-radar surveys were done. A saturated- thickness and transmissivity map for the aquifer shows that transmissivities exceeds 3,000 feet squared per day in the southern and east-central parts of the aquifer. Transmissivity ranges from 1,000 to 2,000 feet squared per day in the northern part of the aquifer and is generally less than 1,000 feet squared per day in the western part.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95363","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Dorgan, T.H., 1995, Geohydrology of the Flints Pond Aquifer, Hollis, New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-363, v, 23 p. ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95363.","productDescription":"v, 23 p. ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151252,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0363/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47266,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0363/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a89c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":178385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dorgan, Tracy H.","contributorId":10447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorgan","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":16879,"text":"ofr95485 - 1995 - Analytical results for soil samples and plots of results of R-mode factor analysis of soil and soil-gas data; Dixie Valley Known Geothermal Resource Area, northern Dixie Valley, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:10","indexId":"ofr95485","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-485","title":"Analytical results for soil samples and plots of results of R-mode factor analysis of soil and soil-gas data; Dixie Valley Known Geothermal Resource Area, northern Dixie Valley, Nevada","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95485","usgsCitation":"Hinkle, M., Briggs, P., Motooka, J.M., and Knight, R.J., 1995, Analytical results for soil samples and plots of results of R-mode factor analysis of soil and soil-gas data; Dixie Valley Known Geothermal Resource Area, northern Dixie Valley, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-485, 35 p. :maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95485.","productDescription":"35 p. :maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":149467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0485/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":45992,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0485/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67ca2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hinkle, Margaret","contributorId":36918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinkle","given":"Margaret","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, Paul H.","contributorId":107691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"Paul H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Motooka, J. M.","contributorId":8834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motooka","given":"J.","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knight, R. J.","contributorId":96255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":18789,"text":"ofr95269 - 1995 - Merging of analog and digital data in the Northern California Seismic Network, and characteristics of the principal seismic systems it employs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:35","indexId":"ofr95269","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-269","title":"Merging of analog and digital data in the Northern California Seismic Network, and characteristics of the principal seismic systems it employs","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95269","usgsCitation":"Eaton, J.P., 1995, Merging of analog and digital data in the Northern California Seismic Network, and characteristics of the principal seismic systems it employs: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-269, 28 p. ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95269.","productDescription":"28 p. ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152512,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0269/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48159,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0269/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624ee1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eaton, Jerry P.","contributorId":22341,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27131,"text":"wri954085 - 1995 - User's manual for ANNIE, version 2, a computer program for interactive hydrologic data management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:41","indexId":"wri954085","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4085","title":"User's manual for ANNIE, version 2, a computer program for interactive hydrologic data management","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954085","usgsCitation":"Flynn, K., Hummel, P., Lumb, A., and Kittle, J., 1995, User's manual for ANNIE, version 2, a computer program for interactive hydrologic data management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4085, iv, 211 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954085.","productDescription":"iv, 211 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4085/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55991,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4085/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603deb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Flynn, K.M.","contributorId":57503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flynn","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hummel, P.R.","contributorId":73642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hummel","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lumb, A.M.","contributorId":70019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumb","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kittle, J.L. Jr.","contributorId":89574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittle","given":"J.L.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":28574,"text":"wri954006 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Summary of aquatic biological data for surface water through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:53:07.085002","indexId":"wri954006","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4006","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Summary of aquatic biological data for surface water through 1992","docAbstract":"The 35,800-square-mile upper Snake River Basin in eastern Idaho and western Wyoming was one of 20 areas selected for water-quality study under the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. As part of the initial phase of the study, data were compiled to describe the current (1992) and historical aquatic biological conditions of surface water in the basin. This description of natural and human environmental factors that affect aquatic life provides the framework for evaluating the status and trends of aquatic biological conditions in streams of the basins. Water resource development and stream alterations, irrigated agriculture, grazing, aquaculture, and species introductions have affected stream biota in the upper Snake River Basin. Cumulative effects of these activities have greatly altered cold-water habitat and aquatic life in the middle Snake River reach (Milner Dam to King Hill). Most of the aquatic Species of Special Concern in the basin , consisting of eight native mollusks and three native fish species, are in this reach of the Snake River. Selected long-term studies, including comprehensive monitoring on Rock Creek, have shown reduced pollutant loadings as a result of implementing practice on cropland; however, aquatic life remains affected by agricultural land use. Community level biological data are lacking for most of the streams in the basin, especially for large river. Aquatic life used to assess water quality of the basin includes primarily macroinvertebrate and fish communities. At least 26 different macroinvertebrate and fish community metrics have been utilized to assess water quality of the basin. Eight species of macroinvertebrates and fish are recognized as Species of Special Concern. The native fish faunas of the basin are composed primarily of cold-water species representing 5 families and 26 species. An additional 13 fish species have been introduced to the basin. Concentrations of synthetic organic compounds and trace-element contaminants in whole fish collected in the basin during 1970-90 generally did not exceed National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering concentration guidelines or the 1980-81 geometric mean concentrations from samples collected as part of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program. Currently, there are no State fish consumption advisories on any streams in the basin, The organochlorine compounds DDT and PCB's were the most frequently detected fish tissue contaminant. Selected long-term data on DDT, its metabolites, and PCB's indicate decreasing concentrations of these compounds. Arsenic, mercury, and selenium were slightly elevated compared with nationwide baseline concentrations and may indicate bioaccumularion in the food chain. Concentrations of most other trace elements in fish tissue were below levels of concerns for the protection of humans and wildlife.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954006","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Summary of aquatic biological data for surface water through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4006, vii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954006.","productDescription":"vii, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393018,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48129.htm"},{"id":57400,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4006/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.0833,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 44.5833\n ],\n [\n -115.0833,\n 44.5833\n ],\n [\n -115.0833,\n 41.6667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e695b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":19130,"text":"ofr95597 - 1995 - Geologic map of the Hayward fault zone, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties, California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:31:01.871103","indexId":"ofr95597","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-597","title":"Geologic map of the Hayward fault zone, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties, California: A digital database","docAbstract":"The Hayward is one of three major fault zones of the San Andreas system that have produced large historic earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area (the others being the San Andreas and Calaveras). Severe earthquakes were generated by this fault zone in 1836 and in 1868, and several large earthquakes have been recorded since 1868. The Hayward fault zone is considered to be the most probable source of a major earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area, as much as 28% chance for a magnitude 7 earthquake before the year 2021 (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1990).
\nThe Hayward fault zone, as described in this work, is a zone of highly deformed rocks, trending north 30 degrees west and ranging in width from about 2 to 10 kilometers. The historic earthquake generating activity has been concentrated in the western portion of the zone, but the zone as a whole reflects deformation derived from oblique right-lateral and compressive tectonic stress along a significant upper crustal discontinuity for the past 10 million or more years.
\nThe Hayward fault zone is bounded on the east by a series of faults that demarcate the beginning of one or more structural blocks containing rocks and structures unrelated to the Hayward fault zone. The eastern bounding faults are, from the south, the Calaveras, Stonybrook, Palomares, Miller Creek, and Moraga faults. These faults are not considered to be part of the Hayward fault zone, although they are shown on the map to demarcate its boundary. The western boundary of the zone is less clearly defined, because the alluvium of the San Francisco Bay and Santa Clara Valley basins obscures bedrock and structural relationships. Although several of the westernmost faults in the zone clearly project under or through the alluvium, the western boundary of the fault is generally considered to be the westernmost mapped fault, which corresponds more or less with the margin of thick unconsolidated surficial deposits. The Hayward fault zone is truncated to the south by the Calaveras fault, which trends about north 10 west, and so forms an oblique east and south boundary. All of the faults within the southern part of the zone probably splay into the Calaveras fault. The northern margin of the zone as dealt with herein is San Pablo Bay, but the zone of deformation undoubtedly continues north of the Bay through the area bounded by the Rodgers Creek and Tolay faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95597","usgsCitation":"Graymer, R., Jones, D.L., and Brabb, E.E., 1995, Geologic map of the Hayward fault zone, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties, California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-597, Pamphlet: 10 p.; 4 Sheets: 34.0 x 45.0 inches or smaller; Readme; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95597.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 10 p.; 4 Sheets: 34.0 x 45.0 inches or smaller; Readme; Database","numberOfPages":"10","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284040,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfnplt.pdf"},{"id":284042,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/images/hfmap.jpg"},{"id":284039,"rank":10,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/hf_g1.ReadMe"},{"id":284045,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/hfps.tar.Z"},{"id":7863,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284043,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hf-fplt.pdf"},{"id":284044,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/hf_g1.tar.Z"},{"id":284047,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfgeo.pdf"},{"id":284046,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfdb.pdf"},{"id":284041,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfsplt.pdf"}],"scale":"50000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County, Contra Costa County, Santa Clara County","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault Zone, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.4976,37.0004 ], [ -122.4976,38.1151 ], [ -121.4951,38.1151 ], [ -121.4951,37.0004 ], [ -122.4976,37.0004 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":18966,"text":"ofr94709W - 1995 - Statistical summaries of surface-water hydrologic data collected in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida, 1906-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-08-29T07:48:08","indexId":"ofr94709W","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-709","chapter":"W","title":"Statistical summaries of surface-water hydrologic data collected in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida, 1906-93","docAbstract":"Since 1906, hydrologic data have been collected systematically on streams and lakes in the Suwannee River Water Management District (SRWMD) by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the SRWMD, and other agencies. Records of stream discharge and stream and lake stage in the SRWMD (fig. 1), collected largely in cooperation with the SRWMD since 1975, have been published for many years in the USGS annual report series \"Water Resources Data for Florida.\"
Streamflow and stream and lake elevation statistics are given in this report for sites shown in figure 1. All 27 daily streamflow stations shown are (or were) operated by the USGS in cooperation with the SRWMD; all 18 lake stage stations shown are now (1994) operated by the SRWMD, but were operated until the late 1970’s by the USGS in cooperation with the SRWMD. All unregulated stream stations which have three or more years of continuous record are included in this report. All unregulated lake stations having at least three years of intermittent lake elevation readings are also included. There are many other sites in the SRWMD for which shorter records or miscellaneous measurements are available but are not included because statistical summaries for such stations require interpretive analysis beyond the scope of this report.
Basic hydrologic data have long been recognized as fundamental to the analysis of magnitude and frequency of floods, availability of water supplies, potential for reservoir storage, and permitting of waste discharges. Also, in recent times, scientists and water managers have become more aware of the complex relations between flows and water levels and the terrestrial and aquatic plant and animal life in wetland ecosystems. In 1994, the SRWMD and the USGS began a long-term program of cooperative studies designed to better understand minimum and maximum flow and water levels needed to manage the surface and ground water resources of the District and maintain or improve the various ecosystems therein. Information presented in this report, together with frequency analysis of station data, flow regionalization, studies of the relation of salinity to flow in the lower Suwannee River, definition of ground-water surface-water interactions, surface- and ground-water quality studies, and studies of interaction between surface-water bodies and wetlands, will provide the basis for the SRWMD to establish minimum flow and level requirements for streams and lakes in the SRWMD area.
This report is a necessary first step in the longterm program of study because it contains basic stream discharge and stream and lake elevation statistics, most of which are not contained in the annual report \"Water Resources Data for Florida.\" These statistics, most of which were generated using a U.S. Geological Survey computer program, ADAPS, Automatic Data Processing System, characterize normal flows and levels and departures from normal due to floods and droughts or seasonal climatic variations. Specifically, the report presents for the period of record of each stream or lake gaging station, as appropriate:
For convenience, a GLOSSARY of commonly used terms related to the collection and reporting of surface-water elevations and discharge is included before the Introduction section of this report.
The authors wish to acknowledge Natalie Rackley, formerly of the U.S. Geological Survey, and T.W. Grubbs, U.S. Geological Survey, for their computer assistance in the compilation of station records, and Jim Tomberlin, U.S. Geological Survey, for the mapping of stream and lake gaging stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94709W","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Suwannee River Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Franklin, M., Giese, G.L., and Mixson, P., 1995, Statistical summaries of surface-water hydrologic data collected in the Suwannee River Water Management District, Florida, 1906-93: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-709, viii, 173 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94709W.","productDescription":"viii, 173 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151500,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709w/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48377,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0709w/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River Water Management District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -84,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -82,\n 30.7\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 30.7\n ],\n [\n -84,\n 29\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dce4b07f02db5e14a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franklin, M.A.","contributorId":13631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franklin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Giese, G. L.","contributorId":44898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Giese","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mixson, P.R.","contributorId":89556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mixson","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":19500,"text":"ofr94494 - 1995 - Data from the Woodland land-subsidence monitoring station, Yolo County, California, water years 1988-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:37","indexId":"ofr94494","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-494","title":"Data from the Woodland land-subsidence monitoring station, Yolo County, California, water years 1988-92","docAbstract":"A land-subsidence monitoring study was initiated in 1985 for the purpose of collecting data in Sacramento Valley, California, to document land-surface subsidence and to measure sediment compaction in response to ground-water pumping. Lithologic and geophysical logs obtained from the deeper of two boreholes drilled in 1987 near Woodland, California, are presented. The results of geotechnical and hydraulic laboratory tests on four sediment core samples extracted at 137, 151, 301, and 474 feet below land surface from a third borehole, drilled in 1990, are also reported. Construction of the extensometer well and the piezometer wells and equipment installed in the boreholes are described and illustrated. Data measured or recorded at the Woodland land- subsidence monitoring station from December 1987 through September 1992 are presented in tabular and graphic formats. These data include water levels from five piezometers, barometric pressure, and cumulative net sediment compaction.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/ofr94494","usgsCitation":"Ikehara, M.E., 1995, Data from the Woodland land-subsidence monitoring station, Yolo County, California, water years 1988-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-494, vi, 77 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94494.","productDescription":"vi, 77 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0494/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":48960,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0494/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c899","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ikehara, M. E.","contributorId":40977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ikehara","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30094,"text":"wri954005 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:38:41.200733","indexId":"wri954005","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4005","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990","docAbstract":"Data describing the presence, spatial distribution, and temporal variability of nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water were collected from streams in the upper Illinois River Basin from 1987-90 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The largest concen- trations and loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed in streams in the urban areas of the basin. Mean annual loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus leaving the upper Illinois River Basin accounted for 30 and 4 percent, respectively, of the input of these nutrients to the basin. Upward trends in total nitrogen concen- trations from 1978-90 were observed at three surface-water sampling stations, and downward trends in total phosphorus concentrations were observed at two stations. Median dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.4 to 12.2 milligrams per liter at eight long-term monitoring stations in the basin. During low-flow conditions, dissolved oxygen concentrations at 59 percent of the sites in the agricultural Kankakee River Basin and 49 percent of the sites in the urban Des Plaines River Basin were less than the Illinois water-quality standard of 5.0 milligrams per liter. Upward trends in dissolved oxygen concentrations were indicated at the two most downstream stations in the upper Illinois River Basin. Fecal-coliform densities at the fixed stations ranged from 1 to 45,000 colonies per 100 milliliters; stream-water samples from the Des Plaines River Basin typically had densities one or two orders of magnitude larger than samples from the rest of the Upper Illinois River Basin. Between 30 and 100 percent of the samples collected at surface-water sampling stations in the Des Plaines River Basin had densities of E.Coli greater than the Federal criteria for infrequently used full-body- contact water. Significant downward trends in bacteria densities were observed at three of the surface-water-monitoring stations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954005","usgsCitation":"Terrio, P.J., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4005, vii, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954005.","productDescription":"vii, 79 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393016,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48128.htm"},{"id":58908,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4005/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 40.4667\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 40.4667\n ],\n [\n -86,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 43.1\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 40.4667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db545177","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terrio, P. J.","contributorId":11645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terrio","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30056,"text":"wri954062 - 1995 - Quality of water and chemistry of bottom sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1992-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:51","indexId":"wri954062","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4062","title":"Quality of water and chemistry of bottom sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1992-93","docAbstract":"Physical and chemical data were collected from four surface-water sites, six ground-water sites, and two bottom-sediment sites during 1992-93. Specific conductance, hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved- solids concentrations generally were higher in ground water than in surface water. The median concentrations of dissolved major ions, with the exception of potassium, were higher in ground water than in surface water. In surface water and ground water, calcium was the dominant cation, and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. Concentrations of dissolved nitrite and nitrite plus nitrate in surface water and ground water did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels of 1 and 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water, respectively. Ammonium plus organic nitrogen in bottom sediment was detected at the highest concentration of any nitrogen species. Median values for most of the dissolved trace elements in surface water and ground water were below the detection levels. Dissolved trace elements in surface water and ground water did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels for drinking water. Trace-element concentrations in bottom sediment were similar to trace-element concentrations reported for soils of the western conterminous United States. Several organochlorine pesticides and priority pollutants were detected in surface-water and bottom-sediment samples; however, they did not exceed water-quality standards. Pesticides or priority pollutants were not detected in ground-water samples.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954062","usgsCitation":"Tadayon, S., 1995, Quality of water and chemistry of bottom sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4062, iv, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954062.","productDescription":"iv, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4062/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58866,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cbe1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tadayon, Saeid stadayon@usgs.gov","contributorId":2928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tadayon","given":"Saeid","email":"stadayon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":202604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29817,"text":"wri954038 - 1995 - Geology and hydrogeology of Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad, Bee and Goliad counties, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:48:34","indexId":"wri954038","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4038","title":"Geology and hydrogeology of Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad, Bee and Goliad counties, Texas","docAbstract":"The geologic formations that crop out near Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad military bases consist of fluvial to fluvial-deltaic sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary age. These formations include the Fleming and Goliad Formations of Miocene age, Lissie Formation of Pleistocene age, fluvial terrace deposits of Pleistocene to Holocene age, and alluvium of Holocene age. The lithology of these formations consists of sand, sandstone, silt, and clay, with lesser amounts of gravel and caliche in the outcrops.
\nThe freshwater aquifers underlying the study area are the unconfined Evangeline (watertable) aquifer, comprising the upper sandy parts of the Fleming Formation and Goliad Formation, and confined Fleming aquifers, comprising the thick sandstone beds of the Fleming Formation. Both military bases withdraw potable water from one of the confined aquifers. At Naval Air Station Chase Field, the transmissivity and storativity of the confined aquifer where the base withdraws its public water supply are 1,060 feet squared per day and 1.2x10-4, respectively, as computed from the results of a 74-hour constant-discharge aquifer test. Selected water-quality field measurements of specific conductance, pH, and temperature indicate that each of the three aquifers at Naval Air Station Chase Field are somewhat insulated from one another by the intervening confining units.
\nLarge vertical hydraulic-head gradients are present between the unconfined Evangeline aquifer and confined Fleming aquifers at Naval Air Station Chase Field and Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Goliad. These gradients, together with the results of the aquifer test at Naval Air Station Chase Field and assumed characteristics of the confining units, indicate that downward flow of ground water probably occurs from the water-table aquifer to the underlying aquifers. The rate of downward flow between the two confined Fleming aquifers (from A-sand to B-sand) can be approximated using an estimate of vertical hydraulic conductivity of the intervening confining unit obtained from assumed storage characteristics and data from the aquifer test. Under the relatively high vertical hydraulic-head gradient induced by the aquifer test, ground-water movement from the A-sand aquifer to the B-sand aquifer could require about 490 years; and about 730 years under the natural gradient. Future increases in ground-water withdrawals from the B-sand aquifer might increase downward flow in the aquifer system of the study area.
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