{"pageNumber":"1323","pageRowStart":"33050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":26733,"text":"wri944253 - 1995 - Geochemistry of ground water in the Gallup, Dakota, and Morrison aquifers, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri944253","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4253","title":"Geochemistry of ground water in the Gallup, Dakota, and Morrison aquifers, San Juan Basin, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Ground water was sampled from wells completed in the Gallup,\r\nDakota, and Morrison aquifers in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico,\r\nto examine controls on solute concentrations. Samples were \r\ncollected from 38 wells primarily from the Morrison aquifer (25 \r\nwells) in the northwestern part of the basin. A series of samples\r\nwas collected along ground-water flow paths; dissolved \r\nconstituents varied horizontally and vertically.\r\n\r\n     The understanding of the flow system changed as a result of\r\nthe geochemical analyses. The conceptual model of the flow system in\r\nthe Morrison aquifer prior to the study reported here assumed the\r\nWestwater Canyon Member of the Morrison aquifer as the only \r\nsignificant regional aquifer; flow was assumed to be two \r\ndimensional; and vertical leakage was assumed to be negligible.\r\nThe geochemical results indicate that the Westwater Canyon Member\r\nis not the only major water-yielding zone and that the flow\r\nsystem is three dimensional. The data presented in this report \r\nsuggest an upward component of flow into the Morrison aquifer. The \r\nentire section above and below the Morrison aquifer appears to be \r\ncontrolled by a three-dimensional flow regime where saline brine\r\nleaks near the San Juan River discharge area.\r\n\r\n     Predominant ions in the Gallup aquifer were calcium\r\nbicarbonate in recharge areas and sodium sulfate in discharge areas.  \r\nIn the Dakota aquifer, predominant ions were sodium bicarbonate and\r\nsodium sulfate. Water in the Morrison aquifer was predominantly sodium \r\nbicarbonate in the recharge area, changing to sodium sulfate \r\ndowngradient.\r\n\r\n     Chemical and radioisotopic data indicate that water from \r\noverlying and underlying units mixes with recharge water in the \r\nMorrison aquifer. Recharge water contained a large ratio of \r\nchlorine-36 to chlorine and a small ratio of bromide to chloride.\r\nApproximately 10 miles downgradient, samples from four wells \r\ncompleted in the Morrison aquifer were considerably different in\r\ncomposition compared to recharge samples. Oxygen stable isotopes\r\ndecreased by 2.8 per mil and deuterium decreased 26 per mil, \r\nrelative to recharge. Carbon-14 radioisotope activities were not\r\ndetectable. Chloride-36 radioisotope ratios were small and\r\nbromide to chloride concentration ratios were large. These results\r\nsuggest two potentially viable processes: ion filtration or trapping of\r\nancient dilute water recharged under a humid climate. For water\r\nsamples near the San Juan River, pH decreased to about 8.0, \r\nchloride concentrations increased to more than 100 milligrams per\r\nliter, and ratios of chlorine-36 to chlorine and bromide to \r\nchloride were small. Leakage of deep basin brine into the fresher\r\nwater of the Morrison aquifer appears to control ion concentrations.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, [Water Resources Division, New Mexico District] ;\r\nCan be purchased from U.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section,","doi":"10.3133/wri944253","usgsCitation":"Dam, W.L., 1995, Geochemistry of ground water in the Gallup, Dakota, and Morrison aquifers, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4253, vii, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944253.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":125156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4253/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55609,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4253/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6aaeb3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dam, W. L.","contributorId":100890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dam","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29174,"text":"wri954205 - 1995 - Processes controlling dissolved oxygen and pH in the upper Willamette River basin, Oregon, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:35:34","indexId":"wri954205","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4205","title":"Processes controlling dissolved oxygen and pH in the upper Willamette River basin, Oregon, 1994","docAbstract":"<p>In July and August of 1994, the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) collected data to document the spatial extent and diel variability of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and pH levels in selected reaches of streams in the upper Willamette River Basin. These data were also collected to identify primary factors that control DO concentrations downstream from major point sources as well as to provide ODEQ with data to refine calibration of their steady-state DO and nutrient models for the upper Willamette River Basin. All of the reaches studied had diel variations in DO and pH. The magnitude of the diel variations in DO ranged from 0.2 to 3.9 milligrams per liter (7 to 50 percent-saturation units based on ambient water temperature and barometric pressure) and in pH from 0.3 to 1.4 units. However, of the reaches studied, only the Coast Fork Willamette River from river mile (RM) 21.7 to 12.5 and the Willamette River from RM 151 to 141.6 had field measured violations of State standards for DO and pH. DO concentration and pH in water depend on many factors. Data were collected to examine several major factors, including BOD (biochemical oxygen demand), carbonaceous BOD, nitrogenous BOD, and measures of photosynthetic activity. Of the four study reaches, only a short stretch of the Coast Fork Willamette River has potential for important levels of oxygen consumption from BOD or nitrification. Additionally, water-column primary-productivity measurements indicated that respiration and photosynthesis by free-floating algae did not explain the observed diel variations in DO in the study reaches. Results from a simple mathematical model incorporating measures of community respiration and net primary productivities indicated that periphyton are capable of producing a diel variation of the order of magnitude observed during the August study period. In the Willamette River near Peoria, the combined periphyton DO consumption and production estimate at RM 151 (2.4 mg/L) and RM 144.6 (1.7 mg/L) would account for 90 and 63 percent, respectively, of the observed diel fluctuation. The estimates for the Corvallis reach at RM 132.6 (0.4 mg/L) and RM 130.7 (2.9 mg/L) had a considerably larger range of 36 to 264 percent of DO saturation, respectively. Therefore, because BOD and phytoplankton do not appear to be important contributors to diel DO fluctuations, periphyton are likely the primary contributor to diel fluctuations in the upper Willamette River Basin during July and August.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Portland, OR","doi":"10.3133/wri954205","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Oregon Department of Environmental Quality and Willamette River Technical Advisory Steering Committee","usgsCitation":"Pogue, T.R., and Anderson, C., 1995, Processes controlling dissolved oxygen and pH in the upper Willamette River basin, Oregon, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4205, iv, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954205.","productDescription":"iv, 71 p.","numberOfPages":"77","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1994-01-01","temporalEnd":"1994-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58047,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4205/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4205/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.914794921875,\n              42.85985981506279\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.914794921875,\n              45.62172169252446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.025390625,\n              45.62172169252446\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.025390625,\n              42.85985981506279\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.914794921875,\n              42.85985981506279\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65e508","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pogue, Ted R. Jr.","contributorId":13998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pogue","given":"Ted","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, Chauncey W. 0000-0002-1016-3781 chauncey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1016-3781","contributorId":1151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Chauncey W.","email":"chauncey@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":201083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22412,"text":"ofr95637 - 1995 - Organic geochemical analysis and thermochronologic modeling of potential petroleum source rocks in the Malheur, Jordan and Andrews resource areas, southeastern Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:05","indexId":"ofr95637","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-637","title":"Organic geochemical analysis and thermochronologic modeling of potential petroleum source rocks in the Malheur, Jordan and Andrews resource areas, southeastern Oregon","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\n[Books and Open-File Reports Section, distributor,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95637","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Barker, C., 1995, Organic geochemical analysis and thermochronologic modeling of potential petroleum source rocks in the Malheur, Jordan and Andrews resource areas, southeastern Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-637, 44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95637.","productDescription":"44 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155610,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0637/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51957,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0637/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68ad84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barker, C.E.","contributorId":69991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"C.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":23884,"text":"ofr95426 - 1995 - Potential hazards from flood in part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins, Pinnacles National Monument, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:07","indexId":"ofr95426","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-426","title":"Potential hazards from flood in part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins, Pinnacles National Monument, California","docAbstract":"Areas of Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins in Pinnacles National Monument, California, are subject to frontal storms that can cause major flooding from November to April in areas designated for public use. To enhance visitor safety and to protect cultural and natural resources, the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the National Park Service studied flood-hazard potentials within the boundaries of the Pinnacles National Monument. This study area extends from about a quarter of a mile north of Chalone Creek Campground to the mouth of Bear Valley and from the east monument entrance to Chalone Creek. Historical data of precipitation and floodflow within the monument area are sparse to nonexistent, therefore, U.S. Soil Conservation Service unit-hydrograph procedures were used to determine the magnitude of a 100-year flood. Because of a lack of specific storm-rainfall data, a simulated storm was applied to the basins using a digital-computer model developed by the Soil Conservation Service. A graphical relation was used to define the regionally based maximum flood for Chalone Creek and Bear Valley. Water-surface elevations and inundation areas were determined using a conventional step-backwater program. Flood-zone boundaries were derived from the computed water-surface elevations. The 100-year flood plain for both streams would be inundated at all points by the regional maximum flood. Most of the buildings and proposed building sites in the monument area are above the elevation of the 100-year flood, except the proposed building sites near the horse corral and the east monument entrance. The 100-year flood may cause reverse flow through a 12-inch culvert embedded in the embankment of Old Pinnacles Campground Road in the center of Chalone Creek Campground. The likelihood of this occurring is dependant upon the amount of aggradation that occurs upstream; therefore, the campground area also is considered to be within the 100-year flood zone.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95426","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.W., 1995, Potential hazards from flood in part of the Chalone Creek and Bear Valley drainage basins, Pinnacles National Monument, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-426, iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95426.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":156539,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0426/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19487,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0426/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0426/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6832d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, Robert W.","contributorId":69601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28757,"text":"wri944182 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Saco and Ossipee River basins, east-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri944182","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4182","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Saco and Ossipee River basins, east-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Stratified-drift aquifers discontinuously underlie 152.5 square miles of the Saco and Ossipee River Basins, which have a total drainage area of 869.4 square miles. Saturated thicknesses of stratified drift in the study area are locally greater than 280 feet, but generally are less. Transmissivity locally exceeds 8,000 feet squared per day but are generally less. About 93.6 square miles, or 10.8 percent of the study area, are identified as having transmissivity greater than 1,000 feet squared per day. The stratified-drift aquifer in Ossipee, Freedom, Effingham, Madison, and Tamworth was analyzed for the availability of ground water by use of transient simulations and a two-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water-flow model. The numerical -model results indicate that potential available water amounts in this aquifer are 7.72 million gallons per day. Sample results of water- quality analyses obtained from 25 test wells and 4 springs indicated that water was generally suitable for drinking and other domestic purposes. Concen- trations of dissolved constituents in ground-water samples are less than or meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)primary and secondary drinking-water regulations. Concentrations of inorganic constituents that exceeded the USEPA's secondary regulations were chloride and sodium, iron manganese, and fluoride.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944182","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., and Medalie, L., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the Saco and Ossipee River basins, east-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4182, vi, 234 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944182.","productDescription":"vi, 234 p. :ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123665,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4182/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57621,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4182/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57622,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4182/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57623,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4182/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57624,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4182/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57625,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4182/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ba0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, R. B.","contributorId":98720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Medalie, Laura 0000-0002-2440-2149 lmedalie@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-2149","contributorId":3657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medalie","given":"Laura","email":"lmedalie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29682,"text":"wri954114 - 1995 - Water Budget for the Kohala Area, Island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri954114","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4114","title":"Water Budget for the Kohala Area, Island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"Ground-water recharge is estimated as the residual component of a monthly water budget calculated using long-term average rainfall, streamflow and pan evaporation data, and soil and vegetation characteristics. The water-budget components are defined seasonally, through the use of the monthly water budget, and spatially by topographic and geologic areas, through the use of a geographic information system model.\r\n\r\nThe long-term average ground-water recharge for the Kohala area, estimated by water-budget analysis for the topographic areas used in the analysis, is 162 Mgal/d in area A (south windward Kohala), 41 percent of average rainfall; 60 Mgal/d in area B (north windward Kohala), 33 percent of average rainfall; and 24 Mgal/d in area C (leeward Kohala), 13 percent of average rainfall.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954114","usgsCitation":"Shade, P.J., 1995, Water Budget for the Kohala Area, Island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4114, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954114.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160144,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4114/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58510,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4114/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd3f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shade, Patricia J.","contributorId":30618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shade","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25523,"text":"wri944237 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T06:53:59","indexId":"wri944237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4237","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Contaminated ground water is widespread and persistent beneath the Durham Center area in the town of Durham, Conn. Most of the contaminants are organic halides, usually trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene. Less extensive chemical contamination of surface water, soil, and glacial sediments also has been detected. Two manufacturing companies, located at the northern and southern ends of this largely residential area, are believed to be the principal sources of the organic compounds detected in ground water. The contamination of water in the bedrock, the primary source of drinking water throughout the area, is the major environmental concern. Maximum concentrations of trichloroethene in three bed- rock wells range from 4,500 to about 5,500 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Concentrations of trichloroethene greater than 5 mg/L, the maximum contaminant level established for drinking water by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, have regularly been detected in water samples from many other bedrock wells for at least 9 years. The geohydrology of the area is highly complex. Compact lodgment till that is up to 30 feet thick and probably fractured, overlies the bedrock. The bedrock is lithologically heterogeneous, and con- sists mostly of red fluvial sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate; it is locally interbedded with black lacustrine shales and gray sandstones. Lithology and stratigraphy interpreted from borehole-geophysical logs at Durham Center are consistent with the Portland Formation subfacies described in earlier geologic studies. Beds strike nearly north-south and dip gently eastward. At least one high-angle normal fault transects the bedrock; it strikes northeast and dips northwest. Acoustic televiewer logs, measurements at out-crops, and azimuthal, square-array, resistivity data indicate a dominance of northeast-striking fractures that dip steeply northwest and southeast. Less prevalent strike directions are north to east-north-east. The till and sedimentary bedrock are dual-porosity, dual-permeability media. The hydraulic conductivity of the bulk mass of till is believed to be on the order of tenths of a foot per day to about 2.5 feet per day, with a total porosity of about 25 percent and an estimated average fracture porosity of less than 1 percent. The reported transmissivities of the bedrock range from less than 1 to about 17,000 feet squared per day and storativity is generally about 10-4, but the accuracy of these values is uncertain. The intergranular porosity of the sandstone units is estimated to average 5 percent, and estimates of fracture porosity from square-array, resistivity soundings at two sites were 1.1 and 2.7 percent. The bedrock has characteristics of both a single aquifer and a multi-unit, artesian or leaky aquifer system. A local ground-water-flow system that includes the upper part of the bedrock is unconfined. A large- scale flow system in deeper parts of the bedrock has transported organic compounds across topographic drainage divides. Borehole-geophysical logs and head measurements indicate that the natural ground- water-flow system in the bedrock has been altered by drilled wells that connect fractures and by with- drawals from wells. A conceptual model of the movement and fate of organic contaminants suggests that (1) nonaqueous phase organic halides are retained near their source; (2) flow is primarily through fractures in the till and through fractures and bedding-plane openings in the sedimentary rocks; (3) retardation of contaminants occurs primarily by diffusion from fractures into the aquifer matrix; and (4) transport directions of dissolved organic halides are controlled by a combination of natural hydraulic gradients, hydraulic gradients produced by the cyclical pumping of wells, and by the strike directions of bedrock faults, fractures, and bedding planes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944237","usgsCitation":"Melvin, R., Stone, J.R., Craft, P.A., Lane, J., and Davies, B., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4237, v, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944237.","productDescription":"v, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54239,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Middlesex 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R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craft, P. A.","contributorId":102105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craft","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davies, B.S. III","contributorId":72413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"B.S.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":29519,"text":"wri924093 - 1995 - Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T21:33:46.050946","indexId":"wri924093","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4093","title":"Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The Hydrological Simulation Program - Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-mined basins of Fayette County, Pa. Hydrologic data from the Stony Fork Basin (0.93 square miles) was used to calibrate HSPF parameters. The calibrated parameters were applied to an HSPF model of the Poplar Run Basin (8.83 square miles) to evaluate the transfer value of model parameters. The results of this investigation provide information to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Mining and Reclamation, regarding the value of the simulated hydrologic data for use in cumulative hydrologic-impact assessments of surface-mined basins. \r\n     The calibration period was October 1, 1985, through September 30, 1988 (water years 1986-88). The simulated data were representative of the observed data from the Stony Fork Basin. Mean simulated streamflow was 1.64 cubic feet per second compared to measured streamflow of 1.58 cubic feet per second for the 3-year period. The difference between the observed and simulated peak stormflow ranged from 4.0 to 59.7 percent for 12 storms. The simulated sediment load for the 1987 water year was 127.14 tons (0.21 ton per acre), which compares to a measured sediment load of 147.09 tons (0.25 ton per acre). The total simulated suspended-sediment load for the 3-year period was 538.2 tons (0.30 ton per acre per year), which compares to a measured sediment load of 467.61 tons (0.26 ton per acre per year). \r\n\r\n     The model was verified by comparing observed and simulated data from October 1, 1988, through September 30, 1989. The results obtained were comparable to those from the calibration period. The simulated mean daily discharge was representative of the range of data observed from the basin and of the frequency with which specific discharges were equalled or exceeded.\r\n\r\n     The calibrated and verified parameters from the Stony Fork model were applied to an HSPF model of the Poplar Run Basin. The two basins are in a similar physical setting. Data from October 1, 1987, through September 30, 1989, were used to evaluate the Poplar Run model. In general, the results from the Poplar Run model were comparable to those obtained from the Stony Fork model. The difference between observed and simulated total streamflow was 1.1 percent for the 2-year period. The mean annual streamflow simulated by the Poplar Run model was 18.3 cubic feet per second. This compares to an observed streamflow of 18.15 cubic feet per second. For the 2-year period, the simulated sediment load was 2,754 tons (0.24 ton per acre per year), which compares to a measured sediment load of 3,051.2 tons (0.27 ton per acre per year) for the Poplar Run Basin. Cumulative frequency-distribution curves of the observed and simulated streamflow compared well. The comparison between observed and simulated data improved as the time span increased. Simulated annual means and totals were more representative of the observed data than hourly data used in comparing storm events.\r\n\r\n     The structure and organization of the HSPF model facilitated the simulation of a wide range of hydrologic processes. The simulation results from this investigation indicate that model parameters may be transferred to ungaged basins to generate representative hydrologic data through modeling techniques.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924093","usgsCitation":"Sams, J.I., and Witt, E., 1995, Simulation of streamflow and sediment transport in two surface-coal-mined basins in Fayette County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4093, vi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924093.","productDescription":"vi, 52 p.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406891,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47658.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58357,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4093/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4093/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Fayette County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.6,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.425,\n              39.75\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.425,\n              40.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6,\n              40.0667\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.6,\n              39.75\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e492de4b07f02db57ef5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sams, J. I. III","contributorId":50548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sams","given":"J.","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Witt, E. C. III","contributorId":105746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witt","given":"E. C.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":6883,"text":"fs22195 - 1995 - Evaluating barnyard Best Management Practices in Wisconsin using upstream-downstream monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-09-29T09:53:10","indexId":"fs22195","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"221-95","title":"Evaluating barnyard Best Management Practices in Wisconsin using upstream-downstream monitoring","docAbstract":"<p>The Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program was created in 1978 by the Wisconsin Legislature. The goal of the program is to improve and protect the water quality of lakes, streams, wetlands, and ground water within selected priority watersheds by controlling sources of nonpoint pollution. For each selected watershed, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources drafts a management plan that guides the implementation of pollution-control strategies known as Best Management Practices (BMP's). This plan summarizes resource and land-use inventories, describes the results of pollution-source modeling, and suggests pollution reduction goals. The U.S. Geological Survey, through a cooperative effort with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, is monitoring water-quality improvements that result from the implementation of BMP's. The data collected are then compared to the watershed plans to assess progress and determine whether goals are being realized. This fact sheet describes the data-collection efforts, preliminary results, and planned data-analysis techniques of monitoring projects for pre-BMP conditions at two barnyards, one each on Otter Creek and Halfway Prairie Creek.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs22195","usgsCitation":"Stuntebeck, T.D., 1995, Evaluating barnyard Best Management Practices in Wisconsin using upstream-downstream monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 221-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs22195.","productDescription":"4 p.","numberOfPages":"4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_221_95.bmp"},{"id":308686,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/fs221-95/pdf/fs22195.pdf"},{"id":12070,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/fs221-95/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Halfway Prairie Creek, Otter Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.84619140625,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84619140625,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.637939453125,\n              43.6599240747891\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.637939453125,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.84619140625,\n              42.48830197960227\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f840d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuntebeck, Todd D. 0000-0002-8405-7295 tdstunte@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8405-7295","contributorId":902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuntebeck","given":"Todd","email":"tdstunte@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29861,"text":"wri954206 - 1995 - Numerical Simulation of Regional Changes in Ground-Water Levels and in the Freshwater-Saltwater Interface Induced by Increased Pumpage at Barbers Point Shaft, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:15","indexId":"wri954206","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4206","title":"Numerical Simulation of Regional Changes in Ground-Water Levels and in the Freshwater-Saltwater Interface Induced by Increased Pumpage at Barbers Point Shaft, Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"The effect on the regional ground-water system of southern Oahu from increased pumpage at Barbers Point shaft was estimated by a numerical ground-water model developed for the Oahu Regional Aquifer Systems Analysis (RASA) study. The RASA model was updated by revising pumping and ground-water recharge data. Pumpage data used in the new simulations were based on the allocated pumping rates for 1995 as set by the State Commission on Water Resource Management. On the basis of numerical simulation, Barbers Point shaft can sustain a withdrawal rate of 4.34 million gallons per day without adversely affecting wells in the Waianae aquifer.\r\n\r\nFrom results of numerical simulations, it is estimated that, as a result of increasing pumpage in Barbers Point shaft by 2 million gallons per day above the 1995-allocated rate of 2.337 million gallons per day, regional declines in ground-water levels will be about 0.4 to 0.7 feet throughout the Waianae aquifer and about 0.8 ft at the shaft. The corresponding rise of the freshwater-saltwater interface, as a result of declines in ground-water levels, is estimated to be about 20 to 30 feet. Numerical simulation also indicates that changes in ground-water levels greater than about 0.1 feet do not extend across either the Waianae-Koolau unconformity or the south Schofield barrier.\r\n\r\nThe model-estimated position of the freshwater-saltwater interface, as a result of additional pumpage, ranges from 500 to 860 feet below sea level in the southern and northern parts of the aquifer, respectively, and about 540 feet below sea level at the shaft. On the basis of an estimate of the thickness of the transition-zone, the freshwater lens would remain about 240 feet thick below the shaft. In addition, the estimated declines in ground-water levels throughout the aquifer are small compared with the thickness of the freshwater lens and these declines would not be expected to affect the yields of other wells in terms of quantity.\r\n\r\nChloride concentrations in the water pumped at Barbers Point shaft were about 240 milligrams per liter in 1992. The estimated background chloride concentration is 200 to 220 milligrams per liter because of low rainfall and the contamination of recharge water from natural salt accumulation in the soil. A reduction in irrigation through 1995 is expected to reduce recharge to the aquifer from irrigation-return water and chloride concentrations associated with the irrigation water throughout the Waianae aquifer. As a result of these combined effects, chloride concentrations of water pumped from the Barbers Point shaft will likely decrease, although the length of time required for this lowering is unknown.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri954206","usgsCitation":"Souza, W.R., and Meyer, W., 1995, Numerical Simulation of Regional Changes in Ground-Water Levels and in the Freshwater-Saltwater Interface Induced by Increased Pumpage at Barbers Point Shaft, Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4206, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954206.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4206/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58672,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4206/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696893","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Souza, William R.","contributorId":90295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Souza","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, William","contributorId":87538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":24043,"text":"ofr95298 - 1995 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":24043,"text":"ofr95298 - 1995 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"ofr95298","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2374,"text":"wsp2457 - 1997 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"wsp2457","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2374,"text":"wsp2457 - 1997 - Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","indexId":"wsp2457","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, the Blue Ridge, and the Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia"},"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-04T20:45:59.70411","indexId":"ofr95298","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-298","title":"Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia","docAbstract":"<p>Growth within the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia has focused concern about allocation of surface-water flow and increased demands on the ground-water resources. The purpose of this report is to (1) describe the base-flow characteristics of streams, (2) identify regional differences in these flow characteristics, and (3) describe, if possible, the potential surface-water and ground-water yields of basins on the basis of the base-flow characteristics. </p><p>Base-flow characteristics are presented for streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces of Virginia. The provinces are separated into five regions: (1) Valley and Ridge, (2) Blue Ridge, (3) Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition, (4) Piedmont northern, and (5) Piedmont southern. Different flow statistics, which represent streamflows predominantly comprised of base flow, were determined for 217 continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations from historical mean daily discharge and for 192 partial-record streamflow-gaging stations by means of correlation of discharge measurements. Variability of base flow is represented by a duration ratio developed during this investigation. Effective recharge rates were also calculated. </p><p>Median values for the different flow statistics range from 0.05 cubic foot per second per square mile for the 90-percent discharge on the streamflow-duration curve to 0.61 cubic foot per second per square mile for mean base flow. An excellent estimator of mean base flow for the Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition region and Piedmont southern region is the 50-percent discharge on the streamflow-duration curve, but tends to underestimate mean base flow for the remaining regions. The base-flow variability index ranges from 0.07 to 2.27, with a median value of 0.55. Effective recharge rates range from 0.07 to 33.07 inches per year, with a median value of 8.32 inches per year. </p><p>Differences in the base-flow characteristics exist between regions. The median discharges for the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition regions are higher than those for the Piedmont regions. Results from statistical analysis indicate that the regions can be ranked in terms of base-flow characteristics from highest to lowest as follows: (1) Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition, (2) Valley and Ridge and Blue Ridge, (3) Piedmont southern, and (4) Piedmont northern. The flow statistics are consistently higher and the values for base-flow variability are lower for basins within the Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition region relative to those from the other regions, whereas the basins within the Piedmont northern region show the opposite pattern. The group rankings of the base-flow characteristics were used to designate the potential surface-water yield for the regions. In addition, an approach developed for this investigation assigns a rank for potential surface-water yield to a basin according to the quartiles in which the values for the base-flow characteristics are located. Both procedures indicate that the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont/Blue Ridge transition regions have moderate-to-high potential surface-water yield and the Piedmont regions have low-to-moderate potential surface-water yield. </p><p>In order to indicate potential ground-water yield from base-flow characteristics, aquifer properties for 51 streamflow-gaging stations with continuous record of streamflow data were determined by methods that use streamflow records and basin characteristics. Areal diffusivity ranges from 17,100 to 88,400 feet squared per day, with a median value of 38,400 feet squared per day. Areal transmissivity ranges from 63 to 830 feet squared per day, with a median value of 270 feet squared per day. Storage coefficients, which were estimated by dividing areal transmissivity by areal diffusivity, range from approximately 0.001 to 0.019 (dimensionless), with a median value of 0.007.&nbsp;</p><p><span>The median value for areal diffusivity </span><span>decreases as potential surface-water yield of the </span><span>basins increases. The ranking of areal diffusivity </span><span>does not correspond with the ranking of poten</span><span>tial surface-water yield for either the regions or </span><span>the basins. Areal transmissivity generally </span><span>increases as storage coefficient increases; how</span><span>ever, basins with low potential surface-water </span><span>yield generally have high values of areal trans</span><span>missivity associated with low values of storage </span><span>coefficient over a narrow range relative to those </span><span>from basins designated as having moderate-to-</span><span>high potential surface-water yield. Although the </span><span>basins with high potential surface-water yield </span><span>tend to have comparatively lower values for </span><span>areal transmissivity, storage coefficients gener</span><span>ally are large when compared to those from </span><span>basins with similar values of areal transmissivity </span><span>but different potential surface-water yield.</span></p><p><span>Aquifer properties were grouped by potential surface-water yield and were related to hydrogeologic units categorized by large, medium, and small well yields for the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province and for the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Generally, no trend is evident between areal diffusivity and the hydrogeologic units. Some of the high val-ues of areal diffusivity are associated with basins predominantly underlain by hydrogeologic units with small well yields, especially basins with a low potential surface-water yield. Areal transmissivity and storage coefficient tend to decrease, which is the expected trend, as more of the basin is underlain by the hydrogeologic unit with small well yields in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province. A similar trend is indi-cated for the hydrogeologic unit with medium well yields in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. Areal transmissivity and storage coefficient tend to increase, which is not the expected trend, as more of the basin is underlain by the hydrogeologic unit with small well yields in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont Physiographic Provinces. The base-flow characteristics of a basin may provide a relative indication of the potential ground-water yield; but other factors need to be considered, such as geologic structure, lithology, precipitation, relief, and the degree of hydraulic interconnection between the regolith and bedrock. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95298","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Nelms, D., Harlow, G., and Hayes, D.C., 1995, Base-flow characteristics of streams in the Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, and Piedmont physiographic provinces of Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-298, Report: iv, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 34.23 x 23.27 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95298.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 52 p.; 1 Plate: 34.23 x 23.27 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Jr.","contributorId":68776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harlow","given":"G.E.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":14000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30401,"text":"wri934209 - 1995 - Regression models of monthly water-level change in and near the Closed Basin Division of the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri934209","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4209","title":"Regression models of monthly water-level change in and near the Closed Basin Division of the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado","docAbstract":"The Bureau of Reclamation is developing a water-resource project, the Closed Basin Division, in the San Luis Valley of south-central Colorado that is designed to salvage unconfined ground water that currently is discharged as evapotranspiration. The water table in and near the 130,000-acre Closed Basin Division area will be lowered by an annual withdrawal of as much as 100,000 acre-feet of ground water from the unconfined aquifer. The legislation authorizing the project limits resulting drawdown of the water table in preexisting irrigation and domestic wells outside the Closed Basin Division to a maximum of 2 feet. Water levels in the closed basin in the northern part of the San Luis Valley historically have fluctuated more than 2 feet in response to water-use practices and variation of climatically controlled recharge and discharge. Declines of water levels in nearby wells that are caused by withdrawals in the Closed Basin Division can be quantified if water-level fluctuations that result from other water-use practices and climatic variations can be estimated. This study was done to evaluate water-level change at selected observation wells in and near the Closed Basin Division. Regression models of monthly water-level change were developed to predict monthly water-level change in 46 selected observation wells. Predictions of monthly water-level change are based on one or more of the following: elapsed time, cosine and sine functions with an annual period, streamflow depletion of the Rio Grande, electrical use for agricultural purposes, runoff into the closed basin, precipitation, and mean air temperature. Regression models for five of the wells include only an intercept term and either an elapsed-time term or terms determined by the cosine and sine functions. Regression models for the other 41 wells include 1 to 4 of the 5 other variables, which can vary from month to month and from year to year. Serial correlation of the residuals was detected in 24 of the regression models. These models also include an autoregressive term to account for serial correlation in the residuals. The adjusted coefficient of determination (Ra2) for the 46 regression models range from 0.08 to 0.89, and the standard errors of estimate range from 0.034 to 2.483 feet. The regression models of monthly water- level change can be used to evaluate whether post-1985 monthly water-level change values at the selected observation wells are within the 95-percent confidence limits of predicted monthly water-level change.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934209","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 1995, Regression models of monthly water-level change in and near the Closed Basin Division of the San Luis Valley, south-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4209, viii, 105 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934209.","productDescription":"viii, 105 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159746,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4209/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59171,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4209/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":59172,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4209/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c09a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R. krwatts@usgs.gov","contributorId":1647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"krwatts@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27150,"text":"wri954135 - 1995 - Characteristics, transport, and yield of sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-16T13:06:53","indexId":"wri954135","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4135","title":"Characteristics, transport, and yield of sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94","docAbstract":"<p>Juday Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in St. Joseph County, north-central Indiana. The creek has been identified as one of the few streams in the State that can support a naturally reproducing brown trout population. A recent study of benthic invertebrates shows a decline in the production rate of insect species and suggests that this decline may be caused by increased sedimen- tation. This report presents the results of a study of the sediment conditions in Juday Creek from April 1993 through June 1994. Measurements of streamflow, suspended sediment, and bedload were made at six sampling sites during three storms and a period of low flow. A total of 11 samples were collected during storms, and 1 sample was collected during low flow at each site. Bed-material samples were collected at the six sites. Sediment cores were collected from the delta of an instream pond and at a sediment trap near the mouth of the stream. Scour and fill at the six sites were monitored by means of scour chains and surveyed cross sections. The instream pond was surveyed twice, and the volume weight of the sediment was determined to estimate the yield of sediment for the upper reach of Juday Creek.</p>\n<p>Particle-size distributions indicate that the bed material is predominantly sand and gravel and that very little of the bed material is silt or finer (less than 0.062 millimeter). Analysis of sediment cores showed that most of the sediment deposited in the sediment trap and instream pond was sand.</p>\n<p>Sediment sampling during a period of low flow detected only minimal concentrations of suspended sediment; the maximum concentration was 6 milligrams per liter, equivalent to a daily load of 0.32 ton. Bedload ranged from 5.2 to 76.7 grams per cross- channel sampling, equivalent to 0.11 to 1.70 tons per day.</p>\n<p>Sediment sampling during the storms indicates that bedload discharge is the primary mode of sediment transport. Suspended-sediment concentration ranged from 4 to 67 milligrams per liter; the median was 17 milligrams per liter. Bedload ranged from 3.4 to 862 grams per cross- channel sampling; the median was 109 grams. Only 15 percent of the samples were less than 50 grams.</p>\n<p>Scour chains and surveyed cross sections documented some scour and fill at most of the sites.Scour and fill tended to balance out; after a 1-year period, the net change in the streambed altitude was minimal. Some infilling was the net result at most of the sites.</p>\n<p>Surveys of the instream pond determined that the volume of sediment delivered to the pond from April 1993 to April 1994 was approximately 26,500 cubic feet. The average volume weight of the sediment was determined to be 102 pounds per cubic foot. The sediment yield for the upper reach of Juday Creek from April 1993 to April 1994 was estimated to be 48 tons per square mile.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri954135","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, and the St. Joseph County Drainage Board","usgsCitation":"Fowler, K.K., and Wilson, J., 1995, Characteristics, transport, and yield of sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4135, v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954135.","productDescription":"v, 47 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"47","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56031,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Saint Joseph","otherGeospatial":"Juday Creek","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"stroke\": \"#555555\",\n        \"stroke-width\": 2,\n        \"stroke-opacity\": 1,\n        \"fill\": \"#555555\",\n        \"fill-opacity\": 0.5\n      },\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.19426727294922,\n              41.668808555620586\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.29262924194336,\n              41.66906501728199\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.29262924194336,\n              41.73225164878485\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.10071182250977,\n              41.73276406529474\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.09933853149414,\n              41.67034731026393\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.19426727294922,\n              41.668808555620586\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ea6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fowler, K. K. 0000-0002-0107-3848","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-3848","contributorId":40633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fowler","given":"K.","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, J.T.","contributorId":97489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25516,"text":"wri954200 - 1995 - Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill samples from the Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"wri954200","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4200","title":"Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill samples from the Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill aquifers were investigated. Backfill and ground-water samples were collected at coal mines in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Backfill was generally dominated by aluminum (14,400 to 49,000 mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram)), iron (3,330 to 23,200 mg/kg), and potassium (7,950 to 18,000 mg/kg). Backfill saturated-paste selenium concentrations ranged from 1 to 156 mg/kg (microsiemens per kilogram). Ground-water total selenium concentrations ranged from 3 to 125 mg/L. Dissolved organic carbon in all ground-water samples was dominated by hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids (38 to 84 percent). Selenite sorption/desorption experiments were conducted using background solutions of distilled-deionized water, 0.1 molar calcium chloride, and isolated hydrophobic and hydrophilic acids. Selenite sorption was larger when 0.1 molar calcium chloride was used. The addition of hydrophilic acid decreased selenite sorption more than the addition of hydrophobic acids. Geochemical modelling was used to predict the solid phases controlling dissolved selenium concentrations and to evaluate the effects of dissolved organic carbon on selenium solubility. Results suggested that 55 to 90 percent of selenium in backfill precipitation/dissolution extracts was dominated by magnesium selenate ion pairs. Dissolved organic carbon had little effect on selenium speciation. A redox chamber was constructed to control Eh and pH in water and backfill-core sample suspensions. The response of selenite and selenate in water samples to redox conditions did not follow thermodynamic predictions. Reduction of selenate in water samples did not occur at any of the redox levels tested.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954200","usgsCitation":"See, R., Reddy, K., Vance, G., Fadlelmawla, A., and Blaylock, M., 1995, Geochemical processes and the effects of natural organic solutes on the solubility of selenium in coal-mine backfill samples from the Powder River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4200, v, 55 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954200.","productDescription":"v, 55 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4200/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54233,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4200/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adef8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"See, R.B.","contributorId":67910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"See","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reddy, K.J.","contributorId":74035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reddy","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vance, G.F.","contributorId":95915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vance","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fadlelmawla, A.A.","contributorId":67126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fadlelmawla","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blaylock, M.J.","contributorId":13657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blaylock","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":24938,"text":"ofr95801 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Piru 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-08T13:35:13.636878","indexId":"ofr95801","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-801","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Piru 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File report is a digital geologic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report.\n\nThis digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1995). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95801","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R.F., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Piru 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-801, Readme; Database: .GZ files; Geology: 1 .GZ file; Structure: 1 .GZ file; Wells: 1 .GZ file; Composite base map: 1 .GZ file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95801.","productDescription":"Readme; Database: .GZ files; Geology: 1 .GZ file; Structure: 1 .GZ file; Wells: 1 .GZ file; Composite base map: 1 .GZ file","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":284133,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":157549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53905,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pdf/of95-801.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":1912,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284128,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/piru.tar.gz"},{"id":284129,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284131,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":284132,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0801/pi-wells.e00.gz"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.875,34.375 ], [ -118.875,34.500 ], [ -118.750,34.500 ], [ -118.750,34.375 ], [ -118.875,34.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26584,"text":"wri954097 - 1995 - Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-08T21:55:11.888669","indexId":"wri954097","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4097","title":"Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana","docAbstract":"A potential hydrologic effect of surface mining of coal in southeastern Montana is a change in the quality of ground water. Dissolved-solids concen- trations in water in spoils aquifers generally are larger than concentrations in water in the coal aquifers they replaced; however, laboratory experiments have indicated that concentrations can decrease if ground water flows from coal-mine spoils to coal. This study was conducted to determine if decreases in concentrations occur onsite and, if so, which geochemical processes caused the decreases. Solid-phase core samples of spoils, unmined over- burden, and coal, and ground-water samples were collected from 16 observation wells at two mine areas. In the Big Sky Mine area, changes in ground- water chemistry along a flow path from an upgradient coal aquifer to a spoils aquifer probably were a result of dedolomitization. Dissolved-solids concentrations were unchanged as water flowed from a spoils aquifer to a downgradient coal aquifer. In the West Decker Mine area, dissolved-solids concentrations apparently decreased from about 4,100 to 2,100 milligrams per liter as water moved along an inferred flow path from a spoils aquifer to a downgradient coal aquifer. Geochemical models were used to analyze changes in water chemistry on the basis of results of solid-phase and aqueous geochemical characteristics. Geochemical processes postulated to result in the apparent decrease in dissolved-solids concentrations along this inferred flow path include bacterial reduction of sulfate, reverse cation exchange within the coal, and precipitation of carbonate and iron-sulfide minerals.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954097","usgsCitation":"Clark, D., 1995, Geochemical processes in ground water resulting from surface mining of coal at the Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas, southeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4097, vi, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954097.","productDescription":"vi, 80 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123515,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4097/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55453,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":465912,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48202.htm","text":"Big Sky Mine area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":465913,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48203.htm","text":"West Decker Mine area","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Big Sky and West Decker Mine areas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107,\n              46\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              45\n            ],\n            [\n              -106,\n              46\n            ],\n            [\n              -107,\n              46\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adefa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, D.W.","contributorId":22765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":24944,"text":"ofr95699 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Val Verde 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-08T13:28:32.544215","indexId":"ofr95699","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-699","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Val Verde 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File report is a digital geologic map database. A pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report.\n\nThis digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1995). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95699","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R.F., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Val Verde 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-699, README; Database: .GZ files; Geology: 1 .GZ file; Structure: 1 .GZ file; Wells: 1 .GZ file; Composite base map: 1 .GZ file, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95699.","productDescription":"README; Database: .GZ files; Geology: 1 .GZ file; Structure: 1 .GZ file; Wells: 1 .GZ file; Composite base map: 1 .GZ file","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157309,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr95699.jpg"},{"id":1917,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284112,"rank":7,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/pdf/valvde.pdf"},{"id":284116,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/vv-wells.e00.gz"},{"id":284117,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/vv-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":284114,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/vv-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284113,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/valvde.tar.gz"},{"id":284115,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0699/vv-strc.e00.gz"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.750,34.375 ], [ -118.750,34.500 ], [ -118.625,34.500 ], [ -118.625,34.375 ], [ -118.750,34.375 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac6e4b07f02db67aa09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28467,"text":"wri954049 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-25T16:45:56","indexId":"wri954049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4049","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994","docAbstract":"<p>A study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, was conducted to evaluate ground-water flow and water quality using data collected from June 1992 through June 1994. The study area included approximately 80 square miles in parts of Muscatine and Louisa Counties in Iowa and Rock Island and Mercer Counties in Illinois.</p>\n<p>A steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed using February 1993 hydrologic conditions. Model results indicate that drawdown in the lower alluvium caused by the pumping centers in Iowa extends beneath the Muscatine Slough in the northwest part of the study area and beneath the Mississippi River in the central and northern parts of the area. The primary sources of ground water in the alluvium are recharge from precipitation, leakage from the Mississippi River, and infiltration of upland runoff. The bedrock is not a major contributor of ground water to the alluvium.</p>\n<p>The areal distribution of selected water-quality properties and constituents in ground water results from several factors. Localized large chloride and nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen concentrations could be indicative of contamination from human activity. Specific conductance and calcium, magnesium, and sulfate concentrations are larger in ground water near the boundary between the river valley and upland area and could result from infiltration of upland runoff or lithologic differences in the alluvium. Large iron or manganese concentrations occur in the ground water near the Mississippi River and Muscatine Slough that result from microbial processes and the presence of dissolved organic carbon.</p>\n<p>Temporal variations of concentrations for selected water-quality constituents in groundwater samples attest to the dynamic nature of the ground-water system as it responds to natural and human-induced changes in water quality. Leakage from the Mississippi River affects ground-water quality in the alluvium adjacent to the river. Temporal variations in water quality of the Mississippi River can be caused by seasonally, amount of discharge, or upstream human activities.</p>\n<p>The quality of ground water induced from discrete zones of the alluvium by the pumping centers in Iowa has implications for the entire ground-water resource. The ground-water flow model calculated that 10 percent of the water that enters the zone of active pumping on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River originates from the zone west and north of Muscatine Slough, and that 5.2 percent originates from the zone on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River east of the center of the river channel.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K., Kuzniar, R., and Caldwell, J., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4049, Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954049.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":355976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.44118219439961\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99014282226562,\n              41.44118219439961\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99014282226562,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuzniar, R.L.","contributorId":44558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzniar","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, J.P.","contributorId":83496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26121,"text":"wri954041 - 1995 - Use of surface and borehole geophysics to delineate the glacial-drift stratigraphy of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri954041","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4041","title":"Use of surface and borehole geophysics to delineate the glacial-drift stratigraphy of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana","docAbstract":"Inverse models of direct current electrical- resistivity sounding data and normal-resistivity and natural-gamma logs were used to assist delineation of the glacial-drift stratigraphy in a 580-square- kilometer area of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana. Unconsolidated deposits in the study area are composed of glacial-drift, including outwash, till, and lacustrine sediments; thicknesses range from about 15 to more than 70 meters. The glacial outwash deposits are mostly composed of sand and gravel and are the primary source of drinking water to northeastern St. Joseph County. The glacial till and glacio-lacustrine deposits contain a larger fraction of clay than the outwash deposits and may retard ground-water flow between shallow and deeper sand and gravel aquifers. Results of the geophysical measurements collected during this study indicate that glacial-drift deposits in the area north and east of the St. Joseph River are mostly composed of sand and gravel with inter-layered clay-rich deposits that are laterally discontinuous. In the area south of the St. Joseph River, the thickness of sand and gravel deposits diminishes, and clay-rich deposits dominate the stratigraphy. The presence of an electrically conductive bedrock, the Ellsworth Shale, beneath the glacial-drift deposits is identified in inverse models of direct current electrical-resistivity sounding data.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954041","usgsCitation":"Bayless, E.R., Westjohn, D.B., and Watson, L.R., 1995, Use of surface and borehole geophysics to delineate the glacial-drift stratigraphy of northeastern St. Joseph County, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4041, iv, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954041.","productDescription":"iv, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4041/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54924,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4041/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db6920be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayless, E. Randall 0000-0002-0357-3635","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0357-3635","contributorId":42586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayless","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Randall","affiliations":[{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":195851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Westjohn, David B.","contributorId":84401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westjohn","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, Lee R.","contributorId":83545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":23067,"text":"ofr95768 - 1995 - Listings of model input and selected output values for the simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, North-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:07:50","indexId":"ofr95768","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-768","title":"Listings of model input and selected output values for the simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, North-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"This report contains listings of model input and selected output \nvalues for the simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, north-\ncentral New Mexico. This simulation was developed by the U.S. \nGeological Survey in cooperation with Los Alamos National Laboratory \n(Frenzel, P.F., 1995, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow \nnear Los Alamos, north-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey \nWater-Resources Investigations Report 95-4091). The simulation used the \nU.S. Geological Survey modular flow model code (McDonald, M.G., and \nHarbaugh, A.W., 1988, A modular three-dimensional finite-difference \nground-water flow model: Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations \nof the United States Geological Survey, book 6, chap. A1). The listings \nin this report are in compressed format on a 1.44-megabyte IBM-PC1 \ncompatible floppy disk. Software is included for decompression to ASCII \nformat.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;Can be purchased from U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95768","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, P.F., 1995, Listings of model input and selected output values for the simulation of ground-water flow near Los Alamos, North-central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-768, 6 p. 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95768.","productDescription":"6 p. 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0768/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52437,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0768/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277690,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0768/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, P. F.","contributorId":98726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29531,"text":"wri934135 - 1995 - Hydrology of Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri934135","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4135","title":"Hydrology of Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"A study was conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey to define the hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics of the Laguna Joyuda system (in southwestern Puerto Rico) and to determine the water budget of the lagoon. This shallow-water lagoon is connected to the sea by a single canal. Rainfall and evaporation, surface-water, groundwater, and tidal-flow data were collected from December 1, 1985, to April 30, 1988. A conceptual hydrologic model of the lagoon was developed and discharge measurements and modeling were undertaken to quantify the different flow components. The water balance during the 29-month study period was determined by measuring and estimating the different hydrologic components: 4.14 million cubic meters rainfall; 5.38 million cubic meters evaporation; 1.1 8 million cubic meters surface water; and 0.34 million cubic meters ground water. A total of 18.9 million cubic meters ebb flow (tidal outflow) was discharged from the lagoon and 14.4 million cubic meters flood flow (tidal inflow) entered through the canal during the study. Seawater inflow accounted for 71 percent of the water into the lagoon. The storage volume of the lagoon was about 1.55 million cubic meters. The lagoon's hydrologic-budget residual was 4.22 million cubic meters, whereas the sum of the estimated errors for the different hydrologic components amounted to 4.51 million cubic meters. Average flushing rate for the lagoon was estimated at 72 days. During the study, the specific conductance of the lagoon water ranged from 32,000 to 52,000 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius, whereas the specific conductance of local seawater is about 45,000 to 55,000 microsiemens.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934135","usgsCitation":"Santiago-Rivera, L., and Quinones-Aponte, V., 1995, Hydrology of Laguna Joyuda, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4135, v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934135.","productDescription":"v, 26 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119418,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58368,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a28ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinones-Aponte, Vicente","contributorId":48552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quinones-Aponte","given":"Vicente","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":25533,"text":"wri954027 - 1995 - Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:55:47.173605","indexId":"wri954027","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4027","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine","docAbstract":"<p>A geohydrologic study of the Saco Municipal Landfill in Saco, Maine, was done during 1993-94 to provide a preliminary interpretation of the geology and hydrology needed to guide additional studies at the landfill as part of the Superfund Program. The Saco Landfill, which was active from the early 1960's until 1986, includes three disposal areas on a 90-acre parcel. Sandy Brook, a small perennial stream, flows from north to south through the land-fill between the disposal areas. Discharge of leachate from the disposal areas to aquifers and streams has been documented since 1974. The landfill was declared a Superfund site in 1990 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Multiple lines of evidence are used in this study to indicate areas of ground-water contamination and sources of water flow in Sandy Brook. The geohydrologic system on the east side of Sandy Brook consists of an upper water-table aquifer and a lower aquifer, separated by a thick sequence of glaciomarine silt and clay. Depths to bedrock range from 60 to more than 200 ft (feet), on the basis of data from seismic-refraction studies and drilling. The upper aquifer, which is generally less than 15 ft thick, consists of fine-to medium-grained sand deposited in a shallow postglacial marine environment. The lower aquifer, which was deposited as a series of glaciomarine fans, contains two sediment types: Well-sorted sand and gravel and unsorted sediments called diamict sediments. East of Sandy Brook, the thickness of the lower aquifer ranges from 25 to 100 ft, based on drilling at the landfill. The glaciomarine silts and clays (known as the presumpscot Formation) range from 50 to more than 100 ft thick. West of Sandy Brook, the glaciomarine silt and clay is largely absent, and fractured bedrock is very close to land surface under one of the disposal areas in the northwestern part of the property. The lower aquifer is unconfined in the southwestern side of the study area; bedrock slopes towards the south, and the aquifer thickens to 100 ft at the southwestern end of the study area. Preliminary estimates of mean annual streamflow in Sandy Brook, based on a partial year of continuous record, indicate that runoff increases from approximately 2.1 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) upstream from the landfill to 2.7 ft3/s downstream from the landfill, although the drainage area down-stream is only 11 percent greater than the drainage area upstream. A water-budget estimate based on available streamflow and climatic data indicates that Sandy Brook below the landfill gains about 80 million gallons per year from sources outside the drainage-basin boundary. Possible sources include the lower aquifer north or west of the landfill area and the fractured bedrock northwest of Sandy Brook. Specific conductance of water in Sandy Brook increases downstream from the landfill. In September 1993, specific conductance was 184 liS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) upstream from the landfill and 496 uS/cm downstream from the landfill. Continuous monitoring of specific conductance in Sandy Brook shows that the downstream increase is less during periods of stormflow because of dilution. Electromagnetic terrain-conductivity surveys, results of ground-water chemical analyses, and changes in streamwater quality have been used to identify areas of likely ground-water contamination. The specific conductance of ground water exceeds 2,000 uS/cm in some areas near the landfills. This compares to specific conductances of less than 200 uS/cm in water from most shallow wells that are considered to represent background water quality. Ground water in the upper aquifer east of Sandy Brook and in the lower aquifer west of Sandy Brook has been affected by leachate flowing from the landfill areas. The extent of contamination in bedrock, if any, is unknown. Water levels measured in 16 wells were used to help determine the direction of ground-water flow. The electromagnetic terrain-conduct <span>surveys and stream specific-conductance data sup</span><span>port the interpretation that water in the upper aqui</span><span>fer flows radially away from the two disposal areas </span><span>east of Sandy Brook towards Sandy Brook and </span><span>other small surface-water bodies in the area. West </span><span>of Sandy Brook, ground water under the third dis</span><span>posal area moves in the lower aquifer northeast and </span><span>southeast towards Sandy Brook, where it </span><span>discharges to the stream. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954027","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M., Stone, J.R., Hansen, B.P., and Nielsen, J., 1995, Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4027, v, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954027.","productDescription":"v, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4027/report.pdf"},{"id":157697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Saco","otherGeospatial":"Saco Landfill area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.41996002197266,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.41996002197266,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a877c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, M.G.","contributorId":103635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, J.P.","contributorId":76355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":29416,"text":"wri944249 - 1995 - Hydrogeology of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:57","indexId":"wri944249","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4249","title":"Hydrogeology of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico","docAbstract":"The North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico is composed of three regional hydrogeologic units: an upper aquifer that contains an underlying saltwater zone near the coast, a middle confining unit, and a lower aquifer. The upper aquifer is unconfined, except in coastal areas where it is locally confined by fine-grained surficial deposits. The upper aquifer is mostly absent in the Rio Piedras area of northeastern Puerto Rico. The confining unit is composed of calcareous claystone, marl, chalky and silicified limestone, and locally clayey fine-grained sandstone. Test hole data indicate that the confining unit is locally leaky in the San Juan metropolitan area. An artesian zone of limited areal extent exists within the middle confining unit, in the central part of the study area. The lower aquifer mostly contains ground water under confined conditions except in the outcrop areas, where it is unconfined. The lower aquifer is thickest and most transmissive in the north-central part of the study area. Water in the lower aquifer is fresh throughout much of the area, but is brackish in some areas near San Juan and Guaynabo.  West of the Rio Grande de Arecibo, the extent of the lower aquifer is uncertain. Data are insufficient to determine whether or not the existing multiple water-bearing units in this area are an extension of the more productive lower aquifer in the Manati to Arecibo area. Zones of moderate permeability exist within small lenses of volcanic conglomerate and sandstone of the San Sebastian Formation, but in general this formation is not a productive aquifer.  Transmissivity values for the upper aquifer range from 200 to more than 280,000 feet squared per day. The transmissivity values for the upper aquifer generally are highest in the area between the Rio de la Plata and Rio Grande de Arecibo, where transmissivity values have been reported to exceed 100,000 feet squared per day in six locations. Transmissivity estimates for the lower aquifer are highest in north central Puerto Rico, where the Lares Limestone and the Montebello Limestone Member of the Cibao Formation have transmissivities as high as 500 and 3,600 feet squared per day, respectively.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944249","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., 1995, Hydrogeology of the North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4249, v, 22 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944249.","productDescription":"v, 22 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4249/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58265,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4249/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f87ae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29155,"text":"wri954009 - 1995 - Surface-geophysical techniques used to detect existing and infilled scour holes near bridge piers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T07:01:57","indexId":"wri954009","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4009","title":"Surface-geophysical techniques used to detect existing and infilled scour holes near bridge piers","docAbstract":"Surface-geophysical techniques were used with a position-recording system to study riverbed scour near bridge piers. From May 1989 to May 1993. Fathometers, fixed- and swept-frequency con- tinuous seismic-reflection profiling (CSP) systems, and a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system were used with a laser-positioning system to measure the depth and extent of existing and infilled scour holes near bridge piers. Equipment was purchased commercially and modified when necessary to interface the components and (or) to improve their performance. Three 200-kHz black-and-white chart- recording Fathometers produced profiles of the riverbed that included existing scour holes and exposed pier footings. The Fathometers were used in conjunction with other geophysical techniques to help interpret the geophysical data. A 20-kHz color Fathometer delineated scour-hole geometry and, in some cases, the thickness of fill material in the hole. The signal provided subbottom information as deep as 10 ft in fine-grained materials and resolved layers of fill material as thin as 1 foot thick. Fixed-frequency and swept-frequency CSP systems were evaluated. The fixed-frequency system used a 3.5-, 7.0-, or 14-kHz signal. The 3.5-kHz signal pene- trated up to 50 ft of fine-grained material and resolved layers as thin as 2.5-ft thick. The 14-kHz signal penetrated up to 20 ft of fine-grained material and resolved layers as thin as 1-ft thick. The swept-frequency systems used a signal that swept from 2- to 16-kHz. With this system, up to 50 ft of penetration was achieved, and fill material as thin as 1 ft was resolved. Scour-hole geometry, exposed pier footings, and fill thickness in scour holes were detected with both CSP systems. The GPR system used an 80-, 100-, or 300-megahertz signal. The technique produced records in water up to 15 ft deep that had a specific conductance less than 200x11ms/cm. The 100-MHz signal penetrated up to 40 ft of resistive granular material and resolved layers as thin as 2-ft thick. Scour-hole geometry, the thickness of fill material in scour holes, and riverbed deposition were detected using this technique. Processing techniques were applied after data collection to assist with the interpretation of the data. Data were transferred from the color Fathometer, CSP, and GPR systems to a personal computer, and a commercially available software package designed to process GPR data was used to process the GPR and CSP data. Digital filtering, predictive-deconvolution, and migration algorithms were applied to some of the data. The processed data were displayed and printed as color amplitude or wiggle-trace plots. These processing methods eased and improved the interpretation of some of the data, but some interference from side echoes from bridge piers and multiple reflections remained in the data. The surface-geophysical techniques were applied at six bridge sites in Connecticut. Each site had different water depths, specific conductance, and riverbed materials. Existing and infilled scour holes, exposed pier footings, and riverbed deposition were detected by the surveys. The interpretations of the geophysical data were confirmed by comparing the data with lithologic and (or) probing data.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954009","usgsCitation":"Placzek, G., and Haeni, F., 1995, Surface-geophysical techniques used to detect existing and infilled scour holes near bridge piers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4009, v, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954009.","productDescription":"v, 44 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":2341,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954009","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4009/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58029,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4009/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a82d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Placzek, Gary","contributorId":58295,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Placzek","given":"Gary","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31943,"text":"ofr95823 - 1995 - Kinematic and subsidence modeling of the north-central Brooks Range and North Slope of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:15","indexId":"ofr95823","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-823","title":"Kinematic and subsidence modeling of the north-central Brooks Range and North Slope of Alaska","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr95823","usgsCitation":"Cole, F.E., Bird, K.J., Toro, J., Roure, F., and Howell, D.G., 1995, Kinematic and subsidence modeling of the north-central Brooks Range and North Slope of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-823, 1 map : col. ; 45 x 17 cm., on sheet 66 x 65 cm., folded to 23 x 17 cm. + 2 data sheets (ill., map ; 46 x 93 cm.) + 1 booklet (4 p. ; 28 cm.) ; scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95823.","productDescription":"1 map : col. ; 45 x 17 cm., on sheet 66 x 65 cm., folded to 23 x 17 cm. + 2 data sheets (ill., map ; 46 x 93 cm.) + 1 booklet (4 p. ; 28 cm.) ; scale 1:500,000 (1 inch = about 8 miles). ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0823/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19578,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0823/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19579,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0823/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19580,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0823/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60096,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0823/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b47af","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Frances E.","contributorId":95519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cole","given":"Frances","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, K. J.","contributorId":57824,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bird","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Toro, Jaime","contributorId":44591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toro","given":"Jaime","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roure, Francois","contributorId":59853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roure","given":"Francois","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Howell, D. G.","contributorId":52546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":207315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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