A study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, was conducted to evaluate ground-water flow and water quality using data collected from June 1992 through June 1994. The study area included approximately 80 square miles in parts of Muscatine and Louisa Counties in Iowa and Rock Island and Mercer Counties in Illinois.
\nA steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed using February 1993 hydrologic conditions. Model results indicate that drawdown in the lower alluvium caused by the pumping centers in Iowa extends beneath the Muscatine Slough in the northwest part of the study area and beneath the Mississippi River in the central and northern parts of the area. The primary sources of ground water in the alluvium are recharge from precipitation, leakage from the Mississippi River, and infiltration of upland runoff. The bedrock is not a major contributor of ground water to the alluvium.
\nThe areal distribution of selected water-quality properties and constituents in ground water results from several factors. Localized large chloride and nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen concentrations could be indicative of contamination from human activity. Specific conductance and calcium, magnesium, and sulfate concentrations are larger in ground water near the boundary between the river valley and upland area and could result from infiltration of upland runoff or lithologic differences in the alluvium. Large iron or manganese concentrations occur in the ground water near the Mississippi River and Muscatine Slough that result from microbial processes and the presence of dissolved organic carbon.
\nTemporal variations of concentrations for selected water-quality constituents in groundwater samples attest to the dynamic nature of the ground-water system as it responds to natural and human-induced changes in water quality. Leakage from the Mississippi River affects ground-water quality in the alluvium adjacent to the river. Temporal variations in water quality of the Mississippi River can be caused by seasonally, amount of discharge, or upstream human activities.
\nThe quality of ground water induced from discrete zones of the alluvium by the pumping centers in Iowa has implications for the entire ground-water resource. The ground-water flow model calculated that 10 percent of the water that enters the zone of active pumping on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River originates from the zone west and north of Muscatine Slough, and that 5.2 percent originates from the zone on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River east of the center of the river channel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K., Kuzniar, R., and Caldwell, J., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4049, Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954049.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":355976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.19270324707031,\n 41.22876543240588\n ],\n [\n -91.19270324707031,\n 41.44118219439961\n ],\n [\n -90.99014282226562,\n 41.44118219439961\n ],\n [\n -90.99014282226562,\n 41.22876543240588\n ],\n [\n -91.19270324707031,\n 41.22876543240588\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuzniar, R.L.","contributorId":44558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzniar","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, J.P.","contributorId":83496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30564,"text":"wri924157 - 1995 - Computation of bedrock-aquifer recharge in northern Westchester County, New York, and chemical quality of water from selected bedrock wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:59","indexId":"wri924157","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4157","title":"Computation of bedrock-aquifer recharge in northern Westchester County, New York, and chemical quality of water from selected bedrock wells","docAbstract":"An empirical technique was used to calculate the recharge to bedrock aquifers in northern Westchester County. This method requires delineation of ground-water divides within the aquifer area and values for (1) the extent of till and exposed bedrock within the aquifer area, and (2) mean annual runoff. This report contains maps and data needed for calculation of recharge in any given area within the 165square-mile study area. Recharge was computed by this technique for a 93-square-mile part of the study area and used a ground-water-flow model to evaluate the reliability of the method. A two-layer, steady-state model of the selected area was calibrated. The area consists predominantly of bedrock overlain by small localized deposits of till and stratified drill Ground-water-level and streamflow data collected in mid-November 1987 were used for model calibration. The data set approximates average annual conditions. The model was calibrated from (1) estimates of recharge as computed through the empirical technique, and (2) a range of values for hydrologic properties derived from aquifer tests and published literature. Recharge values used for model simulation appear to be reasonable for average steady-state conditions. Water-quality data were collected from 53 selected bedrock wells throughout northern Westchester County to define the background ground-water quality. The constituents and properties for which samples were analyzed included major cations and anions, temperature, pH, specific conductance, and hardness. Results indicate little difference in water quality among the bedrock aquifers within the study area. Ground water is mainly the calcium-bicarbonate type and is moderately hard. Average concentrations of sodium, sulfate, chloride, nitrate, iron, and manganese were within acceptable limits established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for domestic water supply.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924157","usgsCitation":"Wolcott, S.W., and Snow, R.F., 1995, Computation of bedrock-aquifer recharge in northern Westchester County, New York, and chemical quality of water from selected bedrock wells: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4157, viii, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924157.","productDescription":"viii, 57 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4157/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59329,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4157/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d51d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolcott, Stephen W.","contributorId":93458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolcott","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snow, Robert F.","contributorId":87180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snow","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203462,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29688,"text":"wri954124 - 1995 - Effects of selective forest clearing fertilization, and liming on the hydrology and water quality of a small tributary to the Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-20T21:17:29.444236","indexId":"wri954124","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4124","title":"Effects of selective forest clearing fertilization, and liming on the hydrology and water quality of a small tributary to the Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Effects of selective forest clearing on water yield and water quality were investigated in a 308-hectare basin that drains to Quabbin Reservoir Watershed in central Massachusetts. The experimental basin and a nearby 280-hectare control basin were studied together for comparison. Streamflow was measured continuously and water-quality samples were collected biweekly in both basins from February 1985 through September 1989. During the same period, measurements of precipitation quantity and ground- water levels were made and samples were collected for determination of precipitation and ground-water quality. After an initial monitoring period to establish baseline hydrology and water quality in both basins, an area of red pine and white pine forest in the experimental basin was cleared. From October 1986 until April 1987, 23.8 percent of the total basal area was removed by clearcutting and thinning. Part of the cleared area was converted to rye and other field grasses, and the remainder was allowed to regrow naturally. Fertilizer and lime were applied to part of the cleared area. An additional 8.3 percent of basal area was cleared in fall 1988. Despite differences in bedrock geology, topography, and amount of wetland area, pre- treatment hydrology and chemistry of the two basins were similar. Biogeochemical reactions of the dilute mixture of sulfuric and nitric acids in precipitation with soils and rocks in the basins resulted in moderately buffered calcium-magnesium bicarbonate-type streamwater. During high flows, sulfate concentrations increased and alkalinity decreased. Selective forest clearing resulted in a slight increase in water yield during the year in which the clearing took place, particularly during the spring high-flow period, but flows returned to normal thereafter. Concurrent increases in solute flux were primarily a function of the increased water flux. No major alterations to biogeochemical processes were induced by the forest clearing, nor were any effects from the fertilizer or liming activity observed. The minimal effect observed from the clearing was attributed primarily to the limited area that was cleared, and the location of the cleared area in the headwaters of the basin (away from the riparian zone).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954124","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Strause, J., and Risley, J.C., 1995, Effects of selective forest clearing fertilization, and liming on the hydrology and water quality of a small tributary to the Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4124, v, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954124.","productDescription":"v, 57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414388,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48226.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58513,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4124/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123835,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4124/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Quabbin Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.3667,\n 42.4667\n ],\n [\n -72.3667,\n 42.4486\n ],\n [\n -72.3333,\n 42.4486\n ],\n [\n -72.3333,\n 42.4667\n ],\n [\n -72.3667,\n 42.4667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db6109ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strause, J. L.","contributorId":7703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strause","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Risley, J. C.","contributorId":88780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Risley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30109,"text":"wri954026 - 1995 - Ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of Long Beach Peninsula, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:11:35","indexId":"wri954026","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4026","title":"Ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of Long Beach Peninsula, Washington","docAbstract":"This report describes an investigation of ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of the Long Beach Peninsula. The peninsula is located in the southwestern corner of the State of Washington, is about 27 miles long, and has an average width of about 1.5 miles. It is surrounded by seawater, by the Pacific Ocean on the west and Willapa Bay on the east. Water supplies on the peninsula are derived mostly from a local water-table aquifer composed largely of sand.
The recent growth of population on the peninsula and the projected future growth have created concerns about the quantity and quality of the ground-water resource. Some issues include declining ground-water levels from increased pumpage, and ground-water contamination from seawater intrusion, pesticides or fertilizers from cranberrygrowing areas, and septic-system effluent.
The ground-water system of the Long Beach Peninsula consists of a sand aquifer with some lenses of silt and clay that may act as confining beds in local areas. Data are lacking or inconsistent to define a confining bed that extends throughout the peninsula. Hydraulic conductivity calculated from slug tests in 58 shallow wells ranged from 10 to 37 feet per day with a median of 22 feet per day.
Average annual ground-water recharge by infiltration and percolation of precipitation is estimated to be about 58 inches or 111,000 acre-feet, which is 72 percent of the average annual precipitation of 80 inches. Average annual ground-water discharge is estimated to be about 30,200 acre-feet to the Pacific Ocean, 56,000 acre-feet to Willapa Bay, and 24,800 acre-feet to surface-water drainage channels.
Ground-water movement is generally perpendicular to the spine of the peninsula. A ground-water divide occurs along a north-south line and ground water flows west or east from the divide toward the Pacific Ocean or Willapa Bay. There does not appear to have been any long-term decline of the water table of the sand aquifer from 1974-92. Ground-water levels measured at three east-west cross sections in 1974-75 were at about the same altitude as water levels measured in 1992.
Relatively accurate individual regression relations were developed at 45 wells with ground-water altitude as a response variable and cumulative precipitation for 4 months as an explanatory variable. The average coefficient of determination for all individual relations was 0.77, with a range of 0.11 to 0.89.
Some empirical frequency or probability relations for precipitation and ground-water levels were used to estimate how often the maximum water levels measured in this study would be expected to occur in the future. These water levels reflected the lower-than-average precipitation that occurred during the study. Assuming that the annual maximum precipitation for 4 consecutive months is random and independent, the historical record of precipitation is representative of the future distribution of precipitation, and the relation between precipitation and water levels is accurate and stationary; a probability analysis of the historical record indicates that in any one year in the future there is a probability of 70 percent that the maximum water levels measured in wells during the winter of 1991-92 would be equaled or exceeded.
The shallow ground water had generally low dissolved-solids concentrations in July 1992, with a median concentration of 92 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and a range of 56 to 218 mg/L. Sodium was the dominant cation and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. The distribution of hardness of the water samples was 84 percent with soft water and 16 percent with moderately hard water.
The water quality of the shallow ground water was generally good, with a few small to moderate problems. A natural problem is locally high concentrations of dissolved iron. About 30 percent of the water samples had dissolved-iron concentrations of greater than 0.3 mg/L, which is the secondary maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
No appreciable amount of seawater has intruded into the sand aquifer. The samples of shallow ground water collected in July 1992 had a median chloride concentration of 15 mg/L and a maximum concentration of 52 mg/L. The heavy average annual precipitation of about 80 inches, large average annual ground-water recharge of about 58 inches or 111,000 acre-feet, and small ground-water withdrawal rate (about 780 acre-feet per year in 1992) combine to maintain a thick freshwater lens of ground water that prevents seawater intrusion throughout the year.
Agricultural activities do not appear to have appreciably affected the quality of shallow ground water on the Long Beach Peninsula. The concentration of nitrate in ground water was not significantly higher near cranberry-growing areas, and no sample of ground water or surface water had concentrations of selected pesticides or associated compounds that were above the analytical detection limits. Of the seven ground-water samples in which bacteria were detected, only one sample appeared to be related to agriculture; that sample was from a well located in an area where cattle graze for part of the year.
Septic systems probably caused an increase in the concentration of nitrate in shallow ground water in areas of higher population density. Concentrations of nitrate were significantly related to population density. However, the concentrations were not generally high; median concentrations of nitrate increased from less than 0.05 mg/L in areas of low population density to 0.74 mg/L in areas of high density. Septic systems did not cause regional bacterial contamination of the ground water. Bacteria were detected in seven ground-water samples; however, only two of those samples were from wells that are close to septic systems.
A limited amount of historical water-quality data is available for the peninsula; therefore, it is difficult to assess long-term changes. From 1968-92, chloride concentrations and values of specific conductance appear to have remained stable. Likewise, it appears that nitrate concentrations did not change from 1987-92.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pacific County Department of Community Development and Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Thomas, B.E., 1995, Ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of Long Beach Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4026, v, 168 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954026.","productDescription":"v, 168 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": 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-124.03221130371092,\n 46.59661864884465\n ],\n [\n -124.03907775878906,\n 46.60322365618339\n ],\n [\n -124.04457092285155,\n 46.61029955626745\n ],\n [\n -124.05281066894531,\n 46.62020426357956\n ],\n [\n -124.0521240234375,\n 46.62774949131197\n ],\n [\n -124.05349731445312,\n 46.63529366744315\n ],\n [\n -124.0473175048828,\n 46.63387921452026\n ],\n [\n -124.04251098632811,\n 46.62963563393178\n ],\n [\n -124.03495788574219,\n 46.62916410443853\n ],\n [\n -124.03976440429688,\n 46.63670808339624\n ],\n [\n -124.05418395996094,\n 46.64472240881699\n ],\n [\n -124.05899047851561,\n 46.65273554711876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Blakemore E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":26853,"text":"wri954080 - 1995 - Arsenic loads in Spearfish Creek, western South Dakota, water years 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"wri954080","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4080","title":"Arsenic loads in Spearfish Creek, western South Dakota, water years 1989-91","docAbstract":"Numerous small tributaries on the eastern flank of Spearfish Creek originate within a mineralized area with a long history of gold-mining activity. Some streams draining this area are known to have elevated concentrations of arsenic. One such tributary is Annie Creek, where arsenic concentrations regularly approach the Maximum Contaminant Level of 50 mg/L (micrograms per liter) established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A site on Annie Creek was proposed for inclusion on the National Priorities List by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1991. This report presents information about arsenic loads and concentrations in Spearfish Creek and its tributaries, including Annie Creek. Stream types were classified according to geologic characteris- tics and in-stream arsenic concentrations. The first type includes streams that lack significant arsenic sources and have low in-stream arsenic concentra- tions. The second type has abundant arsenic sources and high in-stream concentrations. The third type has abundant arsenic sources but only moderate in-stream concentrations. The fourth type is a mixture of the first three types. Annual loads of dissolved arsenic were calculated for two reaches of Spearfish Creek to quantify arsenic loads at selected gaging stations during water years 1989-91. Mass-balance calculations also were performed to estimate arsenic concentrations for ungaged inflows to Spearfish Creek. The drainage area of the upstream reach includes significant mineralized areas, whereas the drainage area of the downstream reach generally is without known arsenic sources. The average load of dissolved arsenic transported from the upstream reach of Spearfish Creek, which is representative of a type 4 stream, was 158 kilograms per year, calculated for station 06430900, Spearfish Creek above Spearfish. Gaged headwater tributaries draining unmineralized areas (type 1) contributed only 16 percent of the arsenic load in 63 percent of the discharge. Annie Creek (type 2), which has the highest measured arsenic concentra- tions in the Spearfish Creek drainage, contributed about 15 percent of the arsenic load in about 2 percent of the discharge of the upstream reach. Squaw Creek, which drains another mineralized area, but has only moderate in-stream concentrations (type 3), contributed 4 percent of the arsenic load in 5 percent of the discharge. Ungaged inflows to the reach contributed the remaining 65 percent of the arsenic load in 30 percent of the discharge. The calculated loads from ungaged inflows include all arsenic contributed by surface- and ground-water sources, as well as any additions of arsenic from dissolution of arsenic-bearing solid phases, or from desorption of arsenic from solid surfaces, within the streambed of the upstream reach. Mass-balance calculations indicate that dissolved arsenic concentrations of the ungaged inflows in the upstream reach averaged about 9 mg/L. In-stream arsenic concentrations of ungaged inflows from the unmineralized western flank of Spearfish Creek probably are generally low (type 1). Thus, in-stream arsenic concentrations for ungaged inflows draining the mineralized eastern flank of Spearfish probably average almost twice that level, or about 18 mg/L. Some ungaged, eastern-flank inflows probably are derived from type 3 drainages, with only moderate arsenic concentrations. If so, other ungaged, eastern-flank inflows could have in-stream arsenic concentrations similar to those of Annie Creek. No significant arsenic sources were apparent in the downstream reach of Spearfish Creek. Over the course of the downstream reach, arsenic concentrations decreased somewhat, probably resulting from dilution, as well as from possible chemical adsorption to sediment surfaces or arsenic-phase precipitation. A decrease in arsenic loads resulted from various diversions from the creek and from the potential chemical removal processes. Because of a large margin of error associated with calculation o","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954080","usgsCitation":"Driscoll, D.G., and Hayes, T.S., 1995, Arsenic loads in Spearfish Creek, western South Dakota, water years 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4080, iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954080.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":1963,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri954080/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":118971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_95_4080.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672cf8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Driscoll, Daniel G. dgdrisco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Driscoll","given":"Daniel","email":"dgdrisco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":562,"text":"South Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hayes, Timothy S. thayes@usgs.gov","contributorId":1547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Timothy","email":"thayes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":197122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":22889,"text":"ofr95425 - 1995 - Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:54","indexId":"ofr95425","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-425","title":"Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994","docAbstract":"Ground-water quality and hydrologic data were collected at a site contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in South Grafton, Massachusetts, during September and October 1994. The VOCs have formed a plume of contaminated ground water at an abandoned textile mill adjacent to the Blackstone River. Concentrations of total VOCs in the plume ranged from less than 1 to more than 40,000 micrograms per liter. Trichloroethylene (TCE) was the primary chlorinated contaminant, comprising as much as 98 percent of the total VOCs. The highest concentration, 43,000 micrograms per liter, was higher than any previously measured concentration at the site; however, the maximum extent and distribution of concentrations in the VOC plume in September 1994 was similar to that found in July 1993 and in earlier rounds of sampling. In addition to TCE, 1,2-dichloroethene (1,2-DCE) and vinyl chloride were detected at most sites. Spatial and temporal changes in concentrations of TCE, 1,2-DCE, and vinyl chloride are consistent with the hypothesis that TCE biodegradation was the source of 1,2-DCE and vinyl chloride. Ground water at the site contained low to moderately high concentrations of dissolved solids (44 to 406 milligrams per liter), had a moderately high specific conductance (155 to 670 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius), and was slightly acidic (pH=5.9 to 7.0). Concentrations of the major ions-calcium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate-were not related to VOC concentrations. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were low (0 to 2 milligrams per liter) throughout most of the aquifer. Distribution of nitrogen species, iron, and manganese indicates that zones of varying oxidation-reduction potential were present in the aquifer. Concentrations of trace metals other than iron or manganese, including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and copper, generally were less than analytical detection limits. Stream stage in the Blackstone River at the site during September and October 1994 fluctuated by about 1 to 2 feet within 24-hour periods. These rapid fluctuations resulted from sudden release of impounded water at a hydroelectric-generating facility downstream from the site. In addition to the daily fluctuations, rapid small changes in stream stage also occurred that were related to storms. Fluctuations in ground-water levels in four observation wells at the site were similar in amplitude and timing to the rapid fluctuations in stream stage; the daily fluctuations of ground-water levels were greatest in an observation well within 100 feet of the river and least in an observation well about 300 feet from the river. Because ground- water levels at the study site seem to be affected by fluctuations in stage of the Blackstone River, transport of the VOC plume in ground water also is likely to be affected by the fluctuations in stage.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95425","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"DiSimone, L., and Barlow, P.M., 1995, Water-quality and hydrologic conditions at a site of ground-water contamination by volatile organic compounds, South Grafton, Massachusetts, September and October 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-425, iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95425.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0425/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52295,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0425/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e7230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiSimone, L.A.","contributorId":108139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiSimone","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barlow, P. M.","contributorId":63022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barlow","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":189073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24384,"text":"ofr955 - 1995 - Monte Carlo simulation of peak-acceleration attenuation using a finite-fault uniform-patch model; a parameter study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:20","indexId":"ofr955","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-5","title":"Monte Carlo simulation of peak-acceleration attenuation using a finite-fault uniform-patch model; a parameter study","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey :\r\n[Books and Open-File Reports Section, distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr955","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Rogers, A.M., and Perkins, D.M., 1995, Monte Carlo simulation of peak-acceleration attenuation using a finite-fault uniform-patch model; a parameter study: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-5, i, 32 p. :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr955.","productDescription":"i, 32 p. :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0005/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53481,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0005/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6357cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rogers, A. M.","contributorId":92251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, D. M.","contributorId":83922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":191820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":23878,"text":"ofr95337 - 1995 - Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":23878,"text":"ofr95337 - 1995 - Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89","indexId":"ofr95337","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2302,"text":"wsp2458 - 1997 - Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89","indexId":"wsp2458","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2302,"text":"wsp2458 - 1997 - Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89","indexId":"wsp2458","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:02","indexId":"ofr95337","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-337","title":"Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89","docAbstract":"A digital model of the flow system in the highly permeable surficial aquifer of southern Dade County, Florida, was constructed for the purposes of better understanding processes that influence the flow system and of supporting the construction of a subregional model of the transport of brackish water from a flowing artesian well. Problems that needed resolution in this endeavor included the development of methods to represent the influence of flowing surface water in seasonally inundated wetlands and the influence of a network of controlled canals developed in stages during the simulation time period (water years 1945-89). An additional problem was the general lack of natural aquifer boundaries near the boundaries of the study area. The model construction was based on a conceptual description of the Biscayne aquifer developed from the results of previous U.S. Geological Survey investigations. Modifications were made to an existing three- dimensional finite-difference simulator of ground- water flow to enable an upper layer of the grid to represent seasonally occurring overland sheetflow in a series of transient simulations of water levels from 1945 to 1989. A rewetting procedure was developed for the simulator that permitted resaturation of cells in this layer when the wet season recurred. An "equivalent hydraulic conductivity" coefficient was assigned to the overland flow layer that was analogous, subject to various approximations, to the use of the Manning equation. The surficial semiconfining peat and marl layers, levees, canals, and control structures were also represented as part of the model grid with the appropriate choices of hydraulic coefficient values. For most of the Biscayne aquifer grid cells, the value assigned to hydraulic conductivity for model calibration was 30,000 feet per day and the value assigned to porosity was 20 percent. Boundary conditions were specified near data sites having long-term records of surface-water stages or water-table altitudes, and modifications to the simulator permitted the specification of time- varying pressures at boundary grid cells. Rainfall data from a station in Homestead generally were used as an areally uniform rainfall specification throughout the modeled region. Maximum evapotranspiration rates ranged seasonally from a minimum of 0.08 inch per day in January to a maximum of 0.21 inch per day between June and October. Shallow-root and deep-root zone depths for the evaportranspiration calculation were 3 and 20 feet in the coastal ridge and were 0.10 and 5 feet in the glades regions where peat and marl covers occurred. Results of sensitivity analyses indicated that the simulations of stages and water levels were relatively unresponsive to 50 percent changes in aquifer hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and the equivalent hydraulic conductivity of overland flow. However, 20 percent changes in rainfall and maximum evapotranspiration rates produced significantly different water levels, as did interchange of coastal ridge and glades deep-root zone (extinction) depths. Water levels were simulated very well at most measurement sites. Sensitivity analyses illustrated the significant influence of the uncontrolled agricultural drainage canals on pre- 1968 regional water levels and the further influence of Black Creek Canal in draining a region of high water after 1961. Other analyses indicated that the flood-control system of 1968-82 lowered peak water levels in the affected region by as much as 1.5 feet in the wet summers of 1968, 1969, and 1981, and that Levee 67 Extended channeled flows from the S-12 spillway structures and raised overland flow stages in Shark River Slough. Hypothetical scenarios of well-field pumping in the vicinity of Levee 31N indicated that the pumping induced a significant amount of recharge from the adjacent borrow canal, the degree of which depended on the distance between the canal and the well field. The computed ratio of evapotranspiration to ra","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr95337","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1995, Simulation of the water-table altitude in the Biscayne Aquifer, southern Dade County, Florida, water years 1945-89: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-337, 160 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95337.","productDescription":"160 p. :ill. (some col.), maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":155854,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f1d26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, M. L.","contributorId":47401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23513,"text":"ofr94533 - 1995 - Documentation of AIR3D, an adaptation of the ground-water-flow code MODFLOW to simulate three-dimensional air flow in the unsaturated zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-11T17:00:43.725705","indexId":"ofr94533","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-533","title":"Documentation of AIR3D, an adaptation of the ground-water-flow code MODFLOW to simulate three-dimensional air flow in the unsaturated zone","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94533","issn":"0094-9140","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Joss, C., and Baehr, A.L., 1995, Documentation of AIR3D, an adaptation of the ground-water-flow code MODFLOW to simulate three-dimensional air flow in the unsaturated zone: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-533, Report: viii, 164 p.; Application Site, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94533.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 164 p.; Application Site","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":277712,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0533/application.zip"},{"id":52803,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0533/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155662,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0533/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63d70d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joss, C.J.","contributorId":36964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joss","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19709,"text":"ofr95584 - 1995 - Descriptive, grade, and tonnage models for molybdenum-tungsten greisen deposits","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr95584","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-584","title":"Descriptive, grade, and tonnage models for molybdenum-tungsten greisen deposits","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95584","usgsCitation":"Kotlyar, B.B., Ludington, S.D., and Mosier, D., 1995, Descriptive, grade, and tonnage models for molybdenum-tungsten greisen deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-584, 30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95584.","productDescription":"30 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0584/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":153893,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0584/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db667f2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kotlyar, B. B.","contributorId":74408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotlyar","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludington, S. D.","contributorId":80682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"S.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mosier, D.L.","contributorId":21965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":27797,"text":"wri954075 - 1995 - Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri954075","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4075","title":"Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"J-Field, located in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, has been used since World War II to test and dispose of explosives, chemical warfare agents, and industrial chemicals resulting in ground-water, surface-water, and soil contami- nation. The U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference model was used to better understand ground-water flow at the site and to simulate the effects of remedial actions. A surficial aquifer and a confined aquifer were simulated with the model. A confining unit separates these units and is represented by leakance between the layers. The area modeled is 3.65 mi2; the model was constructed with a variably spaced 40 X 38 grid. The horizontal and lower boundaries of the model are all no-flow boundaries. Steady-state conditions were used. Ground water at the areas under investigation flows from disposal pit areas toward discharge areas in adjacent estuaries or wetlands. Simulations indicate that capping disposal areas with an impermeable cover effectively slows advective ground water flow by 0.7 to 0.5 times. Barriers to lateral ground-water flow were simulated and effectively prevented the movement of ground water toward discharge areas. Extraction wells were simulated as a way to contain ground-water contamination and to extract ground water for treatment. Two wells pumping 5 gallons per minute each at the toxic-materials disposal area and a single well pumping 2.5 gallons per minute at the riot-control-agent disposal area effectively contained contamination at these sites. A combi- nation of barriers to horizontal flow east and south of the toxic-materials disposal area, and a single extraction well pumping at 5 gallons per minute can extract contaminated ground water and prevent pumpage of marsh water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954075","usgsCitation":"Hughes, W., 1995, Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4075, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954075.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56634,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, W.B.","contributorId":92263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38239,"text":"pp1538S - 1995 - Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:51","indexId":"pp1538S","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"S","title":"Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538S","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., 1995, Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. S1-S15, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538S.","productDescription":"p. S1-S15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538s/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64606,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538s/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, Robert B.","contributorId":80255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":67040,"text":"i2461 - 1995 - Map of Mars showing channels and possible paleolake basins","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-18T15:39:33","indexId":"i2461","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2461","title":"Map of Mars showing channels and possible paleolake basins","docAbstract":"The significance of water in the geologic evolution of Mars was strikingly revealed by Mariner and Viking spacecraft images. Theoretical and conceptual models of the Martian climate through time range from a brief, early, warm, and wet period followed by protracted desertification to episodic oceans that inundated the northern lowland plains and produced temperate climatic regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i2461","usgsCitation":"Scott, D.H., Dohm, J.M., and Rice, J.W., 1995, Map of Mars showing channels and possible paleolake basins: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2461, 55.36 x 40.84 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2461.","productDescription":"55.36 x 40.84 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":187565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2461/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":360512,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2461/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a90e4b07f02db655821","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, D. H.","contributorId":73565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dohm, J. M.","contributorId":102150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dohm","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rice, J. W. Jr.","contributorId":53040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":25431,"text":"wri954122 - 1995 - Deposition and simulation of sediment transport in the Lower Susquehanna River reservoir system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-05T10:06:59","indexId":"wri954122","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4122","title":"Deposition and simulation of sediment transport in the Lower Susquehanna River reservoir system","docAbstract":"The Susquehanna River drains 27,510 square miles in New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland and is the largest tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. Three large hydroelectric dams are located on the river, Safe Harbor (Lake Clarke) and Holtwood (Lake Aldred) in southern Pennsylvania, and Conowingo (Conowingo Reservoir) in northern Maryland. About 259 million tons of sediment have been deposited in the three reservoirs. Lake Clarke contains about 90.7 million tons of sediment, Lake Aldred contains about 13.6 million tons, and Conowingo Reservoir contains about 155 million tons. An estimated 64.8 million tons of sand, 19.7 million tons of coal, 112 million tons of silt, and 63.3 million tons of clay are deposited in the three reservoirs. Deposition in the reservoirs is variable and ranges from 0 to 30 feet. Chemical analyses of sediment core samples indicate that the three reservoirs combined contain about 814,000 tons of organic nitrogen, 98,900 tons of ammonia as nitrogen, 226,000 tons of phosphorus, 5,610,000 1tons of iron, 2,250,000 tons of aluminum, and about 409,000 tons of manganese. Historical data indicate that Lake Clarke and Lake Aldred have reached equilibrium, and that they no longer store sediment. A comparison of cross-sectional data from Lake Clarke and Lake Aldred with data from Conowingo Reservoir indicates that Conowingo Reservoir will reach equilibrium within the next 20 to 30 years. As the Conowingo Reservoir fills with sediment and approaches equilibrium, the amount of sediment transported to the Chesapeake Bay will increase. The most notable increases will take place when very high flows scour the deposited sediment. Sediment transport through the reservoir system was simulated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' HEC-6 computer model. The model was calibrated with monthly sediment loads for calendar year 1987. Calibration runs with options set for maximum trap efficiency and a "natural" particle-size distribution resulted in an overall computed trap efficiency of 34 percent for 1987, much less than the measured efficiency of 71 percent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954122","usgsCitation":"Hainly, R., Reed, L., Flippo, H., and Barton, G.J., 1995, Deposition and simulation of sediment transport in the Lower Susquehanna River reservoir system: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4122, vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954122.","productDescription":"vi, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54153,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cee4b07f02db5455dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hainly, R.A.","contributorId":45732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hainly","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reed, L.A.","contributorId":14454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Flippo, H.N. Jr.","contributorId":96301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flippo","given":"H.N.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barton, G. J.","contributorId":58660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":193665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":4899,"text":"ds27 - 1995 - Monthly average polar sea-ice concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:48","indexId":"ds27","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"27","title":"Monthly average polar sea-ice concentration","docAbstract":"The data contained in this CD-ROM depict monthly averages of sea-ice concentration in the modern polar oceans. These averages were derived from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) instruments aboard satellites of the U.S. Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program from 1978 through 1992. The data are provided as 8-bit images using the Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ds27","issn":"1088-1018","usgsCitation":"Schweitzer, P.N., 1995, Monthly average polar sea-ice concentration: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 27, 1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ds27.","productDescription":"1 computer laser optical disc :col. ;4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":647,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds27/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635941","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schweitzer, Peter N. pschweitzer@usgs.gov","contributorId":5905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweitzer","given":"Peter","email":"pschweitzer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":150068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70111616,"text":"70111616 - 1995 - Evaluation of 11 equations for determining evaporation for a small lake in the North Central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T11:07:26","indexId":"70111616","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-05T15:52:16","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of 11 equations for determining evaporation for a small lake in the North Central United States","docAbstract":"Eleven equations for calculating evaporation were compared with evaporation determined by the energy budget method for Williams Lake, Minnesota. Data were obtained from instruments on a raft, on land near the lake, and at a weather station 60 km south of the lake. The comparisons were based on monthly values for the open-water periods of 5 years, a total of 22 months. A modified DeBruin-Keijman, Priestley-Taylor, and a modified Penman equation resulted in monthly evaporation values that agreed most closely with energy budget values. To use these equations, net radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity need to be measured near the lake. In addition, thermal surveys need to be made to determine change in heat stored in the lake. If data from distant climate stations are the only data available, and they include solar radiation, the Jensen-Haise and Makkink equations resulted in monthly evaporation values that agreed reasonably well with energy budget values.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR02537","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D.O., and Sturrock, A., 1995, Evaluation of 11 equations for determining evaporation for a small lake in the North Central United States: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 4, p. 983-993, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR02537.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"983","endPage":"993","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":629,"text":"Water Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Williams Lake","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53919164e4b06f80638265c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":494386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sturrock, A.M.","contributorId":25947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sturrock","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":494385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70174331,"text":"70174331 - 1995 - Diagnostic modeling of trace metal partitioning in south San Francisco Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T09:46:22","indexId":"70174331","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diagnostic modeling of trace metal partitioning in south San Francisco Bay","docAbstract":"The two-dimensional numerical model ELAmet was used to investigate the effect of adsorption kinetics on the apparent distribution coefficients of Cu, Cd, and Zn in south San Francisco Bay, California. The numerical experiments were designed to determine whether adsorption kinetics can control the basin-scale variability of the observed partitioning and to define the conditions under which adsorption kinetics could account for strong interannual variability in partitioning.
\nThe numerical results indicate that aqueous speciation will control basin-scale spatial variations in the apparent distribution coefficient, Kda, if the system is close to equilibrium. However, basin-scale spatial variations in Kda are determined by the location of the sources of metal and the suspended solids concentration of the receiving water if the system is far from equilibrium. The overall spatial variability in Kda also increases as the system moves away from equilibrium.
","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO Publications","doi":"10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0345","usgsCitation":"Wood, T.W., Baptista, A.M., Kuwabara, J., and Flegal, A., 1995, Diagnostic modeling of trace metal partitioning in south San Francisco Bay: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 40, no. 2, p. 345-358, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0345.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"345","endPage":"358","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0345","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":324904,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.42340087890624,\n 37.41598184194613\n ],\n [\n -122.42340087890624,\n 37.81195385919268\n ],\n [\n -121.89331054687499,\n 37.81195385919268\n ],\n [\n -121.89331054687499,\n 37.41598184194613\n ],\n [\n -122.42340087890624,\n 37.41598184194613\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-12-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5780ceb4e4b08116168222fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, T. W.","contributorId":172753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baptista, A. M.","contributorId":172754,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Baptista","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kuwabara, J.S.","contributorId":57905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuwabara","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flegal, A.R.","contributorId":64607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flegal","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":641934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70156921,"text":"70156921 - 1995 - Seasonal-to-interannual fluctuations in surface temperature over the Pacific: effects of monthly winds and heat fluxes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-10T10:59:14","indexId":"70156921","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Seasonal-to-interannual fluctuations in surface temperature over the Pacific: effects of monthly winds and heat fluxes","docAbstract":"Monthly heat fluxes and wind stresses are used to force the Oberhuber isopycnic ocean general-circulation (OPYC) model of the Pacific basin over a two-decade period from 1970 to 1988. The surface forcings are constructed from COADS marine observations via bulk formulae. Monthly anomalies of the fluxes and stresses are superimposed upon model climatological means of these variables, which were saved from a long spin-up. Two aspects of this work are highlighted, both aimed at a better understanding of the atmosphere-ocean variability and exchanges and at diagnosing the performance of the OPYC model in simulating monthly to decadal-scale variability. The first is the evaluation of the data used to force the model ocean, along with its relationship to other observed data. The second is the diagnosis of the processes revealed in the model that are associated with sea surface temperature (SST) variability, including their seasonal and geographic structure.
\nAlthough both random and systematic errors arise from the marine data and the bulk formulations, large signals in the air-sea fluxes are nonetheless consistent with the large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Pacific. This signal is large in a composite prepared from months with similar circulation modes. Also, latent and sensible heat-flux anomaly patterns correspond well to those of SST anomaly tendencies. Considering short-period variations, SST anomaly tendencies have typical magnitudes of 0.3°C mo-1. These are associated with monthly mean flux anomalies having typical magnitudes of 50 W m-2 and are consistent with observed mixed-layer depths. Decadal anomalies have much smaller magnitudes, perhaps reduced by two orders of magnitude, and it is here that the signal-to-noise problem is more severe. The forcing terms are generally products of variables, so realistic means and fluctuations of these variables are crucial for a successful simulation.
\nThe 19-year simulation of the Pacific basin by the monthly marine data-forced OPYC model displays good skill in reproducing SST variability. These results represent the first hindcast of which we are aware that uses both observed total heat-flux and wind-stress anomalies as forcing for such a long time interval. There is close agreement between the model SSTs and those observed in many regions of the Pacific, including the tropics and the northern extratropics. Besides performing credibly on the monthly time scale, the model captures the essence of low-frequency variability over the North Pacific, including aspects of a marked basin-wide change that occurred in 1976-1977. In the model's detailed heat budget, the anomalous air-sea heat fluxes, entrainment, and to a lesser extent horizontal advection, force thermal-anomaly changes in the mixed layer. Each of these components was apparently involved in the 1976-1977 decadal SST shift.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales","language":"English","publisher":"The National Academies Press","isbn":"978-0-309-12722-6","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D.R., Miller, A.J., Barnett, T.P., Graham, N.E., Ritchie, J.N., and Oberhuber, J.M., 1995, Seasonal-to-interannual fluctuations in surface temperature over the Pacific: effects of monthly winds and heat fluxes, chap. of Natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales, p. 133-150.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"150","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1970-01-01","temporalEnd":"1988-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":307821,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":307820,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nap.edu/catalog/5142/natural-climate-variability-on-decade-to-century-time-scales"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"560bb6f9e4b058f706e53e72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Arthur J.","contributorId":147311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13613,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego), La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnett, Tim P.","contributorId":147312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Barnett","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":13613,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego), La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graham, Nicholas E.","contributorId":147313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Graham","given":"Nicholas","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":13613,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego), La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ritchie, Jack N.","contributorId":147314,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ritchie","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":13613,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography (University of California, San Diego), La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":571151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Oberhuber, Josef M.","contributorId":147315,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oberhuber","given":"Josef","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":571152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70216678,"text":"70216678 - 1995 - Hydrological and thermal response of lakes to climate: Description and modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T20:10:09.579305","indexId":"70216678","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T14:07:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrological and thermal response of lakes to climate: Description and modeling","docAbstract":"Lake systems continually respond to climatic conditions that vary over broad scales of space and time. The spatial distribution of lakes on the Earth’s surface is indicative of long-term patterns of atmospheric circulation, and the annual cycle of climate over lake basins is reflected in seasonal change in the size and temperature of lakes. Lake size is determined by the balance of water inputs and outputs, and lake temperature is governed by the balance of heat inputs and outputs. The lake hydrological and energy balances are coupled to the atmosphere. In response to the inputs of mass, energy, and momentum (precipitation, radiation, and wind stress), lakes return heat and moisture to the atmosphere through conduction and evaporation. Global, regional, or local change in the hydrological or thermal states of lakes thus represent interactive responses to climatic variation in the supply of water and energy.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and chemistry of lakes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springerlink","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-85132-2_3","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., 1995, Hydrological and thermal response of lakes to climate: Description and modeling, chap. of Physics and chemistry of lakes, p. 63-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85132-2_3.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"63","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380862,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, Steven W. 0000-0003-2272-8302 swhostet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":3249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"Steven","email":"swhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205790,"text":"70205790 - 1995 - Modeling mangrove canopy reflectance using a light interaction model and an optimization technique","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-04T07:23:41","indexId":"70205790","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T11:39:57","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"6","title":"Modeling mangrove canopy reflectance using a light interaction model and an optimization technique","docAbstract":"At 20 sites, incorporating mixtures of black, red, and white mangroves, canopy reflectance spectra were derived from high resolution spectral data taken from a helicopter platform. Canopy characteristics were predicted from the canopy reflectance spectra by using measured and estimated data as inputs into a light-canopy interaction model within a optimization routine. Pertinent to average conditions typifying the area and time of the study, the light-canopy interaction model accomplished two goals. Using the model as a predictor, a sensitivity analysis suggested that little error in modelling the near nadir view canopy reflectance (Rcv) would result from assuming an average soil reflectance of about 0.1, at leaf area index (LAI) values above 2, at near infrared (NIR) leaf reflectances higher than about 0.45. and at sun elevation angles >40o. Moderate errors could result from assuming a spherical leaf angel distribution (LAD), and relatively high errors could result from errors in estimating visible leaf reflectances (and NIR leaf reflectances <0.45) and percent skylight. Differences between canopy hemispherical reflectance (Rc) and Rcv were dominated by percent skylight variation, while differences between Rc and Rcv were moderate to slight at a sun elevation above 20o to 30o, a near spherical LAD, a soil reflectance near 0.1, a LAI up to 4, and a NIR leaf reflectance less than 0.7.
Simulated canopy reflectance spectra were close predictors of obtained spectra, with R2 values >0.97. Mean predicted LAI values were 2.6±0.86 (mean ±1 standard deviation) and were highly related to LAI values derived from field measurements. Seventy-eight percent of the modelled LAI variance was predicted by a normalized difference vegetation index transform of the field canopy spectra data. Predicted LAD values had a near spherical mean value, while the mean difference between input (estimated from laboratory measurements) and predicted leaf reflectances was nearly zero.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetland and Environmental Applications of GIS","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","isbn":"0873718976","usgsCitation":"Ramsey III, E., and Jensen, J.R., 1995, Modeling mangrove canopy reflectance using a light interaction model and an optimization technique, chap. 6 of Wetland and Environmental Applications of GIS, p. 61-81.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 24.44714958973082\n ],\n [\n -79.1015625,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 31.50362930577303\n ],\n [\n -88.9013671875,\n 24.44714958973082\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey III, Elijah 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":212009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey III","given":"Elijah","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jensen, John R.","contributorId":216821,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jensen","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207127,"text":"70207127 - 1995 - Structure, vein paragenesis, and alteration in the Al Wajh gold district, Saudi Arabia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-10T07:16:14","indexId":"70207127","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T06:07:35","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structure, vein paragenesis, and alteration in the Al Wajh gold district, Saudi Arabia","docAbstract":"The Al Wajh gold district contains small deposits of gold-bearing quartz veins located in sheared and altered Neoproterozoic mafic lavas and volcaniclastic sandstone and siltstone. The veins formed during multiple episodes of deformation and have structual and mineralogic features characteristic of mesothermal, low sulfide, gold-bearing quartz veins. Three early deformation episodes (D1, D2, D3) are interpreted as progressive phases of a major deformation event that culminated about 660 Ma; episode D4 makes up part of a later event about 620 Ma. The bulk of the gold-bearing veins in the district are located in D2 and D3 structures. D1 veins consist of thin quartz veins in phyllite, D2 veins are located in throughgoing, steeply dipping sinistral shear zones and in the crests of folds along the shears. D3 veins, typically associated with carbonate alteration, are concentrated in small thrust faults that in places modify earlier D2 shears. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2262","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"LeAnderson, P.J., Yoldash, M., Johnson, P.R., and Offield, T., 1995, Structure, vein paragenesis, and alteration in the Al Wajh gold district, Saudi Arabia: Economic Geology, v. 90, no. 8, p. 2262-2273, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.8.2262.","productDescription":"12 p. ","startPage":"2262","endPage":"2273","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":370084,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Saudi Arabia","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[42.77933,16.34789],[42.64957,16.77464],[42.34799,17.07581],[42.27089,17.47472],[41.75438,17.83305],[41.22139,18.6716],[40.93934,19.48649],[40.24765,20.17463],[39.80168,20.33886],[39.1394,21.2919],[39.0237,21.98688],[39.06633,22.57966],[38.49277,23.68845],[38.02386,24.07869],[37.48363,24.28549],[37.15482,24.85848],[37.20949,25.08454],[36.93163,25.60296],[36.6396,25.82623],[36.24914,26.57014],[35.64018,27.37652],[35.13019,28.06335],[34.63234,28.05855],[34.78778,28.60743],[34.83222,28.95748],[34.95604,29.35655],[36.06894,29.19749],[36.50121,29.50525],[36.74053,29.86528],[37.50358,30.00378],[37.66812,30.33867],[37.99885,30.5085],[37.00217,31.50841],[39.00489,32.01022],[39.19547,32.16101],[40.39999,31.88999],[41.88998,31.19001],[44.7095,29.17889],[46.56871,29.09903],[47.45982,29.00252],[47.70885,28.52606],[48.41609,28.552],[48.80759,27.68963],[49.29955,27.46122],[49.47091,27.11],[50.15242,26.68966],[50.21294,26.27703],[50.1133,25.94397],[50.23986,25.60805],[50.52739,25.32781],[50.66056,24.9999],[50.81011,24.75474],[51.11242,24.55633],[51.38961,24.62739],[51.57952,24.2455],[51.61771,24.01422],[52.00073,23.00115],[55.0068,22.49695],[55.20834,22.70833],[55.66666,22],[54.99998,19.99999],[52.00001,19],[49.11667,18.61667],[48.18334,18.16667],[47.46669,17.11668],[47,16.95],[46.74999,17.28334],[46.36666,17.23332],[45.4,17.33334],[45.21665,17.43333],[44.06261,17.41036],[43.79152,17.31998],[43.38079,17.57999],[43.1158,17.08844],[43.21838,16.66689],[42.77933,16.34789]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Saudi Arabia\"}}]}","volume":"90","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LeAnderson, P. James","contributorId":25578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeAnderson","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yoldash, Mahmoud","contributorId":221074,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoldash","given":"Mahmoud","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnson, Peter R.","contributorId":117797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Offield, Terry W.","contributorId":64217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Offield","given":"Terry W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70196438,"text":"70196438 - 1995 - Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T13:16:07","indexId":"70196438","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Sidescan sonar provides a map of the seafloor that has greatly improved the understanding of depositional processes on modern deep-sea fans (e.g. Mutti and Normark 1991). Here, we present a sidescan-sonar mosaic from the eastern Gulf of Mexico that images the distal reaches of a channel on the Mississippi Fan and the deposits associated with it (Fig. 41.1). This area is one of several deep-sea fan systems that had not previously been imaged by high-resolution sidescan systems. The mosaic highlights the complexity of the spatial relationships of channels and deposits at ends of channels on this large, modern, passive-margin deep-sea fan (Figs 41.2 and 41.3).
","largerWorkTitle":"Atlas of Deep Water Environments","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_42","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Schwab, W.C., and Kenyon, N.H., 1995, Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, chap. of Atlas of Deep Water Environments, p. 282-286, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_42.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"286","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 28.642389157900553\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 28.642389157900553\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 31.85889704445453\n ],\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 31.85889704445453\n ],\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 28.642389157900553\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff209be4b0da30c1bfd5ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70198237,"text":"70198237 - 1995 - The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:21","indexId":"70198237","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago","docAbstract":"Alcedo volcano is one of six shield volcanoes on Isabela Island in the western Galápagos Islands. Although Alcedo is dominantiy basaltic, it is unusual in that it also has erupted ∼1 km3 of rhyolite. The rhyolitic phase marked a 10-fold decrease in the mass-eruption rate of the volcano, and the volcano has returned to erupting basalt. The basalts are tholeiitic and range from strongly to sparsely porphyritic. Olivine and plagiodase are the liquidus phases in the most primitive basalts. The MgO and Ni concentrations in the most primitive basalts indicate that they have undergone substantial differentiation since extraction from the mantle. The rhyolites contain the assemblage oligoclase-augite-titanomagnetite-fayalite-apatite and sparse xenoliths of quenched basalt and cumulate gabbros. Intermediate rocks are very rare, but some are apparently basaltrhyolite hybrids, and others resulted from differentiation of tholeiitic magma. Several modeling approaches and Sr-, Nd-, and O-isotopic data indicate that the rhyolites resulted from ∼ 90% fractionation (by weight) of plagiodase, augite, titanomagnetite, olivine, and apatite from the most primitive olivine tholeiite. The data are inconsistent with the rhyolites originating by crustal anatexis. The extreme Daly gap may be caused by the large increase in viscosity as the basaltic magma differentiates to intermediate and siliceous compositions; highly evolved magmas are eruptible only after they become saturated with volatiles by second boiling. The close association of the hybrid intermediate magmas and magmatic inclusions with the climactic plinian eruption indicates mixing between mafic and silicic magmas immediately before eruption. Rhyolite production was favored by the decrease in supply of basaltic magma as Alcedo was carried away from the focus of the Galápagos hotspot. A three-stage model for the magmatic evolution of a Galápagos volcano is proposed. In the first stage, the supply of basaltic magma is large. Basaltic magma continually intrudes the subcaldera magma chamber, buffering the magmas' compositional and thermal evolution. As the volcano is carried away from the basaltic source, the magma chamber is allowed to cool and differentiate, as exemplified by Alcedo's rhyolitic phase. Finally, the volcano receives even smaller influx of basalt, so a large magma chamber cannot be sustained, and the volcano shifts to isolated basaltic eruptions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.4.965","usgsCitation":"Geist, D., Howard, K.A., and Larson, P., 1995, The generation of oceanic rhyolites by crystal fractionation: the basalt-rhyolite association at Volcán Alcedo, Galápagos archipelago: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 965-982, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.4.965.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"965","endPage":"982","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355878,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galapagos Islands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n -2.921097018708451\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n -2.921097018708451\n ],\n [\n -86.220703125,\n 1.7794990011582255\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n 1.7794990011582255\n ],\n [\n -94.46044921875,\n -2.921097018708451\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e12e4b034bf6a810d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Geist, Dennis","contributorId":194545,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Geist","given":"Dennis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, Peter","contributorId":57265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197133,"text":"70197133 - 1995 - Continental drilling for paleoclimatic records: Recommendations from an international workshop","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-18T10:37:00","indexId":"70197133","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"96-4","title":"Continental drilling for paleoclimatic records: Recommendations from an international workshop","docAbstract":"The Workshop, entitled \"Continental Drilling for Paleoclimate Records\", was sponsored by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Project, a core project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and by the GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany, in conjunction with the International Continental Drilling Programme (ICDP). The impetus for the meeting was the need for long continental paleoclimate records that will fill gaps left by the marine and ice-core records and provide information on time and spatial scales that are relevant to human activities. Further impetus came from a perceived need to balance the forecasts and reconstructions of climate models with information on actual behavior of the climate system on the continents. The meeting was organized by Steven M. Colman, Suzanne A.G. Leroy, and Jörg F.W. Negendank and was held at the GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam, Germany, June 30-July 2, 1995. Because the Workshop was primarily a working meeting, a relatively small number of participants were invited (Appendix 3). Leaders of the PAGES Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) transects and existing large-lake drilling programs, along with a mixture of technical experts, were the primary group of attendees.
","language":"English","publisher":"PAGES","usgsCitation":"1995, Continental drilling for paleoclimatic records: Recommendations from an international workshop, 64 p.","productDescription":"64 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354301,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff209be4b0da30c1bfd5b8","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Colman, Steve M.","contributorId":49807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735786,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70193468,"text":"70193468 - 1995 - Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T14:45:51","indexId":"70193468","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana","docAbstract":"We sampled macroinvertebrate communities at six sites on the upper Clark Fork River, Montana, to determine relations between macroinvertebrate community structure and metals in invertebrates and the best benthic community metrics to use for ranking sites based on the relative severity of the effects of metals. Concentrations (μg/g) of six metals in invertebrates were determined: Al (range = 591–4193), As (2.7–34.1), Cd (0.13–8.38), Cu (26–1382), Pb (0.54–67.1), and Zn (212–1665). Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and total metals were significantly correlated with at least one benthic metric. Copper (r = 0.88–0.94) and total metals (r = 0.90–0.97) provided the most highly significant correlations. Based on longitudinal site comparisons of metals in invertebrates, benthic community structure, and differences between proportionally scaled ranks, five benthic metrics provided the best indicators of relative impact: taxa richness, Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) richness, chironomid richness, percentage of the most dominant taxon, and density. The two sites with the highest accumulations of invertebrate metals also demonstrated the greatest relative degree of impact based on these parameters. The most meaningful combinations of metrics indicate that the benthic community at the most upstream site is being severely impacted by metals. Two sites demonstrated little or no negative impact, and three sites demonstrated low or moderate levels of negative impacts, which may be due to a combination of metals and other factors such as organic enrichment. We recommend that benthic community structure and metals in invertebrates collected from riffle habitats be used to determine relative impacts in metals-contaminated river systems, owing to their close relation to metal availability and transfer to higher trophic levels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663447","usgsCitation":"Taylor & Francis, 1995, Relations between benthic community structure and metals concentrations in aquatic macroinvertebrates: Clark Fork River, Montana: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 3, p. 277-293, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663447.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"277","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348035,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Upper Clark Fork 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