{"pageNumber":"1325","pageRowStart":"33100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":70196438,"text":"70196438 - 1995 - Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T13:16:07","indexId":"70196438","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>Sidescan sonar provides a map of the seafloor that has greatly improved the understanding of depositional processes on modern deep-sea fans (e.g. Mutti and Normark 1991). Here, we present a sidescan-sonar mosaic from the eastern Gulf of Mexico that images the distal reaches of a channel on the Mississippi Fan and the deposits associated with it (Fig. 41.1). This area is one of several deep-sea fan systems that had not previously been imaged by high-resolution sidescan systems. The mosaic highlights the complexity of the spatial relationships of channels and deposits at ends of channels on this large, modern, passive-margin deep-sea fan (Figs 41.2 and 41.3).</span></p>","largerWorkTitle":"Atlas of Deep Water Environments","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_42","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Schwab, W.C., and Kenyon, N.H., 1995, Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, chap. <i>of</i> Atlas of Deep Water Environments, p. 282-286, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_42.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"286","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.68090820312499,\n              28.642389157900553\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.69287109375,\n              28.642389157900553\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.69287109375,\n              31.85889704445453\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.68090820312499,\n              31.85889704445453\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.68090820312499,\n              28.642389157900553\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff209be4b0da30c1bfd5ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70202106,"text":"70202106 - 1995 - Compositional variations on the Moon: Recalibration of Galileo solid‐state imaging data for the Orientale region and farside","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-11T10:53:20","indexId":"70202106","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-25T10:51:44","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5718,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","onlineIssn":"2169-9100","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Compositional variations on the Moon: Recalibration of Galileo solid‐state imaging data for the Orientale region and farside","docAbstract":"<p><span>Updated radiometric calibration and systematic processing procedures for Galileo solid‐state imaging (SSI) data from the first (1990) Earth‐Moon encounter are presented. These procedures were applied to a whole‐disk imaging sequence of the Moon centered near Mare Orientale, called Lunmap 14 (L14). Processing of L14 data included radiometric calibration, subpixel coregistration, scattered light removal, geometric control and reprojection, photometric normalization, and calibration to Earth‐based spectra. Coregistration and scattered‐light removal procedures are improvements over the initial calibration of the SSI mosaics. The effects of scattered light correction are best seen using a whole‐Moon view such as L14; resolution of the debated amounts of light scattering from within or outside the camera field of view is not necessary. Scattered light removal particularly affects the 1‐μm spectral region and has implications for interpretation of mafic mineral signatures in mare deposits of the lunar limb and farside. Recalibrated spectra indicate that mare ponds of the limb show moderately deep 1‐μm absorptions, and thus mafic mineral contents, comparable to those of other nearside basalts. Mafic mineral contents of Schiller‐Shickard cryptomaria are higher than previously thought and are similar to some low‐Ti nearside basalts. Many of the recalibrated spectra from South Pole/Aitken are similar to those of Schiller‐Schickard cryptomaria, suggesting that many of these soils represent a mixed mare/highland lithology. The hypothesis that there is an olivine enrichment in southern South Pole/Aitken basin is not supported strongly by spectra shown here.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Unin","doi":"10.1029/95JE03102","usgsCitation":"Gaddis, L.R., McEwen, A.S., and Becker, T.L., 1995, Compositional variations on the Moon: Recalibration of Galileo solid‐state imaging data for the Orientale region and farside: Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, v. 100, no. E12, p. 26345-26355, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JE03102.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"26345","endPage":"26355","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":361123,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"100","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaddis, Lisa R. 0000-0001-9953-5483 lgaddis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-5483","contributorId":2817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaddis","given":"Lisa","email":"lgaddis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, Alfred S.","contributorId":61657,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McEwen","given":"Alfred","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":756905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, Tammy L. tbecker@usgs.gov","contributorId":4388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Tammy","email":"tbecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70207051,"text":"70207051 - 1995 - Strain accumulation in Owens Valley, California, 1974 to 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-29T16:09:22.591839","indexId":"70207051","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T14:59:40","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation in Owens Valley, California, 1974 to 1988","docAbstract":"<p>Strain accumulation observed over the 1974 to 1988 interval in a 25 by 100 km aperture trilateration network spanning Owens Valley is adequately described by a strain rate that is uniform in space and time. The tensor strain-rate components referred to a coordinate system with the 2 axis directed N18°W (parallel to the trend of the valley) and the 1 axis N72°E are ∈˙11′ = 0.042 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr, ∈˙12′ = -0.058 ± 0.007 μstrain/yr, and ∈˙22′ = 0.002 ± 0.014 μstrain/yr; quoted uncertainties are standard deviations and extension is reckoned positive. Across the 25-km breadth of the network, this amounts to 1.0 ± 0.3 mm/yr extension normal to the axis of the valley, 2.9 ± 0.4 mm/yr right-lateral shear across the axis, and no extension parallel to the axis. If the measured strain accumulation is attributed to slip on the deeper section of the Owens Valley fault with the uppermost 10 km of the fault locked, the observed right-lateral deformation would imply about 7 mm/yr right-lateral slip on the buried fault, much greater than the geologic estimate of 2 ± 0.5 mm/yr right-lateral secular slip (Beanland and Clark, 1994). Nor is the observed uplift profile across the valley consistent with continuing normal slip on just the deep segment of the Owens Valley fault; normal slip at depth on the Sierra frontal fault also seems to be required. The observed deformation across Owens Valley apparently implies processes more complicated than those represented by the conventional model of strain accumulation along a throughgoing fault.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0850010151","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., and Lisowski, M., 1995, Strain accumulation in Owens Valley, California, 1974 to 1988: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 85, no. 1, p. 151-158, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0850010151.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Owens Valley trilateration","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.76220703125001,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.93847656250001,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.93847656250001,\n              37.50972584293751\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.76220703125001,\n              37.50972584293751\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.76220703125001,\n              35.29943548054545\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"85","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207049,"text":"70207049 - 1995 - Interseismic uplift at the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, 1951–1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T12:42:48.604526","indexId":"70207049","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-04T14:01:25","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interseismic uplift at the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, 1951–1990","docAbstract":"<p><span>Uplift as a function of time from 1951 through 1990 has been deduced from annual mean sea level measured at 15 tide gages along the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan. The recurrence interval for rupture of the Nankai subduction zone is about 100 years, and the most recent rupture was in late 1946. Thus the 1951–1990 uplift record covers most of the first half of the earthquake cycle. The precision of the uplift record is better than could be obtained currently by annual Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. The pre‐1960 uplift record shows rapid deformation that appears to terminate in 1959. After 1959 the uplift record is remarkably linear in time: Significant curvature in the uplift‐versus‐time plots is detected at only three of the 15 tide gages. The inferred uplift rates are not quantitatively consistent with the predictions of either the viscoelastic coupling or elastic half‐space models of subduction, but the agreement is sufficient to suggest that the causative physical mechanisms have been identified. The immediate postseismic response is controlled by the propagation of slip downward along the downdip extension of the coseismic rupture, and the interseismic response is caused by the accumulation of a slip deficit on the main thrust zone. Asthenosphere relaxation is not required to explain the observations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00242","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., 1995, Interseismic uplift at the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, 1951–1990: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B4, p. 6339-6350, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00242.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6339","endPage":"6350","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369909,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Japan","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[134.63843,34.14923],[134.76638,33.80633],[134.20342,33.20118],[133.79295,33.52199],[133.28027,33.28957],[133.01486,32.70457],[132.36311,32.98938],[132.37118,33.46364],[132.92437,34.0603],[133.49297,33.94462],[133.90411,34.36493],[134.63843,34.14923]]],[[[140.97639,37.14207],[140.59977,36.34398],[140.77407,35.84288],[140.25328,35.13811],[138.97553,34.6676],[137.2176,34.60629],[135.79298,33.46481],[135.12098,33.84907],[135.07943,34.59654],[133.34032,34.37594],[132.15677,33.90493],[130.98614,33.88576],[132.00004,33.14999],[131.33279,31.45035],[130.68632,31.02958],[130.20242,31.41824],[130.44768,32.31947],[129.81469,32.61031],[129.40846,33.29606],[130.35394,33.60415],[130.87845,34.23274],[131.88423,34.74971],[132.61767,35.43339],[134.6083,35.73162],[135.67754,35.52713],[136.72383,37.30498],[137.39061,36.82739],[138.8576,37.82748],[139.4264,38.21596],[140.05479,39.43881],[139.88338,40.56331],[140.30578,41.19501],[141.36897,41.37856],[141.91426,39.99162],[141.8846,39.18086],[140.95949,38.174],[140.97639,37.14207]]],[[[143.91016,44.1741],[144.61343,43.96088],[145.32083,44.38473],[145.54314,43.26209],[144.05966,42.98836],[143.18385,41.99521],[141.61149,42.67879],[141.06729,41.58459],[139.95511,41.56956],[139.81754,42.56376],[140.31209,43.33327],[141.38055,43.38882],[141.67195,44.77213],[141.96764,45.55148],[143.14287,44.51036],[143.91016,44.1741]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Japan\"}}]}","volume":"100","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70203245,"text":"70203245 - 1995 - The geochemical cycling of stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po in seasonally anoxic Lake Sammamish, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-01T10:05:08","indexId":"70203245","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T10:02:15","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geochemical cycling of stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po in seasonally anoxic Lake Sammamish, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"<p>The geochemical processes controlling the behavior of stable Pb,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb, and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>po in seasonally anoxic Lake Sammamish, Washington were identified from water column distributions and box model calculations. Total (sum of dissolved and particulate) inventories of stable Pb,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb, and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po increased in the whole lake during the latter part of the oxic stage of the lake and were attributed to diffusion from sediments. Large decreases in the total inventories of these elements occurred during the transition from oxic to anoxic conditions, and the lowest inventories were observed during the sulfidic stage of stratification. The cycling of stable Pb and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb during oxic periods appeared to be linked to Fe cycling while<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po cycling was more closely linked to the cycling of Mn. The behavior of stable and radioactive Pb and, possibly,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po during anoxia was influenced by sulfur cycling. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that dissolved Pb concentrations might be controlled by PbS precipitation during anoxia.</p><p>Flux balance calculations during stratification indicated that atmospheric deposition was the major source of both<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po to the lake and fluvial input was more important for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po than for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb.<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po supplied by atmospheric deposition were scavenged and removed by sedimentation from the epilimnion. Residence times with respect to scavenging and sedimentation in the epilimnion were 1–3 and 617 days, respectively, for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb and 9–22 and 9–26 days for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po. Model results in the hypolimnion indicated that at certain times the radionuclides diffused out of the sediments and at other times into the sediments. Residence times with respect to sedimentation of particulate nuclides in the hypolimnion were 2–124 days for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb and 8–48 days for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po.</p><p>The behavior of<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po in Lake Sammamish was compared to that in B~' kford Reservoir, Massachusetts. Although the comparison indicated similarities (e.g., links to Fe and Mn cycling, larger scavenging rates for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb than for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po), the major differences between the systems were that atmospheric inputs were greater than fluvial inputs, activities of the radionuclides were lower, and the presence of sulfide in the hypolimnion during anoxia affected the cycling of stable Pb,<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Pb, and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>210</sup>Po in Lake Sammamish.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00334-7","usgsCitation":"Balistrieri, L.S., Murray, J., and Paul, B., 1995, The geochemical cycling of stable Pb, 210Pb, and 210Po in seasonally anoxic Lake Sammamish, Washington, USA: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 23, p. 4845-4861, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00334-7.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"4845","endPage":"4861","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363425,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","county":"King County","otherGeospatial":"Lake Sammamish","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.4525,47.5039],[-122.4596,47.4967],[-122.4606,47.4867],[-122.4338,47.4665],[-122.4438,47.4533],[-122.44,47.4491],[-122.4397,47.4361],[-122.43,47.4219],[-122.4394,47.4176],[-122.437,47.4072],[-122.4254,47.4018],[-122.3949,47.3992],[-122.3737,47.3883],[-122.3993,47.382],[-122.4365,47.3664],[-122.4433,47.3618],[-122.4541,47.344],[-122.4643,47.3436],[-122.4767,47.3518],[-122.4728,47.3619],[-122.4636,47.3742],[-122.4544,47.3706],[-122.4318,47.3888],[-122.4376,47.3933],[-122.439,47.4058],[-122.4619,47.4011],[-122.4667,47.3925],[-122.4619,47.3908],[-122.4524,47.395],[-122.4478,47.3874],[-122.4517,47.3839],[-122.4725,47.3872],[-122.4844,47.3803],[-122.4913,47.3325],[-122.5041,47.3309],[-122.5203,47.3345],[-122.527,47.3427],[-122.5279,47.3509],[-122.5152,47.3779],[-122.5275,47.3972],[-122.512,47.4219],[-122.5132,47.4529],[-122.4957,47.4767],[-122.4814,47.4827],[-122.4754,47.5108],[-122.4525,47.5039]]],[[[-121.1216,47.782],[-121.1059,47.7646],[-121.0904,47.7587],[-121.0923,47.7494],[-121.0788,47.738],[-121.0867,47.7246],[-121.0706,47.7178],[-121.0664,47.7086],[-121.0711,47.7049],[-121.0892,47.7039],[-121.0905,47.6933],[-121.1026,47.6919],[-121.124,47.6816],[-121.1266,47.6738],[-121.1224,47.6609],[-121.1331,47.6503],[-121.1242,47.6297],[-121.1154,47.6228],[-121.1153,47.6177],[-121.122,47.6108],[-121.1105,47.6017],[-121.1111,47.5961],[-121.1553,47.5936],[-121.1733,47.5811],[-121.1673,47.5775],[-121.1799,47.5655],[-121.2268,47.5634],[-121.2334,47.5564],[-121.2333,47.5436],[-121.2446,47.5329],[-121.2572,47.5241],[-121.2746,47.5249],[-121.2886,47.5152],[-121.2885,47.5065],[-121.2964,47.5005],[-121.2983,47.488],[-121.365,47.4637],[-121.3848,47.4457],[-121.384,47.4328],[-121.3947,47.4332],[-121.4038,47.4193],[-121.4253,47.4196],[-121.4204,47.4086],[-121.4343,47.3998],[-121.4268,47.3861],[-121.4409,47.3869],[-121.4433,47.3736],[-121.4594,47.3757],[-121.4653,47.3665],[-121.4597,47.3527],[-121.4355,47.3414],[-121.4307,47.3281],[-121.4444,47.3092],[-121.4337,47.306],[-121.4302,47.2928],[-121.422,47.2859],[-121.378,47.2862],[-121.3653,47.2904],[-121.3405,47.2823],[-121.3308,47.2552],[-121.3387,47.2469],[-121.3547,47.2413],[-121.3645,47.2238],[-121.3383,47.2162],[-121.3197,47.2153],[-121.3027,47.1966],[-121.3138,47.1704],[-121.2969,47.1521],[-121.2968,47.1429],[-121.306,47.1364],[-121.334,47.1339],[-121.3654,47.1425],[-121.3893,47.135],[-121.3918,47.1276],[-121.4011,47.123],[-121.405,47.1124],[-121.3962,47.1055],[-121.4035,47.1009],[-121.4001,47.0959],[-121.3801,47.0928],[-121.374,47.0869],[-121.3812,47.0813],[-121.4047,47.0931],[-121.4432,47.0855],[-121.4869,47.1146],[-121.5237,47.1249],[-121.5782,47.1185],[-121.5869,47.1207],[-121.6146,47.1444],[-121.6321,47.153],[-121.6621,47.1559],[-121.6774,47.1503],[-121.7194,47.1513],[-121.7436,47.1626],[-121.7549,47.1615],[-121.7751,47.1719],[-121.7911,47.174],[-121.8109,47.1624],[-121.8121,47.1578],[-121.8307,47.1525],[-121.8352,47.1461],[-121.8412,47.1446],[-121.8974,47.1565],[-121.9259,47.1465],[-121.9304,47.1405],[-121.9458,47.1418],[-121.9498,47.1449],[-121.9501,47.1546],[-121.9849,47.1629],[-121.9944,47.1706],[-122.0004,47.1687],[-122.0152,47.1764],[-122.0518,47.1718],[-122.0661,47.1864],[-122.0964,47.1971],[-122.1162,47.217],[-122.1123,47.2208],[-122.1191,47.2248],[-122.1241,47.2385],[-122.1349,47.2435],[-122.1378,47.254],[-122.1446,47.2576],[-122.3309,47.258],[-122.3337,47.2635],[-122.416,47.3198],[-122.3937,47.3278],[-122.3805,47.3265],[-122.3707,47.3346],[-122.3374,47.3414],[-122.324,47.3523],[-122.3259,47.3928],[-122.3303,47.4025],[-122.3491,47.4176],[-122.3544,47.4411],[-122.3818,47.4503],[-122.3682,47.4592],[-122.3698,47.4688],[-122.3617,47.4852],[-122.3877,47.5033],[-122.3979,47.5161],[-122.3942,47.5246],[-122.4006,47.5295],[-122.3961,47.5359],[-122.3998,47.5541],[-122.4104,47.5693],[-122.4199,47.575],[-122.386,47.5953],[-122.3713,47.5843],[-122.3633,47.585],[-122.3592,47.5744],[-122.3575,47.5897],[-122.3478,47.5903],[-122.3461,47.5747],[-122.3433,47.5744],[-122.3431,47.5931],[-122.3374,47.5999],[-122.3417,47.6066],[-122.3781,47.6266],[-122.3782,47.6316],[-122.3792,47.6273],[-122.3814,47.6331],[-122.3828,47.6258],[-122.3839,47.6308],[-122.3958,47.6308],[-122.4111,47.6377],[-122.4171,47.6424],[-122.4205,47.6525],[-122.4339,47.6608],[-122.4092,47.6714],[-122.4039,47.6653],[-122.3675,47.6553],[-122.388,47.6651],[-122.4019,47.6664],[-122.4105,47.676],[-122.4037,47.6899],[-122.4057,47.6944],[-122.3824,47.7071],[-122.3736,47.7278],[-122.3824,47.747],[-122.3806,47.7592],[-122.3937,47.7709],[-122.3952,47.7778],[-121.972,47.776],[-121.1216,47.782]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"King\",\"state\":\"WA\"}}]}","volume":"59","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Balistrieri, Laurie S. 0000-0002-6359-3849 balistri@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6359-3849","contributorId":1406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balistrieri","given":"Laurie","email":"balistri@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, James","contributorId":67162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Paul, Barbara","contributorId":215230,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Paul","given":"Barbara","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":26178,"text":"wri954119 - 1995 - Ground-water conditions and effects of mine dewatering in Desert Valley, Humboldt and Pershing Counties, northwestern Nevada, 1962-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:29","indexId":"wri954119","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4119","title":"Ground-water conditions and effects of mine dewatering in Desert Valley, Humboldt and Pershing Counties, northwestern Nevada, 1962-91","docAbstract":"Desert Valley is a 1,200-square-mile, north- trending, structural basin, about 30 miles northwest of Winnemucca, Nevada. Unconsolidated basin-fill deposits exceeding 7,000 feet in thickness constitute the primary ground-water reservoir. Dewatering operations at an open-pit mine began in the Spring of 1985 in the northeast part of Desert Valley. Ground-water withdrawal for mine dewatering in 1991 was greater than three times the estimated average annual recharge from precipitation. The mine discharge water has been allowed to flow to areas west of the mine where it has created an artificial wetlands. This report documents the 1991 hydrologic conditions in Desert Valley and the change in conditions since predevelopment (pre-1962). It also summarizes the results of analyzing the simulated effects of open-pit mine dewatering on a basin-wide scale over time. Water-level declines associated with the dewatering have propagated north and south of the mine, but have been attenuated to the west due to the infiltration beneath the artificial wetlands. Maximum water-level declines beneath the open pits at the mine, as of Spring 1991, are about 300 feet. Changes in the hydrologic conditions since predevelopment are observed predominantly near the dewatering operations and the associated discharge lakes. General ground-water chemistry is essentially unchanged since pre- development. On the basis of a ground-water flow model used to simulate mine dewatering, a new equilibrium may slowly be approached only after 100 years of recovery from the time mine dewatering ceases.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Information Services [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954119","usgsCitation":"Berger, D., 1995, Ground-water conditions and effects of mine dewatering in Desert Valley, Humboldt and Pershing Counties, northwestern Nevada, 1962-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4119, vi, 94 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954119.","productDescription":"vi, 94 p. :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121861,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4119/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54979,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4119/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54980,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4119/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d312","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berger, D.L.","contributorId":106904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berger","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27957,"text":"wri944236 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and quality of ground water on Guemes Island, Skagit County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri944236","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4236","title":"Hydrogeology and quality of ground water on Guemes Island, Skagit County, Washington","docAbstract":"Guemes Island, located in Puget Sound of Washington State, is experiencing population growth and seawater intrusion. The island consists of Pleistocene glacial deposits overlying bedrock. Geologic sections and a map of surficial geology were constructed and used to delineate six hydrogeologic units, three of which are aquifers. The most productive aquifer is the Double Bluff aquifer, situated at or below sea level. Water budget estimates indicate that of the 21-29 inches of precipitation received in a typical year, 0-4 inches runs off, 12-22 inches evapotranspires, and 2-10 inches recharges the ground-water system. Of the water recharged, 0.1-0.3 inches is withdrawn by wells; the remainder recharges deeper aquifer(s) or discharges from the ground-water system to drainage ditches or the sea. The median dissolved-solids concentration was 236 mg/L (milligrams per liter). Half of the samples were classified as moderately hard, the remainder as hard or very hard. Although magnesium-calcium/bicarbonate water types dominate, some samples contained large amounts of sodium and chloride. The median concentration of 0.08 mg/L for nitrate indicates that no widespread contamination from septic systems or livestock exists. Small concentrations of arsenic were present in 5 of 24 samples. Trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds were detected in three of five samples. None of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels was exceeded. However, secondary maximum contaminant levels were exceeded for dissolved solids, chloride, manganese, and iron. Seasonal variability of chloride concentration was apparent in water from coastal wells that had chloride concentrations greater than 100 mg/L. Higher values occurred from April through September because of increased pumping and lower recharge.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944236","usgsCitation":"Kahle, S.C., and Olsen, T.D., 1995, Hydrogeology and quality of ground water on Guemes Island, Skagit County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4236, vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944236.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110273,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48104.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"48104"},{"id":123522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4236/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56772,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4236/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56773,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4236/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62549b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kahle, S. C.","contributorId":46992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olsen, T. D.","contributorId":41463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olsen","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28702,"text":"wri934158 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation, Hardee and De Soto counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri934158","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4158","title":"Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation, Hardee and De Soto counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of Hardee and De Soto Counties in west-central Florida was evaluated, and a ground-water flow model was developed to simulate the effects of expected increases in ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation on the potentiometric surfaces of the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. In 1988, total citrus acreage in Hardee and De Soto Counties was 89,041 acres. By the year 2020, citrus acreage is projected to increase to 130,000 acres.  Ground water is the major source of water supply in the study area, and 94 percent of the ground-water withdrawn in the area is used for irrigation purposes. The principal sources of ground water in the study area are the surficial aquifer, the intermediate aquifer system, and upper water-yielding units of the Floridan aquifer system, commonly referred to as the Upper Floridan aquifer. The surficial aquifer is a permeable hydrogeo1ogic unit contiguous with land surface that is comprised predominately of surficial quartz sand deposits that generally are less than 100 feet thick. The intermediate aquifer system is a somewhat less permeable hydrogeologic unit that lies between and retards the exchange of water between the overlying surficial aquifer and the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer. Thickness of the intermediate aquifer system ranges from about 200 to 500 feet and transmissivity ranges from 400 to 7,000 feet squared per day. The highly productive Upper Floridan aquifer consists of 1,200 to 1,400 feet of solution-riddled and fractured limestone and dolomite. Transmissivity values for this aquifer range from 71,000 to 850,000 feet squared per day. Wells open to the Upper Floridan aquifer. the major source of water in the area, can yield as much as 2,500 gallons of water per minute.  The potential effects of projected increases in water withdrawals for citrus irrigation on groundwater heads were evaluated by the use of a quasi-three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model. The model was calibrated under steady-state conditions to simulate September 1988 heads and under transient conditions to simulate head fluctuations between September 1988 and September 1989. The calibrated model was then used to simulate hydraulic heads for the years 2000 and 2020 that might result from projected increases in pumpage for citrus irrigation.  The model simulation indicated that increased pumpage might be expected to result in:  A maximum decline of more than 10 feet in theintermediate aquifer system at a proposed grove in eastern De Soto County and an average decline of more than 2 feet in much of the study area.  An increase in downward leakage to the intermediate aquifer system from the overlying surficial aquifer system from 178 to 183 million gallons per day.  A decrease in upward leakage from the intermediate aquifer system to the surficial aquifer from 1.58 to 1.47 million gallons per day.  A maximum decline of about 5 feet in the Upper Floridan aquifer at a proposed grove in eastern De Soto County and a decline of more than 2 feet in much of the model area.  An increase in downward leakage to the Upper Floridan aquifer from the intermediate aquifer system from 180 to 183 million gallons per day.  A decrease in upward leakage from the Upper Floridan aquifer to the intermediate aquifer system from 4.32 million gallons per day in 1989 to 3.89 million gallons per day in the year 2,000. but an increase in upward leakage to 5.10 million gallons per day by the year 2020, reflecting a change in hydraulic gradient.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934158","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., 1995, Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation, Hardee and De Soto counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4158, vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934158.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4158/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26889,"text":"wri954023 - 1995 - Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-21T12:19:17.464536","indexId":"wri954023","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4023","displayTitle":"Regional Rainfall-Runoff Relations for Simulation of Streamflow for Watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","title":"Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Lake County, Illinois","docAbstract":"<p>Rainfall and streamflow data collected in Lake County, Ill., from March 1990 through September 1993 were used to (1) calibrate a rainfall-runoff model for an area encompassing three watersheds (individual areas of 17.2, 35.7, and 37.0 mi<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;(square miles) and (2) verify the regional model parameter set obtained from the calibration by applying the parameter set to rainfall-runoff models for an additional small (6.3 mi<sup>2</sup>) watershed and a large (59.6 mi<sup>2</sup>) watershed. In addition, rainfall and streamflow data collected from April 1991 through September 1993 were used to calibrate the rainfall-runoff model for three single land-use watersheds (38.2-305 acres), called hydrologic response units (HRU's). Significant differences were found between the best parameters used in the HRU models and in the larger watershed models. The main channels in the HRU's are intermittent streams; thus, the parameters in the HRU models were selected such that a fluctuating water table could be simulated; runoff from the larger watersheds is not as sensitive to the effects of a fluctuating water table. Classification of land cover into two pervious subareas (forest and grass) and one impervious subarea (including parking lots, streets, and rooftops, among others) was sufficient to simulate the rainfall-runoff relations for all watersheds accurately. The model parameters presented in this report, which were refined through regional calibration and verified for watersheds not considered in the calibration, allow simulation of runoff in watersheds in Lake County, Ill., with approximately 93-percent accuracy in the total water balance, an average absolute error in the annual- flow estimates of 10.9 percent (and an error rarely exceeding 25 percent for annual flow), and monthly water balances with correlation coefficients of 93 percent and coefficients of model-fit efficiency of 86 percent. The models closely reproduced the partial-duration series of runoff and storm-runoff frequencies for the modeled watersheds.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954023","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Lake County Stormwater Management Commission","usgsCitation":"Duncker, J., Vail, T., and Melching, C., 1995, Regional rainfall-runoff relations for simulation of streamflow for watersheds in Lake County, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4023, v, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954023.","productDescription":"v, 71 p.","costCenters":[{"id":344,"text":"Illinois Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4023/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":361745,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4023/wrir95_4023.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.75 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 95–4023"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois","county":"Lake County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -88.17970275878906,\n              42.12980284036179\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.76634216308594,\n              42.12980284036179\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.76634216308594,\n              42.49235259142821\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.17970275878906,\n              42.49235259142821\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.17970275878906,\n              42.12980284036179\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p>Director,&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/cm-water\">Central Midwest Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>405 North Goodwin<br>Urbana, IL 61801</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of Study Area</li><li>Methods of Study</li><li>Simulation of Streamflow</li><li>Rainrall-Runoff Relations</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References Cited</li><li>Appendix A—Example User Control Input (UCI) File For Simulating Watersheds <br>With The Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF)</li><li>Appendix B—Example User Control Input (UCI) File For Simulating Hydrologic <br>Response Units (HRU’s)&nbsp;With The Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran (HSPF)</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60fa33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duncker, James J.","contributorId":62620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duncker","given":"James J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vail, Tracy J.","contributorId":103703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vail","given":"Tracy J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29007,"text":"wri954059 - 1995 - Channel change and sediment transport in two desert streams in central Arizona, 1991-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:52","indexId":"wri954059","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4059","title":"Channel change and sediment transport in two desert streams in central Arizona, 1991-92","docAbstract":"Channel change and suspended-sediment transport were monitored in the Salt and Hassayampa Rivers in Maricopa County, Arizona, during the winter and summer rainy seasons of 1991-92. Flows were moderate. Results illustrate the high instability of these channels and high variability of process and response.  A channelized, gravel-paved reach of the Salt River in an industrial part of Phoenix was incised 2 meters by sustained winter flows from upstream reservoir releases that had a peak discharge of 368 cubic meters per second. Similar amounts of channel incision occurred at bridge crossings at four other locations within 20 kilometers upstream from the study reach at 16th Street. Channel incision changed the stage-discharge relation at the streamflow-gaging station at 24th Street. Bank erosion below 16th Street undermined bank revetment and caused a large concrete-drop structure at the mouth of a storm drain to fall into the channel. About 23 kilometers upstream from the study area, bank erosion on the Salt River exhumed a landfill that resulted in entrainment and transport of refuse. The flows, which lasted 5 months beginning in early January, produced the highest peak discharge in 9 years on the normally dry lower Salt River. The flows were minor, however, compared to peak discharges that occurred during a series of floods from 1966 to 1980. The flood of 1980 that had a peak discharge of 5,100 cubic meters per second was the largest since 1905. In August 1992, several days of flows from reservoir releases produced a higher peak discharge of 493 cubic meters per second that resulted in little or no channel change.  On a sandy, ephemeral reach of the Hassayampa River in rural Maricopa County west of Phoenix, as much as 20 meters of bank erosion resulted from three flows of short duration and low-to-moderate peak discharge. Most bank erosion resulted from a winter flow that lasted about 7 hours, had a peak discharge of 127 cubic meters per second, and an estimated recurrence interval of less than 5 years. A summer flow that lasted 3 hours had a peak discharge of 173 cubic meters per second and caused some bank erosion and possibly some dissection of terraces. The magnitude of change, however, was far less than that of the winter flow.  Suspended-sediment concentration on the Salt River during the winter flows was typical of those for other regulated streams in Arizona and ranged from 2 to 617 milligrams per liter at discharges from 6.7 to 343 cubic meters per second. Fine-grained sediments in the channel bottom probably were the main source of sediment transported in suspension. During periods of prolonged, steady flows, suspended-sediment concentration tended to decline, which indicated a probable depletion of sediment supply.  On the Hassayampa River, suspended-sediment concentrations ranged from 12,800 to 132,000 milligrams per liter at discharges of 13 to 128 cubic meters per second. The relation of sediment concentration to discharge was poor for the entire set of samples, but a clear pattern was evident for each period of storm runoff. In two of three periods of runoff sampled, maximum suspended-sediment concentration occurred just before peak discharge and declined rapidly.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954059","usgsCitation":"Parker, J.T., 1995, Channel change and sediment transport in two desert streams in central Arizona, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4059, v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954059.","productDescription":"v, 42 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123727,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4059/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57874,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4059/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e4e4b07f02db5e6360","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parker, J. T.","contributorId":89164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":20105,"text":"ofr94457 - 1995 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20105,"text":"ofr94457 - 1995 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","indexId":"ofr94457","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2300,"text":"wsp2491 - 1997 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","indexId":"wsp2491","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2300,"text":"wsp2491 - 1997 - Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","indexId":"wsp2491","publicationYear":"1997","noYear":false,"title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods"},"lastModifiedDate":"2020-10-08T16:20:19.82069","indexId":"ofr94457","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-457","title":"Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods","docAbstract":"<p>To construct a digital simulation of a plume of brackish water in the surficial Biscayne aquifer of central Dade County, Florida, that originated from a flowing artesian well, it was necessary to quantify the rate of spillage and the consequent point-source loading of the aquifer. However, a flow-rate measurement (2,350 gallons per minute) made 2 months after drilling of the well in 1944 was inconsistent with later measurements (1,170 gallons per minute) in 1964, 1965, and 1969. Possible explanations were the: (1) drawdown of the aquifer over time; (2) raising of the altitude at which the water was discharged; (3) installation of 80 feet of 8-inch liner; (4) an increase in the density of the flowing water; and (5) gradual deterioration of the well casing. The first approach to reconciling the measured flow rates was to apply a form of the equation for constant-drawdown analysis often used to estimate aquifer transmissivity. Next, a numerical simulation analysis was made that provided the means to account for friction loss in the well and recharge across vertically adjacent confining layers and from lateral boundaries. The numerical analysis required the construction of a generalized model of the subsurface from the surficial Biscayne aquifer to the cavernous, dolomitic Boulder Zone at a depth of 3,000 feet. Calibration of the generalized flow model required that the moddle confining unit of the Floridan aquifer system separating the artesian flow zone in the Upper Floridan aquifer from the Lower Floridan aquifer (the Boulder Zone) have a vertical hydraulic conductivity of at least 1 foot per day. The intermediate confining unit separating the flow zone from the surficial Biscayne aquifer was assigned a much lower hydraulic conductivity (0.01 foot per day or less). The model indicated that the observed mounding of Upper Floridan aquifer heads along the axis of the Florida Peninsula was related to the variable depth of the freshwater and brackish-water zone overlying deeper saline water. The analyses only partly reconciled the two rates. The second rate was accepted as representative of the conditions prevailing at the time of its measurement. On the basis of flowmeter logging, it was assumed that an additional 230 gallons per minute escaped through the corroded casing at that time. Factors not amenable to analysis, such as the inherent inaccuracy of the method of estimating flow from the well and possible error in estimating losses through the casing, could easily account for the remainder of the difference between the two measured rates.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94457","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 1995, Computation of the time-varying flow rate from an artesian well in central Dade County, Florida, by analytical and numerical simulation methods: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-457, iv, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94457.","productDescription":"iv, 47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":152239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0457/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":379233,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0457/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Dade County","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.8538818359375,\n              25.095548539604252\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.9969482421875,\n              25.095548539604252\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.9969482421875,\n              26.892679095908164\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8538818359375,\n              26.892679095908164\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.8538818359375,\n              25.095548539604252\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b19e4b07f02db6a7d48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, Michael L.","contributorId":29392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29916,"text":"wri944239 - 1995 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifer system near Calvert City, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri944239","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4239","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifer system near Calvert City, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, constructed a two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water-flow model to estimate hydraulic properties, contributing areas to discharge boundaries, and the average linear velocity at selected locations in an aquifer system near Calvert City, Ky. Nonlinear regression was used to estimate values of model parameters and the reliability of the parameter estimates. The regression minimizes the weighted difference between observed and calculated hydraulic heads and rates of flow. The calibrated model generally was better than alternative models considered, and although adding transmissive faults in the bedrock produced a slightly better model, fault transmissivity was not estimated reliably. The average transmissivity of the aquifer was 20,000 feet squared per day. Recharge to two outcrop areas, the McNairy Formation of Cretaceous age and the alluvium of Quaternary age, were 0.00269 feet per day (11.8 inches per year) and 0.000484 feet per day (2.1 inches per year), respectively. Contributing areas to wells at the Calvert City Water Company in 1992 did not include the Calvert City Industrial Complex. Since completing the fieldwork for this study in 1992, the Calvert City Water Company discontinued use of their wells and began withdrawing water from new wells that were located 4.5 miles east-southeast of the previous location; the contributing area moved farther from the industrial complex. The extent of the alluvium contributing water to wells was limited by the overlying lacustrine deposits. The average linear ground-water velocity at the industrial complex ranged from 0.90 feet per day to 4.47 feet per day with a mean of 1.98 feet per day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944239","usgsCitation":"Starn, J., Arihood, L.D., and Rose, M., 1995, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifer system near Calvert City, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4239, v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944239.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, M.F.","contributorId":27893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":28376,"text":"wri944204 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and ground-water flow of the drift and Platteville aquifer system, St. Louis Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:18:32.546241","indexId":"wri944204","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4204","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water flow of the drift and Platteville aquifer system, St. Louis Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Three aquifers and two confining units have been delineated within the drift underlying the area near the site of a former coal-tar distillation and wood-preserving plant in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. The hydrogeologic units of the drift, in descending order, are the upper drift aquifer, the upper drift confining unit, the middle drift aquifer, the lower drift confining unit. and the lower drift aquifer. A contamination plume consisting of coal-tar derivatives exists in the drift aquifers and in the Platteville aquifer underlying the southern part of the plant site and areas to the south and east of the plant site.</p>\n<p>The upper drift aquifer has a maximum saturated thickness of about 25 feet. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities of the upper drift aquifer range from less than 1 to about 25 feet per day in peat areas and from about 50 to 400 feet per day in sand and gravel areas. The upper drift confining unit generally is less than 20 feet thick, with a maximum thickness of 62 feet. The saturated thickness of the middle drift aquifer generally is 20 to 30 feet in areas where the aquifer is both overlain and underlain by a confining unit. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the middle drift aquifer ranges from about 50 to 500 feet per day. The lower drift confining unit is as much as 50 feet thick. Model-computed vertical hydraulic conductivities for the upper and lower drift confining units ranged from 0.0002 to 5 feet per day. The lower drift aquifer consists of discontinuous sand and gravel deposits overlying Platteville Formation bedrock and has a maximum thickness of 20 feet where it is overlain by the lower drift confining unit.</p>\n<p>Water in the drift aquifers and in the Platteville aquifer generally flows from the northwest to the southeast under a hydraulic gradient of about 10 feet per mile. The drift confining units and the Glenwood confining unit. when present, control the vertical movement of water through the aquifers. Discontinuities in these confining units greatly influence patterns of ground-water flow.</p>\n<p>A numerical cross-sectional ground-water-flow model was used to test concepts of flow of ground water through the drift aquifers and the Platteville aquifer. particularly the effects of confining units and bedrock valleys on vertical flow. The model has eight layers representing, in descending order: ( 1) the upper drift aquifer. (2) the upper drift confining unit, (3) the middle drift aquifer, (4) the upper part of the lower drift confining unit, (5) the lower part of the lower drift confining unit and lower drift aquifer, (6) the Platteville aquifer and bedrock valley deposits, (7) the St. Peter aquifer, and (8) the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. A sensitivity analysis indicated that model-calculated hydraulic heads in the drift aquifers and in the Platteville aquifer were most sensitive to variations in: (1) the horizontal hydraulic conductivities of the middle drift aquifer, (2) the transmissivities of the Platteville and St. Peter aquifers, (3) the vertical hydraulic conductivities of the lower drift confining unit and the drift material filling the bedrock valley, and (4) the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the basal St. Peter confining unit.</p>\n<p>The model-calculated water budget indicated that recharge from infiltration of precipitation to the upper and middle drift aquifers and the upper drift confining unit accounts for about 41 percent of the total sources of water. The remaining 59 percent is from subsurface inflow from the west (through specified-head cells). About 70 percent of the outflow from the eastern model boundary was simulated as discharge from the model layers representing the Platteville aquifer and bedrock valley deposits and the St. Peter aquifer. The calibrated simulation indicated that about 99 percent of the total leakage of water from the drift aquifers and from the Platteville aquifer to the underlying St. Peter aquifer occurs through areas where the Glenwood confining unit is absent or discontinuous.</p>\n<p>Hypothetical changes of the hydraulic properties and the extent of confining units were simulated using the calibrated steady-state model. Increasing the vertical hydraulic conductivity of model layer 4, representing the upper part of the lower drift confining unit, by a factor of 100 in the western part of the cross section resulted in decreased model-calculated leakage to the St. Peter aquifer through the bedrock valley represented in the eastern part of the cross-sectional model. A hypothetical extension of vertical hydraulic conductivities representing the Glenwood&nbsp;confining unit along the entire cross-sectional model resulted in a 98 percent reduction in the model-calculated amount of water leaking from the Platteville aquifer and bedrock valley deposits to the underlying St. Peter aquifer.</p>\n<p>Model simulations indicate that vertical ground-water flow from the drift aquifers and from the Platteville aquifer to underlying bedrock aquifers is greatest through bedrock valleys. The convergence of flow paths near bedrock valleys and the greater volume of water moving through the valleys would likely result in both increased concentrations and greater vertical movement of contaminants in areas underlain by bedrock valleys as compared to areas not underlain by bedrock valleys. Model results also indicate that field measurements of hydraulic head might not help locate discontinuities in confining units and additional test drilling to locate discontinuities might be necessary.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1995, Hydrogeology and ground-water flow of the drift and Platteville aquifer system, St. Louis Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4204, vi, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944204.","productDescription":"vi, 79 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395393,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48074.htm"},{"id":57178,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4204/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Louis Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              44.9625\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              44.916667\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.308333,\n              44.916667\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.308333,\n              44.9625\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.4,\n              44.9625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":2867,"text":"wsp2399 - 1995 - Ground-water, surface-water, and bottom-sediment contamination in the O-field area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and the possible effects of selected remedial actions on ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:35","indexId":"wsp2399","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2399","title":"Ground-water, surface-water, and bottom-sediment contamination in the O-field area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and the possible effects of selected remedial actions on ground water","docAbstract":"Disposal of munitions and chemical-warfare substances has introduced inorganic and organic contaminants to the ground water, surface water, and bottom sediment at O-Field, in the Edgewood area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Contaminants include chloride, arsenic, transition metals, chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic compounds, and organosulfur and organophosphorus compounds. The hydrologic effects of several remedial actions were estimated by use of a ground-water-flow model. The remedial actions examined were an impermeable covering, encapsulation, subsurface barriers, a ground-water drain, pumping of wells to manage water levels or to remove contaminated ground water for treatment, and no action.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nFor sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/wsp2399","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., Lorah, M.M., and Oliveros, J.P., 1995, Ground-water, surface-water, and bottom-sediment contamination in the O-field area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and the possible effects of selected remedial actions on ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2399, vii, 95 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2399.","productDescription":"vii, 95 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":138993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2399/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":29476,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2399/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65549d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":145930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lorah, Michelle M. 0000-0002-9236-587X mmlorah@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-587X","contributorId":1437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorah","given":"Michelle","email":"mmlorah@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":145931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oliveros, James P.","contributorId":72367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveros","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":145932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":30257,"text":"wri944218 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Review and analysis of available pesticide information, 1968-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:38:37","indexId":"wri944218","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4218","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Review and analysis of available pesticide information, 1968-91","docAbstract":"<p>In 1991 the Trinity River Basin study unit was among the first 20 study units in which work began under full-scale program implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. A retrospective assessment was undertaken to review and analyze existing pesticide data and related environmental factors. Population and land-use data indicate human modifications to the landscape and hydrologic system of the study area during the period 1968&ndash;91. A variety of crops treated with pesticides were identified, with wheat and cotton accounting for the largest number of acres treated annually (541,250 and 519,870 acres, respectively). Agricultural-use estimates for the later period covered by this report (1988&ndash;90) indicate that 105 different pesticides were used and that 24 pesticides accounted for 75 percent of average agricultural use in the study area. Sorghum was treated by the largest number of the 24 mostused pesticides, and cotton was treated by the second largest number of those pesticides. Dimethoate and methyl parathion were the most heavily used of the organophosphate class pesticides. The herbicide 2,4&ndash;D was the most heavily used chlorophenoxy pesticide. Carbamate pesticides are used extensively in the study area, with carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and thiodicarb accounting for the majority of the use of this class of pesticide. Miscellaneous pesticides included alachlor, arsenic acid, picloram, and glyphosate, among others. The data indicate that herbicide use generally is proportionally higher in the study area than in the Nation, and that insecticide use in the study area generally is proportionally lower than in the Nation.</p>\n<p>Eight different agencies collected the waterquality data used in this report. Samples were collected by all agencies at a combined total of 155 surface-water sites and 121 ground-water sites. The sampled media included water, bed sediment, and tissues of fish and other aquatic wildlife.</p>\n<p>Some 273 samples for analysis of the herbicide 2,4&ndash;D were collected as part of the city of Arlington&rsquo;s data-collection program. The herbicide was detected in 74 percent of the samples, but none exceeded the Maximum Contamination Level for drinking water.</p>\n<p>Dallas Water Utilities collected pesticide samples during a storm in February 1977. Samples were collected at 17 sites with detections of some pesticides in over 50 percent of the samples. Diazinon was detected in 56 percent of samples and 2,4&ndash;D was found in 56 percent of samples.</p>\n<p>Texas Parks and Wildlife Department collected samples from fish tissue for analyses of organochlorine pesticides from 15 sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Chlordane concentrations in some of the samples exceeded the Food and Drug Administration&rsquo;s action level of 300 micrograms per kilogram.</p>\n<p>The Texas Water Commission collected ground-water samples in the study area during 1990 for the major types of pesticides and none were detected. No arsenic was detected in samples from 121 wells in or near the study area. Organochlorine and organophosphate samples were collected beginning in 1974 and ending in 1991. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in bed sediment decrease with increasing distance downstream from the Dallas-Fort Worth urban area.</p>\n<p>Pesticide samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey indicated significant rank correlation between number of detects of chlordane and the percent of the contributing watershed classified as urban land use. Dieldrin in bed sediment samples, and lindane, diazinon, and malathion, in water samples, also were significantly correlated with urban land use. Chlordane and dieldrin were significantly correlated with distance downstream from the Dallas-Fort Worth urban area.</p>\n<p>Review of all available data showed that pesticides were detected to a substantial degree in various sample media over the time period covered by this report. The authors were able to locate little pesticide-sample data for ground water or for tributary streams because sampling efforts historically have been concentrated on the mainstem Trinity River.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri944218","usgsCitation":"Ulery, R., and Brown, M., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas - Review and analysis of available pesticide information, 1968-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4218, viii, 88 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944218.","productDescription":"viii, 88 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11560,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://tx.usgs.gov/projects/trin/pubs/pdf/wri-94-4218.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123228,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4218/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59046,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4218/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -99,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -99,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -94,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -94,\n              34\n            ],\n            [\n              -99,\n              34\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae60","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulery, R.L.","contributorId":46507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, M.F.","contributorId":71579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70185328,"text":"70185328 - 1995 - Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T14:53:55","indexId":"70185328","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-dimensional, multispecies reactive solute transport model with sequential aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes was developed and tested. The model was used to study the field-scale solute transport and degradation processes at the Bemidji, Minnesota, crude oil spill site. The simulations included the biodegradation of volatile and nonvolatile fractions of dissolved organic carbon by aerobic processes, manganese and iron reduction, and methanogenesis. Model parameter estimates were constrained by published Monod kinetic parameters, theoretical yield estimates, and field biomass measurements. Despite the considerable uncertainty in the model parameter estimates, results of simulations reproduced the general features of the observed groundwater plume and the measured bacterial concentrations. In the simulation, 46% of the total dissolved organic carbon (TDOC) introduced into the aquifer was degraded. Aerobic degradation accounted for 40% of the TDOC degraded. Anaerobic processes accounted for the remaining 60% of degradation of TDOC: 5% by Mn reduction, 19% by Fe reduction, and 36% by methanogenesis. Thus anaerobic processes account for more than half of the removal of DOC at this site.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02567","usgsCitation":"Essaid, H.I., Bekins, B.A., Godsy, E.M., Warren, E., Baedecker, M.J., and Cozzarelli, I.M., 1995, Simulation of aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes at a crude oil spill site: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 12, p. 3309-3327, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02567.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"3309","endPage":"3327","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337870,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d0ea1ee4b0236b68f67393","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Essaid, Hedeff I. 0000-0003-0154-8628 hiessaid@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0154-8628","contributorId":2284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Essaid","given":"Hedeff","email":"hiessaid@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo mjbaedec@usgs.gov","contributorId":3346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":685197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cozzarelli, Isabelle M. 0000-0002-5123-1007 icozzare@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-1007","contributorId":1693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cozzarelli","given":"Isabelle","email":"icozzare@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":21476,"text":"ofr95593 - 1995 - An AVS module to convert geographic coordinates to cartesian coordinates using map projection functions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr95593","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-593","title":"An AVS module to convert geographic coordinates to cartesian coordinates using map projection functions","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95593","usgsCitation":"Wright, E.L., 1995, An AVS module to convert geographic coordinates to cartesian coordinates using map projection functions: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-593, 1 v. (various pagings) ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95593.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0593/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":19378,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0593/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adce4b07f02db686741","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Evelyn L.","contributorId":50909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Evelyn","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27833,"text":"wri954017 - 1995 - Flood-frequency relations for urban streams in Georgia; 1994 update","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-27T11:22:13","indexId":"wri954017","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4017","title":"Flood-frequency relations for urban streams in Georgia; 1994 update","docAbstract":"A statewide study of flood magnitude and frequency in urban areas of Georgia was made to develop methods of estimating flood characteristics at ungaged urban sites. A knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of floods is needed for the design of highway drainage structures, establishing flood- insurance rates, and other uses by urban planners and engineers.  A U.S. Geological Survey rainfall-runoff model was calibrated for 65 urban drainage basins ranging in size from 0.04 to 19.1 square miles in 10 urban areas of Georgia. Rainfall-runoff data were collected for a period of 5 to 7 years at each station beginning in 1973 in Metropolitan Atlanta and ending in 1993 in Thomasville, Ga. Calibrated models were used to synthesize long-term annual flood peak discharges for these basins from existing Long-term rainfall records. The 2- to 500-year flood-frequency estimates were developed for each basin by fitting a Pearson Type III frequency distribution curve to the logarithms of these annual peak discharges.  Multiple-regression analyses were used to define relations between the station flood-frequency data and several physical basin characteristics, of which drainage area and total impervious area were the most statistically significant. Using theseregression equations and basin characteristics, the magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged urban basins can be estimated throughout Georgia.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954017","usgsCitation":"Inman, E.J., 1995, Flood-frequency relations for urban streams in Georgia; 1994 update: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4017, v, 27 p. : maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954017.","productDescription":"v, 27 p. : maps; 28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2160,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri95-4017/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -86,30 ], [ -86,36 ], [ -80,36 ], [ -80,30 ], [ -86,30 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d59","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Inman, Ernest J.","contributorId":51719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Inman","given":"Ernest","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28531,"text":"wri944108 - 1995 - Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:48","indexId":"wri944108","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4108","title":"Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont","docAbstract":"A study was done to describe the hydrogeology of unconsolidated deposits, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont. The study area is characterized by a glacial delta greater than 200 feet thick on the west flank of the Green Mountains. An upper unconfined, coarse-grained glacial aquifer and a lower fine-grained glacial aquifer are separated throughout most of the study area by a sand, silt, and clay confining unit. A two-layer ground-water flow model was designed and calibrated to estimate ground-water-flow paths form the aquifers beneath the landfills. Large upward head gradients of 0.03 to 0.30 foot per foot are the result of ground water leaking from the underlying bedrock aquifer, which caused ground-water flow to concentrate in the upper aquifer. Most simulated ground-water-flow paths in the lower glacial aquifer beneath the landfills crossed into the upper aquifer. Simulated ground- water-flow paths in the upper aquifer, beneath the landfills, remained in the upper aquifer. Ground water characterized as landfill leachate, or influenced by landfill leachate, has a median specific conductance of 700 microseimens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius. Landfill leachate contained mean concentrations 1.5 to 10 times the background concentrations of common constituents and metals, including calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, iron, magnesium, and manganese. Trace metals detected in the leachate included copper, nickel, zinc, cobalt, lead, and arsenic. Ten volatile organic compounds were found at four observation wells associated with one landfill and three volatile organic compounds were found at two observation wells associated with the record landfill. No one volatile organic compound was consistently found and detections were generally at or near detection limits.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944108","usgsCitation":"Mack, T.J., 1995, Hydrogeology, simulated ground-water flow, and ground-water quality at two landfills in Bristol, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4108, vi, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944108.","productDescription":"vi, 111 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4108/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57334,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4108/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626928","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mack, Thomas J. 0000-0002-0496-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3918","contributorId":39814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":26852,"text":"wri954111 - 1995 - Assimilative capacity of the Waccamaw River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1989-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-01T12:10:35","indexId":"wri954111","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4111","displayTitle":"Assimilative capacity of the Waccamaw River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1989-92","title":"Assimilative capacity of the Waccamaw River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1989-92","docAbstract":"The assimilative capacities of selected reaches of the Waccamaw River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, were determined using results from water-quality simulations by the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model. The study area included tidally influenced sections of the Waccamaw River, the Pee Dee River, Bull Creek, and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. Hydrodynamic data for the Branched Lagrangian Transport Model were simulated using the U.S. Geological Survey BRANCH one-dimensional unsteady- flow model. Assimilative capacities were determined for four locations using low-, medium-, and high- flow conditions and the average dissolved-oxygen concentration for a 7-day period. Results indicated that for the Waccamaw River near Conway, the ultimate oxygen demand is 370 to 6,740 pounds per day for 7-day average streamflows of 17 to 1,500 cubic feet per second. For the Waccamaw River at Bucksport, the ultimate oxygen demand is 580 to 7,300 pounds per day for 7-day average streamflows of 62 to 1,180 cubic feet per second. For the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near North Myrtle Beach, simulations indicate ultimate oxygen demand is 5,100 to 10,000 pounds per day for 7-day average streamflows of 110 to 465 cubic feet per second. The ultimate oxygen demand for the Waccamaw River near Murrells Inlet is 11,000 to 230,000 pounds per day for 7-day average streamflows of 2,240 to 13,700 cubic feet per second.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954111","usgsCitation":"Drewes, P., and Conrads, P., 1995, Assimilative capacity of the Waccamaw River and the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1989-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4111, viii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954111.","productDescription":"viii, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db680183","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drewes, P.A.","contributorId":31022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewes","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conrads, P.A.","contributorId":57493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrads","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21393,"text":"ofr95340 - 1995 - Origin of water that discharges from Calf Creek Spring, Garfield County, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-31T13:35:43","indexId":"ofr95340","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-340","title":"Origin of water that discharges from Calf Creek Spring, Garfield County, Utah","docAbstract":"<p>Calf Creek Spring provides drinking water to users of Calf Creek Campground, which is operated by the Bureau of Land Management in southcentral Utah. Use of all methods and tools available indicates that surface water from Calf Creek does not contribute to the discharge of Calf Creek Spring.</p><p>Microscopic Particulate Analysis of spring water indicates that the spring has a low risk of surface-water contamination, which is substantiated by a bacterial test of water from the point of discharge of Calf Creek Spring, the Calf Creek Spring collection box, a tap from the water distribution system, and Calf Creek near the picnic area. Bacteria colonies were found in Calf Creek near the picnic area.</p><p>Calf Creek Spring discharges from fractured Navajo Sandstone where the potential for contamination by animal or human microbes is slight. Calf Creek probably gains water along its entire length from the aquifer in the Navajo Sandstone. Once at the surface, water in Calf Creek is exposed to animal- and human-borne microbes. If the water level in the Navajo aquifer at the spring remains higher than the water level of the creek, mixing is unlikely to occur and contamination is unlikely. The water level of Calf Creek Spring in June 1994 was at least 4 feet above the water level of Calf Creek.</p><p>Water from Calf Creek Spring is a mixed type composed of magnesium, calcium, sodium, bicarbonate, and sulfate ions, and water from Calf Creek is a mixed type composed of calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and chloride ions. Compositional similarity is not unusual if both water sources are derived from the Navajo aquifer.</p><p>Discharge and temperature measurements at the spring and in the creek in May and June 1994 vary independently and do not indicate a hydraulic connection. Turbidity measurements, though not conclusive, indicate that no direct hydraulic connection exists between Calf Creek and Calf Creek Spring.</p><p>Hydrologic characteristics of Calf Creek provide evidence that the probable long-term, sustainable source of water is the Navajo aquifer and not precipitation-derived runoff. Ground-water leakage from adjacent drainages could contribute to perennial flow in Calf Creek. Fractures modify the movement of ground water to discharge areas, such as Calf Creek Spring.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/ofr95340","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management","usgsCitation":"Wilberg, D.E., 1995, Origin of water that discharges from Calf Creek Spring, Garfield County, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-340, iv, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95340.","productDescription":"iv, 10 p.","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":50963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0340/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0340/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","county":"Garfield County","otherGeospatial":"Calf Creek Campground, Calf Creek Spring","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.41595840454102,\n              37.79154065815569\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41115188598633,\n              37.79154065815569\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41115188598633,\n              37.79893346559687\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41595840454102,\n              37.79893346559687\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41595840454102,\n              37.79154065815569\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e76a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":101275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38222,"text":"pp1406A - 1995 - Summary of the Southwest Alluvial Basins, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:57","indexId":"pp1406A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1406","chapter":"A","title":"Summary of the Southwest Alluvial Basins, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states","docAbstract":"The 72 basins of the 82,000-square-mile study area were grouped into five broad categories on the basis of their geohydrologic characteristics. Water-resources development has resulted in depletion of surface flow in several basins and overdraft of ground water in most developed basins. In places, water levels have declined more than 400 feet; declines of 50 to 200 feet are common in developed basins. Ground-water flow and geochemical models were developed for representative basins.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1406A","usgsCitation":"Anderson, T.W., 1995, Summary of the Southwest Alluvial Basins, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, south-central Arizona and parts of adjacent states: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1406, p. A1-A33, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1406A.","productDescription":"p. A1-A33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64550,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1406a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69820d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, T. W.","contributorId":105686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25688,"text":"wri924098 - 1995 - Occurrence and quality of ground water in southwestern King County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:11","indexId":"wri924098","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4098","title":"Occurrence and quality of ground water in southwestern King County, Washington","docAbstract":"The 250-square mile study area in southwestern King County, Washington is underlain by sediments as much as 2,200 feet thick, deposited during at least four continental glacial/interglacial periods. Published surficial geologic maps and drillers' lithologic logs from about 700 field-located wells were used to prepare 28 geologic sections; these sections were used to delineate 9 hydrogeologic units--5 aquifers, 3 confining beds, and a basal, undifferentiated unit. Two aquifers in these sediments occur at the land surface. Maps depicting the configuration of the tops of three buried aquifers show the extent and the geometry of those aquifers. Maps showing the thickness of two of the three buried aquifers also were prepared. Potentiometric-surface maps for the major aquifers are based on water levels measured in about 400 wells during April 1987. Hydraulic characteristics of the major aquifers are mapped using more than 1,100 specific-capacity calculations and about 240 hydraulic-conductivity determinations from selected wells. Estimates of the average annual recharge to the ground-water system from precipitation for the entire study area were based on relations determined from modeling selected basins. Discharges from the ground-water system were based on estimates of springflow and diffuse seepage from the bluffs surrounding the uplands, and on the quantity of water withdrawn from high-capacity wells. A total of 242 water samples was collected from 217 wells during two mass samplings and analyzed for the presence of common constituents. Samples also were collected and analyzed for heavy metals, boron, detergents, and volatile organic compounds. These analyses indicated there was no widespread degradation of ground-water quality in southwestern King County.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924098","usgsCitation":"Woodward, D.G., Packard, F.A., Dion, N.P., and Sumioka, S.S., 1995, Occurrence and quality of ground water in southwestern King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4098, v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924098.","productDescription":"v, 69 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110259,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47662.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"47662"},{"id":122707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54450,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54451,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54452,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54453,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54454,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db69614a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodward, D. G.","contributorId":106458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Packard, F. A.","contributorId":71164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Packard","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dion, N. P.","contributorId":33302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dion","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sumioka, S. S.","contributorId":20747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sumioka","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70216600,"text":"70216600 - 1995 - Two-year simulation of the Great Lakes region with a coupled modeling system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-01T13:05:06.053468","indexId":"70216600","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-25T14:12:33","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2786,"text":"Monthly Weather Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Two-year simulation of the Great Lakes region with a coupled modeling system","docAbstract":"<p>In this paper, we report on an experiment aimed at evaluating the feasibility of the application of our coupled regional climate modeling system to long-term climate simulations over the Great Lakes region. The simulation analyzed covers a continuous 24-month period beginning 1 September 1990 and extending to 1 September 1992.</p><p>Many aspects of this simulation agreed well with observations. Compared with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses, area-averaged atmospheric temperature and moisture biases were generally small. The largest temperature biases were found in the simulated boundary layer, up to 1–1.5 K colder than observed in most months. Atmospheric moisture biases were of both signs and small in magnitude, almost universally less than 0.5 g kg<sup>−1</sup>.</p><p>Comparison of simulated surface air temperatures with station observations also indicated that model simulated temperatures generally display a cold bias. Simulated precipitation values agreed well with observations during the cold portions of the year while during warm months precipitation was overpredicted by 10%–50%. Spatial patterns of precipitation over the model domain agreed well with observations during the winter months but were not as well simulated during the other seasons.</p><p>A one-dimensional lake model was coupled to the atmospheric component of the model to capture the effects of the Great Lakes on regional climate. Lake surface temperatures were generally well simulated by the lake model in the summer and fall seasons, and lake ice extent agreed well with the analysis over at least three of the five lakes. The greatest shortcomings in lake temperature simulation were the earlier-than-observed warm-up in the spring and warmer than observed peak temperatures in the summer over the northern portions of the lakes. Also, lake ice extent was generally overpredicted over Lake Superior and underpredicted over Lake Erie.</p><p>In summary, the coupled modeling system described in this paper shows promise for use in climate simulators over regions where lakes are important such as the Great Lakes. It has been shown that many aspects of the simulation are in good agreement with available observations. Areas in which the results point to the need for further work are the model's convective parameterization, the eddy diffusivities in the lake model, and the treatment of clouds in the radiation package.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Meteorological Society","doi":"10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1505:TYSOTG>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Bates, G.T., Hostetler, S.W., and Giorgi, F., 1995, Two-year simulation of the Great Lakes region with a coupled modeling system: Monthly Weather Review, v. 123, no. 5, p. 1505-1522, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1505:TYSOTG>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1522","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1995)123<1505:tysotg>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":380817,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ontario","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              44.02442151965934\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.5078125,\n              46.6795944656402\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.099609375,\n              49.49667452747045\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.515625,\n              46.800059446787316\n            ],\n            [\n              -90,\n              45.9511496866914\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.76953125,\n              46.01222384063236\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.76953125,\n              43.51668853502906\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.802734375,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.517578125,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.55078125,\n              44.715513732021336\n            ],\n            [\n              -84.55078125,\n              41.902277040963696\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.3203125,\n              40.91351257612758\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1015625,\n              41.83682786072714\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.091796875,\n              44.02442151965934\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"123","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bates, G. T.","contributorId":29147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bates","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostetler, S. W. 0000-0003-2272-8302","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-8302","contributorId":42911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostetler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Giorgi, F.","contributorId":24924,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giorgi","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70216585,"text":"70216585 - 1995 - Effects of a 2 x CO2 climate on two large lake systems: Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:26:13.210991","indexId":"70216585","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-25T13:28:55","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1844,"text":"Global and Planetary Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Effects of a 2 × CO<sub>2</sub> climate on two large lake systems: Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming","title":"Effects of a 2 x CO2 climate on two large lake systems: Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>The possible effects of trace-gas induced climatic changes on Pyramid and Yellowstone Lakes are assessed using a model of lake temperature. The model is driven by<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"math\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax_SVG\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;><mtext>3</mtext><mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">312</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;</span>years of hourly meteorological data obtained directly from the output of double-CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>experiments (2 × CO<sub>2</sub>) conducted with a regional climate model nested in a general circulation model. The regional atmospheric model is the climate version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Pennsylvania State University mesoscale model, MM4.</p><p>Average annual surface temperature of Pyramid Lake for the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>climate is 15.5 ± 5.4°C (±1 σ), 2.8°C higher than the control. Annual overturn of the lake ceases as a result of these higher temperatures for the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>climate. Evaporation increases from 1400 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the control to 1595 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>simulation, but net water supplied to the Pyramid Lake basin increases from −6 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the control to +27 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>simulation due to increased precipitation.</p><p>For the open water periods, the average annual surface temperature of Yellowstone Lake is 13.2 ± 5.1°C for the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>climate, a temperature 1.6°C higher than the control. The annual duration of ice cover on the lake is 152 days in the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>simulation, a reduction of 44 days relative to the control. Warming of the lake for the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>climate is mostly confined to the near-surface. Simulated spring overturn for the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>climate occurs earlier in the year and fall overturn later than in the control. Evaporation increases from 544 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 600 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the 2 × CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>simulation, but net water supplied to the Yellowstone Lake basin increases from +373 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>in the control to +619 mm yr<sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>due to increased precipitation. The effects of these climatic changes suggest possible deterioration of water quality and productivity in Pyramid Lake and possible enhancement of productivity in Yellowstone Lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0921-8181(94)00019-A","usgsCitation":"Hostetler, S.W., and Giorgino, M.L., 1995, Effects of a 2 x CO2 climate on two large lake systems: Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming: Global and Planetary Change, v. 10, no. 1, p. 43-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(94)00019-A.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","costCenters":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":380812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.8004150390625,\n              39.79376521264885\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.278564453125,\n              39.79376521264885\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.278564453125,\n              40.23550866893913\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8004150390625,\n              40.23550866893913\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.8004150390625,\n              39.79376521264885\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110.64056396484375,\n              44.21764696919354\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.10772705078125,\n              44.21764696919354\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.10772705078125,\n              44.63543682256858\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.64056396484375,\n              44.63543682256858\n            ],\n            [\n              -110.64056396484375,\n              44.21764696919354\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hostetler, S. 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