The mechanism of precipitation is an important aspect of any genetic model for Mississippi Valley-type deposits. Yet most of the precipitation mechanisms for minerals in the Mississippi Valley-type association have serious flaws. Solution mixing would require an unlikely series of solutions to account for the various minerals in the ores, and it does not account for the universal occurrence of organic matter in the ores nor for the oxidation state of sulfur in pyrite in the ores. Sulfate reduction addresses some of these problems, but is inconsistent with kinetic data and could not be reversed to account for the oscillations between precipitation and dissolution of sulfide minerals in the ores. Carbon dioxide effervescence does not address the precipitation of most minerals in the ores, and all of the evidence for effervescence may be explained in other ways. Cooling of the mineralizing solution could precipitate many minerals, but fluid inclusion data suggest that, in many deposits, the solution did not cool significantly as any particular stage formed. A credible genetic model also must explain why all of the minerals precipitated at the same sites; any combination of the above mechanisms which suggests that unrelated mechanisms occurred at the same sites by coincidence is unlikely.
The most reasonable scenario is that a hot, thiosulfate-bearing mineralizing solution reacted in various ways with organic matter at the sites of mineralization to precipitate the ore minerals. The organic matter acted as a reductant, source of carbon dioxide, source of organic acids, and a substrate for bacterial metabolism of thiosulfate in various stages of mineralization. Thus organic matter links all stages of the mineralization to the same sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0169-1368(95)00008-P","usgsCitation":"Spirakis, C.S., and Heyl, A.V., 1995, Evaluation of proposed precipitation mechanisms for Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 10, no. 1, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00008-P.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228341,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cb1e4b0c8380cd52c69","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spirakis, Charles S.","contributorId":97111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spirakis","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heyl, A. V.","contributorId":70032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244263,"text":"70244263 - 1995 - Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-30T19:37:39.817437","indexId":"70244263","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T09:10:51","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California","title":"Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California","docAbstract":"The late Pleistocene Lake Basalt of Medicine Lake volcano, California is comprised of variably porphyritic basalt and basaltic andesite flows and scoria. These eruptives are similar in composition and phenocryst abundance to the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 mafic magmas common in convergent margin settings. The petrogenesis of the magmas that produced the Lake Basalt has been inferred from field relations, melting experiments and subsequent major and trace element modeling. Their formation involved both hydrous differentiation and plagioclase accumulation and thus the Lake Basalt can be used to constrain the relative contributions of these processes to the production of high-Al2O3 arc basalt. Phenocryst-poor lavas of the Lake Basalt formed by hydrous differentiation; their compositions and observed phenocrysts were reproduced in 1 kbar, H2O-saturated melting experiments. Anorthite-rich plagioclase compositions of the lavas of the Lake Basalt necessitate crystallization from melts with between 4 and 6 wt% dissolved H2O. Phenocryst-rich lavas of the Lake Basalt, with 18 modal% phenocrysts and greater, formed by plagioclase accumulation in magmas similar to the phenocryst-poor lavas. This interpretation is supported by the depleted incompatible element abundances and enriched Sr/Zr ratio of the more porphyritic lavas relative to the phenocryst-poor lavas. We model the formation of the Lake Basalt as a two-stage process that combines a differentiation model and a plagioclase accumulation model. Stage one involved hydrous fractionation, granitic assimilation and mixing with undifferentiated parent magma. This process generated lavas with up to 19.2 wt% A12O3 and 7 modal% phenocrysts. In stage two, plagioclase accumulated in these liquids and produced more aluminous and porphyritic lavas with up to 21.8 wt% A12O3 and 33 modal% phenocrysts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004100050099","usgsCitation":"Wagner, T., Donnelly-Nolan, J.M., and Grove, T., 1995, Evidence of hydrous differentiation and crystal accumulation in the low-MgO, high-Al2O3 Lake Basalt from Medicine Lake volcano, California: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 121, p. 201-216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050099.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"201","endPage":"216","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417963,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Medicine Lake Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.61232260853029,\n 41.55284180417138\n ],\n [\n -121.60199531704687,\n 41.55617059950828\n ],\n [\n -121.58845702051747,\n 41.554578599373144\n ],\n [\n -121.57143744773737,\n 41.55356548796203\n ],\n [\n -121.56505510794497,\n 41.55617059950828\n ],\n [\n -121.55731893849934,\n 41.55660477455788\n ],\n [\n -121.5459080885674,\n 41.55877560605711\n ],\n [\n -121.524440218356,\n 41.56601118443771\n ],\n [\n -121.52946872849556,\n 41.573969384875056\n ],\n [\n -121.53662468523292,\n 41.58554319905008\n ],\n [\n -121.55035638599867,\n 41.590750738701644\n ],\n [\n -121.56524851218093,\n 41.59812736749333\n ],\n [\n -121.57317808586254,\n 41.60564776806328\n ],\n [\n -121.57201766044562,\n 41.61041987536811\n ],\n [\n -121.57433851127942,\n 41.61374568080481\n ],\n [\n -121.59058446711495,\n 41.610853685801374\n ],\n [\n -121.60052495012607,\n 41.613745657765946\n ],\n [\n -121.61483686360009,\n 41.612733474263024\n ],\n [\n -121.62412026693454,\n 41.61186587576191\n ],\n [\n -121.62508728811547,\n 41.60535851505239\n ],\n [\n -121.62934218131042,\n 41.59827197580219\n ],\n [\n -121.63321026603305,\n 41.59537928715548\n ],\n [\n -121.63785196770029,\n 41.59581319871742\n ],\n [\n -121.65893302943937,\n 41.58670044333542\n ],\n [\n -121.66647579464865,\n 41.57845446096894\n ],\n [\n -121.65661217860554,\n 41.56919455920061\n ],\n [\n -121.6496496261045,\n 41.56919455920061\n ],\n [\n -121.63823877617259,\n 41.56355115563437\n ],\n [\n -121.63727175499201,\n 41.561959337302\n ],\n [\n -121.62624771353201,\n 41.55674947586718\n ],\n [\n -121.62160601186477,\n 41.55284180417138\n ],\n [\n -121.61232260853029,\n 41.55284180417138\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"121","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wagner, T.P.","contributorId":29143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donnelly-Nolan, Julie M. 0000-0001-8714-9606 jdnolan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8714-9606","contributorId":3271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly-Nolan","given":"Julie","email":"jdnolan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grove, T.L.","contributorId":22088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grove","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70244262,"text":"70244262 - 1995 - Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, U.S. Midcontinent: A reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T13:58:14.79529","indexId":"70244262","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T08:26:48","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, U.S. Midcontinent: A reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.90.5.1346","usgsCitation":"Plumlee, G.S., Leach, D.L., Hofstra, A.H., Landis, G.P., Rowan, E.L., and Viets, J.G., 1995, Chemical reaction path modeling of ore deposition in Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposits of the Ozark region, U.S. Midcontinent: A reply: Economic Geology, v. 90, no. 5, p. 1346-1349, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.5.1346.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1346","endPage":"1349","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417962,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Ozarks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -98.17169017092607,\n 39.06166617237287\n ],\n [\n -98.17169017092607,\n 31.661702492806285\n ],\n [\n -85.2462291629069,\n 31.661702492806285\n ],\n [\n -85.2462291629069,\n 39.06166617237287\n ],\n [\n -98.17169017092607,\n 39.06166617237287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-08-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leach, David L.","contributorId":83902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leach","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hofstra, Albert H. 0000-0002-2450-1593 ahofstra@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2450-1593","contributorId":1302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hofstra","given":"Albert","email":"ahofstra@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Landis, Gary P.","contributorId":301883,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Landis","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":875068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rowan, Elisabeth L. 0000-0001-5753-6189 erowan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5753-6189","contributorId":2075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowan","given":"Elisabeth","email":"erowan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Viets, John G.","contributorId":84510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Viets","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":26067,"text":"wri944216 - 1995 - Verification and adjustment of regional regression models for urban storm-runoff quality using data collected in Little Rock, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:28","indexId":"wri944216","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4216","title":"Verification and adjustment of regional regression models for urban storm-runoff quality using data collected in Little Rock, Arkansas","docAbstract":"Storm-runoff water-quality data were used to verify and, when appropriate, adjust regional regression models previously developed to estimate urban storm- runoff loads and mean concentrations in Little Rock, Arkansas. Data collected at 5 representative sites during 22 storms from June 1992 through January 1994 compose the Little Rock data base. Comparison of observed values (0) of storm-runoff loads and mean concentrations to the predicted values (Pu) from the regional regression models for nine constituents (chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total recoverable copper, total recoverable lead, and total recoverable zinc) shows large prediction errors ranging from 63 to several thousand percent. Prediction errors for six of the regional regression models are less than 100 percent, and can be considered reasonable for water-quality models. Differences between 0 and Pu are due to variability in the Little Rock data base and error in the regional models. Where applicable, a model adjustment procedure (termed MAP-R-P) based upon regression with 0 against Pu was applied to improve predictive accuracy. For 11 of the 18 regional water-quality models, 0 and Pu are significantly correlated, that is much of the variation in 0 is explained by the regional models. Five of these 11 regional models consistently overestimate O; therefore, MAP-R-P can be used to provide a better estimate. For the remaining seven regional models, 0 and Pu are not significanfly correlated, thus neither the unadjusted regional models nor the MAP-R-P is appropriate. A simple estimator, such as the mean of the observed values may be used if the regression models are not appropriate. Standard error of estimate of the adjusted models ranges from 48 to 130 percent. Calibration results may be biased due to the limited data set sizes in the Little Rock data base. The relatively large values of standard error of estimate for some of the constituent models may be unacceptable for some applications. The user may need to collect additional local data for these constituents and repeat the model adjustment procedure analysis or calibrate an independent local regression model.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944216","usgsCitation":"Barks, C., 1995, Verification and adjustment of regional regression models for urban storm-runoff quality using data collected in Little Rock, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4216, v, 12, 25 p. :map ;28 cm. [PGS - 37 p.], https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944216.","productDescription":"v, 12, 25 p. :map ;28 cm. [PGS - 37 p.]","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157904,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4216/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54844,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4216/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db60221a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barks, C. S.","contributorId":66712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barks","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28006,"text":"wri944251 - 1995 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-1994, with projections to 2020","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T12:06:35","indexId":"wri944251","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4251","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-1994, with projections to 2020","docAbstract":"This report describes a three-dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow model of the Santa Fe Group aquifer system in the Albuquerque Basin, which comprises the Santa Fe Group (late Oligocene to middle Pleistocene age) and overlying valley and basin-fill deposits (Pleistocene to Holocene age). The model is designed to be flexible and adaptive to new geologic and hydrologic information as it becomes available, by using a geographic information system as a data-base manager to interface with the model. The aquifer system was defined and quantified in the model consistent with the current (July 1994) understanding of the structural and geohydrologic framework of the basin. Rather than putting the model through a rigorous calibration process, discrepancies between simulated and measured responses in hydraulic head were taken to indicate that the understanding of a local part of the aquifer system was incomplete or incorrect.
The model simulates ground-water flow over an area of about 2,400 square miles to a depth of 1,730 to about 2,020 feet below the water table with 244 rows, 178 columns, and 11 layers. Of the 477,752 cells in the model, 310,376 are active. The top four model layers approximate the 80- foot thickness of alluvium in the incised and refilled valley of the Rio Grande to provide detail of the effect of ground-water withdrawals on the surface-water system. Away from the valley, these four layers represent the interval within the Santa Fe Group aquifer system between the computed predevelopment water table and a level 80 feet below the grade of the Rio Grande. The simulations include initial conditions (steady-state), the 1901-1994 historical period, and four possible ground-water withdrawal scenarios from 1994 to 2020.
The model indicates that for the year ending in March 1994, net surface-water loss in the basin resulting from the City of Albuquerque's ground-water withdrawal totaled about 53,000 acre-feet. The balance of the about 123,000 acre-feet of withdrawal came from aquifer storage depletion (about 67,800 acre-feet) and captured or salvaged evapotranspiration (about 2,500 acrefeet).
In the four scenarios projected from 1994 to 2020, City of Albuquerque annual withdrawals ranged from about 98,700 to about 177,000 acre-feet by the year 2020. The range of resulting surface-water loss was from about 62,000 to about 77,000 acre-feet. The range of aquifer storage depletion was from about 33,400 to about 95,900 acre-feet. Captured evapotranspiration and drain-return flow remained nearly constant for all scenarios. From 1994 to 2020, maximum projected declines in hydraulic head in the primary water-production zone of the aquifer (model layer 9) for the four scenarios ranged from 55 to 164 feet east of the Rio Grande and from 91 to 258 feet west of the river. Average declines in a 383.7-square-mile area around Albuquerque ranged from 28 to 65 feet in the production zone for the same period.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944251","usgsCitation":"Kernodle, J.M., McAda, D.P., and Thorn, C.R., 1995, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Albuquerque Basin, central New Mexico, 1901-1994, with projections to 2020: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4251, Report: ix, 114 p.; Plate: 20.31 x 31.54 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944251.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 114 p.; Plate: 20.31 x 31.54 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158687,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4251/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56832,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4251/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":359554,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4251/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Albuquerque Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.375,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -106.125,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -106.125,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -107.375,\n 35.75\n ],\n [\n -107.375,\n 34.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2a40","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kernodle, J. M.","contributorId":81139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kernodle","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McAda, D. P.","contributorId":93066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McAda","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thorn, C. R.","contributorId":100879,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30400,"text":"wri944238 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and simulation of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-13T12:29:24","indexId":"wri944238","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4238","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado","docAbstract":"Anticipated increases in pumping from the bedrock aquifers in El Paso County potentially could affect the direction and rate of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers and lower water levels in the overlying alluvial aquifer. The alluvial aquifer underlies about 90 square miles in the upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin of eastern El Paso County. The alluvial aquifer consists of unconsolidated alluvial deposits that unconformably overlie siltstones, sandstones, and conglomerate (bedrock aquifers) and claystone, shale, and coal (bedrock confining units) of the Denver Basin. The bedrock aquifers (Dawson, Denver, Arapahoe, and Laramie-Fox Hills aquifers) are separated by confining units (upper and lower Denver and the Laramie confining units) and overlie a relatively thick and impermeable Pierre confining unit. The Pierre confining unit is assumed to be a no-flow boundary at the base of the alluvial/ bedrock aquifer system.
During 1949-90, substantial water-level declines, as large as 50 feet, in the alluvial aquifer resulted from withdrawals from the alluvial aquifer for irrigation and municipal supplies. Average recharge to the alluvial aquifer from infiltration of precipitation and surface water was an estimated 11.97 cubic feet per second and from the underlying bedrock aquifers was an estimated 0.87 cubic foot per second.
Water-level data from eight bedrock observation wells and eight nearby alluvial wells indicate that, locally, the alluvial and bedrock aquifers probably are hydraulically connected and that the alluvial aquifer in the upper Black Squirrel Creek Basin receives recharge from the Denver and Arapahoe aquifers but-locally recharges the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer.
Subsurface-temperature profiles were evaluated as a means of estimating specific discharge across the bedrock surface (the base of the alluvial aquifer). However, assumptions of the analytical method were not met by field conditions and, thus, analyses of subsurface-temperature profiles did not reliably estimate specific discharge across the bedrock surface. The vertical hydraulic diffusivity of a siltstone and sandstone in the lower Denver confining unit was estimated, by an aquifer test, to be about 8 x 10'4 square foot per day.
Physical and chemical characteristics of water from the bedrock aquifers in the study area generally differ from the physical and chemical characteristics of water from the alluvial aquifer, except for the physical and chemical characteristics of water from one bedrock well, which is completed in the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer. In the southern part of the study area, physical and chemical characteristics of ground water indicate downward flow of water from the alluvial aquifer to the Laramie-Fox Hills aquifer.
A three-dimensional numerical model was used to evaluate flow of water between the alluvial aquifer and underlying bedrock. Simulation of steady-state conditions indicates that flow from the bedrock aquifers to the alluvial aquifer was about 7 percent of recharge to the alluvial aquifer, about 0.87 cubic foot per second. The potential effects of withdrawal from the alluvial and bedrock aquifers at estimated (October 1989 to September 1990) rates and from the bedrock aquifers at two larger hypothetical rates were simulated for a 50-year projection period. The model simulations indicate that water levels in the alluvial aquifer will decline an average of 8.6 feet after 50 years of pumping at estimated October 1989 to September 1990 rates. Increases in withdrawals from the bedrock aquifers in El Paso County were simulated to: (1) Capture flow that currently discharges from the bedrock aquifers to springs and streams in upland areas and to the alluvial aquifer, (2) induce flow downward from the alluvial aquifer, and (3) accelerate the rate of waterlevel decline in the alluvial aquifer.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944238","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Cherokee Metropolitan District; Colorado Springs Utilities, Water Resources Department; and the Upper Black Squirrel Creek Ground Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Watts, K.R., 1995, Hydrogeology and simulation of flow between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers in the upper Black Squirrel Creek basin, El Paso County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4238, viii, 82 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944238.","productDescription":"viii, 82 p.","costCenters":[{"id":225,"text":"Earth Science Information Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4238/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59170,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4238/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"15.3 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","county":"El Paso County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-104.6642,39.1308],[-104.6072,39.1307],[-104.4958,39.1298],[-104.3854,39.1284],[-104.2733,39.1278],[-104.166,39.1277],[-104.0521,39.1264],[-104.0538,39.0407],[-104.0544,38.9528],[-104.0549,38.8666],[-104.0537,38.7801],[-104.0525,38.693],[-104.051,38.6585],[-104.0524,38.6069],[-104.054,38.523],[-104.1629,38.5215],[-104.2759,38.5204],[-104.2794,38.5205],[-104.2836,38.5201],[-104.3759,38.52],[-104.4971,38.5192],[-104.6071,38.5187],[-104.7171,38.5186],[-104.736,38.5183],[-104.8295,38.5183],[-104.943,38.5175],[-104.9432,38.5479],[-104.943,38.5624],[-104.9429,38.6041],[-104.9427,38.6186],[-104.9429,38.6467],[-104.9429,38.6503],[-104.9427,38.6621],[-104.9427,38.6648],[-104.9428,38.6938],[-104.9399,38.6938],[-104.9386,38.7808],[-104.939,38.7949],[-105.0671,38.7946],[-105.0674,38.8666],[-105.0502,38.8665],[-105.0296,38.8668],[-105.026,39.0413],[-105.032,39.1311],[-104.9371,39.1312],[-104.9175,39.131],[-104.8303,39.1311],[-104.6642,39.1308]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"El Paso\",\"state\":\"CO\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af0e4b07f02db6916df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Watts, Kenneth R.","contributorId":43783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29051,"text":"wri944230 - 1995 - Simulated monthly hydrologic data and estimated flood characteristics for Cherry Creek at a proposed reservoir site near Terry, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T13:46:18","indexId":"wri944230","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4230","title":"Simulated monthly hydrologic data and estimated flood characteristics for Cherry Creek at a proposed reservoir site near Terry, Montana","docAbstract":"Methods used to simulate a monthly hydrologic budget for water years 1937-92 for the proposed Cherry Creek Reservoir (maximum volume about 14,100 acre-feet) are described and monthly results of the simulation are presented. The budget is based on recorded and estimated streamflow, precipitation, evaporation, and estimated reservoir seepage. The budget also includes water diversions from the Yellowstone River whenever the reservoir depth was less than 20 feet (minimum operating level of 2,260 feet) and outflows whenever the reservoir elevation exceeded a maximum operating level of 2,290 feet. Monthly suspended sediment and dissolved-solids concentrations in the reservoir were estimated from regression relations between logarithms of concentration and streamflow for Cherry Creek and for the Yellowstone River near Sidney, Montana.
The results of the reservoir simulation indicate that flows from Cherry Creek, an intermittent stream having a drainage area of about 360 square miles, generally were adequate to maintain the reservoir elevation above the minimum operating level if no seepage loss occurred. With a seepage loss of 3 cubic feet per second, flow diversions from the Yellowstone River were required for 34 percent of the months to maintain the reservoir elevation at minimum operating level. The reservoir elevation generally was maintained near maximum operating level for a seepage loss of 0 cubic feet per second, but generally was close to minimum operating level for a seepage loss of 3 cubic feet per second. Cumulative sediment deposition for the 56-year period was estimated to be about 138 acre-feet from Cherry Creek alone and only slightly more (149 acre-feet) when additional water was imported from the Yellowstone River.
The simulated concentration of dissolved solids in the reservoir showed a slightly increasing trend over time, interrupted by several large decreases, for no reservoir seepage loss. The maximum concentration for no seepage loss reached a maximum value of about 2,500 milligrams per liter in 1982. For a seepage loss of 3 cubic feet per second, water was imported from the Yellowstone River, and the concentration generally ranged from about 500 to about 1,200 milligrams per liter throughout the period.
Flood hydrographs and volumes for flood discharges having 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals were estimated from synthetic 24-hour duration storms having total storm depths with recurrence intervals of 25, 50, and 100 years. These synthetic storms were used in a rainfall-runoff model (HEC-1) based on the Clark unit-hydrograph method to develop flood hydrographs from which volumes were computed. The peak discharges of the 25-, 50-, and 100-year flood hydrographs determined from the rainfallrunoff model compared closely to the 25-, 50-, and 100-year peak discharges determined from regional equations developed by the U. S. Geological Survey. The volume of the 100-year hydrograph developed from the HEC-1 model was about 11,250 acre-feet.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ","doi":"10.3133/wri944230","usgsCitation":"Parrett, C., and Johnson, D., 1995, Simulated monthly hydrologic data and estimated flood characteristics for Cherry Creek at a proposed reservoir site near Terry, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4230, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944230.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159577,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4230/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57916,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4230/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","county":"Prairie County","city":"Terry","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-105.4013,47.1824],[-105.3211,47.1826],[-105.324,46.9937],[-105.3241,46.9767],[-105.2415,46.9773],[-105.2202,46.9774],[-105.1936,46.9773],[-105.1942,46.9194],[-105.1736,46.919],[-105.153,46.9192],[-105.0679,46.9186],[-105.0672,46.9029],[-105.048,46.9026],[-105.0484,46.8888],[-105.0286,46.8881],[-105.0283,46.86],[-104.7963,46.8597],[-104.7744,46.8598],[-104.7525,46.8598],[-104.7112,46.8599],[-104.666,46.8598],[-104.6003,46.8597],[-104.5997,46.8284],[-104.6031,46.8277],[-104.603,46.8148],[-104.603,46.8001],[-104.6029,46.7858],[-104.6036,46.7712],[-104.6035,46.7427],[-104.6034,46.6985],[-104.6033,46.6847],[-104.604,46.6701],[-104.6039,46.6563],[-104.6278,46.6559],[-104.649,46.6559],[-104.6696,46.6554],[-104.708,46.6552],[-104.7299,46.6552],[-104.7298,46.641],[-104.7297,46.612],[-104.7708,46.6119],[-104.792,46.6119],[-104.7973,46.6116],[-104.8576,46.6114],[-104.8578,46.5857],[-104.858,46.5673],[-104.8983,46.5681],[-104.9816,46.5691],[-104.9814,46.5554],[-104.9814,46.5402],[-105.0694,46.5401],[-105.0905,46.54],[-105.113,46.54],[-105.1328,46.5403],[-105.1533,46.5401],[-105.1996,46.5401],[-105.2161,46.5403],[-105.238,46.5402],[-105.2375,46.554],[-105.2376,46.5691],[-105.2588,46.569],[-105.28,46.5694],[-105.3666,46.569],[-105.3832,46.5691],[-105.4043,46.5695],[-105.4083,46.5692],[-105.4255,46.5698],[-105.4493,46.5698],[-105.4501,46.5845],[-105.451,46.5992],[-105.4721,46.5995],[-105.4907,46.5993],[-105.4911,46.6117],[-105.4906,46.6259],[-105.4908,46.6411],[-105.4909,46.6576],[-105.5313,46.6568],[-105.5764,46.6566],[-105.5767,46.6708],[-105.5774,46.6869],[-105.5778,46.7003],[-105.5781,46.7141],[-105.5784,46.7453],[-105.6182,46.7449],[-105.6217,46.8314],[-105.7074,46.8316],[-105.7658,46.8314],[-105.7871,46.8316],[-105.8276,46.8316],[-105.8288,46.8606],[-105.8554,46.8606],[-105.876,46.8608],[-105.8972,46.8606],[-105.9185,46.8604],[-105.9391,46.8607],[-105.9604,46.8604],[-106.0235,46.8602],[-106.0447,46.86],[-106.0653,46.8597],[-106.0872,46.86],[-106.0866,46.9188],[-106.0865,46.9307],[-106.0853,47.007],[-106.0857,47.0208],[-106.0854,47.035],[-106.0861,47.0938],[-106.0876,47.1808],[-105.9574,47.1821],[-105.9575,47.0938],[-105.8308,47.0937],[-105.8311,47.1093],[-105.8313,47.1241],[-105.8317,47.1383],[-105.8319,47.182],[-105.7044,47.1813],[-105.4013,47.1824]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Prairie\",\"state\":\"MT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bae6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parrett, Charles","contributorId":9635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parrett","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, D.R.","contributorId":92711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200864,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001111,"text":"1001111 - 1995 - Optimizing sampling effort for sampling warmwater stream fish communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T23:28:08.932649","indexId":"1001111","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimizing sampling effort for sampling warmwater stream fish communities","docAbstract":"We measured the variation of some commonly used fish community attributes for two warmwater stream reaches during June–October 1992 and 1993. Habitat‐specific variation among samples, expressed as coefficients of variation (SD/mean) collected throughout the study ranged from 0.13 to 1.58 and were lower for community‐level attributes such as species richness (total number of species) and total fish biomass than for biomass estimates of bleeding shiner Luxilus zonatus, longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis, and rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum. Corresponding estimates of the number of samples needed to ensure 20% precision at the 95% confidence level ranged from 2 to 245 and indicated that fewer samples are needed to precisely estimate community level attributes than to estimate individual species biomass. A significant negative relationship (P < 0.05) between coefficients of variation and predicted sampling efficiency suggested that low sampling efficiencies may increase sample variance. Significant heterogeneity of variance (P < 0.05) among habitat types suggested that physical habitat characteristics also influenced sample variance. Mixed‐model analysis of variance was used to examine spatial variance (between sampling locations, across time) and temporal variance (among sampling periods, across locations) for species richness and fish biomass. Eighteen variance components were significant, (P < 0.01) and in 12 of these, spatial variation exceeded temporal variation. When age‐0 fish were excluded from analysis, spatial variation exceeded temporal variation in 13 of the 14 significant components. Our results indicate that the optimum sampling strategy for warmwater streams during June–October includes the collection of many samples from all habitat types during one sampling period in September–October.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0528:OSEFSW>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., and Rabeni, C., 1995, Optimizing sampling effort for sampling warmwater stream fish communities: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 15, no. 3, p. 528-541, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0528:OSEFSW>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"528","endPage":"541","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128850,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri, Texas","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":26,\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Missouri\",\"nation\":\"USA 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J.T.","contributorId":30170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabeni, C.F.","contributorId":67823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabeni","given":"C.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17717,"text":"ofr951 - 1995 - Stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology, and paleomagnetism of Pliocene-early Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in two cores from western Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:26","indexId":"ofr951","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-1","title":"Stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology, and paleomagnetism of Pliocene-early Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in two cores from western Utah","docAbstract":"The paleoclimatic history of western Utah is being investigated as part of the USGS Global Change and Climate History Program studies of long-term climatic changes in the western United States. The initial objective of the study is to document the environmental conditions during the mid-Pliocene period of warmer-than-modern global climates (the focus of the USGS Pliocene Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping [PRISM] project). The investigation also seeks to determine how and when these conditions gave way to the late Quaternary pattern of climatic variations (in which short periods of very moist climates have been separated by long periods of arid conditions). This is a collaborative project involving specialists from the USGS, Kansas State University, and the University of California-Davis in paleontology (Thompson, Buchner, Forester, Bradbury), stratigraphy and sedimentology (Oviatt, Kelsey, Bracht), and paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism (Roberts). The data presented herein represent preliminary findings of the analyses of two cores of Pliocene and early Pleistocene sediments from the eastern Great Basin.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr951","usgsCitation":"Thompson, R., Oviatt, C.G., Roberts, A., Buchner, J., Kelsey, R., Bracht, C., Forester, R.M., and Bradbury, J., 1995, Stratigraphy, sedimentology, paleontology, and paleomagnetism of Pliocene-early Pleistocene lacustrine deposits in two cores from western Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-1, 94 p. ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr951.","productDescription":"94 p. ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0001/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":7853,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-001/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":46939,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0001/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thompson, R.S.","contributorId":106516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oviatt, Charles G.","contributorId":36580,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Oviatt","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roberts, A.P.","contributorId":28262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buchner, J.","contributorId":11237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buchner","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelsey, R.","contributorId":54222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelsey","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bracht, C.J.","contributorId":11635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bracht","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Forester, R. M.","contributorId":76332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forester","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bradbury, J.P.","contributorId":14431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":177566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":5618,"text":"fs13495 - 1995 - South Florida Ecosystem Program of the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-02T16:33:23.531301","indexId":"fs13495","displayToPublicDate":"1995-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"134-95","displayTitle":"South Florida Ecosystem Program of the U.S. Geological Survey","title":"South Florida Ecosystem Program of the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The South Florida Ecosystem Program is one of several study areas within the USGS Ecosystem Program. The Ecosystem Program was established to enable the USGS to enhance its scientific assistance to resource managers who require an improved scientific information base to resolve or prevent complex resource conflicts or environmental problems in specific ecosystem sites. Through 3-5-year efforts in each ecosystem site, USGS intensifies its provision of scientific information tailored to the specific management needs of that ecosystem. The information is designed to have a direct, significant, and immediate impact on management and policy decisions. It addresses regional or subregional issues that involve environmental resources such as water, minerals, and land. The sites may have as their focus such issues as water quality or water supply, environmental effects of mineral or energy use or extraction, effects of alterations in land use or land cover.
Initially, the Ecosystem Program focussed on two ecosystems: San Francisco Bay and south Florida. Chesapeake Bay was added in FY 1996. Activities in each site last from three to five years, and additional ecosystem sites will be added as funding becomes available.
The program is multidisciplinary and brings together scientists from appropriate disciplines to apply their diverse expertise to common problems. Disciplines in the present suite of ecosystems include land characterization, surface modeling, geospatial database management, ground- and surface-water hydrology, geophysics, ecology, geochemistry, paleontology, hydrologic modeling, and contaminant, sediment, and nutrient dynamics.
The South Florida Ecosystem Program is an intergovernmental effort to reestablish and maintain the ecosystem of south Florida. One element of the restoration effort is the development of a firm scientific basis for resource decisionmaking. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is one of the agencies that provides scientific information as part of the USGS South Florida Ecosystem Program. The Program, which was begun in fiscal year 1995, provides multidisciplinary hydrologic, cartographic, and geologic data that relates to the mainland of south Florida, the Florida Bay, and the Florida Keys and Reef ecosystems. The Program complements ongoing USGS work, such as the National Water-Quality Assessment Program, the Federal-State Cooperative Program, Marine and Coastal Geology Program and Regional Geology Program, and topographic mapping and digital cartography.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs13495","usgsCitation":"McPherson, B.F., Higer, A.L., Gerould, S., and Kantrowitz, I.H., 1995, South Florida Ecosystem Program of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 134-95, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13495.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":32122,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0134/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.01 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 1995-134"},{"id":121276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0134/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.19970703125,\n 24.37712083961039\n ],\n [\n -79.881591796875,\n 24.37712083961039\n ],\n [\n -79.881591796875,\n 26.735799020431674\n ],\n [\n -82.19970703125,\n 26.735799020431674\n ],\n [\n -82.19970703125,\n 24.37712083961039\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
The “Cayuga syndrome” is a maternally transmitted, naturally occurring thiamine deficiency that causes 100% mortality of larval landlocked Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in several of New York's Finger Lakes, Results of multiyear studies to qualify and quantify the neurobehavioral and gross pathological signs of this condition are described, Affected sac fry became weak and ataxic and responded atypically to stimuli 1–2 weeks before death. Quantitative assays of stimulus-provoked swimming revealed a significant neuropathy whereby the sac fry exhibited abnormal thigmotactic and phototactic behaviors. Gross lesions observed in Cayuga sac fry included yolk-sac opacities, subcutaneous edema, vitelline hemorrhage or congestion, pericardial edema, retrobulbar edema, branchial congestion, foreshortened maxillae, hydrocephalus, and occasional caudal fin deformities, Lesion frequency in progeny differed significantly between dam source. Yolk conversion efficiency was decreased at least 1 week before death, suggesting that the bioenergetics of the fish was compromised and thereby supporting the thiamine residue and treatment data reported elsewhere, Comparisons with coagulated-yolk, blue-sac and swim-up syndromes are presented, The pathological signs of the Cayuga syndrome represent a unique departure from the lesions induced by toxicants or pathogens in other piscine models, and for the first time profile the profound effects of thiamine deficiency on cardiovascular and neurological systems of larval fish.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(1995)007<0269:PABMOT>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fisher, J.P., Spitsbergen, J.M., Iamonte, T., Little, E.E., and DeLonay, A., 1995, Pathological and behavioral manifestations of the “Cayuga syndrome,” a thiamine deficiency in larval landlocked Atlantic salmon: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 7, no. 4, p. 269-283, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1995)007<0269:PABMOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"283","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343716,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59673546e4b0d1f9f05dd801","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fisher, Jeffrey P.","contributorId":194532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fisher","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spitsbergen, Jan M.","contributorId":87474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spitsbergen","given":"Jan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Iamonte, Tina","contributorId":194533,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Iamonte","given":"Tina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Little, Edward E. 0000-0003-0034-3639 elittle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0034-3639","contributorId":1746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Little","given":"Edward","email":"elittle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":704527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeLonay, Aaron","contributorId":49914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLonay","given":"Aaron","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":704528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70171330,"text":"70171330 - 1995 - Surface electromagnetic geophysical exploration of the ground-water resources of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, a caribbean carbonate island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-26T16:21:44","indexId":"70171330","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-12T14:30:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface electromagnetic geophysical exploration of the ground-water resources of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, a caribbean carbonate island","docAbstract":"Two electromagnetic surface geophysical techniques were used to explore the ground-water resources of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico—a 55-square-kilometer island located between Puerto Rico and Hispañiola, Isla de Mona is a tectonically uplifted carbonate plateau of Neogene age that has an average elevation of about 50 meters above mean sea level. This plateau is bounded by vertical cliffs except on the southwest where there is a narrow, 3-square-kilometer coastal plain. The coastal plain is composed of Quaternary carbonate deposits, and has a maximum elevation of less than 10 meters above mean sea level. No large-scale surface-water features are found on the plateau or on the coastal plain. To better understand the aquifer characteristics of the island, terrain conductivity and transient electromagnetic data were collected on the coastal plain and on the plateau. Computer programs were used to analyze quantitatively the electromagnetic data. Geoelectric models were produced to approximate the depth below land surface of the saline-freshwater interface underlying both the coastal plain and the plateau. Because the geophysical methods could not discern the water-table, it was assumed that it was near sea level. The thickness of the freshwater lens was estimated by subtracting the elevation of the land surface above mean sea level from the depth to the saline-freshwater interface as determined from the geophysical data. Results from the geophysical methods and water-level observations indicate that a freshwater lens with a maximum thickness of about 10 meters exists under the coastal plain. This lens thins towards the ocean, and it also thins away from the ocean toward the plateau. The model produced from the transient electromagnetic data indicates that the freshwater lens under the plateau has a maximum thickness of about 14 meters, which is a much thinner lens than previously estimated. A freshwater lens thickness of 14 meters is similar to direct measurements by divers in Cueva de Agua at Punta los Ingleses (located on the southeast coast), and observations by divers of freshwater seeps into the ocean at depths of 8 to 10 meters along the north coast cliffs after a major rainstorm.
\nGround-water flow in the coastal plain appears to be radial from the center of the freshwater mound. At the intersection between the coastal plain and the plateau, the flow is parallel to the coastline. The direction of flow on the rest of the plateau could not be determined accurately with the available data.
","publisher":"Springer Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/BF03175403","issn":"1878-5212","usgsCitation":"Martinez, M., Troester, J.W., and Richards, R.T., 1995, Surface electromagnetic geophysical exploration of the ground-water resources of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, a caribbean carbonate island: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 10, no. 2, p. 184-192, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03175403.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"184","endPage":"192","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":321785,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57481e3be4b07e28b664dc08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martinez, M.I.","contributorId":12895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troester, Joseph W.","contributorId":46544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troester","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, Ronald T.","contributorId":23592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":630599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70226727,"text":"70226727 - 1995 - Surface seismic and electrical methods to detect fluids related to faulting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-07T17:37:46.507905","indexId":"70226727","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-10T11:33:54","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":6453,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface seismic and electrical methods to detect fluids related to faulting","docAbstract":"In the absence of drilling, surface-based geophysical methods are necessary to observe fault zones and fault zone physical properties at seismogenic depths. These in situ physical properties can then be used to infer the presence and distribution of fluids along faults, although such observations are by nature indirect and become less exact with greater depth. Multiple observations of a range of such geophysical properties as compressional and shear seismic velocity (Vp and Vs), Vp/V5 ratio (related to Poisson's ratio), resistivity and attenuation in and adjacent to fault zones offer the greatest hope of making inferences of the fault zone geometry, fluids in the fault zone, and fluid reservoirs in the surrounding crust. For simple geometries, fault zone guided waves can provide information on fault zone width and velocities for faults of the order of 200 m wide. To address the question of whether a narrow fault zone can be imaged well enough at depths of seismic rupture to infer the presence of anomalously high fluid/rock ratios, we present synthetic seismic tomography and magnetotelluric examples for an ideal case of a narrow fault zone with a simple geometry, large changes in material properties, and numerous earthquakes within the fault zone. A synthetic 0.5-km wide fault zone with 20% velocity reduction is well imaged using local earthquake tomography. When sequential velocity inversions are done, the true fault width is found, even to 9 km depth, although the calculated amplitude of the velocity reduction is lower than the actual amplitude. Vp/Vs is as well determined as Vp. Magnetotelluric imaging of a synthetic fault zone shows that a conductive fault zone can be well imaged within the upper 10 km. Further, a narrow (1 km) very low resistivity (3 ohm m) fault core can be imaged within a broad (5 km) low resistivity (10 ohm m) fault zone, illustrating that regions of a fault containing large quantities of interconnected fluids within a broader, conductive fault zone should be detectable. Thus variations in fluid content and fluid pressure can be inferred from electrical and seismic methods but there will always be uncertainty in these inferences due to the trade-off with other factors, such as intrinsic variations in porosity, mineralogy, and pore geometry. The best approach is combined modeling of varied seismic and electrical data.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB03256","usgsCitation":"Eberhart-Phillips, D., Stanley, W., Rodriguez, B.D., and Lutter, W.J., 1995, Surface seismic and electrical methods to detect fluids related to faulting: Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B7, p. 12919-12936, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03256.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"12919","endPage":"12936","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392579,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eberhart-Phillips, Donna","contributorId":192926,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhart-Phillips","given":"Donna","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, William D.","contributorId":23274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"William D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":828000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lutter, William J.","contributorId":74366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lutter","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5222711,"text":"5222711 - 1995 - Use of solicited bands and separation of hunting and natural mortality: a comment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-09T17:30:40.250164","indexId":"5222711","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of solicited bands and separation of hunting and natural mortality: a comment","docAbstract":"We previously presented (Conroy 1985, Conroy et al. 1989) models for analysis of band recovery data stratified into those voluntarily reported and those obtained by solicitation, similar to models described by Pollock et al. (1994). We discuss differences between the 2 modeling approaches and suggest designs and analyses involving overlapping samples of standard and reward bands to enable adjustment for temporal and geographic variation in reporting and solicitation rates,","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802471","usgsCitation":"Conroy, M.J., Hines, J., and Williams, B.K., 1995, Use of solicited bands and separation of hunting and natural mortality: a comment: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 3, p. 619-621, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802471.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"619","endPage":"621","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":197709,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Conroy, Michael J.","contributorId":20871,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Conroy","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13266,"text":"Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, The University of Georgia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":336922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":336921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, B. Kenneth","contributorId":107798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336923,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70246578,"text":"70246578 - 1995 - The relationship of habitat characteristics to the distribution of chironomidae (Diptera) as measured by pupal exuviae collections in a large river system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T18:06:39.464942","indexId":"70246578","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T12:57:56","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The relationship of habitat characteristics to the distribution of chironomidae (Diptera) as measured by pupal exuviae collections in a large river system","docAbstract":"Floating chironomid pupal exuviae were collected throughout the Yakima River (Washington, USA) and tributaries in 1989 and 1990. All samples were taken during the October-November low-flow season and most sites were visited once with a sampling effort of approximately 10 minutes. Sampled stream segments ranged from 3rd to 7th order and elevation ranged from 140–1200 m. The total number of taxa distinguished in 77 samples was 150 with a mean of 24 per site. Species richness was not highly correlated with stream order or elevation. An ecological gradient defined by ordinating the taxa by site data was highly correlated with site elevation (r=.93). Comparison with published attributes of chironomid genera suggested that temperature regime was a dominant environmental variable controlling chironomid distribution in this basin. However, since most measured habitat variables were associated with altitude, their effects could not be separated. Cluster analysis of taxa by site data resulted in groupings that distinguished montane from valley sites and agricultural drains from other valley sites. Differences in species composition between moderately enriched agricultural drains and less-impacted sites were minor compared with the underlying elevation gradient.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1995.9663457","usgsCitation":"Fend, S.V., and Carter, J.L., 1995, The relationship of habitat characteristics to the distribution of chironomidae (Diptera) as measured by pupal exuviae collections in a large river system: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 10, no. 4, p. 343-359, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663457.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"343","endPage":"359","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418832,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Yakima River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.77239215353185,\n 46.7497418070713\n ],\n [\n -120.897818239824,\n 46.68668212264748\n ],\n [\n -120.91663215276789,\n 46.54309054910462\n ],\n [\n -121.00024853298291,\n 46.457092841556204\n ],\n [\n -120.91245027257827,\n 46.26377807784297\n ],\n [\n -120.76829114616146,\n 46.04227268731577\n ],\n [\n -120.53207201697792,\n 45.98855855863255\n ],\n [\n -120.23523027941988,\n 46.03791943132424\n ],\n [\n -119.71889289085051,\n 46.17415846720985\n ],\n [\n -119.52866332664071,\n 46.234922402859326\n ],\n [\n -119.38233289263326,\n 46.182843144398646\n ],\n [\n -119.34052419720238,\n 46.15678499772375\n ],\n [\n -119.20882680659568,\n 46.284063030963125\n ],\n [\n -119.42414158806389,\n 46.321611442952445\n ],\n [\n -119.6561798477043,\n 46.46002866647308\n ],\n [\n -119.86731375962941,\n 46.48306407710115\n ],\n [\n -119.90494158551718,\n 46.55786183190668\n ],\n [\n -119.8505902814572,\n 46.619636045820414\n ],\n [\n -120.17460767104537,\n 46.68420809304271\n ],\n [\n -120.4902633215473,\n 46.7601607513713\n ],\n [\n -120.61150853829633,\n 46.81025954953077\n ],\n [\n -120.77239215353185,\n 46.7497418070713\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fend, Steven V. 0000-0002-4638-6602 svfend@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4638-6602","contributorId":3591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fend","given":"Steven","email":"svfend@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carter, James L. 0000-0002-0104-9776 jlcarter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0104-9776","contributorId":3278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"James","email":"jlcarter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":877272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70246403,"text":"70246403 - 1995 - Mechanical modeling of circumferential and radial dike intrusion on Galapagos volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-06T15:12:09.124327","indexId":"70246403","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T10:01:27","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanical modeling of circumferential and radial dike intrusion on Galapagos volcanoes","docAbstract":"A distinctive and unusual pattern of eruptive fissures is observed on the active volcanoes of the Galapagos islands, reflecting circumferential dike intrusion near the calderas and radial dike intrusion on the volcano flanks. Elastic finite-element models were used to investigate how a stress field could be produced and maintained to promote both circumferential and radial dike emplacement. Modeling results show that magma reservoirs of Galapagos volcanoes are probably diapiric, because this shape promotes both circumferential and radial intrusions, but magma pressure alone cannot create the observed pattern of dikes. Loading by volcano growth and magma reservoir pressure could produce a stress field of suitable orientation but insufficient magnitude. The intrusion of circumferential dikes could alter the stress field in a way that promotes future radial diking, and vice versa. Faulting or slumping within the calderas or on the volcano flanks in response to repeated intrusions could also create a stress field conducive to continued intrusion.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00060-T","usgsCitation":"Chadwick, W., and Dieterich, J., 1995, Mechanical modeling of circumferential and radial dike intrusion on Galapagos volcanoes: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 66, no. 1-4, p. 37-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00060-T.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"37","endPage":"52","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418711,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Ecuador","otherGeospatial":"Galápagos Islands, Fernandina, Isabela","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.50999620230478,\n -0.42416115711482405\n ],\n [\n -91.48236437617153,\n -0.3977860018231496\n ],\n [\n -91.4792243959289,\n -0.36387496479579795\n ],\n [\n -91.49178431689883,\n 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\"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.5309105825001,\n -0.04205874504062024\n ],\n [\n -91.51916112084568,\n -0.0038910264840836817\n ],\n [\n -91.53286760183414,\n -0.0009530294074266976\n ],\n [\n -91.54706629855706,\n 0.007372862817064174\n ],\n [\n -91.59259647983517,\n 0.003944273654980179\n ],\n [\n -91.59110761536229,\n -0.016619013488210044\n ],\n [\n -91.56711453167634,\n -0.03716817011864748\n ],\n [\n -91.56270196780761,\n -0.055748098203963536\n ],\n [\n -91.5309105825001,\n -0.04205874504062024\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chadwick, W.W. Jr.","contributorId":35876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chadwick","given":"W.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dieterich, James H.","contributorId":81489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dieterich","given":"James H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70226688,"text":"70226688 - 1995 - Roberts rift, Canyonlands, Utah, a natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid impact","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T14:51:59.792612","indexId":"70226688","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T08:40:24","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Roberts rift, Canyonlands, Utah, a natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid impact","docAbstract":"The impact that created Upheaval crater in Canyonlands National Park, Utah, is invoked here as the source for energy that simultaneously caused Roberts rift. However, no temporal linkage has been proven between the impact and rifting events.
Roberts rift lies between 22 and 32 km northeast of the Upheaval impact crater on a subradial trend. The fissure contains clasts that were carried as much as 1,000 m upward from Paleozoic sources into the Mesozoic section.
A plausible model for both the rifting and clast movement involves incremental loading of overpressured fluid compartments in the Pennsylvanian Paradox section and attendant hydraulic fracturing of the overlying confining strata during the impact event. The clasts were proppants entrained in upward moving fluids that originated from overpressured aquifers in the Pennsylvanian section or materials eroded from the fissure walls.
Alteration halos and mineralization along the fissure reveal that there was upward leakage of reducing fluids from the overpressured zones following opening of the fissure. The fissure infillings became cemented with time, thus reducing fissure permeabilities to negligible.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00311.x","usgsCitation":"Huntoon, P.W., and Shoemaker, E.M., 1995, Roberts rift, Canyonlands, Utah, a natural hydraulic fracture caused by comet or asteroid impact: Ground Water, v. 33, no. 4, p. 561-569, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00311.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"569","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392442,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Canyonlands National Park, Roberts rift","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 38.35727256417359\n ],\n [\n -109.61196899414061,\n 38.35727256417359\n ],\n [\n -109.61196899414061,\n 38.63618191259742\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 38.63618191259742\n ],\n [\n -110.03631591796875,\n 38.35727256417359\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huntoon, Peter W.","contributorId":239536,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huntoon","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":827669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29463,"text":"wri944094 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T19:30:12.180562","indexId":"wri944094","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4094","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84","docAbstract":"Multivariate analyses of fish-community, water- quality, streambed-sediment-quality, and habitat data collected from 1982 through 1984 in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River Basins in northeastern Illinois indicate that fish-community structure was strongly related to water-quality gradients commonly associated with differences between agricultural and urban land uses. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the Alternate Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) tended to group fish communities by river basin. Streams in the predominantly agricultural Fox River Basin tended to have similar DCA scores, the highest AIBI scores, and relatively diverse fish communities that usually included several intolerant species. Streams in the more heavily urbanized Chicago, Little Calumet, Des Plaines, and Du Page River Basins tended to have lower AIBI scores and fish communities dominated by fewer; more tolerant species. Correlative (Spearman's rho) and graphical analyses showed that DCA and AIBI scores for nonwadable sites were more strongly related to water qualiity and streambed- sediment quality than to habitat conditions. DCA and AIBI scores for wadable sites were most strongly related to water quality, were not related to streambed-sediment quality, and were moderately related to habitat variables indicative of stream size. Streams in the Fox River Basin had the smallest concentrations of chemical constituents commonly associated with anthropogenic sources. Streams in the heavily urbanized Des Plaines and Du Page River Basins had larger concentrations of chemical constituents associated with urban runoff and point-sourca discharges. Although fish-community structure was strongly related to the water quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute and chronic criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life were exceeded at few stations. These fish communities may have been responding either to concentrations below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria or to cumulative or synergistic effects of overall water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944094","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, P.M., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4094, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944094.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406634,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47985.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58308,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.1081,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -87.3567,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -87.3567,\n 43.1833\n ],\n [\n -89.1081,\n 43.1833\n ],\n [\n -89.1081,\n 41.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, P. M.","contributorId":30251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38213,"text":"pp1538L - 1995 - Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538L","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"L","title":"Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Mo. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538L","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 1995, Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. L1-L18, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538L.","productDescription":"p. L1-L18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018833,"text":"70018833 - 1995 - Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-29T16:47:27.902508","indexId":"70018833","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina","docAbstract":"Two three-component seismometers (one surface and one borehole) were re-installed on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina in July 1992 to determine attenuation in the Coastal Plain sediment wedge and source parameters of local earthquakes. Four earthquakes M ∼ 1.8 to 3.6 were recorded during the next 6 months. The largest event was located near Summerville within the meizoseismal area for the 1886 Charleston earthquake. Two shocks were located 50 km to the east near Neeses, and one was located 20 km north of the SRS near Aiken. Although source parameters have been determined from strong motion data and short-period regional networks for east coast earthquakes, such as the Saguenay, Nahanni, and Mt. Laurier earthquakes (e.g., Atkinson, 1993), these are some of the first source parameters determined from broad-band digital recorders. Seismograms for the Summerville event are also available from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Blacksburg, Virginia, providing estimates of t* beyond 200 km. Here we determine source parameters such as moment, stress drop, and the attenuation parameter t* using a non-linear least-squares algorithm. We do not correct for site response because the deepest borehole is not below the Coastal Plain sediments (about 300m thick at this site) and because only one station is available for most of the data. Values of t* are marginally higher from seismograms recorded at the surface when compared to records from the 91m depth borehole seismograph. A value of 170-200 bars was determined for the Brune stress drop of the Summerville event using the borehole data, which is high compared to a value of 50 bars usually specified for modeling strong motion in western North America, but similar to other estimates for eastern North America. A higher stress drop leads to a higher seismic risk because peak acceleration is approximately proportional to stress drop. Moreover, mid- to upper-crustal Qs are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000, which would permit the propagation of high frequency seismic waves. A comparison of the surface records from the SRS with a record from the USGS dense array at Parkfield, CA for an event at about the same distance range and moment as the Summerville event-SRS case shows that the peak acceleration of the Summerville event is 16 times higher than that for the event from California (stress drop of 21 bars).
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., 1995, Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, v. 66, no. 4, p. 44-61, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9334e4b08c986b31a368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":20715,"text":"ofr94387 - 1995 - Steady-state simulation of ground-water flow in the Blaine Aquifer, southwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:27:58","indexId":"ofr94387","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-387","title":"Steady-state simulation of ground-water flow in the Blaine Aquifer, southwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas","docAbstract":"A generalized finite-difference model was prepared for the Blaine aquifer in southwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas. This report releases the model for use and modification. A grid of 1-square-mile nodes was established over the area, with 1,030 of the nodes actively simulated in the model. The steady-state model simulation used a uniform recharge rate of 2.2 inches per year and three values of hydraulic conductivity: 80, 19, and 4.7 feet per day. About 44 percent of the recharge is discharged as pumpage from wells, and the remainder is discharged to rivers and creeks within and adjacent to the study area.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;U.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94387","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Runkle, D.L., and McLean, J., 1995, Steady-state simulation of ground-water flow in the Blaine Aquifer, southwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-387, iv, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94387.","productDescription":"iv, 92 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153222,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0387/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50274,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0387/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277719,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0387/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b4655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runkle, Donna L. dlrunkle@usgs.gov","contributorId":2556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkle","given":"Donna","email":"dlrunkle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":183115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McLean, J. S.","contributorId":48589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21504,"text":"ofr9588 - 1995 - Preliminary Geologic Map of the Thousand Oaks 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr9588","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-88","title":"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Thousand Oaks 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database","docAbstract":"Thousand Oaks is located in Arroyo Conejo, a region spanning both southeastern Ventura County and extreme northwest Los Angeles County in southern California. It was discovered in 1542 by Spanish explorer Juan Rodriquez Cabrillo and eventually became part of the Spanish Rancho El Conejo land grant (conejo means 'rabbit' in Spanish, of which there are many in the area). It is located in the Santa Monica Mountains in the northwestern part of the greater Los Angeles area. The area is bordered by the San Fernando Valley and the city of Los Angeles to the east, Simi Hills to the north, Las Posas Hills and the Santa Rosa Valley to the northwest, Conejo Mountain (also known as Conejo Hills) and Oxnard Plain to the west, and the Santa Monica Mountains and Malibu to the southwest. \r\n\r\nThe geology of the surrounding Santa Monica Mountains is dominated by a sequence of Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks. These include the Tertiary Modelo Formation and the upper part of the Topanga Formation, other minor Tertiary rocks, and Miocene volcanic and intrusive rocks of the Conejo Formation. The basement units within the Santa Monica Mountains are a series of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. \r\n\r\nThe volcanic rocks of the Conejo Formation underlies much of the surrounding watersheds. The younger Tertiary sedimentary Modelo and Upper Topanga Formations flank the Conejo to the north and south. On the north slope of the Santa Monica Mountains where the Arroyo Conejo and Thousand Oaks are located, the Tertiary formations are gently folded. The south flank of the Santa Monica Mountains is structurally dominated by the Malibu Coast Fault that runs along the foot of the mountains. This fault, and associated structures, creates a complex geologic setting on the south flank of the Santa Monica Mountains. The active nature of the Malibu Coast fault and associated structures accounts for the steep and rugged coastal topography. \r\n\r\nThe most widely exposed rock units in the area are the Plio-Pleistocene marine and nonmarine Pico and Saugus formations, which crop out on the southern flank of South Mountain-Oak Ridge and on the Las Posas uplands and Las Posas Hills. Locally, the Pico Formation consists of marine siltstone and silty shale with minor sandstone and pebbly sandstone. The Saugus Formation overlies and interfingers with the Pico Formation and is composed of interbedded shallow-marine to brackish water sandstone, siltstone, pebble-cobble conglomerate, and coquina beds that grade laterally and vertically into non-marine sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. A local member of the Saugus Formation is exposed in the southeast corner of the map area. It is predominantly a volcanic breccia conglomerate that resembles the Conejo Volcanics breccia, but is believed to represent remnants of landslide debris shed from the Conejo Formation into a local trough during Saugus time. \r\n\r\nEroded from, and overlying, these bedrock formations are a series of recent alluvial units. These alluvial units include Quaternary alluvium comprised of alluvium, stream deposits, alluvial fan and floodplain deposits, beach deposits, dissected older alluvial deposits. Also present are Quaternary landslides and colluvium composed of landslide deposits and colluvium deposits. The colluvium represents relatively thick continuous deposits of soil and rock fragments that are common on the steep slopes of the coastal canyons, and generally feed the many landslides, soil slips, and debris flows.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr9588","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary Geologic Map of the Thousand Oaks 7.5' Quadrangle, Southern California: A Digital Database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-88, Report: 11 p.; ReadMe; GIS Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9588.","productDescription":"Report: 11 p.; ReadMe; GIS Files","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":154620,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0088/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":7858,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-088/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":51078,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0088/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":21502,"text":"ofr9589 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21501,"text":"ofr93525 - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California","indexId":"ofr93525","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":21502,"text":"ofr9589 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","indexId":"ofr9589","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-31T20:16:17.015601","indexId":"ofr9589","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-89","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"This database, identified as \"Preliminary Geologic Map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' Quadrangle, southern California: A Digital Database,\" has been approved for release and publication by the Director of the USGS. Although this database has been reviewed and is substantially complete, the USGS reserves the right to revise the data pursuant to further analysis and review. This database is released on condition that neither the USGS nor the U. S. Government may be held liable for any damages resulting from its use.
\nThis digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1993). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9589","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R., and Campbell, R., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-89, Readme; Metadata; Data Files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9589.","productDescription":"Readme; Metadata; Data Files","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":7859,"rank":10,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/95-89/metadata.faq.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":109868,"rank":9,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22628.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"22628"},{"id":284025,"rank":6,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/oatmtn.tar.gz"},{"id":154598,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284030,"rank":7,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/"},{"id":284029,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":284028,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-wells.e00.gz"},{"id":284027,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":284026,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/om-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284024,"rank":8,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-089/oatmtn.txt"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Oat Mountain 7.5' quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.625,\n 34.375\n ],\n [\n -118.625,\n 34.25\n ],\n [\n -118.5,\n 34.25\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R.F.","contributorId":105752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, Russell H.","contributorId":91074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Russell H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25534,"text":"wri944127 - 1995 - Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:17:48","indexId":"wri944127","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4127","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Eastern Municipal Water District, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the Orange County Water District, has completed a detailed study of the Hemet groundwater basin. The quantity of ground water stored in the basin in August 1992 is estimated to be 327,000 acre-feet. Dissolved-solids concentration ranged from 380 to 700 mg/L (milligrams per liter), except in small areas where the concentration exceeded 1,000 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L nitrate (as nitrogen) in the southeastern part of the basin, in the Domenigoni Valley area, and beneath a dairy in the Diamond Valley area.
Seven sites representing selected land uses-- residential, turf grass irrigated with reclaimed water, citrus grove, irrigated farm, poultry farm, and dairy (two sites)--were selected for detailed study of nitrogen geochemistry in the unsaturated zone. For all land uses, nitrate was the dominant nitrogen species in the unsaturated zone.
Although nitrate was seasonally present in the shallow unsaturated zone beneath the residential site, it was absent at moderate depths, suggesting negligible migration of nitrate from the surface at this time. Microbial denitrification probably is occurring in the shallow unsaturated zone. High nitrate concentrations in the deep unsaturated zone (greater than 100 ft) suggest either significantly higher nitrate loading at some time in the past, or lateral movement of nitrate at depth.
Nitrate also is seasonally present in the shallow unsaturated zone beneath the reclaimed-water site, and (in contrast with the residential site), nitrate is perennially present in the deeper unsaturated zone. Microbial denitrification in the unsaturated zone and in the capillary fringe above the water table decreases the concentrations of nitrate in pore water to below the MCL before reaching the water table.
Pore water in the unsaturated zone beneath the citrus grove site contains very high concentrations of nitrate. Even though there are zones of microbial denitrification, nitrate seems to be migrating downward to the water table.
The presence of a shallow perched-water zone beneath the irrigated-farm site prevents the vertical movement of nitrate from the surface to the regional water table. Above the perched zone, nitrate concentrations in the unsaturated zone are variable, ranging from below the MCL to four times the MCL. Periodically, nitrate is flushed from the shallow unsaturated zone to the perched-water zone.
The unsaturated zone pore-moisture quality could not be adequately addressed because of the very dry conditions in the unsaturated zone beneath the poultry-farm site. Surficial clay deposits prevent water from percolating downward.
At the two dairy sites, nitrate loading in pore water at the surface was very high, as great as 7,000 mg/L. Microbial denitrification in the unsaturated zone causes such concentrations to decrease rapidly with depth. At a depth of 20 ft, nitrate concentration was less than 100 mg/L. In areas where the depth to water is less than 20 ft, nitrate loading to ground water can be very high, whereas in areas where depth to water is greater than 100 ft, most of the nitrate is microbially removed before reaching the water table.
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