{"pageNumber":"1329","pageRowStart":"33200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":40904,"records":[{"id":29463,"text":"wri944094 - 1995 - Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T19:30:12.180562","indexId":"wri944094","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4094","title":"Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84","docAbstract":"Multivariate analyses of fish-community, water- quality, streambed-sediment-quality, and habitat data collected from 1982 through 1984 in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River Basins in northeastern Illinois indicate that fish-community structure was strongly related to water-quality gradients commonly associated with differences between agricultural and urban land uses. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and the Alternate Index of Biotic Integrity (AIBI) tended to group fish communities by river basin. Streams in the predominantly agricultural Fox River Basin tended to have similar DCA scores, the highest AIBI scores, and relatively diverse fish communities that usually included several intolerant species. Streams in the more heavily urbanized Chicago, Little Calumet, Des Plaines, and Du Page River Basins tended to have lower AIBI scores and fish communities dominated by fewer; more tolerant species. Correlative (Spearman's rho) and graphical analyses showed that DCA and AIBI scores for nonwadable sites were more strongly related to water qualiity and streambed- sediment quality than to habitat conditions. DCA and AIBI scores for wadable sites were most strongly related to water quality, were not related to streambed-sediment quality, and were moderately related to habitat variables indicative of stream size. Streams in the Fox River Basin had the smallest concentrations of chemical constituents commonly associated with anthropogenic sources. Streams in the heavily urbanized Des Plaines and Du Page River Basins had larger concentrations of chemical constituents associated with urban runoff and point-sourca discharges. Although fish-community structure was strongly related to the water quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency acute and chronic criteria for the protection of freshwater aquatic life were exceeded at few stations. These fish communities may have been responding either to concentrations below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency criteria or to cumulative or synergistic effects of overall water quality.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944094","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, P.M., 1995, Surface-water-quality assessment of the upper Illinois River Basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: Analysis of relations between fish-community structure and environmental conditions in the Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins in Illinois, 1982-84: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4094, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944094.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406634,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47985.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58308,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4094/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4094/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Fox, Des Plaines, and Du Page River basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.1081,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -87.3567,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -87.3567,\n 43.1833\n ],\n [\n -89.1081,\n 43.1833\n ],\n [\n -89.1081,\n 41.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae5e4b07f02db68a3ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, P. M.","contributorId":30251,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":38213,"text":"pp1538L - 1995 - Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538L","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"L","title":"Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Mo. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538L","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 1995, Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. L1-L18, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538L.","productDescription":"p. L1-L18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25534,"text":"wri944127 - 1995 - Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:17:48","indexId":"wri944127","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4127","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Eastern Municipal Water District, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the Orange County Water District, has completed a detailed study of the Hemet groundwater basin. The quantity of ground water stored in the basin in August 1992 is estimated to be 327,000 acre-feet. Dissolved-solids concentration ranged from 380 to 700 mg/L (milligrams per liter), except in small areas where the concentration exceeded 1,000 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L nitrate (as nitrogen) in the southeastern part of the basin, in the Domenigoni Valley area, and beneath a dairy in the Diamond Valley area.

Seven sites representing selected land uses-- residential, turf grass irrigated with reclaimed water, citrus grove, irrigated farm, poultry farm, and dairy (two sites)--were selected for detailed study of nitrogen geochemistry in the unsaturated zone. For all land uses, nitrate was the dominant nitrogen species in the unsaturated zone.

Although nitrate was seasonally present in the shallow unsaturated zone beneath the residential site, it was absent at moderate depths, suggesting negligible migration of nitrate from the surface at this time. Microbial denitrification probably is occurring in the shallow unsaturated zone. High nitrate concentrations in the deep unsaturated zone (greater than 100 ft) suggest either significantly higher nitrate loading at some time in the past, or lateral movement of nitrate at depth.

Nitrate also is seasonally present in the shallow unsaturated zone beneath the reclaimed-water site, and (in contrast with the residential site), nitrate is perennially present in the deeper unsaturated zone. Microbial denitrification in the unsaturated zone and in the capillary fringe above the water table decreases the concentrations of nitrate in pore water to below the MCL before reaching the water table.

Pore water in the unsaturated zone beneath the citrus grove site contains very high concentrations of nitrate. Even though there are zones of microbial denitrification, nitrate seems to be migrating downward to the water table.

The presence of a shallow perched-water zone beneath the irrigated-farm site prevents the vertical movement of nitrate from the surface to the regional water table. Above the perched zone, nitrate concentrations in the unsaturated zone are variable, ranging from below the MCL to four times the MCL. Periodically, nitrate is flushed from the shallow unsaturated zone to the perched-water zone.

The unsaturated zone pore-moisture quality could not be adequately addressed because of the very dry conditions in the unsaturated zone beneath the poultry-farm site. Surficial clay deposits prevent water from percolating downward.

At the two dairy sites, nitrate loading in pore water at the surface was very high, as great as 7,000 mg/L. Microbial denitrification in the unsaturated zone causes such concentrations to decrease rapidly with depth. At a depth of 20 ft, nitrate concentration was less than 100 mg/L. In areas where the depth to water is less than 20 ft, nitrate loading to ground water can be very high, whereas in areas where depth to water is greater than 100 ft, most of the nitrate is microbially removed before reaching the water table.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Eastern Municipal Water District, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the Orange County Water District","usgsCitation":"Rees, T.F., Bright, D., Fay, R.G., Christensen, A.H., Anders, R., Baharie, B.S., and Land, M.T., 1995, Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4127, vii, 267 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944127.","productDescription":"vii, 267 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54255,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4127/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County, San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.25,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 33.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rees, Terry F.","contributorId":9688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rees","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bright, Daniel J. djbright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bright","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djbright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fay, Ronald G.","contributorId":78808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fay","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, Allen H. 0000-0002-7061-5591 ahchrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-5591","contributorId":1510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Allen","email":"ahchrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anders, Robert 0000-0002-2363-9072 randers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-9072","contributorId":1210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"Robert","email":"randers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baharie, Brian S.","contributorId":204180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baharie","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Land, Michael T. 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":173276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70205368,"text":"70205368 - 1995 - Wind shear stress measurements in a coastal marsh during Hurricane Andrew","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-09-17T08:31:34","indexId":"70205368","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-30T11:15:51","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wind shear stress measurements in a coastal marsh during Hurricane Andrew","docAbstract":"

Hurricane Andrew produced changes to the Louisiana wetlands not normally observed after lesser, more common storms. For example, the <25 m/s wind speeds generated by cold fronts and winter storms, and any accompanying storm surge, do not cause substantial, wide-spread alteration of marsh vegetation. During Hurricane Andrew, however, the wind, the wind-driven storm surge, or both produced severe, wide-spread wetland alteration, especially in areas that primarily consisted of densely vegetated floating mats. In a few hours, vegetated brackish marsh was severely torn and large areas were converted to open water, a process that takes decades when driven by geologic subsidence, human intervention, and lesser storms. During the passage of Hurricane Andrew, wind measurements were taken inside an impoundment within a brackish part of Louisiana's coastal wetlands system. At its closest point, the site lay 50 km to the right of the north-trending storm track, placing it in or near the zone of maximum wind (the eye wall). As the hurricane approached, the wind blew from the north; after it passed, the wind direction swung around to the southeast. Several hours after the eye passed, the southeasterly wind drove a 1.5-m storm surge through the area, causing the collapse of the meteorology tower. Wind shear stress calculations, based on data from two vertically stacked sensors, showed a direct correlation between wind shear stress and wind speed. The greatest increase in wind shear stress occurred when wind speed exceeded 20 m/s. Overall, wind shear stress increased more than three orders of magnitude — from approximately 0.01 N/m² at a wind speed of 6 m/s through 1 N/m² at 20 m/s to 18 N/m² at the maximum sustained speed of 43 m/s. Drag-coefficient calculations show that the open-ocean CD formulations, such as the popular WAMDI model, cannot be employed for wetland use because it overestimates CD for velocities less than approximately 20 m/s and underestimates it for higher velocities.

","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education and Research Foundation Inc","usgsCitation":"Dingler, J.R., Hsu, S., and Foote, A.L., 1995, Wind shear stress measurements in a coastal marsh during Hurricane Andrew: Journal of Coastal Research, p. 295-305.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"295","endPage":"305","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":367434,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":367447,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25736016"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Jug Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.0081672668457,\n 29.34582065193874\n ],\n [\n -90.90568542480469,\n 29.34582065193874\n ],\n [\n -90.90568542480469,\n 29.397131972809856\n ],\n [\n -91.0081672668457,\n 29.397131972809856\n ],\n [\n -91.0081672668457,\n 29.34582065193874\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dingler, J. R.","contributorId":79043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dingler","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsu, S.A.","contributorId":94161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsu","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foote, A. Lee","contributorId":216145,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foote","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lee","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":770953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70201973,"text":"70201973 - 1995 - Structural impact of hurricane Andrew on the forested wetlands of the Atchaflaya Basin in South Louisiana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-05T09:40:54","indexId":"70201973","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-22T09:23:08","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural impact of hurricane Andrew on the forested wetlands of the Atchaflaya Basin in South Louisiana","docAbstract":"

On August 26, 1992, Hurricane Andrew hit the Louisiana coast and traversed a large portion of the lower Atchafalaya Basin, bounding the largest remaining tract of cypress-tupelo and bottomland hardwood swamp in the United States. Permanent field sites were established following the hurricane to assess the extent of forest damage and to monitor the rate and process of forest recovery. Bottomland hardwood forests had significantly greater damage and mortality than did cypress-tupelo communities. Canopy trees suffered the greatest direct damage, particularly in sites within the storm's eyewall and right quadrant. The type and extent of damage (windthrow, branch loss, and defoliation) generally decreased as distance from the storm path increased. Azimuths of downed trees were strongly correlated with predicted wind vectors derived from a hurricane simulation model of Andrew. Species differences were readily apparent, indicating a high degree of tolerance to windthrow by baldcypress and water tupelo, and intolerance by many common hardwood species. Bottomland hardwood forests are particularly susceptible to catastrophic disturbance by hurricanes such as Andrew, which have significant impact on forest structure and dynamics.

","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc.","publisherLocation":"Fort Lauderdale, Florida","usgsCitation":"Doyle, T.W., Keeland, B.D., Gorham, L.E., and Johnson, D.J., 1995, Structural impact of hurricane Andrew on the forested wetlands of the Atchaflaya Basin in South Louisiana: Journal of Coastal Research, no. Special Issue 21, p. 354-364.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"354","endPage":"364","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":361005,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25736020?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Atchafalaya Basin","issue":"Special Issue 21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doyle, Thomas W. 0000-0001-5754-0671 doylet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5754-0671","contributorId":703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doyle","given":"Thomas","email":"doylet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Keeland, Bobby D.","contributorId":103506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeland","given":"Bobby","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gorham, Lance E.","contributorId":212704,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gorham","given":"Lance","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Darrin J.","contributorId":212705,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Darrin","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":756391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70210156,"text":"70210156 - 1995 - Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:58:52.184531","indexId":"70210156","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-10T09:54:24","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view","docAbstract":"

Seismic techniques provide the highest‐resolution measurements of the structure of the crust and have been conducted on a worldwide basis. We summarize the structure of the continental crust based on the results of seismic refraction profiles and infer crustal composition as a function of depth by comparing these results with high‐pressure laboratory measurements of seismic velocity for a wide range of rocks that are commonly found in the crust. The thickness and velocity structure of the crust are well correlated with tectonic province, with extended crust showing an average thickness of 30.5 km and orogens an average of 46.3 km. Shields and platforms have an average crustal thickness nearly equal to the global average. We have corrected for the nonuniform geographical distribution of seismic refraction profiles by estimating the global area of each major crustal type. The weighted average crustal thickness based on these values is 41.1 km. This value is 10% to 20% greater than previous estimates which underrepresented shields, platforms, and orogens. The average compressional wave velocity of the crust is 6.45 km/s, and the average velocity of the uppermost mantle (Pn velocity) is 8.09 km/s. We summarize the velocity structure of the crust at 5‐km depth intervals, both in the form of histograms and as an average velocity‐depth curve, and compare these determinations with new measurements of compressional wave velocities and densities of over 3000 igneous and metamorphic rock cores made to confining pressures of 1 GPa. On the basis of petrographic studies and chemical analyses, the rocks have been classified into 29 groups. Average velocities, densities, and standard deviations are presented for each group at 5‐km depth intervals to crustal depths of 50 km along three different geotherms. This allows us to develop a model for the composition of the continental crust. Velocities in the upper continental crust are matched by velocities of a large number of lithologies, including many low‐grade metamorphic rocks and relatively silicic gneisses of amphibolite facies grade. In midcrustal regions, velocity gradients appear to originate from an increase in metamorphic grade, as well as a decrease in silica content. Tonalitic gneiss, granitic gneiss, and amphibolite are abundant midcrustal lithologies. Anisotropy due to preferred mineral orientation is likely to be significant in upper and midcrustal regions. The bulk of the lower continental crust is chemically equivalent to gabbro, with velocities in agreement with laboratory measurements of mafic granulite. Garnet becomes increasingly abundant with depth, and mafic garnet granulite is the dominant rock type immediately above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Average compressional wave velocities of common crustal rock types show excellent correlations with density. The mean crustal density calculated from our model is 2830 kg/m3, and the average SiO2 content is 61.8%.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB00259","usgsCitation":"Christensen, N.I., and Mooney, W.D., 1995, Seismic velocity structure and composition of the continental crust: A global view: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B6, p. 9761-9788, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB00259.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"9761","endPage":"9788","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374890,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"100","issue":"B6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, Nikolas I.","contributorId":95927,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"Nikolas","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":7001,"text":"Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":789334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":789335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18312,"text":"ofr91596 - 1995 - An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning; an application to mantle metasomatism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:29","indexId":"ofr91596","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"91-596","title":"An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning; an application to mantle metasomatism","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr91596","usgsCitation":"Budahn, J.R., 1995, An empirical equation for modeling rare earth element mineral-mineral partitioning; an application to mantle metasomatism: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-596, 44 leaves :ill. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr91596.","productDescription":"44 leaves :ill. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":151685,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0596/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":47660,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0596/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684afa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":178891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":35240,"text":"b2094B - 1995 - Lead isotopes from the Upper Mississippi Valley district: A regional perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-02T20:06:00.095314","indexId":"b2094B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2094","chapter":"B","title":"Lead isotopes from the Upper Mississippi Valley district: A regional perspective","docAbstract":"New lead isotopic data on galena from within and peripheral to the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc district make it possible, by extending coverage to outlying locations, to trace the pathway traversed by the mineralizing fluids beyond the boundary of the main district. All but one of the samples exhibit elevated ratios of the radiogenic isotopes typical of the Upper Mississippi Valley ore deposits; 206PbP04Pb ranges from 19.38 to 24.46, 207PbP04Pb ranges from 15.73 to 16.24, and 208PbP04Pb ranges from 39.24 to 43.69. Galena from the Pints quarry near Waterloo, Iowa, has distinctly lower values of these ratios and may not be related paragenetically to the other samples. Otherwise, the lowest ratios are for samples in the southern part of the region in north-central Illinois, and the highest ratios are for samples to the northeast of the main district in the vicinity of Madison, Wisconsin. Thus, an isotopic pattern rather similar to that observed originally by Heyl and others (1966) prevails regionally, although the predominant fluid flow is now believed to have emanated from the Illinois Basin rather than from the Forest City Basin. Metal-bearing brines being driven northward out of the Illinois Basin probably played the key role in mineralization of the Upper Mississippi Valley district.\r\n\r\nBoth the new and the previously reported lead ratios for the Upper Mississippi Valley district are plotted on 207PbP04Pb and Pb208/pb204Pb versus 206PbP04Pb diagrams, which permit their comparison and the calculation of refined slopes for the expanded data set. A two-stage model age for the time of mineralization can be determined from the 207PbP04Pb_Pb206/Pb204 slope, provided that the source age of the lead is known. With our limited know ledge of this source age, the time of mineralization cannot be tightly constrained but is permissive of a Permian or younger lateral secretion event, as suggested by other geochronological results.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of sedimentary basins - Illinois Basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2094B","usgsCitation":"Millen, T.M., Zartman, R.E., and Heyl, A.V., 1995, Lead isotopes from the Upper Mississippi Valley district: A regional perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2094, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2094B.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":167399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22394.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.25,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -92.25,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -92.25,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Millen, Timothy M.","contributorId":79538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millen","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, Robert E.","contributorId":47356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heyl, Allen Van","contributorId":91078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"Van","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38211,"text":"pp1547 - 1995 - Sedimentology, Behavior, and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20836,"text":"ofr90385 - 1992 - Sedimentology, behavior, and hazards of debris flows at Mount Rainier, Washington","indexId":"ofr90385","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"title":"Sedimentology, behavior, and hazards of debris flows at Mount Rainier, Washington"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":38211,"text":"pp1547 - 1995 - Sedimentology, Behavior, and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington","indexId":"pp1547","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Sedimentology, Behavior, and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"pp1547","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1547","title":"Sedimentology, Behavior, and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington","docAbstract":"Mount Rainier is potentially the most dangerous volcano in the Cascade Range because of its great height, frequent earthquakes, active hydrothermal system, and extensive glacier mantle. Many debris flows and their distal phases have inundated areas far from the volcano during postglacial time. Two types of debris flows, cohesive and noncohesive, have radically different origins and behavior that relate empirically to clay content. The two types are the major subpopulations of debris flows at Mount Rainier. The behavior of cohesive flows is affected by the cohesion and adhesion of particles; noncohesive flows are dominated by particle collisions to the extent that particle cataclasis becomes common during near-boundary shear.\r\n\r\nCohesive debris flows contain more than 3 to 5 percent of clay-size sediment. The composition of these flows changed little as they traveled more than 100 kilometers from Mount Rainier to inundate parts of the now-populated Puget Sound lowland. They originate as deep-seated failures of sectors of the volcanic edifice, and such failures are sufficiently frequent that they are the major destructional process of Mount Rainier's morphologic evolution. In several deposits of large cohesive flows, a lateral, megaclast-bearing facies (with a mounded or hummocky surface) contrasts with a more clay-rich facies in the center of valleys and downstream. Cohesive flows at Mount Rainier do not correlate strongly with volcanic activity and thus can recur without warning, possibly triggered by non-magmatic earthquakes or by changes in the hydrothermal system.\r\n\r\nNoncohesive debris flows contain less than 3 to 5 percent clay-size sediment. They form most commonly by bulking of sediment in water surges, but some originate directly or indirectly from shallow slope failures that do not penetrate the hydrothermally altered core of the volcano. In contrast with cohesive flows, most noncohesive flows transform both from and to other flow types and are, therefore, the middle segments of flow waves that begin and end as flood surges. Proximally, through the bulking of poorly sorted volcaniclastic debris on the flanks of the volcano, flow waves expand rapidly in volume by transforming from water surges through hyperconcentrated stream flow (20 to 60 percent sediment by volume) to debris flow. Distally, the transformations occur more slowly in reverse order - from debris flow, to hyperconcentrated flow, and finally to normal streamflow with less than 20 percent sediment by volume. During runout of the largest noncohesive flows, hyperconcentrated flow has continued for as much as 40 to 70 kilometers.\r\n\r\nLahars (volcanic debris flows and their deposits) have occurred frequently at Mount Rainier over the past several thousand years, and generally they have not clustered within discrete eruptive periods as at Mount St. Helens. An exception is a period of large noncohesive flows during and after construction of the modern summit cone. Deposits from lahar-runout flows, the hyperconcentrated distal phases of lahars, document the frequency and extent of noncohesive lahars. These deposits also record the following transformations of debris flows: (1) the direct, progressive dilution of debris flow to hyperconcentrated flow, (2) deposition of successively finer grained lobes of debris until only the hyperconcentrated tail of the flow remains to continue downstream, and (3) dewatering of coarse debris flow deposits to yield fine-grained debris flow or hyperconcentrated flow.\r\n\r\nThree planning or design case histories represent different lengths of postglacial time. Case I is representative of large, infrequent (500 to 1,000 years on average) cohesive debris flows. These flows need to be considered in long-term planning in valleys around the volcano. Case II generalizes the noncohesive debris flows of intermediate size and recurrence (100 to 500 years). This case is appropriate for consideration in some structural design. Case III flows are ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1547","usgsCitation":"Scott, K.M., Vallance, J., and Pringle, P.T., 1995, Sedimentology, Behavior, and Hazards of Debris Flows at Mount Rainier, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1547, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1547.","productDescription":"56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":104677,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4926.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4926"},{"id":122086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1547/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":12502,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/geology/publications/pp/1547/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64514,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1547/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64515,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1547/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123,46 ], [ -123,47.75 ], [ -121,47.75 ], [ -121,46 ], [ -123,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb3c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Scott, K. M.","contributorId":8119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vallance, J.W.","contributorId":45336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vallance","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pringle, P. T.","contributorId":39806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pringle","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001180,"text":"1001180 - 1995 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T15:52:43.746672","indexId":"1001180","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3676,"text":"Vegetatio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review","docAbstract":"In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00045196","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., and Golet, F., 1995, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review: Vegetatio, v. 118, no. 1-2, p. 139-152, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045196.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501644,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/nrs_facpubs/101","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddc12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golet, F.C.","contributorId":32124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golet","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38209,"text":"pp1538I - 1995 - Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538I","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"I","title":"Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538I","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Shedlock, K.M., and Odum, J.K., 1995, Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. I1-I10, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538I.","productDescription":"p. I1-I10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64512,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185361,"text":"70185361 - 1995 - Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 2. Chemical patterns, mass-transfer modeling, and rates of chemical reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:06:46","indexId":"70185361","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 2. Chemical patterns, mass-transfer modeling, and rates of chemical reactions","docAbstract":"

Chemical patterns along evolutionary groundwater flow paths in silicate and carbonate aquifers were interpreted using solute tracers, carbon and sulfur isotopes, and mass balance reaction modeling for a complex hydrologic system involving groundwater inflow to and outflow from a sinkhole lake in northern Florida. Rates of dominant reactions along defined flow paths were estimated from modeled mass transfer and ages obtained from CFC-modeled recharge dates. Groundwater upgradient from Lake Barco remains oxic as it moves downward, reacting with silicate minerals in a system open to carbon dioxide (CO2), producing only small increases in dissolved species. Beneath and downgradient of Lake Barco the oxic groundwater mixes with lake water leakage in a highly reducing, silicate-carbonate mineral environment. A mixing model, developed for anoxic groundwater downgradient from the lake, accounted for the observed chemical and isotopic composition by combining different proportions of lake water leakage and infiltrating meteoric water. The evolution of major ion chemistry and the 13C isotopic composition of dissolved carbon species in groundwater downgradient from the lake can be explained by the aerobic oxidation of organic matter in the lake, anaerobic microbial oxidation of organic carbon, and incongruent dissolution of smectite minerals to kaolinite. The dominant process for the generation of methane was by the CO2 reduction pathway based on the isotopic composition of hydrogen (δ2H(CH4) = −186 to −234‰) and carbon (δ13C(CH4) = −65.7 to −72.3‰). Rates of microbial metabolism of organic matter, estimated from the mass transfer reaction models, ranged from 0.0047 to 0.039 mmol L−1 yr−1 for groundwater downgradient from the lake.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR00220","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Revesz, K.M., Jones, B.F., and Lee, T.M., 1995, Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 2. Chemical patterns, mass-transfer modeling, and rates of chemical reactions: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1565-1584, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR00220.","productDescription":"20 p. ","startPage":"1565","endPage":"1584","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337922,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b93e4b0236b68f8291a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685330,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jones, Blair F. bfjones@usgs.gov","contributorId":2784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Blair","email":"bfjones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185359,"text":"70185359 - 1995 - Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:06:56","indexId":"70185359","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage","docAbstract":"

Leakage from sinkhole lakes significantly influences recharge to the Upper Floridan aquifer in poorly confined sediments in northern Florida. Environmental isotopes (oxygen 18, deuterium, and tritium), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs: CFC-11, CCl3F; CFC-12, CCl2F2; and CFC-113, C2Cl3F3), and solute tracers were used to investigate groundwater flow patterns near Lake Barco, a seepage lake in a mantled karst setting in northern Florida. Stable isotope data indicated that the groundwater downgradient from the lake contained 11–67% lake water leakage, with a limit of detection of lake water in groundwater of 4.3%. The mixing fractions of lake water leakage, which passed through organic-rich sediments in the lake bottom, were directly proportional to the observed methane concentrations and increased with depth in the groundwater flow system. In aerobic groundwater upgradient from Lake Barco, CFC-modeled recharge dates ranged from 1987 near the water table to the mid 1970s for water collected at a depth of 30 m below the water table. CFC-modeled recharge dates (based on CFC-12) for anaerobic groundwater downgradient from the lake ranged from the late 1950s to the mid 1970s and were consistent with tritium data. CFC-modeled recharge dates based on CFC-11 indicated preferential microbial degradation in anoxic waters. Vertical hydraulic conductivities, calculated using CFC-12 modeled recharge dates and Darcy's law, were 0.17, 0.033, and 0.019 m/d for the surficial aquifer, intermediate confining unit, and lake sediments, respectively. These conductivities agreed closely with those used in the calibration of a three-dimensional groundwater flow model for transient and steady state flow conditions.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR00221","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Lee, T.M., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1995, Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1549-1564, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR00221.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1564","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Barco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.00907707214355,\n 29.67850809103362\n ],\n [\n -82.01105117797852,\n 29.675599772669415\n ],\n [\n -82.00924873352051,\n 29.674182869145277\n ],\n [\n -82.00693130493164,\n 29.674257443512726\n ],\n [\n -82.00590133666992,\n 29.675823492453357\n ],\n [\n -82.00624465942383,\n 29.67761323280481\n ],\n [\n -82.00761795043945,\n 29.67835894854861\n ],\n [\n -82.00907707214355,\n 29.67850809103362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8291c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20515,"text":"ofr9558 - 1995 - GPRMODV2; one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of dispersive ground penetrating radar data, version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:17:50","indexId":"ofr9558","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-58","title":"GPRMODV2; one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of dispersive ground penetrating radar data, version 2.0","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9558","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Powers, M.H., and Olhoeft, G., 1995, GPRMODV2; one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of dispersive ground penetrating radar data, version 2.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-58, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in. +1 text (41 p. ill. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9558.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in. +1 text (41 p. ill. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0058/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50048,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277701,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0058/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b15c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209628,"text":"70209628 - 1995 - Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-16T14:02:37.312524","indexId":"70209628","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-20T08:58:26","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology","docAbstract":"

Dust samples collected annually for 5 years from 55 sites in southern Nevada and California provide the first regional source of information on modern rates of dust deposition, grain size, and mineralogical and chemical composition relative to climate and to type and lithology of dust source. The average silt and clay flux (rate of deposition) in southern Nevada and southeastern California ranges from 4.3 to 15.7 g/m2/yr, but in southwestern California the average silt and clay flux is as high as 30 g/m2/yr. The climatic factors that affect dust flux interact with each other and with the factors of source type (playas versus alluvium), source lithology, geographic area, and human disturbance. Average dust flux increases with mean annual temperature but is not correlated to decreases in mean annual precipitation because the regional winds bring dust to relatively wet areas. In contrast, annual dust flux mostly reflects changes in annual precipitation (relative drought) rather than temperature. Although playa and alluvial sources produce about the same amount of dust per unit area, the total volume of dust from the more extensive alluvial sources is much larger. In addition, playa and alluvial sources respond differently to annual changes in precipitation. Most playas produce dust that is richer in soluble salts and carbonate than that from alluvial sources (except carbonate‐rich alluvium). Gypsum dust may be produced by the interaction of carbonate dust and anthropogenic or marine sulfates. The dust flux in an arid urbanizing area may be as much as twice that before disturbance but decreases when construction stops. The mineralogic and major‐oxide composition of the dust samples indicates that sand and some silt is locally derived and deposited, whereas clay and some silt from different sources can be far‐traveled. Dust deposited in the Transverse Ranges of California by the Santa Ana winds appears to be mainly derived from sources to the north and east.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94JD03245","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M.C., and Kihl, R., 1995, Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 100, no. D5, p. 8893-8918, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JD03245.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"8893","endPage":"8918","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374054,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -114.521484375,\n 36.73888412439431\n ],\n [\n -116.98242187499999,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -122.51953124999999,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -119.70703125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -117.02636718749999,\n 32.58384932565662\n ],\n [\n -114.78515624999999,\n 32.879587173066305\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"D5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-21","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, Marith C. 0000-0002-8359-323X mreheis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":138571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"Marith","email":"mreheis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":787267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kihl, Rolf","contributorId":80539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kihl","given":"Rolf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018915,"text":"70018915 - 1995 - Influence of static stress changes on earthquake locations in southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-05-27T16:51:03.603317","indexId":"70018915","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-18T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2840,"text":"Nature","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of static stress changes on earthquake locations in southern California","docAbstract":"

Earthquakes induce changes in static stress on neighbouring faults that may delay, hasten or even trigger subsequent earthquakes1–10. The length of time over which such effects persist has a bearing on the potential contribution of stress analyses to earthquake hazard assessment, but is presently unknown. Here we use an elastic half-space model11 to estimate the static stress changes generated by damaging (magnitude M≥5) earthquakes in southern California over the past 26 years, and to investigate the influence of these changes on subsequent earthquake activity. We find that, in the 1.5-year period following a M≥5 earthquake, any subsequent nearby M≥5 earthquake almost always ruptures a fault that is loaded towards failure by the first earthquake. After this period, damaging earthquakes are equally likely to rupture loaded and relaxed faults. Our results suggest that there is a short period of time following a damaging earthquake in southern California in which simple Coulomb failure stress models could be used to identify regions of increased seismic hazard.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/375221a0","issn":"00280836","usgsCitation":"Harris, R., Simpson, R., and Reasenberg, P., 1995, Influence of static stress changes on earthquake locations in southern California: Nature, v. 375, no. 6528, p. 221-224, https://doi.org/10.1038/375221a0.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"224","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226305,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"southern California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.657319826278,\n 34.86825505210429\n ],\n [\n -121.657319826278,\n 32.74557380307421\n ],\n [\n -114.41789243420921,\n 32.74557380307421\n ],\n [\n -114.41789243420921,\n 34.86825505210429\n ],\n [\n -121.657319826278,\n 34.86825505210429\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"375","issue":"6528","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b7de4b0c8380cd6259f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, R.A. 0000-0002-9247-0768","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9247-0768","contributorId":41849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simpson, R.W.","contributorId":76738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simpson","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reasenberg, P.A.","contributorId":19959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reasenberg","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014799,"text":"1014799 - 1995 - Mortality estimates of striped bass caught in Albemarle Sound and Roanoke River, North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:33:46.773534","indexId":"1014799","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mortality estimates of striped bass caught in Albemarle Sound and Roanoke River, North Carolina","docAbstract":"

A statistical analysis of the age composition of striped bass Morone saxatilis harvested in Albemarle Sound and the Roanoke River, North Carolina. indicated that in 1988–1992 the population experienced a relatively high rate of total mortality. Age‐3 and older fish were estimated to have been fully vulnerable to fishing mortality and to have experienced a total instantaneous mortality rate of 1.04/year, which equals about 65% annually. Legal size limits in directed striped bass fisheries appear to have provided some protection to age‐2 fish, which were only partially vulnerable to fishing mortality. The portion of total mortality due to fishing could not be estimated unconditionally because the numbers of striped bass taken in fisheries not directed at striped bass were unknown. An eggs‐per‐recruit model was developed to provide a conceptual framework for comparing the effects of fishery management options, such as reductions in hycatch or fishing mortality. on the striped bass population.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0290:MEOSBC>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dorazio, R., 1995, Mortality estimates of striped bass caught in Albemarle Sound and Roanoke River, North Carolina: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 15, no. 2, p. 290-299, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0290:MEOSBC>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"290","endPage":"299","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130720,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Albemarle Sound, Roanoke River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.74911878032846,\n 36.21855397908668\n ],\n [\n -76.74911878032846,\n 35.86362152361461\n ],\n [\n -75.72444454220012,\n 35.86362152361461\n ],\n [\n -75.72444454220012,\n 36.21855397908668\n ],\n [\n -76.74911878032846,\n 36.21855397908668\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b477e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dorazio, Robert 0000-0003-2663-0468 bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2663-0468","contributorId":172151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dorazio","given":"Robert","email":"bob_dorazio@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70185367,"text":"70185367 - 1995 - Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:06:52","indexId":"70185367","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer","docAbstract":"

A Laplace transform solution is presented for flow to a well in a homogeneous, water-table aquifer with noninstanta-neous drainage of water from the zone above the water table. The Boulton convolution integral is combined with Darcy's law and used as an upper boundary condition to replace the condition used by Neuman. Boulton's integral derives from the assumption that water drained from the unsaturated zone is released gradually in a manner that varies exponentially with time in response to a unit decline in hydraulic head, whereas the condition used by Newman assumes that the water is released instantaneously. The result is a solution that reduces to the solution obtained by Neuman as the rate of release of water from the zone above the water table increases. A dimensionless fitting parameter, γ, is introduced that incorporates vertical hydraulic conductivity, saturated thickness, specific yield, and an empirical constant α1, similar to Boulton's α. Results show that theoretical drawdown in water-table piezometers is amplified by noninstantaneous drainage from the unsaturated zone to a greater extent than drawdown in piezometers located at depth in the saturated zone. This difference provides a basis for evaluating γ by type-curve matching in addition to the other dimensionless parameters. Analysis of drawdown in selected piezometers from the published results of two aquifer tests conducted in relatively homogeneous glacial outwash deposits but with significantly different hydraulic conductivities reveals improved comparison between the theoretical type curves and the hydraulic head measured in water-table piezometers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00293.x","usgsCitation":"Moench, A.F., 1995, Combining the Neuman and Boulton models for flow to a well in an unconfined aquifer: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 378-384, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00293.x.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"378","endPage":"384","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337928,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82922","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moench, Allen F. afmoench@usgs.gov","contributorId":3903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moench","given":"Allen","email":"afmoench@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17519,"text":"ofr9551 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Calabasas 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-13T21:34:04.791167","indexId":"ofr9551","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-51","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Calabasas 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database","docAbstract":"This Open-File report is a digital geologic map database. This pamphlet serves to introduce and describe the digital data. There is no paper map included in the Open-File report. This digital map database is compiled from previously published sources combined with some new mapping and modifications in nomenclature. The geologic map database delineates map units that are identified by general age and lithology following the stratigraphic nomenclature of the U. S. Geological Survey. For detailed descriptions of the units, their stratigraphic relations and sources of geologic mapping consult Yerkes and Campbell (1993). More specific information about the units may be available in the original sources.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9551","usgsCitation":"Yerkes, R.F., and Campbell, R.H., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Calabasas 7.5' quadrangle, southern California: A digital database (Revised 1997): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-51, Report: 12 p.; Readme; Metadata; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9551.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; Readme; Metadata; Database","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":149062,"rank":12,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/images/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":284016,"rank":11,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/calab.ps"},{"id":284015,"rank":10,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/calab.txt"},{"id":284017,"rank":9,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://geo-nsdi.er.usgs.gov/metadata/open-file/95-51/metadata.faq.html"},{"id":284013,"rank":8,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/"},{"id":284014,"rank":7,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/pdf/of95-51.pdf"},{"id":284020,"rank":1,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/cb-strc.e00.gz"},{"id":284019,"rank":2,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/cb-geol.e00.gz"},{"id":284021,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/cb-wells.e00.gz"},{"id":284022,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/cb-foss.e00.gz"},{"id":284023,"rank":5,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/cb-topo.e00.gz"},{"id":284018,"rank":6,"type":{"id":9,"text":"Database"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0051/calab.tar.gz"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Calabasas quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -118.75,34.125 ], [ -118.75,34.25 ], [ -118.625,34.25 ], [ -118.625,34.125 ], [ -118.75,34.125 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Revised 1997","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67bc2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yerkes, R. F.","contributorId":24754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yerkes","given":"R.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, R. H.","contributorId":52160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70203145,"text":"70203145 - 1995 - Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-22T14:24:13","indexId":"70203145","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-16T15:32:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains","docAbstract":"

Time‐intensive discharge and chemical data for two alpine streams in the Loch Vale watershed, Colorado, were used to identify sources of runoff, flow paths, and important biogeochemical processes during the 1992 snowmelt runoff season. In spite of the paucity of soil cover the chemical composition of the streams is regulated much as in typical forested watersheds. Soils and other shallow groundwater matrices such as boulder fields appear to be more important in controlling surface‐water chemistry than their abundance would indicate. The chemical composition of the major source waters (usually thought of as end‐members whose chemical composition is relatively constant over time) changes at the same time that their mixing ratio in streams changes, confounding use of end‐member mixing models to describe stream‐water chemistry. Changes in the chemical composition of these source waters are caused by the ionic pulse of solutes from the snowpack and the small size of the shallow groundwater reservoir compared to the volume of snowmelt passing through it. The brief hydrologic residence time in the shallow groundwater indicates that concentrations of most dissolved constituents of stream water were controlled by fast geochemical processes that occurred on timescales of hours to days, rather than slower processes such as weathering of primary minerals. Differences in the timing of snowmelt‐related processes between different areas of the watershed also affect the stream‐water chemical composition. Cirque lakes affect discharge and chemical composition of one of the streams; seasonal control on stream‐water NO3 and SiO2 concentrations by diatom uptake in the lakes was inferred. Elution of acidic waters from the snowpack, along with dilution of base cations originating in shallow groundwater, caused episodes of decreased acid‐neutralizing capacity in the streams, but the streams did not become acidic.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR02037","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Clow, D.W., Ingersoll, G.P., Mast, M.A., Spahr, N.E., and Turk, J.T., 1995, Processes controlling the chemistry of two snowmelt‐dominated streams in the Rocky Mountains: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 11, p. 2811-2821, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR02037.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2811","endPage":"2821","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":363156,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale, Rocky Mountain National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -105.11993408203125,\n 40.111688665595956\n ],\n [\n -105.11993408203125,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.64521960545374\n ],\n [\n -106.12518310546875,\n 40.111688665595956\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":761379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clow, David W. 0000-0001-6183-4824 dwclow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6183-4824","contributorId":1671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"David","email":"dwclow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ingersoll, George P. gpingers@usgs.gov","contributorId":1469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"George","email":"gpingers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mast, M. Alisa 0000-0001-6253-8162 mamast@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6253-8162","contributorId":827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mast","given":"M.","email":"mamast@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Alisa","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":761382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":761383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turk, John T.","contributorId":53363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turk","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":761384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70234245,"text":"70234245 - 1995 - Near real-time monitoring of seismic events and status of portable digital recorders using satellite telemetry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T17:06:51.628239","indexId":"70234245","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T11:59:51","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Near real-time monitoring of seismic events and status of portable digital recorders using satellite telemetry","docAbstract":"

Near real-time monitoring of seismic events and status of portable 16-bit digital recorders has been established for arrays near Parkfield, Mammoth Lakes, and San Francisco, California. This monitoring system provides near real-time seismic event identification (rough location and magnitude) and a cost-effective means to maintain arrays at near 100% operational level. Principal objectives in the design of this system have been portability and low-cost telemetry. The system has been developed to use portable digital seismic recorders (GEOS—General Earthquake Observation System) and portable data collection platforms (DCP's) for the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GEOS) telemetry system. Data are transferred asynchronously from the GEOS seismic system through a microprocessor-controlled interface every 10 min. The interface stores, determines priority, converts, and synchronously transfers these data to a Sutron Corp. model 8004 DCP for transmission through the GEOS satellite telemetry system. Event parameters include trigger time, peak amplitude, time of peak amplitude, and event duration. Instrument configuration parameters, transmitted at system start-up time and every 24 hr, include recording parameters, trigger parameters, GEOS software version, clock reference, and location parameter. Instrument status includes battery voltage, number of events, and percentage of tape usage. These data are transmitted as appropriate to the U.S. Geological Survey satellite downlink and computers located in Menlo Park, California, where they are processed and displayed.

","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0850020640","usgsCitation":"Mueller, R., Lee, M., Johnston, M., Borcherdt, R.D., Glassmoyer, G., and Silverman, S., 1995, Near real-time monitoring of seismic events and status of portable digital recorders using satellite telemetry: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 85, no. 2, p. 640-645, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0850020640.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"640","endPage":"645","costCenters":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":404830,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/85/2/640/119969/Near-real-time-monitoring-of-seismic-events-and"}],"volume":"85","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, R.J.","contributorId":77135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Meei-You","contributorId":84396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Meei-You","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Johnston, M.J.S. 0000-0003-4326-8368","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4326-8368","contributorId":104889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"M.J.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Borcherdt, Roger D. 0000-0002-8668-0849 borcherdt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8668-0849","contributorId":2373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Borcherdt","given":"Roger","email":"borcherdt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":848320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Glassmoyer, G.","contributorId":62751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glassmoyer","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Silverman, S.","contributorId":17231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":848322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70244264,"text":"70244264 - 1995 - The Grayback Pluton: Magmatism in a Jurassic back-arc environment, Klamath Mountains, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-09T15:20:03.049047","indexId":"70244264","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T09:56:38","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Grayback Pluton: Magmatism in a Jurassic back-arc environment, Klamath Mountains, Oregon","docAbstract":"

The Jurassic Grayback pluton was emplaced in a back-arc setting behind a contemporaneous oceanic arc. Th\\alphae main stage of the pluton consists of an early, reversely zoned tonalite to gabbro that was intruded by synplutonic noritic and gabbroic magmas. Late-stage activity was characterized by intrusion of tonalitic and granitic dikes, many of which contain mafic enclaves and hybrid zones. Most mafic rocks in the pluton are calc-alkaline, with characteristic magnesian clinopyroxene, calcic cores in plagioclase, and elemental abundances similar to H2O-rich arc basalts. However, some mafic rocks contain relatively Fe-rich clinopyroxene, lack calcic cores in plagioclase, and are compositionally similar to evolved high-alumina tholeiite.

Compositional variation in the main stage can be modeled in part by fractional crystallization and crusted assimilation during which parental calc-alkaline basalt evolved to granitic compositions. Cumulates related to this process are represented by modally variable melagabbro and pyroxenite. Mixing of basaltic and tonalitic magmas accounts for the compositions of most main-stage intermediate rocks, but mixing of basaltic and granitic magmas was uncommon until late in the pluton's history.

Oxygen, Sr and Nd isotopic data indicate that virtually all main-stage magmas in the pluton contain a crustal component. Isotopic and trace element data further suggest that late-stage tonalitic dikes represent melts derived from older, metavolcanic arc crust Deep crustal contamination of main-stage rocks took place below the level of emplacement, probably in a magma-rich zone where basalts ponded and mixed with crustal melts.

The Grayback pluton illustrates the diversity of Jurassic back-arc magmatism in the Klamath province and demonstrates that ancient magmatism with arc-like features need not be situated in an arc setting.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.397","usgsCitation":"Barnes, C.G., Johnson, K., Barnes, M., Prestvik, T., Kistler, R., and Sundvoll, B., 1995, The Grayback Pluton: Magmatism in a Jurassic back-arc environment, Klamath Mountains, Oregon: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 397-415, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.397.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"397","endPage":"415","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417965,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Grayback Pluton, Klamath Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.41669728980699,\n 42.066943779507966\n ],\n [\n -123.36168983727356,\n 42.048649647294525\n ],\n [\n -123.2984132356988,\n 42.04247924417422\n ],\n [\n -123.2613420953822,\n 42.05197192382366\n ],\n [\n -123.2543512615246,\n 42.068367223457926\n ],\n [\n -123.23581569136631,\n 42.090663678237945\n ],\n [\n -123.23965063691625,\n 42.13902477711815\n ],\n [\n -123.22558916989959,\n 42.16603402303966\n ],\n [\n -123.21344517565807,\n 42.194452356120394\n ],\n [\n -123.19682707827491,\n 42.216704462446046\n ],\n [\n -123.17126077460844,\n 42.240368311541346\n ],\n [\n -123.18532224162507,\n 42.26260424089128\n ],\n [\n -123.23261990340808,\n 42.25645466170684\n ],\n [\n -123.33680259084906,\n 42.20818330522525\n ],\n [\n -123.3892135133654,\n 42.130493147107046\n ],\n [\n -123.41669728980699,\n 42.066943779507966\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, Calvin G.","contributorId":36608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Calvin","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth","contributorId":306209,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16625,"text":"Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":875075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, Melanie","contributorId":62945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"Melanie","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prestvik, Tore","contributorId":306210,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prestvik","given":"Tore","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kistler, Ronald W.","contributorId":56969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kistler","given":"Ronald W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sundvoll, Bjorn","contributorId":306211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sundvoll","given":"Bjorn","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70228806,"text":"70228806 - 1995 - Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-22T15:01:58.855734","indexId":"70228806","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T08:45:07","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5790,"text":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean","docAbstract":"

We reconstructed late Quaternary deep (3000–4100 m) and intermediate depth (1000–2500 m) paleoceanographic history of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean from ostracode assemblages in cores from the Lomonosov Ridge, Gakkel Ridge, Yermak Plateau, Morris Jesup Rise, and Amundsen and Makarov Basins obtained during the 1991 Polarstern cruise. Modern assemblages on ridges and plateaus between 1000 and 1500 m are characterized by abundant, relatively species-rich benthic ostracode assemblages, in part, reflecting the influence of high organic productivity and inflowing Atlantic water. In contrast, deep Arctic Eurasian basin assemblages have low abundance and low diversity and are dominated by Krithe and Cytheropteron reflecting faunal exchange with the Greenland Sea via the Fram Strait. Major faunal changes occurred in the Arctic during the last glacial/interglacial transition and the Holocene. Low-abundance, low-diversity assemblages from the Lomonosov and Gakkel Ridges in the Eurasian Basin from the last glacial period have modern analogs in cold, low-salinity, low-nutrient Greenland Sea deep water; glacial assemblages from the deep Nansen and Amundsen Basins have modern analogs in the deep Canada Basin. During Termination 1 at intermediate depths, diversity and abundance increased coincident with increased biogenic sediment, reflecting increased organic productivity, reduced sea-ice, and enhanced inflowing North Atlantic water. During deglaciation deep Nansen Basin assemblages were similar to those living today in the deep Greenland Sea, perhaps reflecting deepwater exchange via the Fram Strait. In the central Arctic, early Holocene faunas indicate weaker North Atlantic water inflow at middepths immediately following Termination 1, about 8500–7000 year B.P., followed by a period of strong Canada Basin water overflow across the Lomonosov Ridge into the Morris Jesup Rise area and central Arctic Ocean. Modern perennial sea-ice cover evolved over the last 4000–5000 years. Late Quaternary faunal changes reflect benthic habitat changes most likely caused by changes in the import of cold, deepwater of Greenland Sea origin and warmer and middepth Atlantic water to the Eurasian Basin through the Fram Strait, and export of Arctic Ocean deepwater.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/94PA03149","usgsCitation":"Cronin, T., Holtz, T.R., Stein, R., Spielhagen, R., Futterer, D.K., and Wollenburg, J.E., 1995, Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the Eurasian Basin, Arctic Ocean: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, v. 10, no. 2, p. 259-281, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA03149.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"259","endPage":"281","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/94pa03149","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":396241,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Arctic Ocean, Eurasian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -59.58984374999999,\n 81.72318761821155\n ],\n [\n -40.78125,\n 83.81102365639774\n ],\n [\n -27.0703125,\n 83.9050579559856\n ],\n [\n -11.074218749999998,\n 81.97243132048267\n ],\n [\n 8.26171875,\n 79.93591824625466\n ],\n [\n 14.0625,\n 80.95609885946823\n ],\n [\n 39.19921875,\n 81.2550322990594\n ],\n [\n 59.0625,\n 82.4256290002969\n ],\n [\n 76.11328125,\n 81.28171699935012\n ],\n [\n 94.39453125,\n 81.89845141173647\n ],\n [\n 110.74218749999999,\n 78.17058224978182\n ],\n [\n 127.79296875,\n 74.44935750063425\n ],\n [\n 134.6484375,\n 76.80073870685207\n ],\n [\n 149.94140625,\n 77.5041191797399\n ],\n [\n 149.23828125,\n 85.02070774312594\n ],\n [\n -59.23828124999999,\n 84.9901001802348\n ],\n [\n -59.58984374999999,\n 81.72318761821155\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cronin, Thomas M.","contributorId":279622,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"Thomas M.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":835568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holtz, Thomas R. Jr.","contributorId":72351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holtz","given":"Thomas","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stein, R.","contributorId":18507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stein","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spielhagen, R.","contributorId":224133,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spielhagen","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Futterer, Dieter Karl","contributorId":279857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Futterer","given":"Dieter","email":"","middleInitial":"Karl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wollenburg, Jutta E.","contributorId":192908,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wollenburg","given":"Jutta","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":835573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":4248,"text":"cir1121 - 1995 - Catalogue of U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion records, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:37","indexId":"cir1121","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1121","title":"Catalogue of U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion records, 1993","docAbstract":"This report presents accelerogram data of strong ground motion and the response of representative engineered structures during moderate to large earthquakes recorded during 1993.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Map Distribution,","doi":"10.3133/cir1121","usgsCitation":"Switzer, J.C., and Porcella, R.L., 1995, Catalogue of U.S. Geological Survey strong-motion records, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1121, 10 p. ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1121.","productDescription":"10 p. ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1121/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31362,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1121/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Switzer, J. C. (compiler)","contributorId":73989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switzer","given":"J.","suffix":"(compiler)","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porcella, R. L.","contributorId":102869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porcella","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70133640,"text":"70133640 - 1995 - Three-dimensional modeling of pull-apart basins: implications for the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:11:10","indexId":"70133640","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional modeling of pull-apart basins: implications for the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin","docAbstract":"

We model the three-dimensional (3-D) crustal deformation in a deep pull-apart basin as a result of relative plate motion along a transform system and compare the results to the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin. The brittle upper crust is modeled by a boundary element technique as an elastic block, broken by two en echelon semi-infinite vertical faults. The deformation is caused by a horizontal displacement that is imposed everywhere at the bottom of the block except in a stress-free “shear zone” in the vicinity of the fault zone. The bottom displacement represents the regional relative plate motion. Results show that the basin deformation depends critically on the width of the shear zone and on the amount of overlap between basin-bounding faults. As the width of the shear zone increases, the depth of the basin decreases, the rotation around a vertical axis near the fault tips decreases, and the basin shape (the distribution of subsidence normalized by the maximum subsidence) becomes broader. In contrast, two-dimensional plane stress modeling predicts a basin shape that is independent of the width of the shear zone. Our models also predict full-graben profiles within the overlapped region between bounding faults and half-graben shapes elsewhere. Increasing overlap also decreases uplift near the fault tips and rotation of blocks within the basin. We suggest that the observed structure of the Dead Sea Basin can be described by a 3-D model having a large overlap (more than 30 km) that probably increased as the basin evolved as a result of a stable shear motion that was distributed laterally over 20 to 40 km.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94JB03101","usgsCitation":"Katzman, R., ten Brink, U., and Lin, J., 1995, Three-dimensional modeling of pull-apart basins: implications for the tectonics of the Dead Sea Basin: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B4, p. 6295-6312, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB03101.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"6295","endPage":"6312","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296143,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Israel, Jordan, Palestine","otherGeospatial":"Dead Sea Basin","volume":"100","issue":"B4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"546c7633e4b0f4a3478a61ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katzman, Rafael","contributorId":79249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katzman","given":"Rafael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lin, Jian","contributorId":16930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lin","given":"Jian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}