1. L. D. Mech et al. presented evidence that moose Alces alces and deer Odocoileus virginianus population parameters re influenced by a cumulative effect of three winters' snow depth. They postulated that snow depth affects adult ungulates cumulatively from winter to winter and results in measurable offspring effects after the third winter.
2. F. Messier challenged those findings and claimed that the population parameters studied were instead affected by ungulate density and wolf indexes.
3. This paper refutes Messier's claims by demonstrating that his results were an artifact of two methodological errors. The first was that, in his main analyses, Messier used only the first previous winter's snow depth rather than the sum of the previous three winters' snow depth, which was the primary point of Mech et al. Secondly, Messier smoothed the ungulate population data, which removed 22-51% of the variability from the raw data.
4. When we repeated Messier's analyses on the raw data and using the sum of the previous three winter's snow depth, his findings did not hold up.
","language":"English","publisher":"ITHAKA","doi":"10.2307/5834","usgsCitation":"McRoberts, R., Mech, L., and Peterson, R.O., 1995, The cumulative effect of consecutive winters' snow depth on moose and deer populations: a defence: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 64, no. 1, p. 131-135, https://doi.org/10.2307/5834.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":194295,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":15936,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/5834","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db6688a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McRoberts, R.E.","contributorId":56749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McRoberts","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mech, L.D. 0000-0003-3944-7769","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-7769","contributorId":75466,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mech","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Peterson, R. O.","contributorId":62175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":336776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70246657,"text":"70246657 - 1995 - Mineral resources, environmental issues, and land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-12T17:20:10.38281","indexId":"70246657","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-02T12:11:14","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral resources, environmental issues, and land use","docAbstract":"Relocating grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) from human/bear conflict situations has been a standard management procedure. Using data from Yellowstone National Park, we present components of situations that may affect the outcome of a relocation. Survival rates of transported bears were lower (lx = 0.83) (P = 0.001) than those not transported (lx = 0.89). Survival was largely affected by whether the bear returned to the capture site (P = 0.029). Return rate was most affected by distance transported (P = 0.012) and age-sex group (P = 0.014). Return rates decreased at distances -75 km, and subadult females returned least (P = 0.050) often. Because of low survival and high return rates, transporting grizzly bears should be considered a final action to eliminate a conflict situation. However, transporting females must be considered a viable management technique because transports of some individuals have resulted in contributions to the population through successful reproduction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.2307/3802463","usgsCitation":"Blanchard, B.M., and Knight, R.R., 1995, Biological consequences of relocating grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 59, no. 3, p. 560-565, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802463.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"560","endPage":"565","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319421,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 43.06086137134326\n ],\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 45.57560020947799\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 45.57560020947799\n ],\n [\n -109.1162109375,\n 43.06086137134326\n ],\n [\n -111.87377929687499,\n 43.06086137134326\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56f66132e4b07d796bf76ff2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blanchard, Bonnie M.","contributorId":33633,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanchard","given":"Bonnie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":624023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Richard R.","contributorId":68660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":624024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70248333,"text":"70248333 - 1995 - Further evidence for a low U/Pb source in the moon: U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Ar-Ar, isotopic systematics of lunar meteorite Yamato-793169","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:29:58.727309","indexId":"70248333","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T13:11:38","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Further evidence for a low U/Pb source in the moon: U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Ar-Ar, isotopic systematics of lunar meteorite Yamato-793169","docAbstract":"The coarse-grained lunar meteorites, Yamato-793169 and Asuka-881757, represent a new type of low-Ti mare basalt. This paper reports the results of a U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Ar-Ar isotopic study of Yamato-793169 performed as part of a consortium studies of lunar basaltic meteorites. The isotopic study was carried out on a small sample (100 mg) so that only three density fractions could be separated. These fractions were leached with dilute acid in order to eliminate terrestrial Pb contamination. However, the leaching procedure did not completely remove this contamination in some fractions and also apparently caused a fractionation of elements (U, Th, Pb) due to preferential leaching effects, producing a secondary disturbance of the systematics. Furthermore, the Ar-Ar analyses indicate that the isotopic systematics in this meteorite might have been disturbed sometime later than 750 Ma. For these reasons, the ages obtained using different isotopic systems disagree with each other and a precise formation age could not be obtained for this meteorite. However, using what results there are, two reasonable interpretations can be made: (1) the Sm-Nd system yielded an age of 3.4 Ga that could be interpreted as the formation age, assuming that this system is possibly the least disturbed during the metamorphic event(s) that this meteorite experienced at least once, and that all other isotopic systems and their corresponding ages were disturbed, and (2) the U-Pb system yielded a nearly concordant age of 3.8 Ga that could be interpreted as the formation age and the Sm-Nd isotopic systematics were somehow disturbed. We prefer the second interpretation for the reasons discussed below. On a concordia diagram, the CDT (Cañon Diablo troilite)-corrected U-Pb isotopic data yield a discordia line similar to the lunar catastrophic array, indicating that the source of the meteorite formed during early lunar differentiation (∼4.4 Ga) and that the basalt was generated near 3.9 Ga. Total Ar-Ar age on plagioclase is 3.26 Ga, which seems to be too old if the formation age is 3.4 Ga, because low temperature fractions lost large amounts of radiogenic 40Ar during the late thermal event. If we assume a formation age of 3.8 Ga, the estimated source 238U/204Pb (μ) is 21.6 ± 3.5 and ϵNd is 3.9 ± 0.3. These results indicate that the source of Yamato-793169 is more depleted than Apollo 12 and 15 LT basalts, but less depleted than Asuka-881757. Therefore, Yamato-793169 may represent a new type of LT- or VLT-like mare basalt that is different from Asuka-881757. The wide variety of lead and neodymium isotopic characteristics among LT and VLT mare basalts indicate that the lunar mantle was very heterogeneous with respect to trace element abundances.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(95)00154-9","usgsCitation":"Torigoye-Kita, N., Misawa, K., Dalrymple, G.B., and Tatsumoto, M., 1995, Further evidence for a low U/Pb source in the moon: U-Th-Pb, Sm-Nd, and Ar-Ar, isotopic systematics of lunar meteorite Yamato-793169: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, no. 12, p. 2621-2632, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00154-9.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2621","endPage":"2632","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420638,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Moon","volume":"59","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Torigoye-Kita, Noriko","contributorId":329532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Torigoye-Kita","given":"Noriko","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Misawa, Keiji","contributorId":105459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Misawa","given":"Keiji","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dalrymple, G. Brent","contributorId":55146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dalrymple","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Brent","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tatsumoto, Mitsunobu","contributorId":10444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tatsumoto","given":"Mitsunobu","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":882556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70246577,"text":"70246577 - 1995 - Criteria for incipient motion of spherical sediment particles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-07-10T17:54:42.369366","indexId":"70246577","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T12:46:04","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Criteria for incipient motion of spherical sediment particles","docAbstract":"Initiation of bed-load transport of uniform spherical sediment particles on a horizontal bed in an open-channel flow is studied. On the basis of micromechanical and fluid dynamical considerations, two separate criteria for the initiation of motion are derived: one for rolling and one for lifting. Fluid forces such as drag, shear lift, Magnus lift, and lift due to centrifugal force are included in the derivation. The formulation of the lift force is theoretical. No empirical coefficient is used other than the drag coefficient C d, which is well established in the literature. In the low particle Reynolds number regime, where u*d/ν ≤ 1, the dimensionless stress required to initiate lifting is found to be much higher than that of rolling, the former substantially above the Shields' curve while the latter is substantially below it. The theory is compared with Vanoni's 1964 data, with meaningful results. For higher particle Reynolds number, where u*d/ν> 10, the dimensionless stress needed to initiate lifting is closer to that of rolling. The Shields' curve for the most part lies between the two theoretical thresholds.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:6(472)","usgsCitation":"Ling, C., 1995, Criteria for incipient motion of spherical sediment particles: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 121, no. 6, p. 472-478, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:6(472).","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"472","endPage":"478","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418831,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"121","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ling, Chi-Hai","contributorId":55154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ling","given":"Chi-Hai","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":877270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":4101,"text":"cir1109 - 1995 - Geomagnetism applications","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:39","indexId":"cir1109","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1109","title":"Geomagnetism applications","docAbstract":"The social uses of geomagnetism include the physics of the space environment, satellite damage, pipeline corrosion, electric power-grid failure, communication interference, global positioning disruption, mineral-resource detection, interpretation of the Earth's formation and structure, navigation, weather, and magnetoreception in organisms. The need for continuing observations of the geomagnetic field, together with careful archiving of these records and mechanisms for dissemination of these data, is emphasized.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. G.P.O. ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Information Services,","doi":"10.3133/cir1109","usgsCitation":"Campbell, W.H., 1995, Geomagnetism applications: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1109, iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1109.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":121269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1109/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":31205,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1109/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c5ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Wallace H.","contributorId":52557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Wallace","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":148189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6842,"text":"fs13995 - 1995 - Continuous-record network for collection of streamflow data in Massachusetts, 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:53","indexId":"fs13995","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"139-95","title":"Continuous-record network for collection of streamflow data in Massachusetts, 1994","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,","doi":"10.3133/fs13995","usgsCitation":"Shepard, T., 1995, Continuous-record network for collection of streamflow data in Massachusetts, 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 139-95, 1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13995.","productDescription":"1 sheet : map ; 28 cm. map ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":139780,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698647","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shepard, T.B.","contributorId":23534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shepard","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":27261,"text":"wri944224 - 1995 - Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and deposition of dissolved chemical constituents from precipitation in Massachusetts, 1983-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:37","indexId":"wri944224","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4224","title":"Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and deposition of dissolved chemical constituents from precipitation in Massachusetts, 1983-85","docAbstract":"Precipitation samples were collected for 83 storms at a rural inland site in Princeton, Mass., and 73 storms at a rural coastal site in Truro, Mass., to examine the quality of precipitation from storms and relate quality to three storm types (oceanic cyclone, continental cyclone, and cold front). At the inland site, Princeton, ranked-means of precipitation depth, storm duration, specific conductance, and concentrations and loads of hydrogen, sulfate, aluminum, bromide, and copper ions were affected by storm type. At the coastal site, Truro, ranked means of precipitation depth, storm duration, and concentrations and loads of calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions were affected by storm type. Precipitation chemistry at the coastal site was 85 percent oceanic in orgin, whereas precipitation 72 kilometers inland was 60 percent hydrogen, nitrate, and sulfate ions, reflecting fossil-fuel combustion. Concentrations and loads for specific conductance and 9 chemical constituents on an annual and seasonal basis were determined from National Atmospheric Deposition Program data for spring 1983 through winter 1985 at Quabbin (rural, inland), Waltham (suburban, inland) and Truro (rural, coastal), Massachusetts. Concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were highest at the coast and much lower inland, with very little difference between Waltham and Quabbin. Loads of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, and hydrogen are highest at Quabbin and are about equal at Waltham and Truro. About twice as much nitrate and hydrogen and about 35 percent more sulfate is deposited at Quabbin than at Waltham or Truro; this pattern indicates that the interior of Massachusetts receives more acidic precipitation than do the eastern or the coastal areas of Massachusetts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944224","usgsCitation":"Gay, F.B., and Melching, C., 1995, Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and deposition of dissolved chemical constituents from precipitation in Massachusetts, 1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4224, vi, 82 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944224.","productDescription":"vi, 82 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4224/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56136,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4224/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545a87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gay, F. B.","contributorId":55002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gay","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melching, Charles S.","contributorId":23973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melching","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27595,"text":"wri944164 - 1995 - Use of fathometers and electrical-conductivity probes to monitor riverbed scour at bridge piers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:39","indexId":"wri944164","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4164","title":"Use of fathometers and electrical-conductivity probes to monitor riverbed scour at bridge piers","docAbstract":"Two methods, a fathometer system and an electrical- conductivity probe system, were developed to monitor scour at bridge piers. The scour-monitoring systems consisted of a sensor (fathometer or electrical- conductivity probe), power supply, data logger, relay, and system program. The fathometer system was installed and tested at a bridge over the Leipsic River at Leipsic, Delaware, and at a bridge over Sinepuxent Bay near Ocean City. Maryland. Field data collected indicate that fathometers can be used to identify and monitor the riverbed elevation if post processing of the data and trends in the data are used to determine the riverbed location in relation to the transducer. The accuracy of the system is approximately the same as the resolution of the fathometer. Signal scatter can be a major source of error in the data. The electrical- conductivity probe system was installed and tested at a bridge over the Pamunkey River near Hanover, Virginia. The approximate elevation of the riverbed is determined by comparing conductivities of the surface-water flow with conductivities of submerged bed material from sensors located in each. Field data collected indicate that an electrical- conductivity probe, as tested, has limited usefulness in identifying and monitoring the riverbed elevation during high flows. As the discharge increases, the concentration of sediment in the surface-water flow increases, especially near the riverbed. Conductivities, measured at the sensors in the surface-water flow could not be distinguished from conductivities measured at the shallowest sensor in the submerged bed material.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944164","usgsCitation":"Hayes, D.C., and Drummond, F., 1995, Use of fathometers and electrical-conductivity probes to monitor riverbed scour at bridge piers: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4164, iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944164.","productDescription":"iv, 17 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":158814,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4164/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56466,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4164/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4882e4b07f02db516b6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Donald C.","contributorId":14000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drummond, F.E.","contributorId":63057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drummond","given":"F.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001180,"text":"1001180 - 1995 - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-13T15:52:43.746672","indexId":"1001180","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3676,"text":"Vegetatio","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review","docAbstract":"In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00045196","usgsCitation":"Cowardin, L., and Golet, F., 1995, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review: Vegetatio, v. 118, no. 1-2, p. 139-152, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045196.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"152","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501644,"rank":2,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/nrs_facpubs/101","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"118","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d5e4b07f02db5ddc12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowardin, L.M.","contributorId":106435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowardin","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Golet, F.C.","contributorId":32124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Golet","given":"F.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":17440,"text":"ofr94512 - 1995 - Observations of the surge-type Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, during a quiescent period, 1970-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-18T07:36:51","indexId":"ofr94512","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-512","title":"Observations of the surge-type Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, during a quiescent period, 1970-92","docAbstract":"This report presents 23 years (1970 to 1992) of observations of Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska. Black Rapids Glacier is a surge-type glacier which most recently surged in 1936-37, and is currently in its quiescent phase. This glacier is of special interest because it is a potential hazard to the trans-Alaska oil pipeline. Ten sites on the glacier were monitored from 1972 to 1987, and three sites were monitored from 1988 to 1992. The measurement program presented here includes observations of surface mass balance, ice velocity, and surface altitude made twice each year. Additional one-time data include observations of ice thickness, previously unreported observations of the 1936-37 surge, establishment of the geodetic control monuments, and a new map of Black Rapids Glacier.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;U.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94512","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Heinrichs, T.A., Mayo, L., Trabant, D., and March, R., 1995, Observations of the surge-type Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, during a quiescent period, 1970-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-512, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94512.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps ;28 cm. +1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":150044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0512/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":46581,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0512/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277764,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0512/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db6963fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinrichs, Thomas A.","contributorId":93509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinrichs","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mayo, L.R.","contributorId":21541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trabant, D.C.","contributorId":42209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"March, R.S.","contributorId":16431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":176394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":20515,"text":"ofr9558 - 1995 - GPRMODV2; one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of dispersive ground penetrating radar data, version 2.0","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-09-17T15:17:50","indexId":"ofr9558","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-58","title":"GPRMODV2; one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of dispersive ground penetrating radar data, version 2.0","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr9558","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Powers, M.H., and Olhoeft, G., 1995, GPRMODV2; one-dimensional full waveform forward modeling of dispersive ground penetrating radar data, version 2.0: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-58, 1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in. +1 text (41 p. ill. ; 28 cm.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9558.","productDescription":"1 computer disk ;3 1/2 in. +1 text (41 p. ill. ; 28 cm.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":153251,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0058/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50048,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0058/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":277701,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0058/application.zip"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b28e4b07f02db6b15c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powers, Michael H. 0000-0002-4480-7856 mhpowers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4480-7856","contributorId":851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"Michael","email":"mhpowers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":182786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":182787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20877,"text":"ofr94475 - 1995 - Water, energy, and biogeochemical budget research at Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:53","indexId":"ofr94475","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-475","title":"Water, energy, and biogeochemical budget research at Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey has selected the Sleepers River Research Watershed (Sleepers River) near Danville, Vt., as one of five sites for the investigation of Water, Energy, and Biogeochemical Budgets (WEBB). Sleepers River was chosen because it is a well-designed outdoor laboratory with a long history of hydrologic data collection and research, and also because it provides an ideal opportunity for collaboration among the U.S. Geological Survey, other Federal agencies, and universities at the site. The multiple subwatersheds at Sleepers River present a unique opportunity to investigate hydrologic, energy, and biogeochemical processes over a variety of spatial scales. This WEBB study builds on fundamental research on process mechanisms and rates at the plot scale (in this case, a hillslope). Results then are scaled up to interpret the hydrochemical response of first- and higher- order basins. Five research elements make up the Sleepers River WEBB project. Individually, each of the five elements is designed to investigate specific WEBB processes (such as CO2 efflux through a snowpack), address specific WEBB issues (such as scaling and flowpaths), or apply specific WEBB approaches (such as integrated chemical and physical study of a hillslope). The research elements overlap so that many of the processes investigated will be assessed in more than one way, thus allowing independent verification of research results. For example, flowpath information will be derived separately by use of isotopic tracers, conservative chemical solutes, and soil-moisture fluxes. Collectively, the five elements constitute an integrated approach to a comprehensive understanding of WEBB processes needed for the prediction of the effects of global change.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nOpen-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94475","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Sundquist, E., and Kendall, C., 1995, Water, energy, and biogeochemical budget research at Sleepers River Research Watershed, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-475, iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94475.","productDescription":"iv, 22 p. :ill., map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154841,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0475/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":50472,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0475/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd156","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, James B. 0000-0002-4234-3437 jshanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-3437","contributorId":1953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"James","email":"jshanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sundquist, E.T.","contributorId":13990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sundquist","given":"E.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":183425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":183423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":21460,"text":"ofr94489 - 1995 - Selected meteorological data for an arid site near Beatty, Nye County, Nevada, calendar years 1990 and 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T12:59:36","indexId":"ofr94489","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-489","title":"Selected meteorological data for an arid site near Beatty, Nye County, Nevada, calendar years 1990 and 1991","docAbstract":"Selected meteorological data were collected at a study site adjacent to a low-level radioactive-waste burial facility near Beatty, Nevada, for calendar years 1990 and 1991. Data were collected in support of ongoing studies to estimate the potential for downward movement of radionuclides into the unsaturated sediments beneath waste-burial trenches at the facility. The data include air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure, incident solar radiation, windspeed, wind direction, barometric pressure, and precipitation. The data are summarized in tables and graphs.
Instrumentation used at the site is discussed. The discussion includes the type, reported accuracy, and mounting height of each sensor.
In 1990, the average hourly air temperatures ranged from -16.2 degrees Celsius, in December, to 44.2 degrees Celsius, in July. Hourly averaged relative humidity ranged from 6 percent to more than 90 percent. Hourly vapor pressures ranged from 0.08 to 1.84 kilopascals. Daily maximum incident solar radiation values ranged from 192 to 1,028 watts per square meter. Daily mean windspeed ranged from less than 1 to 8.7 meters per second. Wind direction was primarily from the northwest in fall, winter, and spring and varied from southeast, southwest, or northwest during the summer. Hourly barometric pressures ranged from 99.47 to 103.12 kilopascals. Total precipitation for 1990 was 32.4 millimeters; almost 45 percent was in September.
In 1991, the average hourly air temperatures ranged from -9.2 degrees Celsius, in January, to 43.7 degrees Celsius, in July. Hourly averaged relative humidity ranged from 3 percent to more than 95 percent. Hourly vapor pressures ranged from 0.07 to 2.22 kilopascals. Daily maximum incident solar radiation values ranged from 143 to 1,041 watts per square meter. Daily mean windspeed ranged from 1.2 to 8.4 meters per second. Wind direction was primarily from the northwest in fall, winter, and spring and varied from southeast, southwest, or northwest during the summer. Hourly barometric pressures ranged from 99.52 to 103.40 kilopascals. Total precipitation for 1991 was 103.6 millimeters; almost 60 percent was in March.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr94489","usgsCitation":"Wood, J.L., and Andraski, B.J., 1995, Selected meteorological data for an arid site near Beatty, Nye County, Nevada, calendar years 1990 and 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-489, iv, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94489.","productDescription":"iv, 49 p.","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":51025,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0489/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":154006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0489/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-115.9082,39.1615],[-115.5191,38.9578],[-115.4725,38.9325],[-115.4433,38.9162],[-115.3694,38.8769],[-115.363,38.874],[-115.242,38.8093],[-115.0969,38.7309],[-115.0777,38.721],[-115.0604,38.7107],[-115.0291,38.6937],[-114.999,38.6777],[-114.9996,38.592],[-114.9997,38.4315],[-114.9994,38.3894],[-115.0004,38.0507],[-115.1185,38.0508],[-115.1436,38.0508],[-115.326,38.0515],[-115.3453,38.0514],[-115.4003,38.051],[-115.4587,38.0506],[-115.6394,38.0512],[-115.6581,38.051],[-115.8404,38.0504],[-115.8931,38.0507],[-115.8938,37.723],[-115.8969,37.5498],[-115.8975,37.2796],[-115.8982,37.1926],[-115.8942,36.8425],[-115.8941,36.686],[-115.8945,36.6702],[-115.8949,36.598],[-115.8949,36.5962],[-115.8946,36.5858],[-115.8947,36.5005],[-115.8945,36.4806],[-115.8949,36.462],[-115.8944,36.457],[-115.8948,36.3087],[-115.8945,36.2923],[-115.8943,36.1957],[-115.8945,36.1608],[-115.8948,36.1163],[-115.8948,36.0927],[-115.895,36.0015],[-115.9178,36.0192],[-115.9518,36.0457],[-115.9925,36.0773],[-116.049,36.1211],[-116.0624,36.1314],[-116.1039,36.1636],[-116.1287,36.1829],[-116.1702,36.2152],[-116.173,36.2174],[-116.2311,36.2626],[-116.2834,36.3028],[-116.2954,36.3122],[-116.3752,36.373],[-116.5107,36.4764],[-116.5247,36.4871],[-116.5589,36.5131],[-116.574,36.5245],[-116.5946,36.54],[-116.6556,36.5867],[-116.6583,36.5888],[-116.6764,36.6024],[-116.706,36.6248],[-116.7895,36.6877],[-116.8424,36.7276],[-116.8453,36.7298],[-116.8806,36.7568],[-116.8912,36.7648],[-116.9237,36.7891],[-116.9641,36.8193],[-116.9783,36.8299],[-116.981,36.8319],[-117.0046,36.8495],[-117.164,36.9688],[-117.1639,36.9698],[-117.1637,37.0182],[-117.164,37.0894],[-117.1642,37.171],[-117.1641,37.1909],[-117.1641,37.1936],[-117.1665,37.6995],[-117.1664,37.714],[-117.1663,37.7285],[-117.1663,37.7435],[-117.1662,37.7585],[-117.1657,38.0019],[-117.2198,38.0482],[-117.2397,38.0483],[-117.239,38.0641],[-117.2408,38.0705],[-117.2653,38.0932],[-117.6896,38.4731],[-118.0197,38.7599],[-118.197,38.9154],[-118.1972,38.9993],[-117.8559,39.0746],[-117.7748,39.092],[-117.7008,39.1058],[-117.6409,39.1149],[-117.5946,39.1231],[-117.4742,39.1431],[-117.3823,39.1562],[-117.3609,39.1585],[-117.3318,39.1629],[-117.3063,39.1634],[-117.2849,39.1633],[-117.1995,39.1632],[-117.0856,39.1628],[-117.0322,39.1626],[-117.0144,39.1626],[-116.9871,39.1625],[-116.9158,39.1631],[-116.7562,39.1622],[-116.7301,39.1625],[-116.5996,39.1616],[-116.5859,39.162],[-116.4815,39.1616],[-116.3497,39.1618],[-116.2358,39.1616],[-116.0548,39.1624],[-115.9082,39.1615]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Nye\",\"state\":\"NV\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f83c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, James L.","contributorId":10059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":184468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":35240,"text":"b2094B - 1995 - Lead isotopes from the Upper Mississippi Valley district: A regional perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-02T20:06:00.095314","indexId":"b2094B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2094","chapter":"B","title":"Lead isotopes from the Upper Mississippi Valley district: A regional perspective","docAbstract":"New lead isotopic data on galena from within and peripheral to the Upper Mississippi Valley lead-zinc district make it possible, by extending coverage to outlying locations, to trace the pathway traversed by the mineralizing fluids beyond the boundary of the main district. All but one of the samples exhibit elevated ratios of the radiogenic isotopes typical of the Upper Mississippi Valley ore deposits; 206PbP04Pb ranges from 19.38 to 24.46, 207PbP04Pb ranges from 15.73 to 16.24, and 208PbP04Pb ranges from 39.24 to 43.69. Galena from the Pints quarry near Waterloo, Iowa, has distinctly lower values of these ratios and may not be related paragenetically to the other samples. Otherwise, the lowest ratios are for samples in the southern part of the region in north-central Illinois, and the highest ratios are for samples to the northeast of the main district in the vicinity of Madison, Wisconsin. Thus, an isotopic pattern rather similar to that observed originally by Heyl and others (1966) prevails regionally, although the predominant fluid flow is now believed to have emanated from the Illinois Basin rather than from the Forest City Basin. Metal-bearing brines being driven northward out of the Illinois Basin probably played the key role in mineralization of the Upper Mississippi Valley district.\r\n\r\nBoth the new and the previously reported lead ratios for the Upper Mississippi Valley district are plotted on 207PbP04Pb and Pb208/pb204Pb versus 206PbP04Pb diagrams, which permit their comparison and the calculation of refined slopes for the expanded data set. A two-stage model age for the time of mineralization can be determined from the 207PbP04Pb_Pb206/Pb204 slope, provided that the source age of the lead is known. With our limited know ledge of this source age, the time of mineralization cannot be tightly constrained but is permissive of a Permian or younger lateral secretion event, as suggested by other geochronological results.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution of sedimentary basins - Illinois Basin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2094B","usgsCitation":"Millen, T.M., Zartman, R.E., and Heyl, A.V., 1995, Lead isotopes from the Upper Mississippi Valley district: A regional perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2094, iii, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2094B.","productDescription":"iii, 13 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":167399,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094b/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":63119,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2094b/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":399986,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22394.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.25,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 41.5\n ],\n [\n -88,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -92.25,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -92.25,\n 41.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8945","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Millen, Timothy M.","contributorId":79538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millen","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zartman, Robert E.","contributorId":47356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heyl, Allen Van","contributorId":91078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heyl","given":"Allen","email":"","middleInitial":"Van","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":214307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38209,"text":"pp1538I - 1995 - Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538I","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"I","title":"Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538I","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Shedlock, K.M., and Odum, J.K., 1995, Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. I1-I10, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538I.","productDescription":"p. I1-I10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64512,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185359,"text":"70185359 - 1995 - Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T15:06:56","indexId":"70185359","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage","docAbstract":"Leakage from sinkhole lakes significantly influences recharge to the Upper Floridan aquifer in poorly confined sediments in northern Florida. Environmental isotopes (oxygen 18, deuterium, and tritium), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs: CFC-11, CCl3F; CFC-12, CCl2F2; and CFC-113, C2Cl3F3), and solute tracers were used to investigate groundwater flow patterns near Lake Barco, a seepage lake in a mantled karst setting in northern Florida. Stable isotope data indicated that the groundwater downgradient from the lake contained 11–67% lake water leakage, with a limit of detection of lake water in groundwater of 4.3%. The mixing fractions of lake water leakage, which passed through organic-rich sediments in the lake bottom, were directly proportional to the observed methane concentrations and increased with depth in the groundwater flow system. In aerobic groundwater upgradient from Lake Barco, CFC-modeled recharge dates ranged from 1987 near the water table to the mid 1970s for water collected at a depth of 30 m below the water table. CFC-modeled recharge dates (based on CFC-12) for anaerobic groundwater downgradient from the lake ranged from the late 1950s to the mid 1970s and were consistent with tritium data. CFC-modeled recharge dates based on CFC-11 indicated preferential microbial degradation in anoxic waters. Vertical hydraulic conductivities, calculated using CFC-12 modeled recharge dates and Darcy's law, were 0.17, 0.033, and 0.019 m/d for the surficial aquifer, intermediate confining unit, and lake sediments, respectively. These conductivities agreed closely with those used in the calibration of a three-dimensional groundwater flow model for transient and steady state flow conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95WR00221","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Lee, T.M., Plummer, N., and Busenberg, E., 1995, Chemical evolution of groundwater near a sinkhole lake, northern Florida: 1. Flow patterns, age of groundwater, and influence of lakewater leakage: Water Resources Research, v. 31, no. 6, p. 1549-1564, https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR00221.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1549","endPage":"1564","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337921,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Lake Barco","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.00907707214355,\n 29.67850809103362\n ],\n [\n -82.01105117797852,\n 29.675599772669415\n ],\n [\n -82.00924873352051,\n 29.674182869145277\n ],\n [\n -82.00693130493164,\n 29.674257443512726\n ],\n [\n -82.00590133666992,\n 29.675823492453357\n ],\n [\n -82.00624465942383,\n 29.67761323280481\n ],\n [\n -82.00761795043945,\n 29.67835894854861\n ],\n [\n -82.00907707214355,\n 29.67850809103362\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"31","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8291c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, Brian G. bkatz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"Brian","email":"bkatz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Terrie M. tmlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":2461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Terrie","email":"tmlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":685317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185365,"text":"70185365 - 1995 - Use of a square-array direct-current resistivity method to detect fractures in crystalline bedrock in New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-14T12:46:21","indexId":"70185365","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of a square-array direct-current resistivity method to detect fractures in crystalline bedrock in New Hampshire","docAbstract":"Azimuthal square-array direct-current (dc) resistivity soundings were used to detect fractures in bedrock in the Mirror Lake watershed in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Soundings were conducted at a site where crystalline bedrock underlies approximately 7 m (meters) of glacial drift. Measured apparent resistivities changed with the orientation of the array. Graphical interpretation of the square-array data indicates that a dominant fracture set and (or) foliation in the bedrock is oriented at 030° (degrees). Interpretation of crossed square-array data indicates an orientation of 027° and an anisotropy factor of 1.31. Assuming that anisotropy is due to fractures, the secondary porosity is estimated to range from 0.01 to 0.10.
Interpretations of azimuthal square-array data are supported by other geophysical data, including azimuthal seismic-refraction surveys and azimuthal Schlumberger dc-resistivity soundings at the Camp Osceola well field. Dominant fracture trends indicated by these geophysical methods are 022° (seismic-refraction) and 037° (dc-resistivity). Fracture mapping of bedrock outcrops at a site within 250 m indicates that the maximum fracture-strike frequency is oriented at 030°.
The square-array dc-resistivity sounding method is more sensitive to a given rock anisotropy than the more commonly used Schlumberger and Wenner arrays. An additional advantage of the square-array method is that it requires about 65 percent less surface area than an equivalent survey using a Schlumberger or Wenner array.
","language":"English ","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00304.x","usgsCitation":"Lane, J., Haeni, F., and Watson, W., 1995, Use of a square-array direct-current resistivity method to detect fractures in crystalline bedrock in New Hampshire: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 476-485, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00304.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"476","endPage":"485","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.28607749938965,\n 43.65495633091365\n ],\n [\n -71.30135536193848,\n 43.64557859436532\n ],\n [\n -71.29483222961426,\n 43.62259384514501\n ],\n [\n -71.27921104431152,\n 43.62228318022435\n ],\n [\n -71.27483367919922,\n 43.62128904169025\n ],\n [\n -71.27483367919922,\n 43.620232751485744\n ],\n [\n -71.2708854675293,\n 43.61725018485249\n ],\n [\n -71.26032829284668,\n 43.61408104569764\n ],\n [\n -71.25543594360352,\n 43.61246534185104\n ],\n [\n -71.25423431396483,\n 43.60842589232491\n ],\n [\n -71.21526718139648,\n 43.628806806433296\n ],\n [\n -71.23114585876465,\n 43.65365223004351\n ],\n [\n -71.28607749938965,\n 43.65495633091365\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82924","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haeni, F.P.","contributorId":87105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haeni","given":"F.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watson, W.M.","contributorId":189601,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Watson","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185383,"text":"70185383 - 1995 - Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-25T10:26:45","indexId":"70185383","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment","docAbstract":"The High Plains aquifer underlying the semiarid Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico, USA was used to illustrate solute and isotopic methods for evaluating recharge fluxes, runoff, and spatial and temporal distribution of recharge. The chloride mass-balance method can provide, under certain conditions, a time-integrated technique for evaluation of recharge flux to regional aquifers that is independent of physical parameters. Applying this method to the High Plains aquifer of the Southern High Plains suggests that recharge flux is approximately 2% of precipitation, or approximately 11 ± 2 mm/y, consistent with previous estimates based on a variety of physically based measurements. The method is useful because long-term average precipitation and chloride concentrations in rain and ground water have less uncertainty and are generally less expensive to acquire than physically based parameters commonly used in analyzing recharge. Spatial and temporal distribution of recharge was evaluated by use of δ2H, δ18O, and tritium concentrations in both ground water and the unsaturated zone. Analyses suggest that nearly half of the recharge to the Southern High Plains occurs as piston flow through playa basin floors that occupy approximately 6% of the area, and that macropore recharge may be important in the remaining recharge. Tritium and chloride concentrations in the unsaturated zone were used in a new equation developed to quantify runoff. Using this equation and data from a representative basin, runoff was found to be 24 ± 3 mm/y; that is in close agreement with values obtained from water-balance measurements on experimental watersheds in the area. Such geochemical estimates are possible because tritium is used to calculate a recharge flux that is independent of precipitation and runoff, whereas recharge flux based on chloride concentration in the unsaturated zone is dependent upon the amount of runoff. The difference between these two estimates yields the amount of runoff to the basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00302.x","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., and Sanford, W.E., 1995, Chemical and isotopic methods for quantifying ground-water recharge in a regional, semiarid environment: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 458-468, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00302.x.","productDescription":"11 p. ","startPage":"458","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f8291e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, Warren W.","contributorId":47770,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wood","given":"Warren W.","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sanford, Ward E. 0000-0002-6624-0280 wsanford@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6624-0280","contributorId":2268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"Ward","email":"wsanford@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185371,"text":"70185371 - 1995 - Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-21T12:21:41","indexId":"70185371","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys","docAbstract":"Pinal Creek is an intermittent stream that drains a 200-square-mile alluvial basin in central Arizona. Large changes in water levels and aquifer storage occur in an alluvial aquifer near the stream in response to periodic recharge and ground-water withdrawals. Outflow components of the ground-water budget and hydraulic properties of the alluvium are well-defined by field measurements; however, data are insufficient to adequately describe recharge, aquifer-storage change, and specific-yield values. An investigation was begun to assess the utility of temporal-gravity surveys to directly measure aquifer-storage change and estimate values of specific yield.
The temporal-gravity surveys measured changes in the differences in gravity between two reference stations on bedrock and six stations at wells; changes are caused by variations in aquifer storage. Specific yield was estimated by dividing storage change by water-level change. Four surveys were done between February 21, 1991, and March 31, 1993. Gravity increased as much as 158 microGal ± 1 to 6 microGal, and water levels rose as much as 58 feet. Average specific yield at wells ranged from 0.16 to 0.21, and variations in specific yield with depth correlate with lithologic variations. Results indicate that temporal-gravity surveys can be used to estimate aquifer-storage change and specific yield of water-table aquifers where significant variations in water levels occur. Direct measurement of aquifer-storage change can eliminate a major unknown from the ground-water budget of arid basins and improve residual estimates of recharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00299.x","usgsCitation":"Pool, D.R., and Eychaner, J., 1995, Measurements of aquifer-storage change and specific yield using gravity surveys: Groundwater, v. 33, no. 3, p. 425-432, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1995.tb00299.x.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"425","endPage":"432","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337932,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-08-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b94e4b0236b68f82920","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pool, D. R.","contributorId":75581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pool","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eychaner, J.H.","contributorId":34511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eychaner","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38208,"text":"pp1559 - 1995 - Geochemistry and petrology of Oligocene and Miocene ash-flow tuffs of the southeastern Great Basin, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1559","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1559","title":"Geochemistry and petrology of Oligocene and Miocene ash-flow tuffs of the southeastern Great Basin, Nevada","docAbstract":"The White River Narrows area of Southeast Nevada contains 18 regionally distributed middle Tertiary dacite to rhyolite ash-flow tuffs. Geochemical data provide an excellent opportunity to study stratigraphic and petrologic relations of these tuffs. Chemical data for each of the tuffs are distinctive and provide a significant addition to other data used to identify and correlate these units. Relatively minor compositional variation within the tuffs is noteworthy.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1559","usgsCitation":"du Bray, E.A., 1995, Geochemistry and petrology of Oligocene and Miocene ash-flow tuffs of the southeastern Great Basin, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1559, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1559.","productDescription":"62 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1559/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64511,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1559/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab705","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"du Bray, Edward A. 0000-0002-4383-8394 edubray@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-8394","contributorId":755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"du Bray","given":"Edward","email":"edubray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6641,"text":"fs09095 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas—Data collection, 1992–95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T15:52:17","indexId":"fs09095","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"090-95","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas—Data collection, 1992–95","docAbstract":"Assessment activities in the Trinity River Basin study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program began in October 1991 with 2 years dedicated to planning, analyzing existing information, and designing data-collection networks. In October 1993, a 3-year intensive data-collection program was initiated. Guidelines were provided by the NAWQA Program National Synthesis team, and suggestions for networks and surveys were made by the study unit’s liaison committee. This fact sheet describes the data-collection activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/fs09095","usgsCitation":"Land, L.F., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Trinity River Basin, Texas—Data collection, 1992–95: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 090-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs09095.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122638,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_090_95.bmp"},{"id":690,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs09095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6dbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Larry F.","contributorId":60612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6597,"text":"fs13295 - 1995 - Echo-sounding method aids earthquake hazard studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-04-03T09:24:42","indexId":"fs13295","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"132-95","title":"Echo-sounding method aids earthquake hazard studies","docAbstract":"Dramatic examples of catastrophic damage from an earthquake occurred in 1989, when the M 7.1 Lorna Prieta rocked \nthe San Francisco Bay area, and in 1994, when the M 6.6 Northridge earthquake jolted southern California. The \nsurprising amount and distribution of damage to private property and infrastructure emphasizes the importance of \nseismic-hazard research in urbanized areas, where the potential for damage and loss of life is greatest.
\nDuring April 1995, a group of scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of \nTennessee, using an echo-sounding method described below, is collecting data in San Antonio \nPark, California, to examine the Monte Vista fault which runs through this park. The Monte Vista \nfault in this vicinity shows evidence of movement within the last 10,000 years or so. The data will \ngive them a \"picture\" of the subsurface rock deformation near this fault. The data will also be used \nto help locate a trench that will be dug across the fault by scientists from William Lettis & \nAssociates.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs13295","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, Echo-sounding method aids earthquake hazard studies: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 132-95, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13295.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":140000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs13295.jpg"},{"id":285408,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/0132-95/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -123.0,37.0 ], [ -123.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,39.0 ], [ -121.0,37.0 ], [ -123.0,37.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627eba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5512,"text":"fs08895 - 1995 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program— Pesticides in the Trinity River Basin study unit, Texas, 1968-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T15:49:56","indexId":"fs08895","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"088-95","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program— Pesticides in the Trinity River Basin study unit, Texas, 1968-91","docAbstract":"The Trinity River Basin National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) study-unit staff began assessment activities in 1991, and in 1992, undertook a retrospective review of existing data on pesticides. The main purpose of this review was to aid in the design of a pesticide-sampling network for the study unit. The review consisted of the compilation, screening, and analysis of available pesticide-sample information. In addition, important environmental factors, which influence the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in the study unit, were identified and compiled. A report of this review and analysis will be released in 1995 (Ulery and Brown, in press). This fact sheet provides a brief overview of significant findings.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/fs08895","usgsCitation":"Ulery, R., 1995, National Water-Quality Assessment Program— Pesticides in the Trinity River Basin study unit, Texas, 1968-91: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 088-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs08895.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":117887,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_088_95.bmp"},{"id":110,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-088-95/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Trinity River Basin","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69864d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ulery, R.L.","contributorId":46507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ulery","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":151109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1003454,"text":"1003454 - 1995 - Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing power","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-27T16:49:49.351647","indexId":"1003454","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing power","docAbstract":"The electrical output of electrofishing equipment is commonly standardized by using either constant voltage or constant amperage, However, simplified circuit and wave theories of electricity suggest that standardization of power (wattage) available for transfer from water to fish may be critical for effective standardization of electrofishing. Electrofishing with standardized power ensures that constant power is transferable to fish regardless of water conditions. The in situ performance of standardized power output is poorly known. We used data collected by the interagency Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) in the upper Mississippi River system to assess the effectiveness of standardizing power output. The data consisted of 278 electrofishing collections, comprising 9,282 fishes in eight species groups, obtained during 1990 from main channel border, backwater, and tailwater aquatic areas in four reaches of the upper Mississippi River and one reach of the Illinois River. Variation in power output explained an average of 14.9% of catch variance for night electrofishing and 12.1 % for day electrofishing. Three patterns in catch per unit effort were observed for different species: increasing catch with increasing power, decreasing catch with increasing power, and no power-related pattern. Therefore, in addition to reducing catch variation, controlling power output may provide some capability to select particular species. The LTRMP adopted standardized power output beginning in 1991; standardized power output is adjusted for variation in water conductivity and water temperature by reference to a simple chart. Our data suggest that by standardizing electrofishing power output, the LTRMP has eliminated substantial amounts of catch variation at virtually no additional cost.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0375:IECCBS>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Burkhardt, R.W., and Gutreuter, S., 1995, Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing power: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 15, no. 2, p. 375-381, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1995)015<0375:IECCBS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"375","endPage":"381","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134421,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"upper Mississippi River system","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.524844,41.691635],[-87.531646,39.347888],[-87.640435,39.166727],[-87.496537,38.778571],[-87.975511,38.232742],[-88.158207,37.664542],[-88.078046,37.532029],[-88.450127,37.411717],[-88.490068,37.067874],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-89.171881,37.068184],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.343753,36.630991],[-89.429311,36.481875],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.527029,36.341679],[-89.703511,36.243412],[-89.615128,36.113816],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.605734,39.122204],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-94.876344,39.806894],[-95.382957,40.027112],[-95.870481,40.71248],[-95.929889,41.415155],[-96.096186,41.547192],[-96.077543,41.777824],[-96.628741,42.757532],[-96.448134,43.104452],[-96.598396,43.495074],[-96.453049,43.500415],[-96.452948,45.268925],[-96.835451,45.586129],[-96.587093,45.816445],[-96.559271,46.058272],[-96.789572,46.639079],[-96.851293,47.589264],[-97.139497,48.153108],[-97.108655,48.691484],[-97.238387,48.982631],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.974286,49.367738],[-94.555835,48.716207],[-93.741843,48.517347],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.735927,47.624343],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-92.025789,46.710839],[-91.781928,46.697604],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.327548,46.550262],[-89.929158,46.29975],[-88.141001,45.930608],[-88.13364,45.823128],[-87.831442,45.714938],[-87.887828,45.358122],[-87.647454,45.345232],[-87.72796,45.207956],[-87.59188,45.094689],[-87.983065,44.72073],[-87.970702,44.530292],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a2f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkhardt, Randy W.","contributorId":50493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkhardt","given":"Randy","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gutreuter, Steve","contributorId":91437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutreuter","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}