In environments where habitat quality varies, the mechanism by which individuals assess and select habitats has significant consequences on their spatial distribution and ability to respond to environmental change. Each year, thousands of Black Brent Geese Branta bernicla nigricans migrate to the Teshekpuk Lake Special Area (TLSA), Alaska, to undergo a flightless wing‐moult. Over the last three decades, moulting Brent Geese have changed their distribution within the TLSA, redistributing from inland, freshwater wetlands towards coastal, brackish wetlands. To understand better the mechanism by which Brent Geese select a moult site, as well as reasons behind the long‐term shift of moulting distributions, we examined movements and habitat use of birds marked with GPS‐transmitters during the pre‐moult period. Brent Geese did not generally migrate directly to their moulting site during the pre‐moult period, defined as the time from arrival at the moulting grounds to the onset of flightlessness. Rather, individuals used an average of 3.7 ± 0.6 (se) wetland complexes and travelled a minimum of 95.14 ± 15.84 km during the pre‐moult period. Moreover, 69% of Brent Geese visited their final moult site only to leave and visit other sites before returning for the flightless moult. Brent Geese spent significant time in both inland freshwater and coastal estuarine habitats during the pre‐moult, irrespective of the habitat in which they ultimately moulted. Whereas previous research suggested that Brent Geese choose moult sites based largely upon the experience of previous years, our observations suggest a mechanism of moult site selection whereby Brent Geese ‘prospect’ for moult sites, visiting multiple potential moult sites across varied habitat types, presumably gathering information from each site and correspondingly using this information to choose an appropriate moult site. By allowing individuals to adjust their distributions in response to habitat quality cues that may change annually, such as forage type and availability, prospecting may have influenced the long‐term shift in moulting distributions of Brent Geese in the TLSA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01023.x","usgsCitation":"Lewis, T., Flint, P.L., Schmutz, J.A., and Derksen, D.V., 2010, Pre‐moult patterns of habitat use and moult site selection by Brent Geese Branta bernicla nigricans: Individuals prospect for moult sites : Ibis, v. 152, no. 3, p. 556-568, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2010.01023.x.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"556","endPage":"568","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354235,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Teshekpuk Lake Special Area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 68.67254350285471\n ],\n [\n -150.29296875,\n 68.67254350285471\n ],\n [\n -150.29296875,\n 71.62906907439766\n ],\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 71.62906907439766\n ],\n [\n -159.63134765625,\n 68.67254350285471\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"152","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-06-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afef89de4b0da30c1bfc9c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewis, Tyler 0000-0002-4998-3031 tlewis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4998-3031","contributorId":169307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"Tyler","email":"tlewis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70193278,"text":"70193278 - 2010 - Aquatic community responses to salmon carcass analog and wood bundle additions in restored floodplain habitats in an Alaskan stream","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-15T14:34:25","indexId":"70193278","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquatic community responses to salmon carcass analog and wood bundle additions in restored floodplain habitats in an Alaskan stream","docAbstract":"Land use activities often directly and indirectly limit the capacity of freshwater habitats to produce fish. Consequently, habitat creation and enhancement actions are often undertaken to increase the quantity and quality of resources available to aquatic communities within these impaired systems, with the intent to increase fish production. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine whether aquatic community colonization and development could be accelerated through additions of woody debris bundles and marine-derived nutrients (via salmon carcass analog pellets) and (2) measure how aquatic communities (biofilm, invertebrates, and fish) respond to these additions after the creation of off-channel (alcove) fish habitat in a stream in south-central Alaska. Biofilm, invertebrates, and juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were sampled in four treatments (control, wood, analog, and analog plus wood). Biofilm chlorophyll-aconcentrations were 4–10 times higher in analog-enriched treatments than in the control and wood treatments. No treatment effects were detected in benthic invertebrate density; however, treatment differences were detected in coho salmon diets, with nearly twice the amount of invertebrate abundance and biomass (primarily various dipteran, ephemeropteran, and plecopteran larvae) in the analog and analog plus wood treatments compared with the control and wood treatments. Juvenile coho salmon density and biomass were significantly higher in the wood treatment than in the analog plus wood treatment, and fish in the control showed possible signs of density-dependent limitation. Further, body condition of juvenile coho salmon was highest in the two analog-enriched treatments at the end of the study; juveniles in these habitats showed nearly two times the condition increase of fish inhabiting the control and wood treatment alcoves. These results demonstrate that the combination of salmon carcass analog and woody debris bundle additions aids in the short-term development of aquatic communities in newly created off-channel habitats, providing a boost in limited resources such as food and shelter.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/T09-096.1","usgsCitation":"Martin, A.E., Wipfli, M.S., and Spangler, R.E., 2010, Aquatic community responses to salmon carcass analog and wood bundle additions in restored floodplain habitats in an Alaskan stream: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 139, no. 6, p. 1828-1845, https://doi.org/10.1577/T09-096.1.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1828","endPage":"1845","ipdsId":"IP-014810","costCenters":[{"id":199,"text":"Coop Res Unit Leetown","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":348908,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Chugach National Forest","volume":"139","issue":"6","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":9,"text":"Reston PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-02-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a610acee4b06e28e9c256ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Aaron E.","contributorId":200419,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wipfli, Mark S. 0000-0002-4856-6068 mwipfli@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-6068","contributorId":1425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wipfli","given":"Mark","email":"mwipfli@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":718507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spangler, Robert E.","contributorId":200420,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Spangler","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":722257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70197101,"text":"70197101 - 2010 - Evaluation of a portable automated serum chemistry analyzer for field assessment of harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-17T10:02:38","indexId":"70197101","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5170,"text":"Veterinary Medicine International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Evaluation of a portable automated serum chemistry analyzer for field assessment of harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus","title":"Evaluation of a portable automated serum chemistry analyzer for field assessment of harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus","docAbstract":"A portable analytical chemistry analyzer was used to make field assessments of wild harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) in association with telemetry studies of winter survival in Prince William Sound, Alaska. We compared serum chemistry results obtained on-site with results from a traditional laboratory. Particular attention was paid to serum glucose and potassium concentrations as potential indicators of high-risk surgical candidates based on evaluation of the field data. The median differential for glucose values (\uD835\uDC41 = 8 2) between methods was 0.6 mmol/L (quartiles 0.3 and 0.9 mmol/L) with the median value higher when assayed on site. Analysis of potassium on site returned a median of 2.7 mmol/L (\uD835\uDC41 = 8 8 ; quartiles 2.4 and 3.0 mmol/L). Serum potassium values were too low for quantitation by the traditional laboratory. Changes in several serum chemistry values following a three-day storm during the study support the value of on site evaluation of serum potassium to identify presurgical patients with increased anesthetic risk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Hindawi","doi":"10.4061/2010/418596","usgsCitation":"Stoskopf, M.K., Mulcahy, D.M., and Esler, D., 2010, Evaluation of a portable automated serum chemistry analyzer for field assessment of harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus: Veterinary Medicine International, v. 2010, Article 418596; 5 p., https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/418596.","productDescription":"Article 418596; 5 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":476004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/418596","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":354243,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","volume":"2010","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5afef89de4b0da30c1bfc9c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stoskopf, Michael K.","contributorId":83817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoskopf","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":735634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":735636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70004150,"text":"70004150 - 2009 - [Book review] Fish Welfare, by E. J. Branson","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-08T17:16:16","indexId":"70004150","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T10:53:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"[Book review] Fish Welfare, by E. J. Branson","docAbstract":"Review of: E.J. Branson (ed): Fish Welfare Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, 2008, xvi + 300 pp, Hardback, ISBN-13:978-1-4051-4629-6.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1007/s11160-008-9098-6","usgsCitation":"Mulcahy, D.M., 2009, [Book review] Fish Welfare, by E. J. Branson: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 19, no. 1, p. 125-126, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-008-9098-6.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":261786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261783,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-008-9098-6","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd30de4b08c986b32fb61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mulcahy, Daniel M. dmulcahy@usgs.gov","contributorId":3102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mulcahy","given":"Daniel","email":"dmulcahy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":350434,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70003510,"text":"70003510 - 2009 - Eruption of Alaska volcano breaks historic pattern","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-16T11:10:51","indexId":"70003510","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eruption of Alaska volcano breaks historic pattern","docAbstract":"In the late morning of 12 July 2008, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) received an unexpected call from the U.S. Coast Guard, reporting an explosive volcanic eruption in the central Aleutians in the vicinity of Okmok volcano, a relatively young (~2000-year-old) caldera. The Coast Guard had received an emergency call requesting assistance from a family living at a cattle ranch on the flanks of the volcano, who reported loud \"thunder,\" lightning, and noontime darkness due to ashfall. AVO staff immediately confirmed the report by observing a strong eruption signal recorded on the Okmok seismic network and the presence of a large dark ash cloud above Okmok in satellite imagery. Within 5 minutes of the call, AVO declared the volcano at aviation code red, signifying that a highly explosive, ash-rich eruption was under way.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2009EO200001","usgsCitation":"Larsen, J., Neal, C.A., Webley, P., Freymueller, J., Haney, M., McNutt, S., Schneider, D., Prejean, S., Schaefer, J., and Wessels, R.L., 2009, Eruption of Alaska volcano breaks historic pattern: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 90, no. 20, p. 173-174, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009EO200001.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"174","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475987,"rank":301,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009eo200001","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204220,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269263,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009EO200001"},{"id":112407,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://smtp.subduction.net/Storage%20for%20Journal%20Articles/Alaska%20Volcano%20Breaks%20Pattern,%20EOS,%20May%202009.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Okmok Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -168.563232421875,\n 53.28163740806336\n ],\n [\n -167.7337646484375,\n 53.28163740806336\n ],\n [\n -167.7337646484375,\n 53.5990249572418\n ],\n [\n -168.563232421875,\n 53.5990249572418\n ],\n [\n -168.563232421875,\n 53.28163740806336\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"90","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a4ce4b0c8380cd522c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, Jessica","contributorId":62092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Jessica","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neal, Christina A. 0000-0002-7697-7825 tneal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7697-7825","contributorId":639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"Christina","email":"tneal@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webley, Peter","contributorId":34783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Webley","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freymueller, Jeff","contributorId":82190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freymueller","given":"Jeff","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haney, Matthew","contributorId":80555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haney","given":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McNutt, Stephen","contributorId":26196,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNutt","given":"Stephen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schneider, David","contributorId":78204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Prejean, Stephanie","contributorId":61916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prejean","given":"Stephanie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Schaefer, Janet","contributorId":8131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaefer","given":"Janet","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Wessels, Rick L. rwessels@usgs.gov","contributorId":566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wessels","given":"Rick","email":"rwessels@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70003927,"text":"70003927 - 2009 - Spring migration routes and chronology of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata): A synthesis of Pacific coast studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-21T15:41:33","indexId":"70003927","displayToPublicDate":"2011-12-06T12:29:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spring migration routes and chronology of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata): A synthesis of Pacific coast studies","title":"Spring migration routes and chronology of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata): A synthesis of Pacific coast studies","docAbstract":"Understanding interconnectivity among wintering, stopover, and breeding areas of migratory birds is pivotal to discerning how events occurring in each might have a cross-seasonal effect on another. Such information can guide the location and timing of conservation efforts. Thus, we examined spring migration routes, chronology, and stopover use of 85 surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata (L., 1758)) marked with satellite transmitters at four Pacific Flyway wintering sites: San Quintin Bay, Baja California; San Francisco Bay, California; Puget Sound, Washington; and Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Eighty-three percent of marked scoters followed two main routes to the breeding area: a Southern Inland route involving staging in Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia and protracted inland migration, or a Northern Coastal route characterized by short movements along the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southeast Alaska with inland migration initiating from Lynn Canal and surrounding areas. Route choice was related to nesting site latitude in the Canadian Northern Boreal Forest. Data from birds tracked over 2 years indicated strong migration route fidelity, but altered chronology and stopover locations between years. Departure date varied by wintering site, but arrival and apparent settling dates were synchronous, suggesting individuals adjusted migration timing to meet an optimized reproductive schedule.","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","publisherLocation":"Ottawa, Ontario","doi":"10.1139/Z09-099","usgsCitation":"De La Cruz, S.E., Takekawa, J.Y., Wilson, M.T., Nysewander, D., Evenson, J., Esler, D., Boyd, W.S., and Ward, D.H., 2009, Spring migration routes and chronology of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata): A synthesis of Pacific coast studies: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 87, no. 11, p. 1069-1086, https://doi.org/10.1139/Z09-099.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1069","endPage":"1086","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486669,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LUFGEF","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Tracking Data for Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata)"},{"id":204209,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"British Columbia, California, Washington","volume":"87","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9620e4b08c986b31b2ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"De La Cruz, Susan E.W. 0000-0001-6315-0864 sdelacruz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6315-0864","contributorId":3248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De La Cruz","given":"Susan","email":"sdelacruz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":349548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":349546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, M. 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Projections for additional future declines in sea ice resulted in a proposal to list polar bears as a threatened species under the United States Endangered Species Act. To provide information for the Department of the Interior's listing-decision process, the US Geological Survey (USGS) produced a series of nine research reports evaluating the present and future status of polar bears throughout their range. In response, Armstrong et al. [Armstrong, J. S., K. C. Green, W. Soon. 2008. Polar bear population forecasts: A public-policy forecasting audit. Interfaces 38(5) 382–405], which we will refer to as AGS, performed an audit of two of these nine reports. AGS claimed that the general circulation models upon which the USGS reports relied were not valid forecasting tools, that USGS researchers were not objective or lacked independence from policy decisions, that they did not utilize all available information in constructing their forecasts, and that they violated numerous principles of forecasting espoused by AGS. AGS (p. 382) concluded that the two USGS reports were \"unscientific and inconsequential to decision makers.\" We evaluate the AGS audit and show how AGS are mistaken or misleading on every claim. We provide evidence that general circulation models are useful in forecasting future climate conditions and that corporate and government leaders are relying on these models to do so. We clarify the strict independence of the USGS from the listing decision. We show that the allegations of failure to follow the principles of forecasting espoused by AGS are either incorrect or are based on misconceptions about the Arctic environment, polar bear biology, or statistical and mathematical methods. We conclude by showing that the AGS principles of forecasting are too ambiguous and subjective to be used as a reliable basis for auditing scientific investigations. In summary, we show that the AGS audit offers no valid criticism of the USGS conclusion that global warming poses a serious threat to the future welfare of polar bears and that it only serves to distract from reasoned public-policy debate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Interfaces","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"INFORMS","publisherLocation":"Hanover, MD","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., Caswell, H., DeWeaver, E., Stirling, I., Douglas, D.C., Marcot, B., and Hunter, C.M., 2009, Rebuttal of \"Polar bear population forecasts: a public-policy forecasting audit\": Interfaces, v. 39, no. 4, p. 353-369.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"353","endPage":"369","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":110851,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://interfaces.journal.informs.org/content/39/4/353.full.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7ee4b07f02db6485fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caswell, Hal","contributorId":104617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caswell","given":"Hal","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeWeaver, Eric","contributorId":105428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWeaver","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stirling, Ian","contributorId":72079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6962,"text":"Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Marcot, Bruce G.","contributorId":58015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marcot","given":"Bruce G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hunter, Christine M.","contributorId":85717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunter","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70003498,"text":"70003498 - 2009 - Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:58","indexId":"70003498","displayToPublicDate":"2011-10-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system","docAbstract":"Modeling studies examining the effect of lakes on regional and global climate, as well as studies on the influence of climate variability and change on aquatic ecosystems, are surveyed. Fully coupled atmosphere-land surface-lake climate models that could be used for both of these types of study simultaneously do not presently exist, though there are many applications that would benefit from such models. It is argued here that current understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes in freshwater systems is sufficient to begin to construct such models, and a path forward is proposed. The largest impediment to fully representing lakes in the climate system lies in the handling of lakes that are too small to be explicitly resolved by the climate model, and that make up the majority of the lake-covered area at the resolutions currently used by global and regional climate models. Ongoing development within the hydrological sciences community and continual improvements in model resolution should help ameliorate this issue.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Limnology and Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","usgsCitation":"MacKay, M., Neale, P., Arp, C., De Senerpont Domis, L.N., Fang, X., Gal, G., Jo, K., Kirillin, G., Lenters, J., Litchman, E., MacIntyre, S., Marsh, P., Melack, J., Mooij, W., Peeters, F., Quesada, A., Schladow, S., Schmid, M., Spence, C., and Stokes, S., 2009, Modeling lakes and reservoirs in the climate system: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 54, no. 6, part 2, p. 2315-2329.","productDescription":"p. 2315-2329","costCenters":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204334,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":94531,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_54/issue_6_part_2/2315.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","volume":"54","issue":"6, part 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ce4b07f02db613d1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacKay, M.D.","contributorId":79612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacKay","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neale, P.J.","contributorId":41961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neale","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Arp, C.D.","contributorId":54715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arp","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"De Senerpont Domis, L. N.","contributorId":41129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Senerpont Domis","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fang, X.","contributorId":32288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fang","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gal, G.","contributorId":36519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gal","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jo, K.D.","contributorId":84067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jo","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Kirillin, G.","contributorId":33834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirillin","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lenters, J.D.","contributorId":55570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lenters","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Litchman, Elena","contributorId":347496,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Litchman","given":"Elena","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":30217,"text":"Carnegie Institution for Science","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"MacIntyre, S.","contributorId":95999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacIntyre","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Marsh, P.","contributorId":99279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Melack, J.","contributorId":35453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melack","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mooij, W.M.","contributorId":79050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Peeters, F.","contributorId":35866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peeters","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Quesada, A.","contributorId":25688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quesada","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Schladow, S.G.","contributorId":92791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schladow","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Schmid, M.","contributorId":96000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmid","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Spence, C.","contributorId":9762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Stokes, S.L.","contributorId":95166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20}]}} ,{"id":70003506,"text":"70003506 - 2009 - Quaternary science reviews Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-09T16:34:44.388424","indexId":"70003506","displayToPublicDate":"2011-09-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quaternary science reviews Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska","docAbstract":"We analyze mass-flow tsunami generation for selected areas within the Aleutian arc of Alaska using results from numerical simulation of hypothetical but plausible mass-flow sources such as submarine landslides and volcanic debris avalanches. The Aleutian arc consists of a chain of volcanic mountains, volcanic islands, and submarine canyons, surrounded by a low-relief continental shelf above about 1000–2000 m water depth. Parts of the arc are fragmented into a series of fault-bounded blocks, tens to hundreds of kilometers in length, and separated from one another by distinctive fault-controlled canyons that are roughly normal to the arc axis. The canyons are natural regions for the accumulation and conveyance of sediment derived from glacial and volcanic processes. The volcanic islands in the region include a number of historically active volcanoes and some possess geological evidence for large-scale sector collapse into the sea. Large scale mass-flow deposits have not been mapped on the seafloor south of the Aleutian Islands, in part because most of the area has never been examined at the resolution required to identify such features, and in part because of the complex nature of erosional and depositional processes. Extensive submarine landslide deposits and debris flows are known on the north side of the arc and are common in similar settings elsewhere and thus they likely exist on the trench slope south of the Aleutian Islands. Because the Aleutian arc is surrounded by deep, open ocean, mass flows of unconsolidated debris that originate either as submarine landslides or as volcanic debris avalanches entering the sea may be potential tsunami sources.
To test this hypothesis we present a series of numerical simulations of submarine mass-flow initiated tsunamis from eight different source areas. We consider four submarine mass flows originating in submarine canyons and four flows that evolve from submarine landslides on the trench slope. The flows have lengths that range from 40 to 80 km, maximum thicknesses of 400–800 m, and maximum widths of 10–40 km. We also evaluate tsunami generation by volcanic debris avalanches associated with flank collapse, at four locations (Makushin, Cleveland, Seguam and Yunaska SW volcanoes), which represent large to moderate sized events in this region. We calculate tsunami sources using the numerical model TOPICS and simulate wave propagation across the Pacific using a spherical Boussinesq model, which is a modified version of the public domain code FUNWAVE. Our numerical simulations indicate that geologically plausible mass flows originating in the North Pacific near the Aleutian Islands can indeed generate large local tsunamis as well as large transoceanic tsunamis. These waves may be several meters in elevation at distal locations, such as Japan, Hawaii, and along the North and South American coastlines where they would constitute significant hazards.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.019","usgsCitation":"Waythomas, C.F., Watts, P., Shi, F., and Kirby, J.T., 2009, Quaternary science reviews Pacific Basin tsunami hazards associated with mass flows in the Aleutian arc of Alaska: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 28, no. 11-12, p. 1006-1019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.019.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"1006","endPage":"1019","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":384249,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -194.0625,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -142.3828125,\n 60.973107109199404\n ],\n [\n -194.0625,\n 60.973107109199404\n ],\n [\n -194.0625,\n 48.28319289548349\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689d9c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waythomas, Christopher F. 0000-0002-3898-272X cwaythomas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-272X","contributorId":640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waythomas","given":"Christopher","email":"cwaythomas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Watts, Philip","contributorId":23268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watts","given":"Philip","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shi, Fengyan","contributorId":72519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shi","given":"Fengyan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirby, James T.","contributorId":22895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirby","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70003488,"text":"70003488 - 2009 - Linking marine and freshwater growth in western Alaska Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:55","indexId":"70003488","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2285,"text":"Journal of Fish Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking marine and freshwater growth in western Alaska Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha","docAbstract":"The hypothesis that growth in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. is dependent on previous growth was tested using annual scale growth measurements of wild Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha returning to the Yukon and Kuskokwim Rivers, Alaska, from 1964 to 2004. First-year marine growth in individual O. tshawytscha was significantly correlated with growth in fresh water. Furthermore, growth during each of 3 or 4 years at sea was related to growth during the previous year. The magnitude of the growth response to the previous year's growth was greater when mean year-class growth during the previous year was relatively low. Length (eye to tail fork, LETF) of adult O. tshawytscha was correlated with cumulative scale growth after the first year at sea. Adult LETF was also weakly correlated with scale growth that occurred during freshwater residence 4 to 5 years earlier, indicating the importance of growth in fresh water. Positive growth response to previous growth in O. tshawytscha was probably related to piscivorous diet and foraging benefits of large body size. Faster growth among O. tshawytscha year classes that initially grew slowly may reflect high mortality in slow growing fish and subsequent compensatory growth in survivors. Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in this study exhibited complex growth patterns showing a positive relationship with previous growth and a possible compensatory response to environmental factors affecting growth of the age class.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Fish Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","usgsCitation":"Ruggerone, G., Nielsen, J., and Agler, B., 2009, Linking marine and freshwater growth in western Alaska Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 75, no. 6, p. 1287-1301.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1287","endPage":"1301","temporalStart":"1964-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91920,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02364.x/full","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon River;Kuskokwim River","volume":"75","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a2fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruggerone, G.T.","contributorId":83253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggerone","given":"G.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nielsen, J.L.","contributorId":105665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Agler, B.A.","contributorId":33830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Agler","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003548,"text":"70003548 - 2009 - Mechanisms of population heterogeneity among molting common mergansers on Kodiak Island, Alaska: Implications for genetic assessments of migratory connectivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-14T13:47:09","indexId":"70003548","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of population heterogeneity among molting common mergansers on Kodiak Island, Alaska: Implications for genetic assessments of migratory connectivity","docAbstract":"Quantifying population genetic heterogeneity within nonbreeding aggregations can inform our understanding of patterns of site fidelity, migratory connectivity, and gene flow between breeding and nonbreeding areas. However, characterizing mechanisms that contribute to heterogeneity, such as migration and dispersal, is required before site fidelity and migratory connectivity can be assessed accurately. We studied nonbreeding groups of Common Mergansers (Mergus merganser) molting on Kodiak Island, Alaska, from 2005 to 2007, using banding data to assess rates of recapture, mitochondrial (mt) DNA to determine natal area, and nuclear microsatellite genotypes to assess dispersal. Using baseline information from differentiated mtDNA haplogroups across North America, we were able to assign individuals to natal regions and document population genetic heterogeneity within and among molting groups. Band-recovery and DNA data suggest that both migration from and dispersal among natal areas contribute to admixed groups of males molting on Kodiak Island. A lack of differentiation in the Common Merganser's nuclear, bi-parentally inherited DNA, observed across North America, implies that dispersal can mislead genetic assessments of migratory connectivity and assignments of nonbreeding individuals to breeding areas. Thus multiple and independent data types are required to account for such behaviors before accurate assessments of migratory connectivity can be made.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1525/cond.2009.080043","usgsCitation":"Pearce, J.M., Zwiefelhofer, D., and Maryanski, N., 2009, Mechanisms of population heterogeneity among molting common mergansers on Kodiak Island, Alaska: Implications for genetic assessments of migratory connectivity: Condor, v. 111, no. 2, p. 283-293, https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080043.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"293","temporalStart":"2005-01-01","temporalEnd":"2007-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":475993,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525/cond.2009.080043","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":204098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Kodiak Island","volume":"111","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db611fcc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pearce, John M. 0000-0002-8503-5485 jpearce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8503-5485","contributorId":181766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearce","given":"John","email":"jpearce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zwiefelhofer, Denny","contributorId":29944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zwiefelhofer","given":"Denny","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maryanski, Nate","contributorId":23818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maryanski","given":"Nate","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70003491,"text":"70003491 - 2009 - Flood effects on an Alaskan stream restoration project: the value of long-term monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:01:48","indexId":"70003491","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flood effects on an Alaskan stream restoration project: the value of long-term monitoring","docAbstract":"On a nationwide basis, few stream restoration projects have long-term programs in place to monitor the effects of floods on channel and floodplain configuration and floodplain vegetation, but long-term and event-based monitoring is required to measure the effects of these stochastic events and to use the knowledge for adaptive management and the design of future projects. This paper describes a long-term monitoring effort (15 years) on a stream restoration project in Glen Creek in Denali National Park and Preserve in Alaska. The stream channel and floodplain of Glen Creek had been severely degraded over a period of 80 years by placer mining for gold, which left many reaches with unstable and incised streambeds without functioning vegetated floodplains. The objectives of the original project, initiated in 1991, were to develop and test methods for the hydraulic design of channel and floodplain morphology and for floodplain stabilization and riparian habitat recovery, and to conduct research and monitoring to provide information for future projects in similar degraded watersheds. Monitoring methods included surveyed stream cross-sections, vegetation plots, and aerial, ground, and satellite photos. In this paper we address the immediate and outlying effects of a 25-year flood on the stream and floodplain geometry and riparian vegetation. The long-term monitoring revealed that significant channel widening occurred following the flood, likely caused by excessive upstream sediment loading and the fairly slow development of floodplain vegetation in this climate. Our results illustrated design flaws, particularly in regard to identification and analysis of sediment sources and the dominant processes of channel adjustment.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","publisherLocation":"Hoboken, NJ","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00373.x","usgsCitation":"Densmore, R.V., and Karle, K.F., 2009, Flood effects on an Alaskan stream restoration project: the value of long-term monitoring: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 45, no. 6, p. 1424-1433, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00373.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1424","endPage":"1433","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park and Preserve","volume":"45","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acde4b07f02db67f3c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Densmore, Roseann V.","contributorId":24022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Densmore","given":"Roseann","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karle, Kenneth F.","contributorId":37461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karle","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003520,"text":"70003520 - 2009 - High-resolution sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus gigantea from Alaska and British Columbia: techniques for revealing environmental archives and archaeological seasonality","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:52","indexId":"70003520","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-04T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2182,"text":"Journal of Archaeological Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus gigantea from Alaska and British Columbia: techniques for revealing environmental archives and archaeological seasonality","docAbstract":"The butter clam, Saxidomus gigantea, is one of the most commonly recovered bivalves from archaeological shell middens on the Pacific Coast of North America. This study presents the results of the sclerochronology of modern specimens of S. gigantea, collected monthly from Pender Island (British Columbia), and additional modern specimens from the Dundas Islands (BC) and Mink and Little Takli Islands (Alaska). The methods presented can be used as a template to interpret local environmental conditions and increase the precision of seasonality estimates in shellfish using sclerochronology and oxygen isotope analysis. This method can also identify, with a high degree of accuracy, the date of shell collection to the nearest fortnightly cycle, the time of day the shell was collected and the approximate tidal elevation (i.e., approx. water depth and distance from the shoreline) from which the shell was collected.\n\nLife-history traits of S. gigantea were analyzed to understand the timing of growth line formation, the duration of the growing season, the growth rate, and the reliability of annual increments. We also examine the influence of the tidal regime and freshwater mixing in estuarine locations and how these variables can affect both incremental structures and oxygen isotope values. The results of the sclerochronological analysis show that there is a latitudinal trend in shell growth that needs to be considered when using shells for seasonality studies.\n\nOxygen isotope analysis reveals clear annual cycles with the most positive values corresponding to the annual winter growth lines, and the most negative values corresponding to high temperatures during the summer. Intra-annual increment widths demonstrate clear seasonal oscillations with broadest increments in summer and very narrow increments or no growth during the winter months. This study provides new insights into the biology, geochemistry and seasonal growth of S. gigantea, which are crucial for paleoclimate reconstructions and interpreting seasonality patterns of past human collection.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Archaeological Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","usgsCitation":"Hallman, N., Burchell, M., Schone, B.R., Irvine, G.V., and Maxwell, D., 2009, High-resolution sclerochronological analysis of the bivalve mollusk Saxidomus gigantea from Alaska and British Columbia: techniques for revealing environmental archives and archaeological seasonality: Journal of Archaeological Science, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2353-2364.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"2353","endPage":"2364","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":24513,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440309002192","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":204050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States;Canada","state":"Alaska;British Columbia","volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db68885a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hallman, Nadine","contributorId":32662,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hallman","given":"Nadine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burchell, Meghan","contributorId":15331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burchell","given":"Meghan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schone, Bernd R.","contributorId":58010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schone","given":"Bernd","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Irvine, Gail V. girvine@usgs.gov","contributorId":2368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Irvine","given":"Gail","email":"girvine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maxwell, David","contributorId":85711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"David","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70003458,"text":"70003458 - 2009 - Dynamic multistate site occupancy models to evaluate hypotheses relevant to conservation of Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:52","indexId":"70003458","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-03T01:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic multistate site occupancy models to evaluate hypotheses relevant to conservation of Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska","docAbstract":"The recent development of multistate site occupancy models offers great opportunities to frame and solve decision problems for conservation that can be viewed in terms of site occupancy. These models have several characteristics (e.g., they account for detectability) that make them particularly well suited for addressing management and conservation problems. We applied multistate site occupancy models to evaluate hypotheses related to the conservation and management of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in Denali National Park, Alaska, and provided estimates of transition probabilities among three occupancy states for nesting areas (occupied with successful reproduction, occupied with unsuccessful reproduction, and unoccupied). Our estimation models included the effect of potential recreational activities (hikers) and environmental covariates such as a snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) index on transition probabilities among the three occupancy states. Based on the most parsimonious model, support for the hypothesis of an effect of potential human disturbance on site occupancy dynamics was equivocal. There was some evidence that potential human disturbance negatively affected local colonization of territories, but there was no evidence of an effect on reproductive performance parameters. In addition, models that assume a positive relationship between the hare index and successful reproduction were well supported by the data. The statistical approach that we used is particularly useful to parameterize management models that can then be used to make optimal decisions related to the management of Golden Eagles in Denali. Although in our case we were particularly interested in managing recreational activities, we believe that such models should be useful to for a broad class of management and conservation problems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biological Conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.027","usgsCitation":"Martin, J., McIntyre, C.L., Hines, J., Nichols, J., Schmutz, J.A., and MacCluskie, M.C., 2009, Dynamic multistate site occupancy models to evaluate hypotheses relevant to conservation of Golden Eagles in Denali National Park, Alaska: Biological Conservation, v. 142, no. 11, p. 2726-2731, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.027.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2726","endPage":"2731","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204151,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":21710,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.027","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Denali National Park","volume":"142","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633be8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, Julien 0000-0002-7375-129X julienmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-129X","contributorId":5785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Julien","email":"julienmartin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McIntyre, Carol L.","contributorId":94642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntyre","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"MacCluskie, Margaret C.","contributorId":50643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"MacCluskie","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":347352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70003500,"text":"70003500 - 2009 - Does influenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or vice versa?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:47:03","indexId":"70003500","displayToPublicDate":"2011-08-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does influenza A affect body condition of wild mallard ducks, or vice versa?","docAbstract":"Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses are well documented to circulate within wild waterfowl populations (Olsen et. al. 2006). It has been assumed that these infections are benign with no subsequent effects on life-history parameters. The study by Latorre-Margalef et al. (2009; hereafter L.-M. et al.) represents an important step, as they attempt to test this assumption in wild birds. L.-M. et al. captured migrating mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) at a staging area and tested them for the presence of avian influenza A virus (IAV). They related IAV infection status to body mass and duration of time spent on the staging area. Overall, the study is well designed with impressive sample sizes and the analyses are carefully conducted and presented. However, in discussing these results, the authors assume causation based upon correlation and, although they acknowledge the possibility of immunosuppression during migration due to reduced energy stores, they do not discuss it as a possible explanation for their findings. Below, we consider several of the major findings by L.-M. et al., providing alternative explanations for the results. Because the L.-M. et al. study design is correlational, it is not possible to use their data to distinguish between their interpretations and our alternative explanations.
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Christian","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":347566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hall, Jeffrey S. 0000-0001-5599-2826 jshall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-2826","contributorId":2254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jshall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Derksen, Dirk V. dderksen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Derksen","given":"Dirk","email":"dderksen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ip, S. 0000-0003-4844-7533 hip@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4844-7533","contributorId":727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ip","given":"S.","email":"hip@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70003539,"text":"70003539 - 2009 - An improved procedure for detection and enumeration of walrus signatures in airborne thermal imagery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T13:54:49","indexId":"70003539","displayToPublicDate":"2011-07-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2027,"text":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An improved procedure for detection and enumeration of walrus signatures in airborne thermal imagery","docAbstract":"In recent years, application of remote sensing to marine mammal surveys has been a promising area of investigation for wildlife managers and researchers. In April 2006, the United States and Russia conducted an aerial survey of Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) using thermal infrared sensors to detect groups of animals resting on pack ice in the Bering Sea. The goal of this survey was to estimate the size of the Pacific walrus population. An initial analysis of the U.S. data using previously-established methods resulted in lower detectability of walrus groups in the imagery and higher variability in calibration models than was expected based on pilot studies. This paper describes an improved procedure for detection and enumeration of walrus groups in airborne thermal imagery. Thermal images were first subdivided into smaller 200 x 200 pixel \"tiles.\" We calculated three statistics to represent characteristics of walrus signatures from the temperature histogram for each the. Tiles that exhibited one or more of these characteristics were examined further to determine if walrus signatures were present. We used cluster analysis on tiles that contained walrus signatures to determine which pixels belonged to each group. We then calculated a thermal index value for each walrus group in the imagery and used generalized linear models to estimate detection functions (the probability of a group having a positive index value) and calibration functions (the size of a group as a function of its index value) based on counts from matched digital aerial photographs. The new method described here improved our ability to detect walrus groups at both 2 m and 4 m spatial resolution. In addition, the resulting calibration models have lower variance than the original method. We anticipate that the use of this new procedure will greatly improve the quality of the population estimate derived from these data. This procedure may also have broader applicability to thermal infrared surveys of other wildlife species. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science BV","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1016/j.jag.2009.05.004","usgsCitation":"Burn, D.M., Udevitz, M.S., Speckman, S., and Benter, R.B., 2009, An improved procedure for detection and enumeration of walrus signatures in airborne thermal imagery: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, v. 11, no. 5, p. 324-333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.05.004.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"324","endPage":"333","costCenters":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":204037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269904,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2009.05.004"}],"volume":"11","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db684869","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burn, Douglas M.","contributorId":62081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burn","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Benter, R. Bradley","contributorId":23388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benter","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Bradley","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206572,"text":"70206572 - 2009 - Paleomagnetism of Miocene volcanic rocks in the Newberry Mountains, California: Vertical-axis rotation and a polarity transition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-22T16:29:17.644536","indexId":"70206572","displayToPublicDate":"2010-11-11T06:52:41","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"displayTitle":"Paleomagnetism of Miocene volcanic rocks in the Newberry Mountains, California: Vertical-axis rotation and a polarity transition","title":"Paleomagnetism of Miocene volcanic rocks in the Newberry Mountains, California: Vertical-axis rotation and a polarity transition","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Overboard in the Mojave, 20 million years of lakes and wetlands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"California State University","publisherLocation":"Fullerton, CA","usgsCitation":"Hillhouse, J.W., Wells, R., and Cox, B.F., 2009, Paleomagnetism of Miocene volcanic rocks in the Newberry Mountains, California: Vertical-axis rotation and a polarity transition, chap. of Overboard in the Mojave, 20 million years of lakes and wetlands, p. 177-195.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"195","costCenters":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369102,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino","otherGeospatial":"Newberry Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -116.04858398437499,\n 33.770015152780125\n ],\n [\n -116.04858398437499,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 34.17090836352573\n ],\n [\n -117.31201171875001,\n 33.770015152780125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hillhouse, John W.","contributorId":29475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hillhouse","given":"John","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775024,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cox, B. F.","contributorId":60659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":775025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":98187,"text":"ofr20091248 - 2009 - Geologic and Geochronologic Studies of the Early Proterozoic Kanektok Metamorphic Complex of Southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-07T16:40:50","indexId":"ofr20091248","displayToPublicDate":"2010-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-1248","title":"Geologic and Geochronologic Studies of the Early Proterozoic Kanektok Metamorphic Complex of Southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"The Kanektok complex of southwestern Alaska appears to be a rootless terrane of early Proterozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks which were metamorphosed to amphibolite and granulite facies and later underwent a pervasive late Mesozoic thermal event accompanied by granitic plutonism and greenschist facies metamorphism of overlying sediments. The terrane is structurally complex and exhibits characteristics generally attributed to mantled gneiss domes. \r\n\r\nU-Th-Pb analyses of zircon and sphene from a core zone granitic orthogneiss indicate that the orthogneiss protolith crystallized about 2.05 b.y. ago and that the protolithic sedimentary, volcanic and granitic intrusive rocks of the core zone were metamorphosed to granulite and amphibolite facies about 1.77 b.y. ago. A Rb-Sr study of 13 whole-rock samples also suggests metamorphism of an early Proterozoic [Paleoproterozoic] protolith at 1.77 Ga, although the data are scattered and difficult to interpret. \r\n\r\nSeventy-seven conventional 40K/40Ar mineral ages were determined for 58 rocks distributed throughout the outcrop area of the complex. Analysis of the K-Ar data indicate that nearly all of these ages have been totally or partially reset by a pervasive late Mesozoic thermal event accompanied by granitic plutonism and greenschist facies metamorphism. Several biotites gave apparent K-Ar ages over 2 Ga. These ages appear to be controlled by excess radiogenic 40Ar produced by the degassing protolith during the 1.77 Ga metamorphism and incorporated by the biotites when they were at temperatures at which Ar could diffuse through the lattice. \r\n\r\nFive amphibolites yielded apparent Precambrian 40K/40Ar hornblende ages. There is no evidence that these hornblende ages have been increased by excess argon. The oldest 40K/40Ar hornblende age of 1.77 Ga is identical to the sphene 207Pb/206Pb orthogneiss age and to the Rb-Sr 'isochron' age for six of the 13 whole-rock samples. \r\n\r\nThe younger hornblende ages are interpreted as having been partially reset during the late Mesozoic thermal event. \r\n\r\n40Ar/39Ar incremental heating experiments suggest metamorphism occurred at least 1.2 b.y. ago but do not exhibit high temperature plateau ages significantly older than the 40Ar/39Ar total fusion ages of these samples. The age spectra are much more uniform than expected from a terrane with such a complex thermal history, perhaps caused by the small grain size of the samples which may possibly be less than the effective Ar diffusion radii of the analyzed hornblendes. \r\n","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20091248","usgsCitation":"Turner, D.L., Forbes, R., Aleinikoff, J.N., McDougall, I., Hedge, C.E., Wilson, F.H., Layer, P.W., and Hults, C.P., 2009, Geologic and Geochronologic Studies of the Early Proterozoic Kanektok Metamorphic Complex of Southwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2009-1248, iv, 45 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091248.","productDescription":"iv, 45 p. ","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":13431,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2009/1248/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -161.58333333333334,59.333333333333336 ], [ -161.58333333333334,60.416666666666664 ], [ -160.33333333333334,60.416666666666664 ], [ -160.33333333333334,59.333333333333336 ], [ -161.58333333333334,59.333333333333336 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turner, Donald L.","contributorId":11604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forbes, Robert B.","contributorId":48984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forbes","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McDougall, Ian","contributorId":104347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougall","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hedge, Carl E.","contributorId":76299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedge","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wilson, Frederic H. 0000-0003-1761-6437 fwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1761-6437","contributorId":67174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"Frederic","email":"fwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Layer, Paul W.","contributorId":59483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Layer","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hults, Chad P. chults@usgs.gov","contributorId":1930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hults","given":"Chad","email":"chults@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":304607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":98142,"text":"pp1765B - 2009 - Appendix B: Description of Map Units for Northeast Asia Summary Geodynamics Map ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:51","indexId":"pp1765B","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-23T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1765","chapter":"B","title":"Appendix B: Description of Map Units for Northeast Asia Summary Geodynamics Map ","docAbstract":"The major purposes of this chapter are to provide (1) an overview of the regional geology, tectonics, and metallogenesis of Northeast Asia for readers who are unfamiliar with the region, (2) a general scientific introduction to the succeeding chapters of this volume, and (3) an overview of the methodology of metallogenic and tectonic analysis used in this study. We also describe how a high-quality metallogenic and tectonic analysis, including construction of an associated metallogenic-tectonic model will greatly benefit other mineral resource studies, including synthesis of mineral-deposit models; improve prediction of undiscovered mineral deposit as part of a quantitative mineral-resource-assessment studies; assist land-use and mineral-exploration planning; improve interpretations of the origins of host rocks, mineral deposits, and metallogenic belts, and suggest new research. \r\n\r\nResearch on the metallogenesis and tectonics of such major regions as Northeast Asia (eastern Russia, Mongolia, northern China, South Korea, and Japan) and the Circum-North Pacific (the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera) requires a complex methodology including (1) definitions of key terms, (2) compilation of a regional geologic base map that can be interpreted according to modern tectonic concepts and definitions, (3) compilation of a mineral-deposit database that enables a determination of mineral-deposit models and clarification of the relations of deposits to host rocks and tectonic origins, (4) synthesis of a series of mineral-deposit models that characterize the known mineral deposits and inferred undiscovered deposits in the region, (5) compilation of a series of metallogenic-belt belts constructed on the regional geologic base map, and (6) construction of a unified metallogenic and tectonic model. \r\n\r\nThe summary of regional geology and metallogenesis presented here is based on publications of the major international collaborative studies of the metallogenesis and tectonics of Northeast Asia that have been led by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These studies have produced two broad types of publications (1) a series of regional geologic, mineral-deposit, and metallogenic-belt maps, with companion descriptions of the region, and (2) a suite of metallogenic and tectonic analyses of the same region. \r\n\r\nThe study area consists of eastern Russia (most of eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East), Mongolia, northern China, South Korea, Japan, and adjacent offshore areas. The major cooperative agencies are the Russian Academy of Sciences; the Academy of Sciences of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia); VNIIOkeangeologia and Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation; the Mongolian Academy of Sciences; the Mongolian University of Science and Technology; the Mongolian National University; Jilin University, Changchun, People?s Republic of China, the China Geological Survey; the Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources; the Geological Survey of Japan/AIST; the University of Texas, Arlington, and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). \r\n\r\nThis study builds on and extends the data and interpretations from a previous project on the Major Mineral Deposits, Metallogenesis, and Tectonics of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera conducted by the USGS, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, and the Geological Survey of Canada. The major products of this project were summarized by Naumova and others (2006) and are described in appendix A. \r\n","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Metallogenesis and Tectonics of Northeast Asia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1765B","collaboration":"Prepared in collaboration with the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Korean Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, and Jilin University","usgsCitation":"Parfenov, L.M., Badarch, G., Berzin, N.A., Hwang, D., Khanchuk, A.I., Kuzmin, M.I., Nokleberg, W.J., Obolenskiy, A., Ogasawara, M., Prokopiev, A.V., Rodionov, S.M., Smelov, A., and Yan, H., 2009, Appendix B: Description of Map Units for Northeast Asia Summary Geodynamics Map : U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1765, 12 p. Available online. , https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1765B.","productDescription":"12 p. Available online. 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2009 - Late Glacial-Holocene Pollen-Based Vegetation History from Pass Lake, Prince of Wales Island, Southeastern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:53","indexId":"pp1760G","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-19T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1760","chapter":"G","title":"Late Glacial-Holocene Pollen-Based Vegetation History from Pass Lake, Prince of Wales Island, Southeastern Alaska","docAbstract":"A radiocarbon-dated history of vegetation development since late Wisconsin deglaciation has been reconstructed from pollen evidence preserved in a sediment core from Pass Lake on Prince of Wales Island, southeastern Alaska. The shallow lake is in the south-central part of the island and occupies a low pass that was filled by glacial ice of local origin during the late Wisconsin glaciation. The oldest pollen assemblages indicate that pine woodland (Pinus contorta) had developed in the area by ~13,715 cal yr B.P. An abrupt decline in the pine population, coinciding with expansion of alder (Alnus) and ferns (mostly Polypodiaceae) began ~12,875 yr B.P., and may have been a response to colder, drier climates during the Younger Dryas climatic interval. Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) began to colonize central Prince of Wales Island by ~11,920 yr B.P. and was soon followed by Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis). Pollen of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) began to appear in Pass Lake sediments soon after 11,200 yr B.P. The abundance of western hemlock pollen in the Pass Lake core during most of the Holocene appears to be the result of wind transport from trees growing at lower altitudes on the island. The late Holocene pollen record from Pass Lake is incomplete because of one or more unconformities, but the available record suggests that a vegetation change occurred during the late Holocene. Increases in pollen percentages of pine, cedar (probably yellow cedar, Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), and heaths (Ericales) suggest an expansion of muskeg vegetation occurred in the area during the late Holocene. This vegetation change may be related to the onset of cooler, wetter climates that began as early as ~3,774 yr B.P. in the region. This vegetation history provides the first radiocarbon-dated Late Glacial-Holocene terrestrial paleoecological framework for Prince of Wales Island. An analysis of magnetic properties of core sediments from Pass Lake suggests that unconformities caused by low lake levels may be detectable where fine-grained ferrimagnets are concentrated in peaty sediments.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey in Alaska, 2007","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1760G","usgsCitation":"Ager, T.A., and Rosenbaum, J.G., 2009, Late Glacial-Holocene Pollen-Based Vegetation History from Pass Lake, Prince of Wales Island, Southeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1760, iv, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1760G.","productDescription":"iv, 19 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1760_g.jpg"},{"id":13369,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1760/g/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -140,53 ], [ -140,61 ], [ -129,61 ], [ -129,53 ], [ -140,53 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c17","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ager, Thomas A. 0000-0002-5029-7581 tager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5029-7581","contributorId":736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ager","given":"Thomas","email":"tager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenbaum, Joseph G. jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","contributorId":1524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Joseph","email":"jrosenbaum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":98085,"text":"sir20095257 - 2009 - Geomorphology and river dynamics of the lower Copper River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-23T10:30:15","indexId":"sir20095257","displayToPublicDate":"2010-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2009-5257","title":"Geomorphology and river dynamics of the lower Copper River, Alaska","docAbstract":"Located in south-central Alaska, the Copper River drains an area of more than 24,000 square miles. The average annual flow of the river near its mouth is 63,600 cubic feet per second, but is highly variable between winter and summer. In the winter, flow averages approximately 11,700 cubic feet per second, and in the summer, due to snowmelt, rainfall, and glacial melt, flow averages approximately 113,000 cubic feet per second, an order of magnitude higher. About 15 miles upstream of its mouth, the Copper River flows past the face of Childs Glacier and enters a large, broad, delta. The Copper River Highway traverses this flood plain, and in 2008, 11 bridges were located along this section of the highway. The bridges cross several parts of the Copper River and in recent years, the changing course of the river has seriously damaged some of the bridges.
Analysis of aerial photography from 1991, 1996, 2002, 2006, and 2007 indicates the eastward migration of a channel of the Copper River that has resulted in damage to the Copper River Highway near Mile 43.5. Migration of another channel in the flood plain has resulted in damage to the approach of Bridge 339. As a verification of channel change, flow measurements were made at bridges along the Copper River Highway in 2005–07. Analysis of the flow measurements indicate that the total flow of the Copper River has shifted from approximately 50 percent passing through the bridges at Mile 27, near the western edge of the flood plain, and 50 percent passing through the bridges at Mile 36–37 to approximately 5 percent passing through the bridges at Mile 27 and 95 percent through the bridges at Mile 36–37 during average flow periods.
The U.S. Geological Survey’s Multi-Dimensional Surface-Water Modeling System was used to simulate water-surface elevation and velocity, and to compute bed shear stress at two areas where the Copper River is affecting the Copper River Highway. After calibration, the model was used to examine the effects that betterments, such as guide banks or bridge extensions, would have on flow conditions and to provide sound conceptual information that could help decide if a proposed betterment will work or determine potential problems that need to be addressed for a particular betterment. The ability of the model to simulate these hydraulic conditions was constrained by the accuracy and level of channel geometry detail, which is constantly changing in the lower Copper River.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20095257","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities under Project COPPER RIVER HWY MP 27-49 HYDROLOGY STUDY - AKSAS 61959","usgsCitation":"Brabets, T.P., and Conaway, J.S., 2009, Geomorphology and river dynamics of the lower Copper River, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009-5257, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20095257.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2009_5257.jpg"},{"id":353645,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5257/pdf/sir20095257.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.8 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":13319,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2009/5257/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -148,60 ], [ -148,64 ], [ -140,64 ], [ -140,60 ], [ -148,60 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c4c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brabets, Timothy P. tbrabets@usgs.gov","contributorId":2087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabets","given":"Timothy","email":"tbrabets@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":304099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Conaway, Jeffrey S. 0000-0002-3036-592X jconaway@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-592X","contributorId":2026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conaway","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jconaway@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":120,"text":"Alaska Science Center Water","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":304100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70003503,"text":"70003503 - 2009 - Population dynamics of long-tailed ducks breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-09T16:40:55.530327","indexId":"70003503","displayToPublicDate":"2009-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2009","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population dynamics of long-tailed ducks breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska","docAbstract":"Population estimates for long-tailed ducks in North America have declined by nearly 50% over the past 30 years. Life history and population dynamics of this species are difficult to ascertain, because the birds nest at low densities across a broad range of habitat types. Between 1991 and 2004, we collected information on productivity and survival of long-tailed ducks at three locations on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Clutch size averaged 7.1 eggs, and nesting success averaged 30%. Duckling survival to 30 days old averaged 10% but was highly variable among years, ranging from 0% to 25%. Apparent annual survival of adult females based on mark-recapture of nesting females was estimated at 74%. We combined these estimates of survival and productivity into a matrix-based population model, which predicted an annual population decline of 19%. Elasticities indicated that population growth rate (λ) was most sensitive to changes in adult female survival. Further, the relatively high sensitivity of λ to duckling survival suggests that low duckling survival may be a bottleneck to productivity in some years. These data represent the first attempt to synthesize a population model for this species. Although our analyses were hampered by the small sample sizes inherent in studying a dispersed nesting species, our model provides a basis for management actions and can be enhanced as additional data become available.","language":"English","publisher":"Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic131","usgsCitation":"Schamber, J.L., Flint, P.L., Grand, J., Wilson, H.M., and Morse, J.A., 2009, Population dynamics of long-tailed ducks breeding on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska: Arctic, v. 62, no. 2, p. 190-200, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic131.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"200","temporalStart":"1991-01-01","temporalEnd":"2004-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489809,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic131","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":419660,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Yukon-Kuskokwin Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.58644631128854,\n 63.49574914683663\n ],\n [\n -166.02212168061303,\n 63.49574914683663\n ],\n [\n -166.02212168061303,\n 59.74690004761109\n ],\n [\n -161.58644631128854,\n 59.74690004761109\n ],\n [\n -161.58644631128854,\n 63.49574914683663\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db684064","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schamber, Jason L.","contributorId":72512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schamber","given":"Jason","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":347557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":347553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Grand, J. 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Massive dissociation of deep marine methane hydrates following rapid Earth warming is the most plausible explanation for carbon isotopic data that imply widespread release of microbial methane during the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (~55 million years ago), and massive methane hydrate degradation may have been associated with a major warming event in the Late Neoproterozoic as well. . On contemporary Earth, circumstantial evidence implies that permafrost-associated methane hydrate dissociation, possibly related to climate change, may be contributing to gas seeps in the MacKenzie Delta (Dallimore et al., 2008). Gas is also currently being released from shallow subseafloor hydrates in some areas, and transient bottom water temperature increases are sometimes known to be the destabilizing influence for these gas hydrates. Still, there is no direct evidence that gas hydrates are currently undergoing significant and systematic destabilization on contemporary Earth, that climate processes are responsible for driving any destabilization that may be occurring, or that methane released from dissociating hydrate is a substantial contributor to atmospheric methane concentrations.
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