Literature on mollusk-eating fishes was reviewed to determine the potential for different species of fish to control zebra mussels in eastern North America. At least six species are potential predators of zebra mussels because they possess (1) both upper and lower pharyngeal teeth or (2) lower pharyngeal teeth and chewing pads located on the dorsal roof for crushing mollusk shells. Freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) and two centrarchids, redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) and pumpkinseed (L. gibbosus), possess both upper and lower pharyngeal teeth and are likely to consume more zebra mussels than fishes with only lower pharyngeal teeth. Only two catostomid species, copper and river redhorses (Moxostoma hubbsi and M. carinatum), have chewing pads that enable them to crush mollusks. The exotic omnivorous common carp (Cyprinus carpio), possessing lower teeth and a chewing pad, may prey on zebra mussels when aquatic insect larvae, its preferred food, become rare. Managing populations of drum, sunfishes and redhorses to reduce exploitation of large individuals and improve their habitats are suggested as means to intensify biological control of zebra mussels in eastern North America. Other Eurasian molluscivores, the roach (Rutilus rutilus) and the black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) should not be introduced into North America because research has shown repeatedly that an introduced biological controller usually does not forage for unwanted pests or reside only in preferred habitats of pests. Drum, sunfishes and redhorses should be preferred over these exotics as biological controllers of zebra mussels in North America because these native fishes will likely occupy newly established habitats of zebra mussels.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0013:HWCFPO>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"French, J.R., 1993, How well can fishes prey on zebra mussels in eastern North America?: Fisheries, v. 18, no. 6, p. 13-19, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1993)018<0013:HWCFPO>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"19","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133154,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a6d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"French, John R. P. III","contributorId":107635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"French","given":"John","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"R. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1000702,"text":"1000702 - 1993 - Unionid bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Presque Isle Bay, Erie, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-24T16:52:07","indexId":"1000702","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2565,"text":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Unionid bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Presque Isle Bay, Erie, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine species composition and relative abundance of unionid bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Presque Isle Bay, Erie, Pennsylvania 1990-1992. This information was compared with data from the only other extensive survey of unionids in the bay conducted in 1909-1911 (Ortmann 1919) to assess changes over the 80 years preceding the present study. A total of 1,540 individuals representing 18 species were collected in 1990-1992. Five relatively common species (between 7 and 42% of total individuals), six uncommon species (2 and 6%), and seven rare species (<1%) were found. The rare species were Anodontoides ferussacianus, Lasmigona costata, Ligumia recta, Ptychobranchus fasciolaris, Quadrula pustulosa pustulosa, Strophitus undaulatus, and Truncilla donaciformis. Five of the species found in Presque Isle Bay (Leptodea fragilis, Ligumia nasuta, Potamilus alatus, Quadrula quadrula, and Truncilla donaciformis) are listed as critically imperiled and one species (Truncilla truncata) as extirpated in the State of Pennsylvania by the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy. Comparisons between unionid populations in 1909-1911 and 1990-1992 indicate few substantial changes occurred during the past 80 years. A total of 22 species were found; 21 in 1909-1911 and 18 in 1990-1992. Seventeen species were found in both studies, an additional four in 1909-1911 and one in 1990-1992. The relative abundance of 11 of the 17 species found in both studies remained stable (i.e., common or uncommon) over the past 80 years. Only four species listed as uncommon in 1909-1911 were listed as rare in 1990-1992. However, the invasion of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is considered a threat to the continued existence of the entire Unionidae fauna in Presque Isle Bay, a unique habitat of the Great Lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Masteller, E., Maleski, K., and Schloesser, D.W., 1993, Unionid bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of Presque Isle Bay, Erie, Pennsylvania: Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science, v. 67, no. 3, p. 120-126.","productDescription":"p. 120-126","startPage":"120","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269947,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.pibpac.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/1993-Unionid-Bivalves-of-Presque-Isle-Bay.pdf"}],"volume":"67","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a25e4b07f02db60ec9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masteller, E.C.","contributorId":6802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masteller","given":"E.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Maleski, K.R.","contributorId":17951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maleski","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schloesser, D. W.","contributorId":9598,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schloesser","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1001141,"text":"1001141 - 1993 - Least tern and piping plover nesting at sand pits in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:44","indexId":"1001141","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Least tern and piping plover nesting at sand pits in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Endangered Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) and threatened Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) nest at commercial sand and gravel mining operations (sand pits) along the Platte River system in Nebraska. Sandbar habitat has been disappearing since the early 1900's along the Platte River system, but numbers of sand pits have increased. We hypothesized that birds would more fully utilize sand pits where suitable sandbar habitat was limited. We inventoried sand pits and censused terns and plovers on both habitats along the Loup River, part of the North Loup River, and most of the Platte River during 1988-1991. Using aircraft, we also quantified features of suitable sand pits present on the central Platte in 1988 and lower Platte in 1990, and related features to abundance and presence of birds. We found 225 sand pits of which 78 were suitable and 187 were unsuitable for nesting. Along the central Platte, where sandbar habitat is severely degraded, birds nested at 81% of the suitable sand pits (N = 32) at least once during 1988-1991, and most birds (61-94%) nested on sand pits. Along the lower Platte, where both sandbar and sand pit habitat are plentiful, birds nested at 60% of the suitable sand pits (N = 35) at least once during 1988-1991, and most birds (60-86%) nested on sandbars. Numbers of terns and plovers were more weakly correlated with features of sand pits on the central Platte than on the lower Platte. Least Terns and Piping Plovers seem to use more of the suitable sand pit habitat on the central Platte than on the lower Platte. Sand pits probably have influenced the birds' distribution by providing alternative nesting habitat along rivers where suitable sandbars are rare or absent.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Colonial Waterbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sidle, J.G., and Kirsch, E., 1993, Least tern and piping plover nesting at sand pits in Nebraska: Colonial Waterbirds, v. 16, no. 2, p. 139-148.","productDescription":"p. 139-148","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adfd7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidle, John G.","contributorId":77099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirsch, E.M.","contributorId":87486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003047,"text":"1003047 - 1993 - Least tern and piping plover nesting at sand pits in Nebraska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-18T15:46:07.409712","indexId":"1003047","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1272,"text":"Colonial Waterbirds","printIssn":"07386028","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Least tern and piping plover nesting at sand pits in Nebraska","docAbstract":"Endangered Least Terns (Sterna antillarum) and threatened Piping Plovers (Charadrius melodus) nest at commercial sand and gravel mining operations (sand pits) along the Platte River system in Nebraska. Sandbar habitat has been disappearing since the early 1900's along the Platte River system, but numbers of sand pits have increased. We hypothesized that birds would more fully utilize sand pits where suitable sandbar habitat was limited. We inventoried sand pits and censused terns and plovers on both habitats along the Loup River, part of the North Loup River, and most of the Platte River during 1988-1991. Using aircraft, we also quantified features of suitable sand pits present on the central Platte in 1988 and lower Platte in 1990, and related features to abundance and presence of birds. We found 225 sand pits of which 78 were suitable and 187 were unsuitable for nesting. Along the central Platte, where sandbar habitat is severely degraded, birds nested at 81% of the suitable sand pits (N = 32) at least once during 1988-1991, and most birds (61-94%) nested on sand pits. Along the lower Platte, where both sandbar and sand pit habitat are plentiful, birds nested at 60% of the suitable sand pits (N = 35) at least once during 1988-1991, and most birds (60-86%) nested on sandbars. Numbers of terns and plovers were more weakly correlated with features of sand pits on the central Platte than on the lower Platte. Least Terns and Piping Plovers seem to use more of the suitable sand pit habitat on the central Platte than on the lower Platte. 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\"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adfbf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sidle, John G.","contributorId":77099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sidle","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirsch, E.M.","contributorId":87486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirsch","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003131,"text":"1003131 - 1993 - Spawning activity of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) in the lower Black River, Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-10T23:54:11.861508","indexId":"1003131","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2299,"text":"Journal of Freshwater Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spawning activity of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) in the lower Black River, Wisconsin","docAbstract":"We present indirect evidence of successful paddlefish (Polyodon spathula reproduction in 1989 and 1991 in the lower Black River, Wisconsin, about 5 km upstream of the confluence with the upper Mississippi River. This is the first indication of successful reproduction by paddlefish at the northern end of its range in the central United States.
Attempts to document paddlefish Polyodon spathula reproduction by sampling eggs and larvae began in the early 1900s (e.g., Stockard 1907), but the exact timing and location of fish spawning were unknown until the early 1960s. Actual spawning by paddlefish was first observed over gravel bars in the Osage River, Missouri, by Purkett (1961), who then collected eggs and larvae. Paddlefish eggs and larvae have since been collected below dams on the Missouri (Ruelle and Hudson 1977, Unkenholz 1982), Cumberland, and Tennessee Rivers (Pasch et al. 1980, Wall us 1986). However, the spawning areas for most paddlefish populations remain unknown.
Because larval paddlefish are rarely sampled, the presence of post-larval and juvenile paddlefish is often interpreted as indirect evidence of successful reproduction. Such evidence has been used in Illinois (Adams 1942), Oklahoma (Houser and Bross 1959), the Missouri River along the Nebraska-South Dakota border (Ruelle and Hudson 1977), Pool 13 of the upper Mississippi River (Gengerke 1978), and Louisiana (Reed et al. 1992) to document successful paddlefish reproduction. We gathered similar evidence from the lower Black River, near La Crosse, Wisconsin. This information is important because Wisconsin represents the northern limit for paddlefish in the central United States (Gengerke 1986) and because attempts to document reproduction by the few remaining localized populations in the state have been unsuccessful (Lyons, In press). Additionally, paddlefish are of special concern in Wisconsin because of low numbers and limited distribution (Johnson 1987).
During November 1990, we observed a small paddlefish (about 700 mm total length, TL) in the catch of commercial seine fishermen working in the lower Black River (about 5 km upstream from its confluence with the Mississippi River). On April 15, 1992, commercial fishermen working the same section of the Black River found five small paddlefish (<350 mm TL) in their catch. Additionally, three small paddlefish (about 800 mm TL) were taken on December 28, 1992, during commercial seining operations in the lower Black River. In Pool 13 of the upper Mississippi River, age-1 paddlefish averaged 498 mm fork length (Gengerke 1978), and the growth of paddlefish is faster in backwaters than in the main channel (Rosen 1976, Russell 1986). Therefore, we think that the three 800-mm paddlefish taken on December 28, 1992 were age-1 fish that hatched during spring 1991 near the Lake Onalaska spillway on the lower Black River. We also think that the 700-mm paddlefish observed in November 1990 was an age-1 fish that had hatched in the same area during spring 1989.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","doi":"10.1080/02705060.1993.9664862","issn":"02705060","usgsCitation":"Jennings, C., and Wilson, D.M., 1993, Spawning activity of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) in the lower Black River, Wisconsin: Journal of Freshwater Ecology, v. 8, no. 3, p. 261-262, https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1993.9664862.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"262","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A.","contributorId":38504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilson, D. M.","contributorId":66642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017998,"text":"70017998 - 1993 - Accessory minerals and subduction zone metasomatism: a geochemical comparison of two mélanges (Washington and California, U.S.A.)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-25T11:01:07","indexId":"70017998","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Accessory minerals and subduction zone metasomatism: a geochemical comparison of two mélanges (Washington and California, U.S.A.)","docAbstract":"The ability of a subducted slab or subducted sediment to contribute many incompatible trace elements to arc source regions may depend on the stabilities of accessory minerals within these rocks, which can only be studied indirectly. In contrast, the role of accessory minerals in lower-T and -P metasomatic processes within paleo-subduction zones can be studied directly in subduction-zone metamorphic terranes.
\nThe Gee Point-Iron Mountain locality of the Shuksan Metamorphic Suite, North Cascades, Washington State, is a high-T mélange of metamafic blocks in a matrix of meta-ultramafic rocks. This mélange is similar in geologic setting and petrology to the upper part of an unnamed amphibolite unit of the Catalina Schist, Santa Catalina Island, southern California. Both are interpreted as shear zones between mantle and slab rocks that formed during the early stages of subduction. Some garnet amphibolite blocks from the Gee Point-Iron Mountain locality display trace-element enrichments similar to those in counterparts from the Catalina Schist. Some Catalina blocks are highly enriched in Th, rare-earth elements (REE), the high-field-strength elements Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf (HFSE), U and Sr compared to mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), and to other garnet amphibolite blocks in the same unit. Textural and geochemical data indicate that accessory minerals of metamorphic origin control the enrichment of Th, REE and HFSE in blocks from both areas. The Mg-rich rinds around blocks and the meta-ultramafic matrix from both mélanges are highly enriched in a large number of trace elements compared to harzburgites, dunites and serpentinites. Evidence for recrystallization or formation of accessory minerals in the former rocks suggests that these minerals control some of the trace-element enrichments.
\nData from the Gee Point and Catalina mélanges suggest that the accessory minerals titanite, rutile, apatite, zircon and REE-rich epidote play a significant role in the enrichment of trace elements in both mafic and ultramafic rocks during subduction-related fluid-rock interaction. Mobilization of incompatible elements, and deposition of such elements in the accessory minerals of mafic and ultramafic rocks may be fairly common in fluid-rich metamorphic environments in subduction zones.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(93)90258-K","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Sorensen, S.S., and Grossman, J.N., 1993, Accessory minerals and subduction zone metasomatism: a geochemical comparison of two mélanges (Washington and California, U.S.A.): Chemical Geology, v. 110, no. 1-3, p. 269-297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90258-K.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"297","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266062,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90258-K"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e66be4b0c8380cd473f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorensen, Sorena S.","contributorId":7009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorensen","given":"Sorena","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, Jeffrey N. 0000-0001-9099-9628","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9099-9628","contributorId":37317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70017989,"text":"70017989 - 1993 - Thortveitite and associated Sc-bearing minerals from Ravalli County, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:56","indexId":"70017989","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Thortveitite and associated Sc-bearing minerals from Ravalli County, Montana","docAbstract":"The rare Sc mineral thortveitite, (Sc,Y)2Si2O7, occurs as ??m- to mm-sized crystals in fluorite-bearing granitic pegmatites and the host melagabbro within the Crystal Mountain fluorite deposit, Ravalli County, Montana. Thortveitite is found as colorless and clear to smoky and translucent, subhedral to euhedral prisms up to 3 mm in length in the massive fluroite, as mm-sized anhedra to subhedra in diopside and edenite, and as ??m-sized droplet-like crystals in actinolite. Micrometric textures suggest that some thortveitite exsolved from actinolite, which contains between 1.2 and 2.9 wt.% Sc2O3. The source of the Sc is believed to be magmatic. The physical, optical and crystallographic properties of thortveitite are described. -from Authors","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Mineralogist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00084476","usgsCitation":"Foord, E., Birmingham, S., Demartin, F., Pilati, T., Gramaccioli, C., and Lichte, F., 1993, Thortveitite and associated Sc-bearing minerals from Ravalli County, Montana: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 31, no. 2, p. 337-346.","startPage":"337","endPage":"346","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228740,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb2ebe4b08c986b325aa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Birmingham, S.D.","contributorId":82723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Birmingham","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Demartin, F.","contributorId":55984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Demartin","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pilati, T.","contributorId":74895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pilati","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gramaccioli, C.M.","contributorId":77682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gramaccioli","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lichte, F.E.","contributorId":99108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichte","given":"F.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70018337,"text":"70018337 - 1993 - Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-30T00:27:27.502397","indexId":"70018337","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf","docAbstract":"Photographs of the seabed taken from an instrumented bottom tripod located approximately 100 km east of Charleston, South Carolina, reveal bed elevation changes of over 20 cm between July and November 1978. The tripod was in 85 m of water and was equipped with two current meters at 38.7 and 100 cm from the bed, a pressure sensor, a transmissometer, which fouled early during the deployment, a temperature sensor and a camera. The sediment under the tripod was composed of poorly sorted sand, some shell debris and numerous small biological tubes. Bed roughness varied throughout the deployment from biologically-produced mounds (2-5 cm high and 5-20 cm diameter) to streaks to a smooth bed, depending upon the frequency and magnitude of the sediment transporting events. Even though these events were common, especially during the later part of the deployment, the bed was rarely rippled, and there was no evidence of large bedforms such as dunes or sand waves migrating through the field of view of the camera. Photographs did clearly show, however, a gradual net deposition of the bed of nearly 20 cm, followed by erosion of approximately 5 cm. The flow field near the bed was dominated by sub-tidal period currents. Hourly-averaged currents at 100 cm from the bed typically varied between 10 and 30 cm s-1 and occasionally were as high as 60 cm s-1. The large flow events were predominantly toward the southwest along the shelf in the opposite direction of the northeast flowing Gulf Stream. The cross-shore component of the flow near the bed was predominantly directed offshore due to a local topographic steering effect. Current, temperature and satellite data suggest that the largest flow events were associated with the advection of Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Erosion events, as seen from the photographs, were highly correlated with the passage of these Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Gradual deposition of sediment, which occurred during the first half of the deployment, appears to have been associated with the convergence of the near-bed sediment flux near the shelf break.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Gelfenbaum, G., and Noble, M., 1993, Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 13, no. 4, p. 385-405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(93)90057-5.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"405","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227243,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79.90372380268226,\n 34.348186148805695\n ],\n [\n -79.90372380268226,\n 31.076683479298694\n ],\n [\n -76.65177067768249,\n 31.076683479298694\n ],\n [\n -76.65177067768249,\n 34.348186148805695\n ],\n [\n -79.90372380268226,\n 34.348186148805695\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8f26e4b08c986b318d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gelfenbaum, G.","contributorId":72429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gelfenbaum","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noble, M.","contributorId":15340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018220,"text":"70018220 - 1993 - A Coast Mountains provenance for the Valdez and Orca groups, southern Alaska, based on Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-09T00:55:34.088779","indexId":"70018220","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1427,"text":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Coast Mountains provenance for the Valdez and Orca groups, southern Alaska, based on Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic evidence","docAbstract":"Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic data were obtained for fourteen fine- to coarse-grained samples of accreted flysch of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Valdez and Orca Groups in southern Alaska to determine the flysch provenance. Argillites and greywackes from the Orca Group, as well as compositionally similar but higher metamorphic grade rocks from the Valdez Group, show a restricted range of correlated εNd ( −0.6 to −3.8) and 87Sr/86Sr (0.7060–0.7080) at the time of sediment deposition ( ∼ 50 Ma). Pb isotopic compositions also vary over a narrow range ( 206Pb/204Pb= 19.138–19.395, 207Pb/204Pb= 15.593–15.703, 208Pb/204Pb= 38.677–39.209), and in the Orca Group the samples generally become more radiogenic with decreasing εNd and increasing 87Sr/86Sr. All samples have similar trace element compositions characterized by moderate light rare earth element enrichments, and low ratios of high field strength elements to large ion lithophile elements. Based on petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic data the sedimentary rocks are interpreted to have been derived largely from a Phanerozoic continental margin arc complex characterized by igneous rocks with εNd values between 0 and −5. The latter conclusion is supported by the εNd values of a tonalite clast and a rhyodacite clast in the Orca Group (εNd = −4.9and−0.9, respectively). However, trondjemitic clasts in the Orca Group have significantly lower εNd ( ∼ −10) and require a derivation of a portion of the flysch from Precambrian crustal sources. The Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions of both the Valdez and Orca Groups overlap the values determined for intrusive igneous rocks exposed within the northern portion of the Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary Coast Mountains Plutonic Complex in western British Columbia and equivalent rocks in southeastern Alaska. The isotopic data support previous conclusions based on geologic studies which suggest that the flysch was shed from this portion of the batholith, and from overlying continental margin arc-related volcanic rocks, following its rapid uplift in the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. The Precambrian crustal material present in the flysch may have been derived from Late Proterozoic or older metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks now exposed along the western margin of the Coast Mountains Plutonic Complex.
Ferromanganese oxyhydroxide crusts and nodules associated with palygorskite were recovered from the Santa Lucia Escarpment where the Morro Fracture Zone intersects the central California continental margin. Palygorskite was found in pure, high-Mg, low-Al, boxwork-textured veins, and disseminated in poorly consolidated palygorskite-rich mudstone. The purity of the palygorskite boxwork blades and the boxwork structure suggest formation by direct precipitation rather than by diagenetic or detrital processes. Interaction of hydrothermal fluids with oceanic basalt and/or deeper ultramafic rocks produced a Mg-Si enriched fluid supersaturated with respect to palygorskite that precipitated directly from the fluid at or near the seafloor.
The close association of Fe-Mn crusts and nodules with both the palygorskite-rich mudstone and boxwork-vein palygorskite suggests a genetic link between the three types of mineralization. Mixed origin hydrothermal-hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts, with up to 50% hydrothermal input, formed contemporaneously with and subsequent to palygorskite formation. Fe-Mn nodules collected in the same dredge are of combined hydrogenetic and diagenetic origin and appear to be unrelated to hydrothermal mineralization that produced the crusts and palygorskite. The thickness of the Fe-Mn crusts and rare diatom fragments within the mudstone suggest an age of formation between 13 and 5 Ma.
Tourmaline-rich rocks are widespread minor lithologies within the Early Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup in the Broken Hill district, Australia. Tourmaline concentrations occur in strata-bound and local stratiform tourmalinites, clastic metasedimentary rocks, quartz-gahnite lode rocks, stratiform Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ores, garnet quartzites, strata-bound scheelite deposits, quartz-tourmaline nodules, discordant quartz veins, and granitic pegmatites. Most of the tourmaline-rich rocks are within the Broken Hill Group that hosts the main Pb-Zn-Ag ores.At the Globe mine along the northeast end of the main lodes, tourmalinites are closely associated with Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization and in places are interbedded with Mn-rich garnet quartzites. Galena and other ore minerals occur locally in the cores of recrystallized tourmaline grains in these tourmalinites, indicating that tourmaline and sulfides were present together prior to deformation and high-grade metamorphism. Electron microprobe analyses of tourmalines intergrown with Fe sulfides at the Globe mine show Mg-rich compositions relative to tourmalines in sulfide-free assemblages from the same area, suggesting early (premetamorphic) introduction of boron and Mg enrichment of tourmaline by sulfide-silicate reactions during metamorphism.Combined field and geochemical data indicate that the district tourmalinites represent normal clastic sediments that were metasomatically altered by boron-rich hydrothermal fluids at or below the sediment-water interface. Whole-rock chemical analyses of 33 tourmaline-rich rocks show linear trends of data for major and trace elements that closely resemble the trends observed for unmineralized elastic metasedimentary rocks of the district. Average Fe/Al, Mg/Al, Na/Al, and Ti/Al molar ratios of the tourmaline-rich rocks and clastic metasediments are very similar; the average K/Al molar ratio of the tourmaline-rich rocks is significantly lower than that of the clastic metasediments, reflecting the loss of K during tourmalinite formation. Chondrite-normalized patterns of rare earth elements (REE) in the quartz-rich tourmalinites are generally similar to those of the clastic metasediments, except for minor depletions of light REE; local positive and negative Ce anomalies suggest tourmalinite formation in the presence of seawater or a seawater-derived pore fluid. The geochemical data imply relative immobility of Al, Ti, Cr, and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration and later metamorphism. Boron isotope analyses of 52 tourmaline separates show a total range of delta 11 B values from -26.8 to -17.0 per mil. Fine-grained, euhedral, nonpoikilitic tourmalines from tourmalinites in the andalusite-muscovite zone in the northern part of the district (e.g., Black Prince mine) have delta 11 B values from -21 to -17 per mil, whereas coarse granoblastic and poikilo-blastic tourmalines from the sillimanite and two-pyroxene granulite zones in the southern part of the district (e.g., Globe mine) have delta 11 B values of-24 to -19 per mil. Tourmalines in strongly retrogressed tourmalinites have delta 11 B values from about -27 to -20 per mil. The observed variations in delta 11 B are consistent with prograde and retrograde metamorphic fractionation of boron isotopes, in which the fluid phase is preferentially enriched in the heavier isotope ( 11 B). Premetamorphic hydrothermal fluids that deposited the Black Prince tourmalinites had delta 11 B values of-8 to -5 per mil at 200 degrees to 300 degrees C, suggesting a boron source from nonmarine evaporite borates.Tourmalinites in the Broken Hill district apparently formed by the same submarine hydrothermal processes as the main Pb-Zn-Ag lodes and the siliceous ferromanganese protoliths of the garnet quartzites. In our model, the hydrothermal system(s) acquired abundant boron by leaching evaporitic borates within the Thackaringa Group, the stratigraphic sequence that underlies the Broken Hill Group and most of the tourmaline concentrations. We suggest that evaporites of the Thackaringa Group provided a source of readily extractable boron for formation of the tourmalinites and also the source of the fluoride, sulfur, and perhaps the carbonate in the main lodes; such evaporites may have been critical for increased metal chloride complexing and transport necessary for deposition of the high-grade Pb-Zn-Ag ores. The Broken Hill deposit may have formed contemporaneously with the Mount Isa and McArthur River Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in similar evaporite-bearing sequences during widespread Early Proterozoic continental rifting.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.505","issn":"03610128","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Palmer, M.R., Stevens, B., and Barnes, R., 1993, Origin and significance of tourmaline-rich rocks in the Broken Hill district, Australia: Economic Geology, v. 88, no. 3, p. 505-541, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.505.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"505","endPage":"541","numberOfPages":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228905,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70bee4b0c8380cd76202","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, J. F.","contributorId":75917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Palmer, M. R.","contributorId":81256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palmer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stevens, B.P.J.","contributorId":61173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stevens","given":"B.P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barnes, R.G.","contributorId":12621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018006,"text":"70018006 - 1993 - Summary of the mineral- and energy-resource endowment, BLM roswell resource area, east-central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:55","indexId":"70018006","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of the mineral- and energy-resource endowment, BLM roswell resource area, east-central New Mexico","docAbstract":"In this summary of two comprehensive resource reports produced by the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey for the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, we discuss the mineral- and energyresource endowment of the 14-millon-acre Roswell Resource Area, New Mexico, managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The Bureau and Survey reports result from separate studies that are compilations of published and unpublished data and integrate new findings on the geology, geochemistry, geophysics, mineral, industrial, and energy commodities, and resources for the seven-county area. The reports have been used by the Bureau of Land Management in preparation of the Roswell Resource Area Resource Management Plan, and will have future use in nationwide mineral- and energy-resource inventories and assessments, as reference and training documents, and as public-information tools. In the Roswell Resource Area, many metals, industrial mineral commodities, and energy resources are being, or have been, produced or prospected. These include metals and high-technology materials, such as copper, gold, silver, thorium, uranium and/or vanadium, rare-earth element minerals, iron, manganese, tungsten, lead, zinc, and molybdenum; industrial mineral resources, including barite, limestone/dolomite, caliche, clay, fluorspar, gypsum, scoria, aggregate, and sand and gravel; and fuels and associated resources, such as oil, gas, tar sand and heavy oil, coal, and gases associated with hydrocarbons. Other commodities that have yet to be identified in economic concentrations include potash, halite, polyhalite, anhydrite, sulfur, feldspar, building stone and decorative rock, brines, various gases associated with oil and gas exploration, and carbon dioxide. ?? 1993 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02257538","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Bartsch-Winkler, S., Sutphin, D.M., Ball, M.M., Korzeb, S., Kness, R., and Dutchover, J., 1993, Summary of the mineral- and energy-resource endowment, BLM roswell resource area, east-central New Mexico: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 4, p. 262-283, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02257538.","startPage":"262","endPage":"283","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":229010,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257538"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9efee4b08c986b31e289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartsch-Winkler, S.","contributorId":31388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch-Winkler","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sutphin, D. M.","contributorId":27424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutphin","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ball, M. M.","contributorId":46941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ball","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Korzeb, S.L.","contributorId":49802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korzeb","given":"S.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kness, R. F.","contributorId":53004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kness","given":"R. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dutchover, J.T.","contributorId":51039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dutchover","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70176499,"text":"70176499 - 1993 - Geologic investigations of Australian earthquakes: Paleoseismicity and the recurrence of surface faulting in the stable regions of continents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-19T13:34:13","indexId":"70176499","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic investigations of Australian earthquakes: Paleoseismicity and the recurrence of surface faulting in the stable regions of continents","docAbstract":"Earthquakes that occur in the stable regions of continents are very rare compared to those that occur along plate margins, such as the San Andreas fault system of western California. Worldwide, only 11 historic earthquakes in stable continental regions are known to have produced surface ruptures. Five of these have occurred in Australia since 1968 (see map, next page).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Machette, M., and Crone, A., 1993, Geologic investigations of Australian earthquakes: Paleoseismicity and the recurrence of surface faulting in the stable regions of continents: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 2, p. 74-85.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"74","endPage":"85","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":328716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -156.708984375,\n 71.32895017791996\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 69.62651016802958\n ],\n [\n -141.064453125,\n 60.413852350464914\n ],\n [\n -137.28515624999997,\n 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California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:07:45.063666","indexId":"70018364","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Actualistic models of mantle metasomatism documented in a composite xenolith from Dish Hill, California","docAbstract":"Major and trace-element whole rock and mineral variations in composite hornblendite-peridotite xenolith Ba-2-1, from Dish Hill, CA, are due to a single event of metasomatism in the mantle. The hornblendite is the crystallized selvage of a dike conduit charged with incompatible-element-enriched hydrous mafic magma. The magma infiltrated the refractory peridotite wallrock, reacted with its constituent minerals, and simultaneously deposited amphibole. The systematic data from this study show considerable variation in isotopic values and trace elements. These data provide insight into a mantle process that was defined previously from samples without context, lacking evidence about the number or source of metasomatic events.
In the contact zone of Ba-2-1, peridotite is enriched in Fe, Ti, CO2) and H2O; clinopyroxene and amphibole also are enriched in Fe and Ti, but clinopyroxene appears slightly depleted in CaO. Compared to chondrites, peridotite, clinopyroxene, and probably amphibole are enriched in light rare earth (LREEcn) and other incompatible trace elements. Values of
These compositional variations were modelled using Gresens' equation for whole-rock major and minor elements, and calculations for isotopic ratios and REEs, which emulate the effects of Chromatographic fractionation. The choice of endmembers was restricted to compositions actually present in mantle samples from Dish Hill.
Model results indicate that:
Comparison of the Ba-2-1 data with those of another xenolith from Dish Hill suggests that the compositional variations of mantle metasomatism result from both the compositional contrast between the metasomatizing liquid and wallrock and the relative abundances of each. Compositional and volumetric variations of mantle partial melts and their fractionates, and repeated events of melting and reaction in contiguous mantle, can create broad ranges of metasomatic “signatures” from the same process.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0016-7037(93)90472-9","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., Budahn, J., Unruh, D., and Wilshire, H.G., 1993, Actualistic models of mantle metasomatism documented in a composite xenolith from Dish Hill, California: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 57, no. 1, p. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90472-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"121","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Dish Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.93833756206014,\n 34.60397946774401\n ],\n [\n -115.93342004954005,\n 34.60974708239199\n ],\n [\n -115.93452648985725,\n 34.613086044597935\n ],\n [\n -115.93833756206014,\n 34.614704887024516\n ],\n [\n -115.94128806957218,\n 34.62026941708001\n ],\n [\n -115.94423857708423,\n 34.61976356612679\n ],\n [\n -115.94669733334452,\n 34.61703191770417\n ],\n [\n -115.94964784085656,\n 34.61804364982491\n ],\n [\n -115.95444241556396,\n 34.61672839566306\n ],\n [\n -115.95481122900301,\n 34.614199002157946\n ],\n [\n -115.95321303743357,\n 34.61055654010708\n ],\n [\n -115.9516148458646,\n 34.605294923894164\n ],\n [\n -115.94780377366172,\n 34.60428303639753\n ],\n [\n -115.94423857708423,\n 34.60620561209886\n ],\n [\n -115.94128806957218,\n 34.60397946774401\n ],\n [\n -115.93833756206014,\n 34.60397946774401\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"57","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e6d2e4b0c8380cd47658","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, J. E.","contributorId":106140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wilshire, H. G.","contributorId":36125,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilshire","given":"H.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70186736,"text":"70186736 - 1993 - Intensity and duration of chemical weathering: An example from soil clays of the southeastern Koolau Mountains, Oahu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:13:26","indexId":"70186736","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intensity and duration of chemical weathering: An example from soil clays of the southeastern Koolau Mountains, Oahu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Orographic precipitation on the southern flank of the southeastern Koolau Mountains produces a pronounced precipitation gradient. The corresponding gradient in the intensity of the chemical weathering environment provides an opportunity to address the effects of varying chemical weathering intensity on the composition of clay-size weathering products in soils developed on basalt. In addition, little-modified remnants of the constructional surface of the Koolau Volcano, isolated by stream dissection, remain as facets on the southern ends of the parallel ridges of the study area. By comparing clay mineralogy of soils developed on these older geomorphic surfaces with those developed on the younger sharp-crested ridges and steep side slopes, the effects of weathering duration on clay mineralogy can also be addressed.
Soil clays in this part of the Koolau Mountains are mineralogically complex; principal phases include smectite, kaolinite, and halloysite, but pure end member phases are uncommon. Rather, most phases contain some amount of mixed layering. Smectite may contain small (<5%) amounts of randomly interstratified halloysite. Similarly, kaolinite commonly contains a small proportion of halloysite interlayers. A complex halloysitic phase shows evidence of interstratification with both smectite and kaolinite. Nonphyllosilicates found in the clay fraction include gibbsite, goethite, rare quartz, and perhaps cristobalite.
The gradient in precipitation is reflected in soil clay mineralogy by varying proportions of dominantly smectitic, kaolinitic, and halloysitic phases. In regions of relatively low precipitation (<2,000 mm/yr), soils are dominated by the smectitic and halloysitic phases. With increased precipitation (as much as ∼4,000 mm/yr), kaolinitic and halloysitic phases become the dominant clay minerals, and goethite and gibbsite become increasingly abundant.
Older soils developed on geomorphic surfaces representing the original constructional surface of Koolau Volcano are markedly more leached than those from younger landscapes in the same precipitation regime. Although smectite may be present, kaolinite is the dominant phase, and accumulations of Fe and Ti occur in the uppermost soil levels. Enrichment of Zr and Ti in these soils, as compared to concentrations in the original basaltic parent material, indicates that as much as 75% of the parent material has been lost. Thus weathering duration may affect soil clay composition in the same way as weathering intensity.
Because smectite and halloysite are expandable clay minerals, their presence in soils may decrease slope stability and influence the nature of slope processes. Soil avalanches occur on steep slopes throughout the study area, whereas slow-moving landslides appear to be restricted to gentler slopes in drier parts of the study area where smectite is abundant. The clay mineralogy of soils thus appears to influence the nature of slope processes in the southeastern Koolau Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE284-p147","usgsCitation":"Johnsson, M.J., Ellen, S.D., and McKittrick, M.A., 1993, Intensity and duration of chemical weathering: An example from soil clays of the southeastern Koolau Mountains, Oahu, Hawaii: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 284, p. 147-170, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE284-p147.","productDescription":"24 p. ","startPage":"147","endPage":"170","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339470,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"284","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a54ce4b09da6799d63f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnsson, Mark J.","contributorId":58631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnsson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellen, Stephen D.","contributorId":107300,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellen","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKittrick, Mary Anne","contributorId":190699,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKittrick","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"Anne","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70168534,"text":"70168534 - 1993 - Where lava meets the sea; Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-05T11:07:54","indexId":"70168534","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Where lava meets the sea; Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Active volcanoes on the island of Hawai'i provide scientists with exceptional opportunities to observe volcanic phenomena at close range. Such an opportunity occurred on November 24, 1992, when geologists from the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) witnessed spectacular explosive interactions between lava and seawater on the southeast coast of the island. As seawater invaded submarine conduits transporting milten lava, large steam explosions produced glowing fountains of lava that rose as high as 100m into the air and built a 7.5-m-high mound of volcanic ejecta called a littoral cone (see cover paragraphs).
\nSeaside explosions of the type and magnitude of the event on November 24, 1992, are infrequent. the observation of this event represents a rare opportunity to enhance our understanding of the birth of littoral cones and the nature of explosive activity when lava enters the ocean.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Mattox, T.N., 1993, Where lava meets the sea; Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 4, p. 160-177.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":318137,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.27252197265625,\n 19.619305073651013\n ],\n [\n -154.65866088867188,\n 19.570142140282975\n ],\n [\n -154.71084594726562,\n 19.12051698736277\n ],\n [\n -155.44830322265625,\n 19.2748506284423\n ],\n [\n -155.27252197265625,\n 19.619305073651013\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56c6f954e4b0946c65240775","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mattox, T. N.","contributorId":55450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattox","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":620799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70169014,"text":"70169014 - 1993 - The October 12, 1992, Dahshur, Egypt, Earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-03-10T14:07:27","indexId":"70169014","displayToPublicDate":"1993-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1437,"text":"Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS)","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The October 12, 1992, Dahshur, Egypt, Earthquake","docAbstract":"Cairo and northeastern Egypt experienced a rare, damaging earthquake on October 12, 1992. The earthquake, which measured 5.9 on the Richter magnitude scale, was centered near the village of Dahshur, about 18 km south of Cairo. The computed hypocentral depth of the earthquake, about 25 km, is consistent with the fact that fault rupture associated with the earthquake did not reach the surface.
\nDespite its relatively moderate size, the earthquake caused many casualties and heavy damage. These losses included more than 500 fatalities, more than 6,500 injuries, and about 8,300 damaged or destroyed buildings. The Foreign Broadcast Service estimated monetary losses directly attributable to the earthquake at $300 million.
\nWe were part of an international reconnaissance team that investigated the Dahsur earthquake. This article summarizes our findings and points out how even a relatively moderate sized earthquake can cause widespread damage and a large number of casualities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Thenhaus, P., Çelebi, M., and Sharp, R.V., 1993, The October 12, 1992, Dahshur, Egypt, Earthquake: Earthquakes & Volcanoes (USGS), v. 24, no. 1, p. 27-41.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"41","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":318796,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Egypt","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 31.116027832031246,\n 30.083354648756153\n ],\n [\n 31.4923095703125,\n 29.943035391587742\n ],\n [\n 31.41815185546875,\n 29.530450107491063\n ],\n [\n 31.22039794921875,\n 29.200123477644983\n ],\n [\n 30.95123291015625,\n 29.06097140738389\n ],\n [\n 30.75897216796875,\n 29.159357041355424\n ],\n [\n 30.64361572265625,\n 29.351057685705033\n ],\n [\n 30.662841796875,\n 29.64509464986076\n ],\n [\n 30.901794433593746,\n 30.019165387942326\n ],\n [\n 31.077575683593746,\n 30.097613277217132\n ],\n [\n 31.116027832031246,\n 30.083354648756153\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56e2a8d0e4b0f59b85d391b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thenhaus, P.C.","contributorId":46089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thenhaus","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Çelebi, M.","contributorId":36946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Çelebi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sharp, R. V.","contributorId":33692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":622546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5223170,"text":"5223170 - 1992 - Three rare diurnal raptor species in the Piedmont of Northeast Georgia, winter 1991-1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:33","indexId":"5223170","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:07","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2961,"text":"Oriole","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three rare diurnal raptor species in the Piedmont of Northeast Georgia, winter 1991-1992","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oriole","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sykes, P., and White, D.H., 1992, Three rare diurnal raptor species in the Piedmont of Northeast Georgia, winter 1991-1992: Oriole, v. 57, no. 1-4, p. 1-5.","productDescription":"1-5","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201872,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bc77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sykes, P.W. Jr.","contributorId":107385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sykes","given":"P.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Donald H.","contributorId":97868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5223347,"text":"5223347 - 1992 - Group foraging by a stream minnow: shoals or aggregations?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:58","indexId":"5223347","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:06","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":770,"text":"Animal Behaviour","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Group foraging by a stream minnow: shoals or aggregations?","docAbstract":"The importance of social attraction in the formation of foraging groups was examined for a stream-dwelling cyprinid, the rosyside dace, Clinostomus funduloides. Dace arrivals and departures at natural foraging sites were monitored and tested for (1) tendency of dace to travel in groups, and (2) dependency of arrival and departure rates on group size. Dace usually entered and departed foraging sites independently of each other. Group size usually affected neither arrival rate nor departure probability. Thus, attraction among dace appeared weak; foraging groups most often resulted from dace aggregating in preferred foraging sites. The strongest evidence of social attraction was during autumn, when dace departure probability often decreased with increasing group size, possibly in response to increased threat of predation by a seasonally occurring predator. Dace also rarely avoided conspecifics, except when an aggressive individual defended a foraging site. Otherwise, there was little evidence of exploitative competition among dace for drifting prey or of foraging benefits in groups, because group size usually did not affect individual feeding rates. These results suggest that the benefits of group foraging demonstrated under laboratory conditions in other studies may not always apply to field conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Animal Behaviour","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0003-3472(92)90050-J","usgsCitation":"Freeman, M.C., and Grossman, G., 1992, Group foraging by a stream minnow: shoals or aggregations?: Animal Behaviour, v. 44, no. 3, p. 393-403, https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(92)90050-J.","productDescription":"393-403","startPage":"393","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199342,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16385,"rank":200,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(92)90050-J","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"volume":"44","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6359f9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Mary C. 0000-0001-7615-6923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7615-6923","contributorId":99659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":338497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grossman, G.D.","contributorId":48282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grossman","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":338496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5222944,"text":"5222944 - 1992 - Distribution and color variation of gyrfalcons in Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:10","indexId":"5222944","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:05","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and color variation of gyrfalcons in Russia","docAbstract":"Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) museum specimens in Moscow (73) and St. Petersburg (132) were divided into four color classes (gray, light gray, white gray, and white) and four longitudinal belts representing major physiographic regions of northern Russia. Gray variants predominated in the west and central regions. White birds were most common in extreme eastern Siberia, but were occasionally found even west of the Ural Mountains. Frequencies were as follows: European Russia 4% white, 50% gray (the remainder were intermediates); western Siberia 0% white, 58% gray; central Siberia 15% white, 42% gray; and eastern Siberia 47% white, 33% gray. Remarkably, in the easternmost subregion, white birds predominated even near the southernmost extension. Because the northernmost portions of the species' range in continental Russia are in central Siberia where white variants were rare, we propose that a better predictor of the white variant is longitude, not latitude. White birds were most frequent at the eastern reaches of both the Palearctic and Nearctic. The best environmental correlates of this distribution pattern may be the southward bending thermal isoclines proceeding eastward toward Greenland or Kamchatka, where both land masses are bathed by cold oceanic currents of Arctic origin. By contrast, the western reaches of both land masses are bathed by warm currents. In these western reaches, Gyrfalcon summer distribution is displaced northward and dark variants predominate. The breeding range of the Gyrfalcon, determined by mapping the locations of the specimens we examined, differs little from the range proposed in 1951.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Ellis, C.H., Pendleton, G., Panteleyev, A., Rebrova, I., and Markin, Y., 1992, Distribution and color variation of gyrfalcons in Russia: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 26, no. 2, p. 81-88.","productDescription":"81-88","startPage":"81","endPage":"88","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":196044,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":16383,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/jrr/v026n02/p00081-p00088.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6ce4b07f02db63e446","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, Catherine H.","contributorId":83222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pendleton, G.W.","contributorId":51688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pendleton","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Panteleyev, A.V.","contributorId":12584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Panteleyev","given":"A.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rebrova, I.V.","contributorId":87241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rebrova","given":"I.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Markin, Y.M.","contributorId":73704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markin","given":"Y.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5210603,"text":"5210603 - 1992 - Comparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forest, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:17","indexId":"5210603","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Comparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forest, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats","docAbstract":"Neotropical migrant bird populations were sampled at 76 sites in seven countries by using mist nets and point counts during a six-winter study. Populations in major agricultural habitats were compared with those in extensive forest and isolated forest fragments. Certain Neotropical migrants, such as the Northern Parula, American Redstart, and the Black-throated Blue, Magnolia, Black-and-white, and Hooded warblers, were present in arboreal agricultural habitats such as pine, cacao, citrus, and shade coffee plantations in relatively large numbers. Many north temperate zone shrub-nesting species, such as the Gray Catbird, White-eyed Vireo, Tennessee Warbler, Common Yellowthroat, and Indigo Bunting, also used agricultural habitats in winter, as did resident hummingbirds and migrant orioles. Ground-foraging migrants, such as thrushes and Kentucky Warblers, were rarely found in the agricultural habitats sampled. Although many Neotropical migrants use some croplands, this use might be severely limited by overgrazing by cattle, by intensive management (such as removal of ground cover in an orchard), or by heavy use of insecticides, herbicides, or fungicides.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Smithsonian Institution Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Robbins, C., Dowell, B., Dawson, D., Colon, J., Estrada, R., Sutton, A., Sutton, R., and Weyer, D., 1992, Comparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forest, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats, chap. of Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds, p. 207-220.","productDescription":"xiii, 609","startPage":"207","endPage":"220","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae29e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hagan, John M. III","contributorId":113858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagan","given":"John","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506787,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, David W.","contributorId":112845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506786,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Robbins, C.S.","contributorId":53907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robbins","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dowell, B.A.","contributorId":35842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dowell","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, D.K. 0000-0001-7531-212X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7531-212X","contributorId":94752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Colon, J.A.","contributorId":39907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colon","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Estrada, R.","contributorId":78052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estrada","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sutton, A.","contributorId":24892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutton, R.","contributorId":39484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Weyer, Dieter","contributorId":96379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weyer","given":"Dieter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017211,"text":"70017211 - 1992 - Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-22T16:27:15.269134","indexId":"70017211","displayToPublicDate":"2003-04-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1992","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona","docAbstract":"The Tonto Basin Supergroup includes up to 6.5 km of Early Proterozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that were deposited in a relatively short period of time at about 1.7 Ga in central Arizona. Moderate correlations of rare earth elements (REE) and Ti with Al2O3 and REE distributions in detrital sediments of this supergroup suggest that these elements are contained chiefly in clay-mica and/or zircon fractions. REE distributions, including negative Eu anomalies in most Tonto Basin sediments, are similar to those in Phanerozoic shales. Weak to moderate correlations of Fe, Sc, Ni, and Co to Al2O3 also suggest a clay-mica control of these elements.
Detrital modes and geochemical characteristics of sediments indicate two dominant sources for sedimentary rocks of the Tonto Basin Supergroup: a granitoid source and a volcanic source. The granitoid source was important during deposition of the upper part of the succession (the Mazatzal Group) as shown by increases in K2O, Al2O3, and Th in pelites with stratigraphic height, and increases in Zr and Hf and decreases in Eu/Eu∗, Cr, and Ni in in pelites of the Maverick Shale. Sediment provenance characteristics and paleocurrent indicators are consistent with deposition of the supergroup in a continental-margin back-arc basin. The granitoid sediment source appears to have been the North American craton on the north, and the volcanic source a more local source from an arc on the south.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0037-0738(92)90103-X","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Condie, K., Noll, P., and Conway, C.M., 1992, Geochemical and detrital mode evidence for two sources of Early Proterozoic sedimentary rocks from the Tonto Basin Supergroup, central Arizona: Sedimentary Geology, v. 77, no. 1-2, p. 51-76, https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90103-X.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"76","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":225011,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"central Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -112.20189341889818,\n 35.13832165174695\n ],\n [\n -112.20189341889818,\n 34.34602787218233\n ],\n [\n -111.21730425503569,\n 34.34602787218233\n ],\n [\n -111.21730425503569,\n 35.13832165174695\n ],\n [\n -112.20189341889818,\n 35.13832165174695\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"77","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a15bbe4b0c8380cd54f1d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Condie, K.C.","contributorId":90889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Condie","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noll, P.D. Jr.","contributorId":94046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noll","given":"P.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conway, C. M.","contributorId":15605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conway","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}